Side Channel Design Report

Water Engineering Research Ltd.
Ashby Road
Loughborough
Leicestershire
16th November 2015
Managing Director
A.N. Other and Partners
Grove Road
Birmingham
West Midlands
Spillway System Design
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to you to supply you with the spillway system design for Colsterdale
Reservoir, Yorkshire, as requested. The attached report gives details of the
system location and dimensions, with accompanying calculations, for the design
of a spillway, side channel, collecting channel, delivery channel and stilling basin.
The design has been produced with a maximum design discharge of 118.3m 3/s,
suiting the provided maximum discharge of 120m 3/s that was specified in the
brief.
A summary drawing detailing key dimensions of the elements is attached as an
Appendix to the report. A location map is also included; the location of the
system was justified based on the ground profile of the site, with the aim of
minimising the cut and fill required for installation. Channel optimisation was
undertaken to minimise construction costs and the effect on the surrounding
environment.
Design procedures and the design assumptions used have been detailed in the
report so that any engineering decisions made can be followed and understood.
The report specifies further details of the spillway system, however if any further
information is required with regards to our design or any other matter, please do
not hesitate to contact us.
Yours faithfully,
Rebecca Woodhouse
(On behalf of Water Engineering Research Ltd)
COLSTERDALE SPILLWAY
SYSTEM DESIGN
Water Engineering Research Ltd
Rebecca Woodhouse
Jenny Tynan
Mariyan Traykov
Emil Yamarov
B218919
B216837
B223688
B313458
Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Contents
1.0
Introduction.................................................................................................. 1
2.0
Executive Summary..................................................................................... 1
3.0
Weir Design.................................................................................................. 2
3.1
Theory....................................................................................................... 2
3.2
Procedure.................................................................................................. 2
3.3
Spillway Design: 7m.................................................................................. 2
3.4
Inflow/Outflow Hydrograph........................................................................5
4.0
Spillway Route.............................................................................................. 7
5.0
Collector and Delivery Channel Design........................................................8
5.1
Theory....................................................................................................... 8
5.2
Channel Width........................................................................................... 8
5.3
Water Surface Profile.................................................................................9
5.4
Collector Channel Backwater Profile.......................................................11
5.5
Delivery Channel Backwater Profile........................................................11
5.6
Collector and Delivery Channels Surface Profiles....................................12
6.0
Side Channel Design..................................................................................13
6.1
Theory..................................................................................................... 13
6.2
Water Surface Profile of a Flat Rectangular Channel...............................14
7.0
Stilling Basin Design...................................................................................16
7.1
Theory..................................................................................................... 16
7.2
Stilling Basin Length................................................................................ 16
7.3
Other specifications................................................................................ 18
8.0
References................................................................................................. 19
Appendix A 10m Wide Weir Results.....................................................................1

Appendix B Inflow Hydrograph............................................................................2
Appendix C Reservoir Extents............................................................................. 3
Appendix D Site Map........................................................................................... 4
Appendix E Backwater Profiles............................................................................5
Appendix F Side Channel Calculations................................................................6
Appendix G Site Elevations................................................................................. 7

List of Figures
Figure 1 - Simplified sketch of proposed spillway system.....................................1
Figure 2 - Plot of N against Outflow for a 7m wide weir.........................................3
Figure 3 - Inflow/outflow hydrograph for a weir width of 7m..................................5
Figure 4 - Proposed spillway system route.............................................................7
Figure 5 - Flow conditions at the connection between the collector and delivery
channels................................................................................................................ 9
Figure 6 - Gradually varied flow...........................................................................10
Figure 7 - Channel and water surface elevation...................................................13
Figure 8 - Side channel layout.............................................................................. 13
Figure 7 - Side Channel Surface Water Profile.....................................................15
Figure 8 - Stilling basin........................................................................................ 16
Figure 9 - Graph showing Froude number against L/D 2 for stilling basin design...17
Figure 10 - Stage-Discharge rating curve for River Burn......................................17
Figure 11 - Hydraulic jump profile........................................................................18
List of Tables
Table 1 - Values for Height above Crest, Outflow, Storage and N..........................3
Table 2 - Values for average inflow, N, change in N and the outflow rate for a 7m
wide weir............................................................................................................... 4
Table 3 - Inflow/outflow and volume relationship...................................................6
Table 4 - Distance from transition point, water depth and elevation values........12
Table 5 - Example surface profile calculation: inputted values and Froude number
............................................................................................................................ 14
Table 6 - Example surface profile calculation: Newton Raphson Method.............15
Table 7 - Summary of side channel water surface profile....................................15

