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    Lect. 2 History Plant Virology PDF

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    Abid Noori
    This document summarizes the history of plant virology from 752 BC up to 2006. Some of the key events and discoveries include: - 1886 - Adolf Mayer experimentally showed that tobacco mosaic disease can be transmitted via sap and coined the term "mosaic disease." - 1892 - Ivanowski demonstrated that the causative agent can pass through a porcelain filter, questioning that it was a bacterium. - 1898 - Beijerinck established that the cause was a "contagium vivum fluidum" or virus and is considered the father of plant virology. - 1935 - Stanley isolated and crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus protein.

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    Lect. 2 History Plant Virology PDF

    Uploaded by

    Abid Noori
    553 views16 pages
    This document summarizes the history of plant virology from 752 BC up to 2006. Some of the key events and discoveries include: - 1886 - Adolf Mayer experimentally showed that tobacco mosaic disease can be transmitted via sap and coined the term "mosaic disease." - 1892 - Ivanowski demonstrated that the causative agent can pass through a porcelain filter, questioning that it was a bacterium. - 1898 - Beijerinck established that the cause was a "contagium vivum fluidum" or virus and is considered the father of plant virology. - 1935 - Stanley isolated and crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus protein.

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    This document summarizes the history of plant virology from 752 BC up to 2006. Some of the key events and discoveries include: - 1886 - Adolf Mayer experimentally showed that tobacco mosaic disease can be transmitted via sap and coined the term "mosaic disease." - 1892 - Ivanowski demonstrated that the causative agent can pass through a porcelain filter, questioning that it was a bacterium. - 1898 - Beijerinck established that the cause was a "contagium vivum fluidum" or virus and is considered the father of plant virology. - 1935 - Stanley isolated and crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus protein.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    553 views16 pages

    Lect. 2 History Plant Virology PDF

    Uploaded by

    Abid Noori
    This document summarizes the history of plant virology from 752 BC up to 2006. Some of the key events and discoveries include: - 1886 - Adolf Mayer experimentally showed that tobacco mosaic disease can be transmitted via sap and coined the term "mosaic disease." - 1892 - Ivanowski demonstrated that the causative agent can pass through a porcelain filter, questioning that it was a bacterium. - 1898 - Beijerinck established that the cause was a "contagium vivum fluidum" or virus and is considered the father of plant virology. - 1935 - Stanley isolated and crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus protein.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 16

    History of Plant Virology

    Viruses and organisms confused


    with viruses
    752 BC- Ref. in poem by one of the Japanese
    Empress named Koken in which she described the
    yellow leaf symptoms of Eupatorium.
    1576, Carolus Clusius -Tulip color breaking- is the
    oldest known example of virus disease
    1692- Yellow stripe of Jasmine was found to be
    caused by Jasmine mottle virus.
    1791- Peach yellows was observed in USA
    1869- Abutilon leaf variegation was known in
    France and Belgium.
    Seventeenth century tulipomania

    1882-1886: Actual era of Plant Virology started with


    scientific investigation by Adolf Mayer
    1886- Adolf Mayer infectious sap from tobacco induce
    disease; gave term Mosaikkrankheit for mosaic
    1892 Ivanowski Sap retained infectivity even after
    filtration through chamberland porcelain filter,
    doubted toxin produced by bacterium as cause.
    1893-94 Hashimoto, a Rice grower in Japan suspected
    the relation between rice leaf hopper and rice dwarf
    disease- so is considered as first evidence of vector
    transmission (Later established by Fukushi).
    1898 M. W. Beijerinck in Netherland finally established
    the cause of tobacco mosaic disease and named the
    agent as Contagium vivum fluidum- gave the term
    Virus. Published paper Uber ein Contagium vivum
    fluidum als Ursache der Fleckenkrankheit der
    Tabaksblatter ----- called
    Father of Plant Virology

