Hindawi Publishing Corporation

International Scholarly Research Notices

Volume 2014, Article ID 904647, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/904647

Research Article
Outcome Predictors in First-Ever Ischemic Stroke Patients:
A Population-Based Study
Giovanni Corso,1 Edo Bottacchi,1 Piera Tosi,1 Laura Caligiana,1 Chiara Lia,1
Massimo Veronese Morosini,2 and Paola Dalmasso3
1

Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit Ospedale Regionale, Viale Ginevra, No., 11100 Aosta, Italy
Statistics Department, Ospedale Regionale, Viale Ginevra 3, 11100 Aosta, Italy
3
Department of Scienze della Sanit`a Pubblica, Universit`a degli Studi di Torino, Via Verdi 8, 10124 Torino, Italy
2

Correspondence should be addressed to Giovanni Corso; [email protected]

Received 31 May 2014; Accepted 14 November 2014; Published 25 December 2014
Academic Editor: Adria Arboix Damut
Copyright 2014 Giovanni Corso et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background. There is scant population-based information regarding predictors of stroke severity and long-term mortality for
first-ever ischemic strokes. The aims of this study were to determine the characteristics of patients who initially presented with
first-ever ischemic stroke and to identify predictors of severity and long-term mortality. Methods. Data were collected from the
population-based Cerebrovascular Aosta Registry. Between 2004 and 2008, 1057 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke were
included. Variables analysed included comorbidities, sociodemographic factors, prior-to-stroke risk factors, therapy at admission
and pathophysiologic and metabolic factors. Multivariate logistic regression models, Kaplan-Meier estimates, and Cox proportional
Hazards model were used to assess predictors. Results. Predictors of stroke severity at admission were very old age (odds ratio [OR]
2.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.755.06), female gender (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.212.40), atrial fibrillation (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.72
4.44), low ejection fraction (OR 2.22, CI 95% 1.134.32), and cardioembolism (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.362.93). Predictors of long-term
mortality were very old age (hazard ratio [HR] 2.02, 95% CI 1.652.47), prestroke modified Rankin scale 35 (HR 1.82; 95% CI
1.462.26), Charlson Index 2 (HR 1.97; 95% CI 1.622.42), atrial fibrillation (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.041.98), and stroke severity (HR
3.54, 95% CI 2.874.36). Conclusions. Very old age and cardiac embolism risk factors are the independent predictors of stroke
severity. Moreover, these factors associated with other comorbid medical conditions influence independently long-term mortality
after ischemic stroke.

1. Introduction
Ischemic stroke has many causes, clinical presentations, risk
factors, courses, and outcomes [1]. Management and prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke is directly related to
specific mechanisms of the ischemic stroke. In the acute
phase of stroke, the most important predictors of outcome are
stroke severity [2, 3] and patient age [4]. Severe strokes seem
to be more frequently caused by cardiac emboli and less frequently by large-artery occlusive mechanisms [5]. Functional
status prior to stroke onset, presence of comorbid medical
conditions [2, 69], cognitive impairment, and reduced consciousness at onset may also predict a worse prognosis after
stroke, although with weaker evidence. Few studies have systematically evaluated multimodal factors in unselected consecutive ischemic stroke patients. The aim of this study is to

estimate the predictors of stroke severity in the acute phase

of stroke and to identify the predictors of all-cause long-term
mortality subsequent to a first-ever ischemic stroke within a
population-based setting. To determine the predictors is of
paramount importance for clinicians to identify patients who
are at higher risk for more severe strokes and death.

2. Methods
The Cerebrovascular Aosta Registry (CARe) is a populationbased registry recording first-ever strokes in all age groups
for a geographically defined area, the Aosta Valley, Italy. The
overall study design hasbeen published previously [10, 11]. We
prospectively checked all cases for diagnosis from overlapping sources. No selection of patients was performed with

