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    Miniatured Antenna

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    Giri Reddy
    Metamaterials are artificially constructed materials with properties not found in nature. They are constructed at the macroscopic level rather than the atomic level. Metamaterials can enable control over electromagnetic waves in new ways. Left-handed metamaterials have simultaneous negative permittivity and permeability, allowing negative refractive index. They are classified as double-negative materials in the permittivity-permeability diagram. The introduction discusses the history and potential applications of metamaterials, including invisibility cloaking and perfect lenses. Upcoming sections will cover zero index metamaterials, the motivation for the thesis, and an outline.

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    Miniatured Antenna

    Uploaded by

    Giri Reddy
    21 views4 pages
    Metamaterials are artificially constructed materials with properties not found in nature. They are constructed at the macroscopic level rather than the atomic level. Metamaterials can enable control over electromagnetic waves in new ways. Left-handed metamaterials have simultaneous negative permittivity and permeability, allowing negative refractive index. They are classified as double-negative materials in the permittivity-permeability diagram. The introduction discusses the history and potential applications of metamaterials, including invisibility cloaking and perfect lenses. Upcoming sections will cover zero index metamaterials, the motivation for the thesis, and an outline.

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    Antenna design techniques and simulation

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    Metamaterials are artificially constructed materials with properties not found in nature. They are constructed at the macroscopic level rather than the atomic level. Metamaterials can enable control over electromagnetic waves in new ways. Left-handed metamaterials have simultaneous negative permittivity and permeability, allowing negative refractive index. They are classified as double-negative materials in the permittivity-permeability diagram. The introduction discusses the history and potential applications of metamaterials, including invisibility cloaking and perfect lenses. Upcoming sections will cover zero index metamaterials, the motivation for the thesis, and an outline.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views4 pages

    Miniatured Antenna

    Uploaded by

    Giri Reddy
    Metamaterials are artificially constructed materials with properties not found in nature. They are constructed at the macroscopic level rather than the atomic level. Metamaterials can enable control over electromagnetic waves in new ways. Left-handed metamaterials have simultaneous negative permittivity and permeability, allowing negative refractive index. They are classified as double-negative materials in the permittivity-permeability diagram. The introduction discusses the history and potential applications of metamaterials, including invisibility cloaking and perfect lenses. Upcoming sections will cover zero index metamaterials, the motivation for the thesis, and an outline.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Chapter 1

    Introduction
    1.1

    Metamaterials: Overview

    Metamateials(MTMs) are defined as artificial effectively homogeneous electromagnetic


    structures with properties which are not found in naturally occurring materials. Instead
    of constructing materials at the chemical level, these are constructed with materials at
    the macroscopic level. Natural occurring materials are made up of individual atoms which
    are separated from each other by distances on the order of angstroms. At an elementary
    level phenomena like reflection, diffraction and refraction are determined by length of unit
    cell of atom. For a homogeneous structure it is essential that the average unit cell size
    p should be smaller than a quarter of wavelength g : p < g /4 . This condition ensure
    that refractive phenomena will dominate over scattering and diffraction effects, when wave
    travels through the media. Thus waves are essentially unaware to lattice structure and
    structure remains electromagnetically uniform along the direction of propagation [1].
    In 1968, Victor Veselago, a Russian physicist theoretically investigated plane wave
    propagation in a media with simultaneously negative permittivity () and negative permeability () [2]. After 30 years Pendry et al successfully demonstrated negative permittivity
    [3-4] and negative permeability [5], while Smith et al developed composite negative index
    medium [6]. Veselagos theoretical prediction of existence of negative refractive index
    material was demonstrated by smith et al in laboratory.
    As Metamaterials are artificial structure, they enable us to control over waves and provide new functionalities. MTMs are expected to make impact over the technologies where
    electromagnetic radiation are used. The concept of invisibility, perfect lens, microwave

    absorber and near field imaging have opened new areas of research, while incorporation of
    MTMs has improved the performances of devices such as antennas, filters, couplers and
    many more.

    1.2

    Left Handed MTMs

    Under the condition of effective homogeneity, material properties are defined by macroscopic constitutive parameter permittivity and permeability which depend on nature
    of unit cell. Pair of these two parameter make four different sign combinations as shown
    in - diagram of Fig. 1.1. The abbreviations DPS, ENG, MNG and DNG are assigned
    to double-positive materials ( 0, 0, quadrant- I), epsilon-negative materials ( 0, 0,
    quadrant-II), mu-negative materials ( 0, 0, quadrant-IV) and double-negative materials
    ( 0, 0, quadrant-III) respectively. DPS materials include the list of commonly occurring
    materials like most of the dielectrics. ENG materials have natural examples like plasma
    or metals at optical frequencies. Similarly some ferrimagnetic materials show MNG characteristics. But DNG materials have no natural analogue, hence are called metamaterials
    in stricter sense.

    1.3

    Zero Index Metamaterial

    1.4

    Motivation

    1.5

    Outline of Thesis

    Figure 1.1: Representation of various materials in permittivity-permeability ( ) diagram; Courtesy: C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission
    Line Theory and Microwave Applications: The Engineering Approach, John Wiley, 2006.

    Chapter 2

    Theory of Left Handed Materials

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