1.0
Introduction
Water Engineering Research Ltd were commissioned by A.N. Other and Partners
to undertake a spillway system design for a reservoir with an earth dam at
Colsterdale, Yorkshire, connecting the dam to the River Burn downstream of the
river. This includes producing an efficient design of a weir, side channel,
collecting channel, delivery channel and stilling basin. The river downstream of
the dam is the River Burn.
The client provided a flood inflow hydrograph for a storm event at the proposed
reservoir and informed Water Engineering Research Ltd that a maximum design
discharge value of 120m3/s for the River Burn should be taken. The storage value
for the weir has been given by the equation:
(Eq
1.0)
S=988600h+ 20560 h2 (m 3)
where h = water depth from the present water level.
The level of the river downstream of the dam is to be taken as 171m AOD and
the present water level in the dam is to be taken as 250m AOD.
2.0
Executive Summary
A simplified sketch of the spillway system can be seen in Figure 1. A weir of width
7m has been designed, giving a maximum outflow of 118.3m 3/s. This flows into a
7m long side channel with a width of 6m. The 130m long collector channel has a
slope of 0.0008, and leads into a delivery channel of length 555m and slope
0.133. To control the effects of a hydraulic jump at the end of the delivery
channel, a stilling basin has been designed. This has a length of 16m. The whole
design is to be constructed from concrete. Appendix F gives a summary of the
key dimensions used and elevations for each element of the system.
Figure 1 - Simplified sketch of proposed spillway system

3.0
3.1
Weir Design
Theory
During a flood event the water level will rise above the reservoir design water
level. Additional water will overtop a weir crest and pass through the spillway to
allow the water to safely travel downstream. The spillway system comprising of
weir and spillway channel, is designed to ensure that water does not reach the
crest of the dam which would likely cause significant problems and potential
collapse. The system also ensures an appropriate discharge for the capacity
available in the river downstream.
3.2
Procedure
The initial weir breadth was set at 10m however this gave a maximum outflow
value of 141.9m3/s, above the specified value of 120m 3/s. The calculations were
repeated and it was found that a spillway width of 7m was the optimum
dimension. The following calculations are based on the 7m spillway width
however calculations for a 10m weir are attached in Appendix A.
3.3
Spillway Design: 7m
Values for time, t (s), and the corresponding inflow, I (m 3/s), were extracted from
the Flood Inflow Hydrograph (Appendix B). These were tabulated and Equation
3.1 was used to determine the outflow, O (m 3/s) for depth values between 0 and
10m. Values of up to 10m were chosen as the top of the earth dam resides at
260m AOD (compared to a design normal water level of 250m AOD); therefore if
the water was to rise above this 10m height difference, it would overtop the dam
itself. Values for increments of 0.5m were taken to ensure that an accurate graph
could be produced.
Outflow ,O=
2
2 g b C d H 2 ( m3 /s)
3
(Eq
3.0)
A Cd value of 0.62 was chosen for the design as suggested by Novak, Moffat,
Nalluri & Narayanan. (2001).
Storage for each height increment was calculated using Equation 1.1. N was then
calculated using Equation 3.2 (with t given in seconds, i.e 1 hour = 3600
seconds).
N=
S O
+
t 2
The values for outflow, storage and N for height increments of 0.5m were
tabulated as shown in Table 1.
2
(Eq
3.0)

Table 1 - Values for height above crest, outflow, storage and N.
Height
above
crest, H
(m)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
Ouflow,
O
(m3/s)
Storage
,S
(m3)
N
(m3/
s)
0.0
4.5
12.8
23.5
36.2
50.7
66.6
83.9
102.5
122.3
143.3
165.3
188.4
212.4
237.4
263.2
290.0
317.6
0
499440
1009160
1529160
2059440
2600000
3150840
3711960
4283360
4865040
5457000
6059240
6671760
7294560
7927640
8571000
9224640
9888560
1056276
0
1124724
0
1194200
0
0
141
287
437
590
748
909
1073
1241
1413
1587
1766
1947
2132
2321
2512
2707
2906
346.0
9.5
375.3
10
405.3
3107
3312
3520
A graph of O against N (Figure 2) was then plotted and the trendline found, as
shown by Equation 3.3. The trendline was assumed to pass through the origin as
height, outflow, storage and therefore N, were all 0 at the start of the storm
event.