2
regard to age, stroke severity, or comorbid medical conditions
before admission. Patients with recurrent stroke, intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, or
other causes mimicking stroke (trauma, infection or an intracranial malignant processes) were excluded. Hospital care is
free, and a very high proportion (92.5%) of stroke patients
were admitted to hospital.
The aims of this study were to determine the characteristics of patients who initially presented with ischemic stroke,
and to identify predictors of stroke severity and long-term (all
cause) mortality.
We retrieved medical history prior to the index stroke and
the CHADS2 score [12] was calculated for all patients. The following variables were analysed: gender, age (categorized as
<65, 6574, 7584, and 85), domestic arrangements (lives
with others, alone, or in a community), clinical history, and
medications. Vascular risk factors included history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease (acute myocardial infarction, angina, or coronary revascularisation), low
ejection fraction, transient ischemic attack (TIA), current
or former smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and AF, either
as a history of AF and/or AF diagnosed during the index
admission with stroke by electrocardiography (ECG) and/or
24 hour ECG monitoring. At admission, patients were categorized as treated or nontreated with antithrombotic agents.
Patients with AF were considered as treated when they were
receiving the following treatments: antiplatelet drugs and had
CHADS2 score from 0 to 1; warfarin therapy with INR 2.0 to
3.0 at the time of stroke and had CHADS2 2. Comorbidity
conditions in patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke
were scored with the modified Charlson Index (CI) on the
basis of hospital discharge ICD-9CM codes [13] and patient
history obtained from standardized case report forms. A
weight was assigned to each indicated diagnosis and each
weight was added together to calculate the CI score. The
score varied according to the severity of the disease: myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular
disease, dementia, chronic pulmonary disease, connective
tissue disease, ulcer disease, mild liver disease, and diabetes
mellitus were weighted 1; diabetes with end-organ damage,
moderate to severe renal disease, nonmetastatic solid tumor,
leukaemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma were weighted
2; autoimmune deficiency syndrome and metastatic solid
tumor were weighted 6. The CI score was dichotomized (low
comorbidity 1 versus high 2). Prestroke disability was assessed by the modified Rankin scale (mRS) [14].
Stroke was defined according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria [15]. Ischemic stroke was diagnosed
with a combination of clinical criteria and brain imaging.
All patients underwent brain CT scan without contrast upon
admission to exclude intracerebral hemorrhage.
Follow-up MRI examination or brain CT scan was repeated 2 to 5 days after the index event. Stroke severity was evaluated in the acute phase of the initial stroke by a neurologist
certified in the use of the National Institute of Health Stroke
Scale (NIHSS). Stroke severity by NIHSS was categorized
as mild (04), moderate (515), or severe (1642). Stroke
subtypes were defined using the Trial of ORG 10172 in
Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria [16]. Metabolic,

International Scholarly Research Notices

hematologic parameters and vital signs were recorded in the
registry on arrival and again at 2448 h after stroke onset. The
length of hospital stay was defined from the day of admission
to a hospital ward to the day of discharge to either his/her own
residence to nursing home or to another type of institution.
Acute stroke management and secondary prevention in
these patient followed current European Stroke Organization
guidelines [17].
Discharged patients were followed up on an annual basis
through neurological examination and review of records for
further hospitalization. All cases were followed up; the last
followup was performed in December 2012. Data on vital status were obtained from the Ufficio Anagrafe (UA). Mortality
data were cross-checked with the list of stroke death ICD-9
codes registered by the Office of Legal Medicine. Case fatality
within 28 days, 1 year, and 5 years was defined as the proportion of cases for which death occurred from stroke onset for
all causes.

3. Data Analysis
Differences in patient characteristics, premorbid risk factors,
and hospital investigations were assessed by 2 test (for
categorical variables) or analysis of variance (for continuous
variables).
The variables analysed were age, gender, body mass index
(BMI), life conditions, prestroke dependency, comorbidities,
NIHSS at admission, vascular risk factors, therapy prior to
stroke, pathophysiologic and metabolic factors.
Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the impact of possible determinants of stroke severity at
admission. Differences between groups and effect of patient
characteristics on clinical outcome were assessed using Chisquare test. Cox regression model was used to estimate the
impact of possible determinants of survival.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated to demonstrate the effect of determinants on long-term survival.
Statistical tests were considered significant when the
value was 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using
STATA software version 10.