    1904- Baur experimentally proved that Abutilon


    variegation is transmitted by grafting not by sap.
    1923- Schultz & Murphy identified Aphids as vector
    of viruses.
    1928- H. Purdy Beale TMV infected plants
    contained antigenic material, opened the door in
    development of plant virology
    Gratia (1933)- plants infected with diff. viruses
    contain diff. antigens
    Chester (1935-36): serological differentiation of
    TMV & PVX strains
    1929 Holmes Local lesion assay
    1929- Mckinney observed the phenomenon of cross
    protection
    1931- K.M. Smith Use of indicator plants in virus
    studies, helped in purifying the virus.
    1932- Knoll & Ruska invented Electron Microscope.

    1935 W. M. Stanley Isolation of


    crystalline protein possessing
    the
    properties of TMV; Shared Nobel prize
    1946
    1936 Bawden and Pirie reported that
    TMV contains nucleoprotein (5%)
    1937
    Bestfinally
    confirmed
    nucleoprotein nature of TMV
    1937- Kunkel showed that the Aster
    yellows virus multiplies in its leaf hopper
    vector.
    1939 -Kausche, Pflankuch & Ruska were
    the first to observe TMV under electron
    microscope

    1940- Fukushi Transovarial transmission of rice dwarf virus

    1944 Williams and Wycoff Metal Shadowing that enabled the


    detail of virus particles
    1949-Markham & Smith found that the purified Turnip yellow
    mosaic virus contained two types of particles one contained 35%
    RNA and were infectious where as other had no RNA thus not
    infective.
    1951- K. Brakke developed the method of density gradient
    centrifugation of plant viruses.
    1952- Hershey & Chase demonstrated the infection behaviour
    of bacteriophage and showed that only DNA enter the host cell
    and protein remain outside

    1955- Frankel Conrat & Williams reconstituted the


    virus TMV
    1956- Gierer & Schramm (Germany( & Frankel
    Conrat showed that only nucleic acid of TMV is
    infective and protein coat does not have any
    role in infection.
    1956- Krick & Watson gave the general theory
    structure of capsid of virus; the cp made up
    numerous identical subunits as helicle rods
    spherical shell.
    1957- Brandes developed leaf dip method
    electron microscopy

    of
    of
    or
    of

    1958- Bancroft & Kaesberg observed that Alfalfa


    mosaic virus contain multiple components.

    1960-Teakle made a significant observation that


    TNV can be transmitted by fungus Olpidium
    brassicae- a fungus virus vector
    1960- Anderer et al., & Tsugita et al., were the first to
    develop the full amino acid sequence of TMV
    protein coat (158 aa units).
    1959 Horne Negative staining of modern day
    electron microscopy
    1962- Kassanis coined the term Satellite virus,
    associated with TNV
    1963- Black & Markham demonstrated that wound
    Tumor virus contain dsRNA
    1996,1968- Lister discovered the bipartite genome of
    TRV by sucrose density gradient centrifugation.
    1967- Doi et. al.; Ishiie et. al., MLO in Mulberry dwarf,
    aster yellow and potato witches broom
    1968- Shepherd et al., observed that CaMV contain DNA

    1970 Harrison et.al. mitochondria is


    concerned with the replication of Tobacco
    rattle virus; Classified the plant viruses into
    16
    groups
    (1971); coined
    the
    term
    Geminiviruses (1976)
    1970- Taylor
    transmission

    and

    Robertson

    Nematode

    1971 T. O. Diener: PSTVd Viroid


    1971 Lane and Kaesberg brome mosaic
    virus, has split genome
    1972- Davis et al. Spiroplasmas

    1973- Goheen et al. observed RLOs alfaalfa


    dwarf & Pierce disease of grapevine.
    1975 Kohler and Milstein Hybridoma
    technology
    in
    monoclonal antibodies
    production Nobel prize in 1984
    1976 Voller et. al.: developed ELISA
    technique
    1977- Clark & Adam: used ELISA in Plant
    virus detection
    1977- Harrison et al. coined the term gemini
    virus ; transmitted by white fly and have
    dsDNA