450.0
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
Outflow, O (m3/s) 200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
f(x) = 0x^2 + 0.07x
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

N
Figure 2 - Plot of N against Outflow for a 7m wide weir
3.3
(Eq
3.0)
O=0.0000145 N +0.0662981 N
Equations 3.4 and 3.5 were used to determine the average inflow and N values.
The outflow, O, could be found using Equation 3.3. Inflow rate was taken at 1
hour increments, in keeping with the t used in previous calculations, from the
inflow hydrograph provided.
3.4
Average inflow , I =0.5 (I 1I 2 )
(Eq
3.0)
3.5
N =I O1
(Eq
3.0)
These values were then tabulated, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 - Values for average inflow, N, change in N and the outflow rate for a 7m wide weir
Time
(hours)
Change in
time, t
(s)
Inflow
rate, I
(m3/s)
0
3600
1
0.000
3.000
20
0.199
12.801
15.801
30
40
1.051
28.949
44.750
Outflow rate,
O (m3/s)
3.000
13
3600
N
(m3/s)
0.000
N
(m3/s)
3600
Average
inflow
rate,
(m3/s)
2.996

3600
4
59
78
3600
5
104
130
3600
6
340.237
224
234
248
10
1075.93
9
-47.418
44
97.630
-53.630
1118.48
4
38
3600
102.418
1172.11
3
50
21
-42.795
55
3600
106.795
1219.53
1
60
20
-37.695
64
3600
110.695
1262.32
6
68
19
-33.159
73
3600
114.159
1300.02
1
78
18
-27.004
81
3600
117.004
1333.18
0
84
17
-12.308
90
3600
118.308
1360.18
4
96
16
10.841
106
3600
117.159
1372.4
92
116
15
47.872
128
3600
112.128
1361.65
1
140
14
97.959
160
3600
102.041
1313.78
0
180
13
139.881
200
3600
88.119
1215.82
1
220
12
71.959
170.041
228
3600
54.789
191.211
905.898
236
11
195.685
242
3600
38.315
714.687
246
3600
24.236
178.764
519.001
244
3600
13.690
142.310
203
3600
22
197.927
182
6.827
97.173
156
3600
7
56.004
100.754
32
-60.293
1058.19
1
26
92.293
86.393

3.4
Inflow/Outflow Hydrograph
Once outflow values were found, a hydrograph showing inflow and ouflow values
could be plotted (Figure 3). This gives us the maximum outflow, Q peak for the weir.
The maximum outflow for a 7m weir was found to be 118.3m 3/s (at 14 hours),
and after several iterations of varying weir width, was discovered to be the
optimum value for the 120m3/s limit. The point at which the inflow is equal to the
outflow coincides with the reservoirs maximum storage.
300
250
200
Flow (m3/s)
Inflow
150
Moving average (Inflow)

Outflow
100
Moving average
(Outflow)
50
0
0
10
15
20
25
Time (hours)
Figure 3 Inflow/outflow hydrograph for a weir width of 7m
Using the average inflow and outflow rate during any given hour, the net change
in volume can be calculated as shown in Table 3. This table shows a maximum
change in volume of 4,730,000m3. From rough calculations of the area change
between 250m AOD and 260m AOD and assuming area changes linearly with
height over the 10m, the volume capacity of the reservoir is 11,780,000m 3
before overtopping the dam. Hence it is predicted that the water level will reach
a maximum of 254m for the given flood event. This gives a tolerance, ensuring
that the dam will not be overtopped in the occurrence of a potentially larger
flood event or reduction in outflow due to blockage.
Example calculations for Table 3 values for the 2nd hour are shown below by
Equations 3.6 3.10. Average inflow and outflow rates were taken from Table 2
(see numbers in italics). Appendix C shows a map of the area.
Inflow during thehour =Average inflow rate , I 3600

13 3600=46, 800 m 3
(Eq
3.0)