4. Results
The present analysis focused only on patients with first-ever
ischemic stroke, 1057 cases, registered between January 1,
2004, and December 31, 2008. Of these, 260 patients presented AF, of whom 235 (90%) were known to have AF and 25
(10%) were diagnosed with AF during admission. The mean
age of all patients was 75.7 (SD, 12.7) years. The mean age
in the AF group was 80.8 years (SD, 10.1), and 74 years (SD,
13.1) in the non-AF group ( < 0.001). At admission, only 27
(10.5%) patients with AF were adequately treated according
to the current guidelines. Nineteen patients had contraindication to oral anticoagulants because of frequent falls, severe
bleeding, and dementia.
Patient characteristics at time of initial stroke are presented in Table 1.

International Scholarly Research Notices

Table 1: Selected characteristics in the acute phase of 1057 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke.

Number of patients
Gender female
Mean body mass index
Median age (interquartile range)
Life conditions
Lives with other (family)
Lives alone
Lives in community
Missing
Vascular risk factors
Arterial hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Hypercholesterolemia
Previous TIA
Current or former smoker
Ischaemic heart disease
Atrial fibrillation
Low ejection fraction (<35%)
CHADS2 score
0-1
2
Charlson Index score
0-1
2
Missing
Prestroke disability (measured with mRS)
02
35
Missing
Home therapy
Treated with antithrombotic agents
Nontreated with antithrombotic agents
Statins
Antihypertensive
Stroke onset during sleep
Metabolic values at admission
Glucose (mg/dL)
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
TOAST classification of subtypes
Large-artery atherosclerosis
Cardioembolism
Small-vessel occlusion lacun
Stroke of undetermined etiology

NIH 04
426
199 (46.7%)
25.5 (25.4-25.5)
74.12 (64.680.4)

NIH 515
469
240 (51.2%)
25.22 (25.1-25.2)
79.3 (72.385.3)

NIH 16
162
105 (64.8%)
24.3 (24.2-24.3)
83.5 (74.289.9)

Total
1057
544 (51.5%)
25.2 (24.925.5)
77.5 (6984.4)

330 (77.4%)
86 (71.4%)
7 (5.7%)
3 (2.5%)

320 (68.2%)
118 (25.1%)
27 (5.7%)
4 (1%)

105 (64.8%)
38 (8.1%)
16 (3.4%)
3 (0.7%)

755 (71.4%)
242 (22.9%)
50 (4.7%)
10 (1%)

0.002
0.38
<0.0001

322 (75.6%)
74 (33.1%)
170 (39.9%)
25 (5.8%)
89 (20.9%)
50 (11.7%)
56 (13.1%)
21 (4.9%)

362 (77.2%)
103 (21.9%)
147 (31.3%)
27 (5.7%)
59 (12.6%)
63 (13.4%)
127 (27.1%)
45 (9.6%)

118 (72.8%)
23 (14.2%)
34 (21%)
9 (5.5%)
19 (11.7%)
21 (13%)
77 (47.5%)
20 (12.3%)

802 (75.9%)
200 (18.9%)
351 (33.2%)
61 (5.8%)
167 (15.8%)
134 (12.7%)
260 (24.6%)
86 (8.1%)

0.49
0.35
<0.0001
0.88
0.011
0.68
<0.0001
0.002

68 (16%)
358 (84%)

35 (7.5%)
434 (92.5%)

20 (12.4%)
142 (87.6%)

123 (11.6%)
934 (88.4%)

0.3
0.2

336 (78.8%)
58 (13.6%)
32 (7.6%)

345 (73.5%)
98 (20.9%)
26 (5.6%)

128 (79%)
24 (14.8%)
10 (6.2%)

809 (76.5%)
180 (17%)
68 (6.5%)

0.9
0.7
0.57

404 (94.8%)
18 (4.2%)
4 (1%)

369 (78.7%)
93 (19.8%)
7 (1.5%)

117 (72.3%)
42 (25.9%)
3 (1.8%)

890 (84.2%)
153 (14.6%)
14 (1.2%)

<0.0001
<0.0001
0.36

123 (28.8%)
303 (71.2%)
38 (8.9%)
242 (56.8%)
71 (16.6%)

