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    Lecture12 Texture Mapping

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    nasrala
    Texture mapping allows adding visual detail and realism to 3D graphics by mapping 2D images, called textures, onto 3D geometry. There are two main types: parametric texture mapping ties the texture's size and orientation to the polygon, while non-parametric mapping uses a fixed texture. Texture mapping was pioneered in the 1970s and allows modulating properties like color, specular effects, and more. Common techniques include bilinear interpolation to sample textures, solid textures to model materials like marble, displacement mapping to alter geometry, and bump mapping to fake displaced normals. Environment mapping simulates reflections by using a texture as the reflective environment. Texture filtering and mipmapping reduce aliasing by pre-filtering textures into pyramids

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    Lecture12 Texture Mapping

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    nasrala
    56 views22 pages
    Texture mapping allows adding visual detail and realism to 3D graphics by mapping 2D images, called textures, onto 3D geometry. There are two main types: parametric texture mapping ties the texture's size and orientation to the polygon, while non-parametric mapping uses a fixed texture. Texture mapping was pioneered in the 1970s and allows modulating properties like color, specular effects, and more. Common techniques include bilinear interpolation to sample textures, solid textures to model materials like marble, displacement mapping to alter geometry, and bump mapping to fake displaced normals. Environment mapping simulates reflections by using a texture as the reflective environment. Texture filtering and mipmapping reduce aliasing by pre-filtering textures into pyramids

    Original Description:

    TEXTURE MAPPING FOR INFORMATION

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    Texture mapping allows adding visual detail and realism to 3D graphics by mapping 2D images, called textures, onto 3D geometry. There are two main types: parametric texture mapping ties the texture's size and orientation to the polygon, while non-parametric mapping uses a fixed texture. Texture mapping was pioneered in the 1970s and allows modulating properties like color, specular effects, and more. Common techniques include bilinear interpolation to sample textures, solid textures to model materials like marble, displacement mapping to alter geometry, and bump mapping to fake displaced normals. Environment mapping simulates reflections by using a texture as the reflective environment. Texture filtering and mipmapping reduce aliasing by pre-filtering textures into pyramids

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    56 views22 pages

    Lecture12 Texture Mapping

    Uploaded by

    nasrala
    Texture mapping allows adding visual detail and realism to 3D graphics by mapping 2D images, called textures, onto 3D geometry. There are two main types: parametric texture mapping ties the texture's size and orientation to the polygon, while non-parametric mapping uses a fixed texture. Texture mapping was pioneered in the 1970s and allows modulating properties like color, specular effects, and more. Common techniques include bilinear interpolation to sample textures, solid textures to model materials like marble, displacement mapping to alter geometry, and bump mapping to fake displaced normals. Environment mapping simulates reflections by using a texture as the reflective environment. Texture filtering and mipmapping reduce aliasing by pre-filtering textures into pyramids

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    Texture Mapping

    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    Reading
    Required
    Watt, intro to Chapter 8 and intros to 8.1, 8.4, 8.6, 8.8.

    Recommended
    Paul S. Heckbert. Survey of texture mapping. IEEE Computer
    Graphics and Applications 6(11): 56--67, November 1986.

    Optional
    Watt, the rest of Chapter 8
    Woo, Neider, & Davis, Chapter 9
    James F. Blinn and Martin E. Newell. Texture and reflection in
    computer generated images. Communications of the ACM 19(10):
    542--547, October 1976.
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    What adds visual realism?


    Geometry only

    Phong shading

    Phong shading +
    Texture maps
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    Texture mapping

    Texture mapping (Woo et al., fig. 9-1)

    Texture mapping allows you to take a simple polygon and


    give it the appearance of something much more complex.
    Due to Ed Catmull, PhD thesis, 1974
    Refined by Blinn & Newell, 1976

    Texture mapping ensures that all the right things happen


    as a textured polygon is transformed and rendered.
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    Non-parametric texture mapping

    With non-parametric texture mapping:


    Texture size and orientation are fixed
    They are unrelated to size and orientation of polygon
    Gives cookie-cutter effect
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    Parametric texture mapping

    With parametric texture mapping, texture size and


    orientation are tied to the polygon.
    Idea:
    Separate texture space and screen space
    Texture the polygon as before, but in texture space
    Deform (render) the textured polygon into screen space

    A texture can modulate just about any parameter diffuse


    color, specular color, specular exponent,
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    Implementing texture mapping


    A texture lives in it own abstract image coordinates parameterized by
    (u,v) in the range ([0..1], [0..1]):

    It can be wrapped around many different surfaces:

    Computing (u,v) texture coordinates in a ray tracer is fairly


    straightforward.
    Note: if the surface moves/deforms, the texture goes with it.
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    Mapping to texture image coords


    The texture is usually stored as an image. Thus, we need to
    convert from abstract texture coordinate:
    (u,v) in the range ([0..1], [0..1])
    to texture image coordinates:
    (utex,vtex) in the range ([0.. wtex], [0.. htex])

    Q: What do you do when the texture sample you need lands


    between texture pixels?
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    Texture resampling
    We need to resample the texture:

    A common choice is bilinear interpolation:


    T(a,b) = T[i + " x , j + " y ]
    = (1# " x )(1# " y )T[i, j] + " x (1# " y )T[i + 1, j]
    +(1# " x )" y T[i, j + 1] + " x " y T[i + 1, j + 1]
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    Solid textures
    Q: What kinds of artifacts might you see from using a
    marble veneer instead of real marble?

    One solution is to use solid textures:


    Use model-space coordinates to index into a 3D texture
    Like carving the object from the material

    One difficulty of solid texturing is coming up with the


    textures.
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    10

    Solid textures (cont'd)


    Here's an example for a vase cut from a solid marble
    texture:

    Solid marble texture by Ken Perlin, (Foley, IV-21)


    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    11

    Displacement mapping
    Textures can be used for more than just color.
    In displacement mapping, a texture is used to perturb the
    surface geometry itself:

    These displacements animate with the surface

    Q: Do you have to do hidden surface calculations on Q?


    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    12

    Bump mapping
    In bump mapping, a texture is used to perturb the normal:
    Use the original, simpler geometry, Q(u), for hidden surfaces
    Use the normal from the displacement map for shading:
    ~

    N = normal[Q(u)]

    Q: What artifacts in the images would reveal that bump


    mapping is a fake?

    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    13

    Bump mapping example


    Texture #1
    (diffuse color)

    University of Texas at Austin

    Texture #2
    (bump map)

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Rendered Image

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    14

    Displacement vs. bump mapping


    Input texture

    Rendered as displacement map over a rectangular surface

    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    15

    Displacement vs. bump mapping (cont'd)

    Original rendering

    Rendering with bump map


    wrapped around a cylinder

    Bump map and rendering by Wyvern Aldinger


    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    16

    Environment mapping

    In environment mapping (also known as reflection mapping), a


    texture is used to model an object's environment:
    Rays are bounced off objects into environment
    Color of the environment used to determine color of the illumination
    Really, a simplified form of ray tracing
    Environment mapping works well when there is just a single object or in
    conjunction with ray tracing

    Under simplifying assumptions, environment mapping can be


    implemented in hardware.
    With a ray tracer, the concept is easily extended to handle refraction as
    well as reflection.
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    17

    Combining texture maps


    Using texture maps in combination gives even better effects.

    Specular
    coefficient

    Diffuse
    color
    Environment map
    (not necessary
    in ray tracer)
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Material
    properties
    (coefficients
    in shading
    equation)
    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    18

    Can define material by program


    A surface shader computes the color of each ray that hits
    the surface.
    Example: Renderman surface shader
    /*
    * Checkerboard
    */
    surface checker(float Kd=.5, Ka=.1) {
    float smod = mod(10*s, 1);
    float tmod = mod(10*t, 1);
    if (smod < 0.5) {
    if (tmod < 0.5) Ci=Cs; else Ci=color(0,0,0);
    } else {
    if (tmod < 0.5) Ci=color(0,0,0); else Ci=Cs;
    }
    Oi = Os;
    Ci = Oi*Ci*(
    Ka*ambient() +
    Kd*diffuse(faceforward(normalize(N),I)));
    }
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    19

    How do we anti-alias textures?


    We could just super-sample.
    But textures (and shader programs) are a special case; we
    can use true area integration!

    - Approximate footprint as parallelogram


    - Determine this approximate
    footprint using discrete differences

    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    20

    Cost of filtering can be reduced


    Store a pyramid of pre-filtered images:

    During texture lookup, read from appropriate


    level of the pyramid.
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    21

    Next time: Hierarchical modeling


    How do we represent translation and
    rotation of complex objects using
    hierarchies of transformations?
    (Easy in principle, tough to get right in
    practice)
    Read:
    Angel, sections 9.1 - 9.6 [reader pp. 169185]
    OpenGL Programming Guide, chapter 3
    [available online]
    University of Texas at Austin

    CS384G - Computer Graphics

    Fall 2010 Don Fussell

    22

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