Total volume Inflow during hour 1+hour 2
(Eq
3.0)
10,800+46, 800=57, 600 m 3
3600
Outflow during the hour= Average inflow rate , O
(Eq
3.0)
(0.199+1.051)/2 3600=2, 250 m 3
Total volume out =Outflow during hour 1+hour 2
(Eq
3.0)
358+2, 250=2, 609 m 3
Changevolume=Total volumetotal volume out
(Eq
3.0)
57,6002, 609=54, 991 m 3
Table 3 - Inflow/outflow and volume relationship
Hour
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
Inflow
during the
hour
(m3)
10,800
46,800
108,000
212,400
374,400
561,600
730,800
842,400
885,600
871,200
820,800
720,000
576,000
460,800
381,600
324,000
291,600
262,800
230,400
198,000
158,400
115,200
Total
volume
in (m3)
10,800
57,600
165,600
378,000
752,400
1,314,000
2,044,800
2,887,200
3,772,800
4,644,000
5,464,800
6,184,800
6,760,800
7,221,600
7,603,200
7,927,200
8,218,800
8,481,600
8,712,000
8,910,000
9,068,400
9,183,600
Outflow
during the
hour
(m3)
358
2,250
7,285
17,681
36,931
68,266
112,590
167,586
228,145
288,139
342,287
385,504
412,718
423,841
423,561
416,094
404,737
391,482
376,583
360,086
341,861
321,634
Total
volume out
(m3)
Change in
volume
(m3)
358
2,609
9,893
27,574
64,505
132,772
245,362
412,948
641,093
929,232
1,271,519
1,657,024
2,069,741
2,493,582
2,917,143
3,333,237
3,737,974
4,129,456
4,506,040
4,866,125
5,207,986
5,529,620
10,442
54,991
155,707
350,426
687,895
1,181,228
1,799,438
2,474,252
3,131,707
3,714,768
4,193,281
4,527,776
4,691,059
4,728,018
4,686,057
4,593,963
4,480,826
4,352,144
4,205,960
4,043,875
3,860,414
3,653,980

4.0
Spillway Route
Figure 4 below shows the proposed route for the spillway system.
Figure 4 - Proposed spillway system route
One of the primary reasons for choosing this route is that it allows for a relatively
short delivery and collector channel to be used, therefore minimising the
materials required for construction. It should be noted that the detail of the bend
between the collector and delivery channels has not been designed. This will
require reinforcing to account for the force of the water hitting the side of the
channel at this point.
To reduce the environmental effects on the site, the delivery channel is designed
to closely follow the contour of the slope reducing the cut and fill required. This
further reduces the cost of the system. Constructing the spillway system to the
south of the dam ensures that the woodland to the north will not be lost. It also
avoids the crags north of the dam.
When considering the long term durability and sustainability of the project, it was
decided that all of the elements will be constructed from concrete. The stilling
basin must be constructed of concrete to resist scour and it is essential that all
connections between elements are flush to ensure no cracking or leaking occurs,
therefore making a fully concrete design the most sensible and efficient option.

5.0
5.1
Collector and Delivery Channel Design

Theory
A channel is required to transport water from the side channel to river level. This
has been broken down into a collector channel and delivery channel, with a mild
slope and steep slope respectively. They have been designed to fit with the
contours of the existing slope and the collector channel ensures that the water
flow is limited.
5.2
Channel Width
A channel width of 6m was chosen throughout the design. This value provides an
economical design compared to a wider channel as it requires less materials. A
narrower width would increase the water depth in the channel and would
therefore require deeper side walls, increasing construction time, cost and
material quantity. This would correspond to an increase in the length of the
stilling basin required and would lead to a less environmentally friendly design.
Several iterations were carried out at varying widths to determine normal height
and therefore the optimum channel width for the system. The calculations led to
the decision to provide a width of 6m.
The critical depth, yc was calculated at the flow transition between the collector
channel and the delivery channel, using Equation 5.1.
2
q 3 (Q/ B) 3 (118.3/ 6)
yc=
=
=
=3.409 m
g
g
g
3
(Eq
5.0)
Where g = 9.81 m2/s.