135 (28.8%)
334 (71.2%)
20 (4.3%)
258 (55%)
109 (23.2%)

49 (30.2%)
113 (69.7%)
4 (2.5%)
85 (52.5%)
39 (24.1%)

307 (29%)
750 (71%)
62 (5.9%)
585 (55.4%)
219 (20.7%)

0.74
0.74
0.76
0.34
0.04

114.2 (40.1)
117.3 (37.6)
152.4 (24.3)
87.3 (12.1)

125 (54.7)
112.6 (36.2)
150.3 (24.1)
86 (11.6)

126.4 (50.4)
102.1 (41.8)
149.6 (24.6)
85.4 (12.4)

120.9 (48.9)
113.4 (37.7)
151 (24.5)
86.43 (11.9)

0.0012
<0.0001
0.11
0.044

66 (15.5%)
65 (15.2%)
109 (25.6%)
175 (41.1%)

73 (15.5%)
122 (26%)
97 (20.7%)
173 (36.9%)

14 (8.6%)
79 (48.8%)
4 (2.5%)
64 (39.5%)

153 (14.5%)
266 (25%)
210 (20%)
412 (39%)

0.032
<0.0001
<0.0001
0.7

0.0001
0.0004
<0.0001

Data are shown as number of patients (%) or mean (SD); TIA: transient ischaemic attack; mRS: modified Rankin scale; NIHSS: National Institute of Health
Stroke Scale. CHADS2: Congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes mellitus, TIA, or thromboembolism. statistical analysis was performed on the
NIHSS 04 and the NIHSS 16 groups. Variables included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis.

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Table 2: Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis models

for probability of NIHSS 16 score.
Variable
Odds ratio
Sex female
1.73
Age 85
2.98
AF
2.76
Low ejection fraction (<35%)
2.22
Cardioembolism
2.00

95% CI
1.212.40
1.755.06
1.724.44
1.134.32
1.362.93

0.0025
0.0001
<0.0001
0.0129
0.0004

CI: confidence interval; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale;

AF: atrial fibrillation.

As far as stroke severity, multivariate logistic regression

analysis identified very old age, female gender, AF, low ejection fraction (<35%), and cardioembolism as independent
factors associated with severe stroke (NIHSS 16), Table 2.
The mean length of hospital stay for all patients was 15.8
(95% CI 14.816.8) days. Patients with AF had a mean length
of stay of 20 days (95% CI 17.522.5) whereas patients without
AF had a mean length of stay of 15.3 days (95% CI 14.216.4)
( < 0.001).
At discharge, oral anticoagulants were prescribed to 53%
of the AF group, 12% of patients did not receive any antithrombotic treatment, whereas antiplatelet agents were given to
35% of the AF group as the only antithrombotic treatment
and to 88% of the non-AF group ( < 0.0001).
The mean follow-up time was 3.3 years (95% CI 3.13.4).
During this period, 513 (48.5%) deaths occurred, of which 74
during hospitalization (Table 3).
The hazard ratios for 28 day, 1 year, and 5 year mortality
were 2.36 (95% CI 1.533.63, < 0.001), 2.75 (95% CI 2.05
3.68, < 0.001), and 2.35 (95% CI 1.902.93, < 0.001),
respectively.
As far as predictors of long-term mortality, the multivariate Cox regression analysis showed very old age, prestroke
modified Rankin scale 35, Charlson Index 2, AF, and severe
stroke as independent predictors, Table 4.
Figure 1 shows the Kaplan-Meier curves after ischemic
stroke representing the relationship of (a) age, (b) sex, (c)
prestroke disability (evaluated by mRS), (d) comorbidity
(evaluated by Charlson Index), (e) ischemic heart disease, (f)
atrial fibrillation, (g) stroke severity, and (h) stroke subtypes
with all-cause mortality after ischemic stroke.

