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    Introduction To Microbiology

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    Crazybiologist245
    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. The lecture introduces the four major groups of microorganisms - bacteria, protists, fungi, and viruses. It also discusses the importance of microbes in areas like digestion, nutrient cycling, and fermentation, as well as their negative impacts as pathogens. The history of microbiology is explored, from early civilizations' understanding of infectious disease to major developments like germ theory, Pasteur's disproving of spontaneous generation, and Koch's postulates. Key figures who advanced the field through discoveries like antibiotics, vaccinations, and DNA are also highlighted.

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    Introduction To Microbiology

    Uploaded by

    Crazybiologist245
    289 views4 pages
    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. The lecture introduces the four major groups of microorganisms - bacteria, protists, fungi, and viruses. It also discusses the importance of microbes in areas like digestion, nutrient cycling, and fermentation, as well as their negative impacts as pathogens. The history of microbiology is explored, from early civilizations' understanding of infectious disease to major developments like germ theory, Pasteur's disproving of spontaneous generation, and Koch's postulates. Key figures who advanced the field through discoveries like antibiotics, vaccinations, and DNA are also highlighted.

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    Introduction to Microbiology

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    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. The lecture introduces the four major groups of microorganisms - bacteria, protists, fungi, and viruses. It also discusses the importance of microbes in areas like digestion, nutrient cycling, and fermentation, as well as their negative impacts as pathogens. The history of microbiology is explored, from early civilizations' understanding of infectious disease to major developments like germ theory, Pasteur's disproving of spontaneous generation, and Koch's postulates. Key figures who advanced the field through discoveries like antibiotics, vaccinations, and DNA are also highlighted.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    289 views4 pages

    Introduction To Microbiology

    Uploaded by

    Crazybiologist245
    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. The lecture introduces the four major groups of microorganisms - bacteria, protists, fungi, and viruses. It also discusses the importance of microbes in areas like digestion, nutrient cycling, and fermentation, as well as their negative impacts as pathogens. The history of microbiology is explored, from early civilizations' understanding of infectious disease to major developments like germ theory, Pasteur's disproving of spontaneous generation, and Koch's postulates. Key figures who advanced the field through discoveries like antibiotics, vaccinations, and DNA are also highlighted.

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    of 4

    LECTURE 1

    INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY

    the scientific study of microorganisms


    (living things that are too small to be
    seen with the naked eye)

    Groups of Microorganisms
    Bacteria (archeans, eubacteria)
    Protists (algae, protozoans, slime
    molds)
    Fungi (yeasts and molds)
    Helminths
    Viruses (acellular)
    Importance of Microbes
    - Aid in the digestion of cellulose in
    ruminants
    - Nutrient cycling
    - Bioremediation
    - Normal flora
    - Probiotics
    - Antibiotics
    - Fermentation products
    Negative impact on human health
    Microbes cause many infectious
    diseases.
    o Vaccines, antibiotics, and many
    other advances have lessened
    the impact of infectious disease
    in the developed world, but
    infectious disease in developing
    countries is high.
    New illnesses caused by
    microorganisms continue to emerge
    and known pathogens are becoming
    resistant to treatment.

    History of Microbiology

    The ancient Egyptians are the first


    known civilization to use fermentation
    to brew beer.
    Historical evidence also suggests a
    knowledge of infectious disease.
    o As evident from archeological
    excavations in Crete, India,
    Pakistan, and Scotland, early
    civilizations have realized a
    connection between sewage
    and disease.

    Historical Roots
    First Observations
    Spontaneous Generation
    Golden Age of Microbiology
    o Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
    (1st Golden Age)
    o Microbial Genetics Era (2nd
    Golden Age)
    Modern Developments
    First Observations
    The history of biology largely rests on
    the book Micrographia, published in
    1665.
    Robert hooke (1665) Micrographia
    Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1673)
    animalcules
    Spontaneous Generation
    Abiogenesis
    A long-held theory that life could arise
    spontaneously from non-living or
    decaying organic matter.
    It was based on observations of rotting
    food seemingly producing living
    organisms.
    Francesco Redi (1668) strong opponent
    of Abiogenesis.
    John Needham (1745) abiogenesis
    occurred due to the random "clumping of
    organic molecules.
    Lazaro Spallanzani (1765)
    microorganisms in the air entered in
    Needhams experiment.
    Rudolf Virchow (1858) cells arise from
    pre-existing living cells.
    Louis Pasteur (1861) swan-neck flasks
    show that spontaneous generation does not
    occur.
    Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914)
    This period saw the discovery of the
    causes of many diseases, advances in
    the understanding of immunity,
    advances in the understanding of
    microbial metabolism, etc.

    Fermentation
    The anaerobic conversion of sugar to
    carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast.

    infection, contamination of the


    environment they are working in (e.g.
    fomites), and contamination of the
    specimen they are working on, which
    is especially important when a pure
    culture is desired.
    Contributors:
    Ignaz Semmelweis (hand
    washing as a means of
    minimizing surgical infection)

    Pasteurization
    The process of heating liquids for the
    purpose of destroying viruses and
    harmful organisms such as bacteria,
    protozoa, molds, and yeasts.
    Does not intend to kill all microorganisms (pathogenic) in the food.
    Instead, aims to achieve a "log
    reduction" in the number of viable
    organisms, reducing their number so
    they are unlikely to cause disease
    (assuming the pasteurized product is
    refrigerated and consumed before its
    expiration date).
    Germ Theory of Disease
    A theory that proposes that
    microorganisms are the cause of many
    diseases.
    Contributors:
    Girolamo Fracastoro
    Agostino Bassi
    John Snow
    Louis Pasteur
    Robert Koch
    Kochs postulate
    1. An organism can be isolated from a
    host suffering from the disease
    2. The organism can be cultured in the
    laboratory
    3. The organism causes the same
    disease when introduced into another
    host
    4. The organism can be re-isolated from
    that host