The evaluation of the critical depth is required for the solution of most rapidly
varied and gradually varied flow problems. As can be seen from Equation 5.1, the
critical depth is dependent on discharge so a critical depth line for a given
discharge can be drawn on the water surface elevation drawing, as shown by the
dashed line in Figure 5. An abrupt change in the geometry of the channel results
in the flow suddenly changing its type. A highly supercritical flow, for example,
flowing on a very steep slope and then flowing into mild or horizontal slope will
transition into a subcritical flow through a hydraulic jump mechanism. In the
design of the collector and delivery channels, the channel slope changes from
mild to steep. This results in the transition from subcritical to supercritical flow,
with critical depth occurring exactly at the point of transition. This is outlined by
Figure 5.

Figure 5 - Flow conditions at the connection between the collector and delivery channels
5.3
Water Surface Profile
The first step in defining the mild slope of the channel was to calculate the
critical slope for the given discharge and channel width, which would enable the
slope to be defined as mild. This is shown in Equation 5.2.
2
g n2 g(0.012)
S c = 1/3 =
=0.00094
yc
3.4091 /3
(Eq
5.0)
Therefore, an acceptable slope for the collector channel is S 0 = 0.0008. The

horizontal length of the collector channel is 130m, as found from the map (see
Appendix D).
The slope for the delivery channel was then calculated. Using the map (Appendix
D), a horizontal length of 555m is found. By taking the elevation of the transition
point to be 245m AOD and taking away the change in height of the collector
slope (0.0008*130), this gives a maximum level of 244.9m AOD for the delivery
channel. Given that the river level is taken as 171m AOD (as per the brief), a fall
of 73.9m (244.9-171) is present in the delivery channel. This gives a slope of S 0=
H/L = 73.9/555 = 0.133 for the steep slope.
As previously explained, the collector channel has a mild slope and that the
delivery channel has a steep slope. The critical depth was found to be 3.409m
and the normal depths were found using trial and error with Mannings equation
(see Equation 5.3). The normal depth is y n = 5.399m for the collector channel
and yn = 0.853 for the delivery channel.
3
5
[ ][
Qn
hnew =
Sf
b+2 hold
b
10
2
5
(Eq
5.0)

The position of the control point is the point of transition between the two flows
as this is the point where the relationship between head and discharge is known.
Additionally:
- Left of this point the flow is subcritical and Fr<1. This means that water
velocity<wave velocity and disturbances travel upstream and downstream.
Therefore, the profiles are controlled from a point downstream (i.e. the transition
point).
- Right of this point the flow is supercritical and Fr>1. This means that water
velocity>wave velocity and disturbances travel downstream. Therefore, the
profiles are controlled from a point upstream (i.e. the transition point).
It is also useful to derive the general equation of gradually varied flow, as shown
below.
From Bernoulli:
2
V
H= y +
+ z (m)
2g
(Eq
5.0)
Figure 6 - Gradually varied flow
Differentiating with respect to x gives Equation 5.5:
dH d
V2
=
y+
+ z =Sf
dx dx
2g
Where Sf is the friction slope;
11
(Eq
5.0)

2
d
V
dz
dz
y+
=
S f ,but =S0 so
dx
2g
dx
dx
d ES
=S 0S f
dx
Q2
d ES d
V2
d
A2
Q 2 d 1 dA
dA
=
y+
( taking =1 )=
y+
=1+
, but
=B so
2
dy dy
2g
dy
2g
2 g dy A dy
dy
( )
2
2
d ES
Q 2
Q B
=1+
B =1 3
dy
2 g A3
A g
( )
Also
dx=
Q2
V 2 V2
A 2 Q2 B
Fr 2=
=
=
=
gy g A g A g A 3
B
B
( )
d E s=dy ( 1Fr 2)
hence
2
d ES
1Fr
=dy
S 0S f
S 0S f
Now the direct step method is used to find the distances for corresponding
depths for regular channels. For this purpose the equation is rewritten as
(Chadwick et al.):
x=y
5.4
1Fr
S 0S f
(Eq
5.0)
mean
Collector Channel Backwater Profile
The following input data has been established for the collector channel:
Q=118.3 m3/s, B=6m, n=0.012, S0=0.008, yn=5.399m, yc=3.409m.
The n value for a concrete channel was chosen to be 0.012 in accordance with
Chadwick, Morfett & Borthwick (2013).
20 steps with a depth change of 0.1m were used to achieve the desired level of
accuracy. The first calculation was carried out with the depth equal to y c and the
last calculation was for y = 5m. As the length of the delivery channel is 130m,
the corresponding value of depth at this location was found through the direct
step method with additional trial and error adjustment in order to obtain the
exact value. This was found to be a value of 4.048m, as can be seen in the table
in Appendix E.
12