5. Discussion
In this population-based study, on first-ever ischemic stroke
patients, we demonstrated that risk factors such as very old
age, AF, and cardioembolic stroke have an impact on neurologic impairment as evaluated in the acute phase and on
long-term mortality. The majority of these factors are associated with high risk cardioembolic conditions. In the present
study, very old age was found to be an independent predictor
of stroke severity at admission. There have not been many
community-based estimates of gender and older age as significant independent predictors of stroke severity, whereas very
old age per se was found to be a strong predictor of outcome

and mortality after stroke [18] and older age of patients with
AF has been postulated as a major contributing factor for
poor prognosis [5]. Female gender has been shown to have
more severe strokes than men, as already reported in a previous review [19]. Conversely, our previous results showed that
female patients were older and suffered more frequently from
AF [11]; hence, female patients generally had a more severe
stroke. We found cardioembolism to be the most common
etiology of stroke (25.1%) in our almost exclusively white
study population and cardioembolic stroke particularly dominated in the oldest age group. AF-related strokes are expected
to increase due to population aging, because it is known the
increase of AF with age [4, 6]. In our study, the mean age of
patients with AF was older than in other studies [2, 20]. The
well-documented impact of AF on the prognosis of first-ever
ischemic stroke [2, 2022] is confirmed in this investigation.
Previous studies have reported that stroke patients with AF
present more often large cortical infarcts, and less frequently
lacunar infarction compared with patients without AF [2, 3,
5]. This may be explained by the size of cardiac emboli as well
as by the lack of collateral vascularization, which may develop
and compensate for acute arterial occlusion in patients with
gradual occlusion of arteries, such as in atherosclerosis of
cervical or cerebral arteries.
In this population study, most patients admitted with a
stroke who had previously a diagnosis of AF were suboptimally anticoagulated before their stroke and only 10% of
patients with a history of AF were receiving an adequate
antithrombotic treatment prior to stroke. Other Italian studies on hospital admitted patients have reported underutilization of oral anticoagulant in patients with AF [23, 24]. Anticoagulation treatment is highly dependent on single patient
characteristics such as age, comorbidities, patients lifestyle,
and feasibility of adequate monitoring of therapy [25]. The
high percentage of nontreated patients is likely attributable
to the older age of our population, being anticoagulation
treatment difficult to control and to manage.
Several factors influenced long-term mortality among
which prestroke dependency and comorbidities, more common in the elderly population. Prestroke mRS score 35 and a
CI score >2 were found to be statistically significant independent factors of long-term mortality among first-ever stroke
ischemic patients.
Many of the identified predictors of long-term mortality
have been already reported in previous studies [3, 5, 18, 26
30] but hypertension, diabetes, or smoking. Hyperglycemia at
the time of the index stroke was not associated with a worse
outcome.
The strength of the present study is due to a communitybased design and due to the use of rigorous case ascertainment procedures to enroll all patients with first-ever ischemic
stroke. Complete case ascertainment allowed precise estimation of the prevalence of the risk factors among our patients.
However, the limitations of our study must also be recognized: the Aosta Valley population is predominantly Caucasian, which may limit the possibility to generalize our findings to other ethnic groups, in whom the risk of AF and
other risk factors may differ; the use of prestroke mRS is not
standardized, because the mRS was designed and validated

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5
Sex
1.0

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8
Cumulative survival

Cumulative survival

Age
1.0

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.2
P < 0.001

0.1

P = 0.076

0.1
0.0

0.0
0

3
4
5
Time to death (years)

064
6574

7584
85

(b)

Prestroke disability

Comorbidity

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8
Cumulative survival

Cumulative survival

Men
Women

(a)

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1

P < 0.0001

0.1

P < 0.0001

0.0

0.0
0

3
4
5
Time to death (years)

mRS 2
mRS 3

3
4
5
Time to death (years)

CI < 2
CI 2
(c)

(d)

Ischemic heart disease

Atrial fibrillation

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8
Cumulative survival

Cumulative survival

3
4
5
Time to death (years)

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

P = 0.0289

0.1

0.7

P < 0.001

0.1

0.0

0.0
0

3
4
5
Time to death (years)

No
Yes

3
4
5
Time to death (years)

No
Yes
(e)

(f)

Figure 1: Continued.