    Aseptic Technique
    Technique used by microbiologists to
    prevent microbial contamination of
    themselves, which may result in

    Joseph Lister (use of


    chemical antimicrobials for the
    "sanitization" of objects that
    come into contact with surgical
    wounds)

    Vaccination
    The process of administering
    pathogens that can not reproduce
    (due to being weakened or dead) to a
    healthy person or animal, with the
    intent of conferring immunity against
    a targeted form of a related disease
    agent.
    Contributor:
    Edward Jenner (use of cowpox
    virus to vaccinate against
    smallpox virus)
    Chemotherapy
    The use of substances (natural or
    synthetic) to treat disease.
    In its non-oncological use, the term
    may also refer to antibiotics
    (antibacterial chemotherapy).
    Contributors:
    Paul Ehrlich (arsphenamine)
    Domagk (sulfonamides)
    Alexander Fleming (penicillin)

    Second Golden Age (1943-1970)

    Microbial genetics era.

    Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and


    Maclyn McCarty
    -show that DNA is the transforming
    material in cells.

    Albert Schatz, E. Bugie, and


    Selman Waksman
    - discover streptomycin, soon to be
    used against tuberculosis

    Joshua Lederberg and Edward L.


    Tatum- publish on conjugation in
    bacteria.

    Microbiologist John Franklin Enders,


    virologist Thomas H. Weller and
    physician Frederick Chapman
    Robbins
    - together develop a technique to grow
    polio virus in test tube cultures of
    human tissues.

    Joshua Lederberg and Esther


    Lederberg
    - publish their replica plating
    method and provide firm evidence
    that mutations in bacteria yielding
    resistance to antibiotics and viruses
    are not induced by the presence of
    selective agents.

    James Watson and Francis Crick


    - publish a description of the doublehelix structure of DNA

    Peter Mitchell
    - proposes the chemiosmotic theory
    in which a molecular process is
    coupled to the transport of protons
    across a biological membrane

    Francois Jacob, David Perrin,


    Carmen Sanchez and Jacques
    Monod
    - propose the operon concept for
    control of bacteria gene action.

    Marshall Nirenberg and J.H.


    Matthaei
    - observe that a synthetic
    polynucleotide, poly U, directs the
    synthesis of a polypeptide
    composed only of phenylalanine.

    Modern Developments

    Advancement in Molecular
    microbiology and Immunology

    Microbial Genetics
    Microorganisms have served as
    important biochemical and genetic
    model systems
    Understanding the molecular role of
    DNA in the hereditary process
    occurred as a consequence of studies
    employing microorganisms.
    Recombinant DNA and engineering,
    DNA technology
    Howard Temin and David Baltimore
    - independently discover reverse
    transcriptase in RNA viruses.
    Stanley Cohen, Annie Chang, Robert
    Helling, and Herbert Boyer
    they show that if DNA is broken into
    fragments and combined with plasmid DNA,
    such recombinant DNA molecules will
    reproduce if inserted into bacterial cells.

    Taxonomy
    system for organizing, classifying &
    naming living things.
    Levels
    Domain
    Kingdom
    Phylum or Division
    Class
    Order
    Family
    Genus
    Species

    Major Taxonomic Groups of Bacteria


    in Bergeys manual
    1. Gracilicutes gram-negative cell
    walls, thin-skinned

    2. Firmicutes gram-positive cell


    walls, thick skinned
    3. Tenericutes lack a cell wall & are
    soft
    4. Mendosicutes archaea,
    primitive procaryotes with unusual
    cell walls & nutritional habits
    FIELDS OF STUDY
    1. Microbial physiology
    The study of how the
    microbial cell functions
    biochemically.
    Includes the study of
    microbial growth, microbial
    metabolism and microbial
    cell structure
    2. Microbial genetics
    The study of how genes are
    organized and regulated in
    microbes in relation to their
    cellular functions.
    Closely related to the field of
    molecular biology
    3. Medical microbiology
    The study of the role of
    microbes in human illness.
    Includes the study of
    microbial pathogenesis and
    epidemiology and is related
    to the study of disease
    pathology and immunology

    4. Veterinary microbiology
    The study of the role in
    microbes in veterinary
    medicine or animal
    taxonomy.
    5. Environmental microbiology
    The study of the function and
    diversity of microbes in their
    natural environments.
    Includes the study of
    microbial ecology, microbemediated nutrient cycling,
    geomicrobiology, microbial
    diversity and bioremediation.

    Characterization of key
    bacterial habitats such as the
    rhizosphere and
    phyllosphere.
    6. Evolutionary microbiology
    The study of the evolution of
    microbes.
    Includes the study of
    bacterial systematics and
    taxonomy.
    7. Industrial microbiology
    The exploitation of microbes
    for use in industrial
    processes.
    Examples include industrial
    fermentation and wastewater
    treatment. Closely linked to
    the biotechnology industry.
    This field also includes
    brewing, an important
    application of microbiology.
    8. Aeromicrobiology
    The study of airborne
    microorganisms.
    9. Food Microbiology
    The study of microorganisms
    causing food spoilage.
    10.
    Pharmaceutical
    microbiology
    the study of microorganisms
    causing pharmaceutical
    contamination and spoilage.
    11.
    Parasitology
    The study of parasites, their
    hosts, and the relationship
    between them.
    The focus of study is on
    relationship and NOT the
    organisms.
    Protozoology
    Focuses on protozoans
    Helminthology
    Focuses of helminths

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