It is worth noting that had the channel length at normal depth been required, a
2% increase would have been added to the normal depth value.
It can be seen from the table that y n>y>yc, Sf>S0 and Fr2<1, hence the surface
profile occupies region 2 for a mild slope and dy/dx is negative. As yy n, Sf S0
and dy/dx0.
5.5
Delivery Channel Backwater Profile
The following input data has been established for the delivery channel:
Q=118.3 m3/s, B=6m, n=0.012, S0=0.133, yn=0.854, yc=3.409m.
The first calculation was carried out with the depth equal to y c and the last
calculation was at the water depth equivalent to 555m. This depth was found to
be 0.854m, as seen in Appendix E.
From the table yc>y>yn, S0>Sf and Fr2>1, hence the surface profile occupies
region 2 for a steep slope. As yyn, S0 Sf and dy/dx0.
5.6
Collector and Delivery Channels Surface Profiles
The collector and delivery channels surface profiles were tabulated (see Table 4)
and plotted as shown in Figure 7. This shows the elevation above ordnance
datum for the channel and water surface for both channels. It can be seen that
the water level approaches 171m AOD at around 540m from the transition point.
This is due to the water reaching its normal depth near this value, resulting in no
height change over the last 15m to the end of the channel.
Table 4 - Distance from transition point, water depth and elevation values
Distance from
transition point, x
(m)
Elevation
,Z
(m)
Water
depth, y
(m)
-129.862
-108.485
-71.467
-43.325
-22.955
-9.444
-2.024
0.000
0.043
0.257
0.683
1.368
2.374
3.785
5.710
8.302
11.777
16.451
22.803
31.595
242.000
241.983
241.953
241.931
241.914
241.904
241.898
241.896
241.890
241.862
241.805
241.714
241.580
241.393
241.137
240.792
240.330
239.708
238.863
237.694
4.048
4.000
3.900
3.800
3.700
3.600
3.500
3.409
3.300
3.150
3.000
2.850
2.700
2.550
2.400
2.250
2.100
1.950
1.800
1.650
13
Water
surface
elevation,
Z+y (m)
246.048
245.983
245.853
245.731
245.614
245.504
245.398
245.305
245.190
245.012
244.805
244.564
244.280
243.943
243.537
243.042
242.430
241.658
240.663
239.344

44.126
62.826
92.944
149.132
307.203
555.000
236.027
233.540
229.534
222.061
201.038
168.081
1.500
1.350
1.200
1.050
0.900
0.854
237.527
234.890
230.734
223.111
201.938
168.935
AOD (m)
-140
-60
20
100
180
260
340
420
500
Horizontal arrangement in relation to the transition point (m)
Figure 7 - Channel and water surface elevation
6.0
6.1
Side Channel Design

Theory
A side channel is normally incorporated into a spillway system design if it is not

possible to have a direct over-fall spillway. For this reason, the proposed system
requires a side channel due to the 90 degree change in direction between the
weir and collector channel. A simple sketch of a side channel can be seen in
Figure 8. For the proposed system, a horizontal rectangular channel has been
designed to simplify constructability, saving time and cost.
14

Figure 8 - Side channel layout
6.2
Water Surface Profile of a Flat Rectangular Channel
In order to find the water surface profile in the side channel, the momentum
equation between two given points within the channel was applied, as shown in
Equation 6.1. After combining all relevant terms; momentum passing, weight of
body of water between points, friction force and hydrostatic pressure at both
points and simplifying by using substitutions and removing negligible terms, the
surface profile of a rectangular can be found by Equation 6.2.
Momentum=QU (kgm/s)
x
1
y
1
y
= 1+
2
2
L
y
y
2 Fo
2 Fo
o
o
() (
Wher
e
and
Henc
e
F o 2=
Fo 2=
( )
q 2 L2
g b 2 y o3
q=
(Eq
6.0)
Q
L
Q2
g b 2 y o3
15
(Eq
6.0)
(Eq
6.0)
(Eq
6.0)
(Eq
6.0)