    1980- Frazier and Converse genome sequence


    of ds DNA of CaMV (8000bp sequence).
    1982- Keese and Symons discovered virusoids
    1984- Prusiner- discovered Prions in animals:
    Nobel Prize in 1997 in Medicines
    1986- Powell-Abel
    resistance in TMV.

    et

    al

    C.P.

    mediated

    1989- Hiatt et al., reported that transgenic


    tobacco can be induced to produce antibodies

    1991- Gallitelli et al. - commercial application of


    cross protection (Tomato-CMV; 95% protection)

    Maxwell (1993) determined the complete


    nucleotide sequence of bean dwarf mosaic virus
    Beachy et al. (1997) elucidated the mechanism of
    coat protein mediated resistance.
    2001- Li et al., reported the role of proteins present
    in the head tissue of aphid vector in the
    transmission of the virus- they found two proteins
    as receptor of BYDV; they act as sensors and if
    absent in any aphid no transmission occurs

    2004- Boorod et al. established that single


    chain antibodies for a viral RNA dependent
    polymerases confer resistance to three
    viruses of Tombusviridae- type member
    Tomato bushy stunt virus.
    2006- A.N Fire & C.C. Mello were awarded
    Nobel Prize for their work RNA interferenceGene silencing by dsRNA.

    Phytopathological classics
    1. Fabricius Attempt at a Dissertation on the Disease
    of plants. Ravn (1774)
    2. Fontana Observation on Rust of Grain 1767. Pirone
    (1932)
    3. Millardet the discovery of Bordeaux Mixture 1885.
    Schneiderhan (1933)
    4. Woronin Plasmodiophora brassicae, the Cause of
    the Cabbage Hernia 1878. Charles Chupp (1934)
    5. Tillet Disseretation on the Cause of the Corruption
    and Smutting of the Kernels of Wheat in the Head (
    and on the means of preventing these untoward
    circumstances) 1755. Humphrey (1937)
    6. Prevost Memoir on the Immediate Cause of Bunt or
    Smut of Wheat, and on the Prevention of Bunt
    1807. Keitt (1939)
    7. Mayer (1886), Ivanowski (1892), Beijerinck (1898) and
    Baurb (1904) three early papers on tobacco mosaic
    and one on infectious variegation. James Johnson
    (1942)

    8.
    Berkeley

    Observations,
    Botanical
    and
    Physiological, on the Potato Murrain 1846. also
    includes selections from Berkeleys Vegetable
    Pathology made by the Plant Pathology Committee of
    British Mycological Society.1948
    9. Targioni Tozzeti True Nature and Sad Effects of the
    Rust and Other Maladies of Wheat and of Oats in
    the Field1767. Tehon (1952)
    10. Bassi Del Mal del Segno 1835. Yarrow (1958)
    11.De Bary Investigations of the Fungi and the
    Diseases of Plants Caused by Them With Reference to
    Grain and Other Useful Plants 1853. Arny and Moore
    (1969)
    12. Hartig Important Diseases of Forest Trees 1874.
    detailed report which established the microbial basis
    for wood decay. Merrill et.al.,(1975)

    13.Fischer/Smith

    The
    Fischer
    Smith
    Controversy: Are Their Bacterial Diseases of
    Plants? 1899. Seven articles depict vthe
    classic and bitter debate regarding the
    existence of bacterial diseases of plants.
    Cambell (1981)
    14. Ando/ Fukushi/ Storey Viruses In Vectors:
    Transovarial Passage and
    Retention.
    Classic papers on plant viruses and their
    insect vectors 1986.
    15. Dutch Elm Disease Original 11 Articles. That
    laid the foundation for studying the
    devastating disease. Research by 7 female
    Dutch scientists from 1920 - 1935

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