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Stroke subtypes

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8
Cumulative survival

Cumulative survival

Stroke severity

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.2
0.1

0.1

P < 0.0001

0.0
0

P < 0.0001

0.0

Time to death (years)

NIHSS 4
NIHSS 16

Time to death (years)

Atherothrombotic
Cardioembolic

(g)

Lacunar
Undefined
(h)

Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicating the relationship of (a) age, (b) sex, (c) prestroke disability (evaluated by mRS), (d)
comorbidity (evaluated by Charlson Index, CI), (e) ischemic heart disease, (f) atrial fibrillation, (g) stroke severity, and (h) stroke subtypes
with all-cause mortality after ischemic stroke.

Table 3: Mortality according to selected variables.

Variables
Gender

Age (year)

Stroke severity (NIHSS)

Risk factor
mRS before stroke
Charlson Index
Cardioembolism
Large-artery atherosclerosis
Small-vessel occlusion
Stroke of undetermined etiology

Male
Female
<65
6574
7584
85
Total
04
515
16
AF yes
AF no
0-1
2
0-1
2

Mortality at 28 days
48 (9.3%)
66 (12.1%)
7 (4.4%)
17 (6.4%)
44 (11.1%)
46 (19.6%)
114 (10.8%)
4 (0.9%)
41 (8.7%)
69 (42.6%)
48 (18.5%)
66 (8.3%)
84 (9.6%)
30 (16.6%)
84 (9.3%)
30 (19.6%)
50 (18.8%)
10 (6.5%)
2 (0.9%)
51 (12.4%)

Mortality at 1 year
145 (28.3%)
122 (22.4%)
16 (10%)
39 (14.5%)
108 (27.3%)
104 (44.4%)
267 (25.2%)
35 (8.2%)
118 (25.1%)
114 (70.4%)
115 (44.2%)
152 (19.1%)
196 (22.3%)
71 (39.4%)
185 (20.4%)
82 (53.6%)
113 (42.5%)
28 (18.3%)
13 (6.2%)
112 (27.2%)

Mortality at 5 years
236 (46%)
277 (50.9%)
35 (22%)
77 (28.8%)
209 (53%)
192 (81.6%)
513 (48.5%)
133 (31.2%)
245 (52.2%)
135 (83.3%)
183 (70.4%)
330 (41.4%)
388 (44.2%)
125 (69.4%)
392 (43.4%)
121 (79.1%)
175 (65.8%)
71 (46.4%)
73 (34.2%)
193 (46.8%)

Alive
277 (54%)
267 (49.1%)
125 (78%)
191 (71.2%)
186 (47%)
42 (18.4%)
544 (51.5%)
293 (68.8%)
224 (47.8%)
27 (16.7%)
77 (29.6%)
467 (58.6%)
489 (55.8%)
55 (30.6%)
512 (56.6%)
32 (20.9%)
91 (34.2%)
82 (53.6%)
137 (65.8%)
219 (53.2%)

0.076

<0.0001

<0.0001
<0.0001

<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001

Data are shown as number of patients (%); mRS: modified Rankin scale; NIHSS: National Institute of Health Stroke Scale.

to measure global clinical function after stroke; our study

did not examine the role and impact of hospital treatment
practices, given the observational nature of this investigation.
In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that very
old age was a major contributing factor for poor prognosis in

ischemic stroke patients. Presence of AF and cardioembolism

were associated with severe stroke and reduced long-term
survival. Moreover, long-term mortality after ischemic stroke
may be accounted for the presence of prestroke dependency,
comorbidity, or at least a history of ischemic heart disease.

International Scholarly Research Notices

Table 4: Cox proportional hazards analysis.

Dependent variable: mortality
HR
95% CI

Covariate
Age 85
Rankin before stroke 35
Charlson index 2
AF
NIHSS 16
Large-artery atherosclerosis
Cardioembolism
Small-vessel occlusion
Stroke of undetermined etiology

2.02
1.82
1.97
1.43
3.54
4.90
5.39
3.87
5.91

1.652.47
1.462.26
1.612.42
1.041.98
2.874.36
0.6835.10
0.7439.10
0.5427.76
0.8341.89

<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
0.0302
<0.0001
0.1144
0.0966
0.1789
0.0764

HR: hazard ratio; C;. confidence interval; NIHSS: National Institutes of

Health Stroke Scale; AF: atrial fibrillation.

Ethical Approval
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Aosta
Valley.

Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.

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