Where Q=Discharge, L=Spillway length, b=Spillway width, y o=Reference depth,
y=Depth.
For this design yo is the known depth at the discharge of the side channel as
calculated in Section 5.4 to be 4.048m. The width of the side channel is 6m to
ensure continuity with the collector and delivery channels, and has length 7m
equal to the width of the weir, as shown in Section 3.3, feeding into the side
channel.
In order to obtain a full profile a range of water heights were obtained at
distances ranging from 0-7m along the length of the channel. The chosen x value
was substituted into the formula with all other known values. The Newton
Raphson method was then used to compute the depth of water at that
corresponding position. An example of this is shown in Table 5 for x=0m relative
to yo at x=7m, the calculations used to compute this are shown in Appendix F.
Table 5 - Example surface profile calculation: inputted values and Froude number
Width
Length
Q
Yo (depth at
exit)
Fo2
X
m
m
m3/s
m
6
7
118.3
4.048
0.597415
0
Table 6 - Example surface profile calculation: Newton Raphson Method
y old (m)
5
6.404536214
6.032944423
5.99741357
This method was
meter intervals
5.997096593
surface profile to
corresponding
5.997096568
distance from the
channel are shown in Table 7.
' Old
0.49252
1
1.09884
3
0.92390
2
0.90772
2
0.90757
8
0.90757
8
Old
0.69176
0.40832
1
0.03282
7
0.00028
8
2.28E08
0
y new
(m)
6.40453
6
6.03294
4
5.99741
4
5.99709
7
5.99709
7
5.99709
7
Table 7 - Summary of side channel water surface profile
Distance
(m)
0
16
H (m)
6.00
repeated at 1
allowing a
be produced. The
heights at each
start of the side

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5.97
5.91
5.78
5.60
5.33
4.91
4.05
This data has been used to create a graph so that the surface can be seen
visually, as shown in Error: Reference source not found.
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
Water height (m)
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
Distance (m)
Figure 9 - Side Channel Surface Water Profile
7.0
7.1
Stilling Basin Design

Theory
Flow discharged from the outlet of the delivery channel is often highly
supercritical and if this flow is not controlled, it can lead to severe erosion at the
toe of the dam. It is therefore necessary to dissipate the energy and return the
water level to a normal depth appropriate for the river level and bed slope. A
stilling basin is one way in which this can be done, and a general design can be
seen in Figure 10.
17
Figure 10 - Stilling basin

7.2
Stilling Basin Length
In Section 5.5 it was found that for the delivery channel design the flow reaches
normal depth within its length and hence remains at normal depth for the final
section of the channel. This depth, D1=0.853m, can be used along with its
associated velocity as calculated in Equation 7.1 in order to find the Froude
number, as shown in Equation 7.2.
Q
118.3
=
=23.1 m/s
b D1 6 0.853
(Eq
7.0)
V1
23.1
=
=7.99 8
g D1 9.81 0.853
(Eq
7.0)
V 1=
Fr=
In order to obtain an initial estimate of length the US Bureau of Reclamation

guide was used. With a Froude number of 8 and flow of 23.1m/s a type II stilling
basin (for Fr>4.5, V>20m/s) has been designed, which should have a length of
4.35y3, where y3 is the tailwater depth. According to the stilling basin design
specified (Shiono, 2015a) a ratio of length to tailwater depth, i.e. depth after the
stilling basin, can be found using Figure 11. Given a Froude number of 8 the
graph outputs L/D2 = 4.2, which is in line with our initial estimate.
Figure 11 - Graph showing Froude number against L/D2 for stilling basin design
18

In order to determine tailwater depth the stage-discharge rating curve was used,
see Figure 12. Discharge is known to be 118.3 m3/s at the point, and elevation, at
which the spillway re-joins the River Burn. From Figure 12, this means that the
stage, or tailwater depth, is 3.8m.
Using the above mentioned ratio the length of the stilling basin was found to be
15.96m as shown by Equation 7.3.
L
=4.2 L=4.2 D2=4.2 3.8=15.96 m
D2
(Eq
7.0)
Figure 12 - Stage-Discharge rating curve for River Burn
7.3
Other specifications
The Froude number can also be used to determine the profile of the hydraulic
jump from Figure 13. For the proposed design the angle of the hydraulic jump will
be =9.
The stilling basin will have a series of chutes and dentated sills in order to force
the hydraulic jump within this region, as shown in Figure 10. At the upstream end
the chutes will have the following dimensions:
h 1=D 1=w1=s 1=0.853 m
19
(Eq
7.0)

At the downstream end the sills are to be dimensioned as shown by Equations
7.5-7.7.
s 2=w2=0.15 D2 =0.15 3.8=0.57 m
(Eq
7.0)
Top of sill=0.002 D2=0.002 3.8=0.0076 m
(Eq
7.0)
h2=0.2 D 2=0.2 3.8=0.76 m
(Eq
7.0)
Figure 13 - Hydraulic jump profile
8.0
Conclusion
In order to come up with an integrated design solution for the flood risk posed on
the dam, we had to go through the process of designing the individual parts of
the whole configuration: namely weir, side channel, collector channel, delivery
channel and stilling basin. The philosophy behind our solution was to take into
account the specifics of the dam and its surroundings and aim to provide a
design arrangement which is both economical and feasible. For this task we had
to implement the knowledge and principle in hydraulics and water engineering
acquired throughout our three years of our course. This meant, first, we either
20

made an educated guess we considered to be optimal about the design
parameters or in other cases we found those parameters by trial and error. Then
we took those parameters and used them with formulae and computational
models in order to test the validity of our solutions. For each step of the design,
we have given an explanation of the hydraulic principles explaining the
phenomena we were designing for. Constructability considerations have also
been mentioned briefly throughout the report to and their solutions were given
to justify some of the design choices we have taken. To conclude, we believe that
the design and report we have produced is a concise effort which fully satisfies
the needs and requirements of our client.
9.0
References
Shiono, K., 2015a. Spillway Design Coursework. Loughborough University.

Shiono, K., 2015b. Spillways. Loughborough University.
Shiono, K., 2015c. Gradually Varied Flow. Loughborough University.
Chadwick, A.J., Morfett, J.C and Borthwick, M., 2013. Hydraulics in civil and
environmental engineering. 5th edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Novak, P., Moffat, A.I.B., Nalluri, C. and Narayanan, R., 2001. Hydraulic
Structures. 3rd edition. Spon Press.
21

Appendix A 10m Wide Weir Results
22

Appendix B Inflow Hydrograph
23

Appendix C Reservoir Extents
24

Appendix D Site Map
25

Appendix E Backwater Profiles
26

Appendix F Side Channel Calculations
27

Appendix G Site Elevations
28

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Water Engineering Research Ltd.

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Spillway Design: 7m.................................................................................. 2

Collector and Delivery Channel Design........................................................8

Water Surface Profile.................................................................................9

Collector Channel Backwater Profile.......................................................11

Delivery Channel Backwater Profile........................................................11

Collector and Delivery Channels Surface Profiles....................................12

Side Channel Design..................................................................................13

Water Surface Profile of a Flat Rectangular Channel...............................14

Stilling Basin Design...................................................................................16

Stilling Basin Length................................................................................ 16

Appendix A 10m Wide Weir Results.....................................................................1

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Figure 1 - Simplified sketch of proposed spillway system

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Table 1 - Values for height above crest, outflow, storage and N.

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

f(x) = 0x^2 + 0.07x

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Figure 2 - Plot of N against Outflow for a 7m wide weir

Average inflow , I =0.5 (I 1I 2 )

These values were then tabulated, as shown in Table 2.

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Moving average (Inflow)

Inflow during thehour =Average inflow rate , I 3600

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Total volume Inflow during hour 1+hour 2

10,800+46, 800=57, 600 m 3

(0.199+1.051)/2 3600=2, 250 m 3

Total volume out =Outflow during hour 1+hour 2

358+2, 250=2, 609 m 3

Changevolume=Total volumetotal volume out

57,6002, 609=54, 991 m 3

Table 3 - Inflow/outflow and volume relationship

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Figure 4 - Proposed spillway system route

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Collector and Delivery Channel Design

Where g = 9.81 m2/s.

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Water Surface Profile

Therefore, an acceptable slope for the collector channel is S 0 = 0.0008. The

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Figure 6 - Gradually varied flow

Differentiating with respect to x gives Equation 5.5:

Where Sf is the friction slope;

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Collector Channel Backwater Profile

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Delivery Channel Backwater Profile

Collector and Delivery Channels Surface Profiles

Colsterdale Spillway System Design

Horizontal arrangement in relation to the transition point (m)

Figure 7 - Channel and water surface elevation