2015 HSC Chemistry

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2015

HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE


EXAMINATION

Chemistry

Total marks 100


Section I
General Instructions
Reading time 5minutes
Working time 3hours
Write using black pen
Draw diagrams using pencil
Board-approved calculators may
be used
A data sheet and a Periodic Table
are provided at the back of this
paper

Pages 228

75 marks
This section has two parts, PartA and PartB
Part A 20 marks
Attempt Questions 120
Allow about 35minutes for thispart
Part B 55 marks
Attempt Questions 2130
Allow about 1hour and 40minutes for thispart
Section II

Pages 2939

25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 3135
Allow about 45minutes for this section
1020

Section I
75 marks

PartA 20 marks
Attempt Questions 120
Allow about 35 minutes for this part
Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions120.
1

In which layer of the atmosphere does ozone absorb the most UV radiation?
(A) Mesosphere
(B) Stratosphere
(C) Thermosphere
(D) Troposphere

Which type of glassware is used in a titration to deliver an accurate volume of a solution


to a known volume of another solution?
(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

What flame colour do copper ions produce when heated?


(A) Brick red
(B) Blue-green
(C) Pale purple
(D) Yellow-orange

What happens to Fe2+ in the following reaction?


Sn4+ + Fe2+

Sn3+ + Fe3+

(A) It undergoes oxidation and gains electrons.


(B) It undergoes reduction and gains electrons.
(C) It undergoes oxidation and loses electrons.
(D) It undergoes reduction and loses electrons.
5

The oxides CaO, CO2, Na2O and N2O4 are placed in water to form four separate
solutions.

Which row of the table correctly indicates the solutions with pH less than 7 and the
solutions with pH greater than 7?
Solutions
pH less than 7

pH greater than 7

(A)

CO2

N2O4

CaO

Na2O

(B)

CaO

N2O4

CO2

Na2O

(C)

CaO

Na2O

CO2

N2O4

(D)

CO2

Na2O

CaO

N2O4

Which of the following is the most suitable replacement for CFCs in terms of reducing
their environmental impact?
(A) CH4
(B) CH2F2
(C) CH2ClF
(D) CHCl2CCl2F

A diagram of a simple cell is shown.


V
Salt bridge
Ag

Cu

Ag+(aq)

Cu2+(aq)

Which of the following occurs when the cell is in operation?


(A) Silver ions are formed in solution.
(B) The copper electrode loses electrons.
(C) Electrons travel through the electrolyte.
(D) The copper electrode increases in mass.

Which of the following statements best explains the solubility of ethanol in octane?
(A) Ethanol and octane are both nonpolar.
(B) Ethanol forms hydrogen bonds with octane.
(C) Ethanol forms dispersion forces with octane.
(D) Ethanol forms dipoledipole bonds with octane.

What are the reactants used to make this compound?


O
CH3CH2CH2

(A) Butan-1-ol and butanoic acid


(B) Butan-1-ol and propanoic acid
(C) Propan-1-ol and butanoic acid
(D) Propan-1-ol and propanoic acid

CH2CH2CH3

10

Which of the equations correctly describes incomplete combustion?


(A) C2H5OH(l) + 2O2(g)

2CO(g) + 3H2O(l )

C2H5OH(l) + 72 O2( g)
H H
(C) C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g)
HO C C OH
(D) C2H5OH(l) + 2O2(g)
H H

(B)

11

Two monomers are shown.

HO

2CO2( g) + 3H2O(l )
O
O
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l )
HO C
(CH2)2 C OH
C(s) + CO(g) + 3H2O(l)

O
OH

HO

(CH2)2

OH

Which of the following shows a condensation polymer that could be formed from the
monomers?

(A)

(B)

HO
(A)

(C)

C
(B)

(D)

O
(C)

(D)

(CH2)2

C
n

HC

HO

OC

CH

H
H

HO

HO

H
O

H HOH

(CH2)2

(CH2)2

OC
C
n

O
C
O

O(CH2)2
C

O
C

(CH2)2

HO

HC

(CH2)2

OC

CH

OH

OO
C

n
OH

(nCH2)2

O
n

O
O

(CH2)2

C
n

12

A transuranic element can be produced in a nuclear reactor according to this equation:


239
94 Pu

13

+ 2X

241
94 Pu

241
95 Am + Y

Which row of the table correctly identifies X and Y?


X

(A)

Neutron

Electron

(B)

Proton

Neutron

(C)

Neutron

Proton

(D)

Proton

Electron

Which of the following solutions has the highest pH?


(A) 1.0molL1 acetic acid
(B) 0.10molL1 acetic acid
(C) 1.0molL1 hydrochloric acid
(D) 0.10molL1 hydrochloric acid

14

The graph shows the changes in pH during a titration.


14
12
10
pH

8
6
4
2
0

Volume (mL)

Which pH range should an indicator have to be used in this titration?


(A) 3.1 4.4
(B) 5.0 8.0
(C) 6.0 7.6
(D) 8.3 10.0
6

15

Part of a water catchment is shown in the diagram.

Stream
River
Farmland

Forest

X
Village
Ocean

1 km

A sample of river water taken from point X is analysed.

Which row of the table shows the most likely results?



Results of water analysis at X

16

Turbidity
(NTU)

BOD
(ppm)

pH

Total dissolved solids


(ppm)

(A)

400

18

6.5

22 000

(B)

22

8.5

17

(C)

18

6.5

22 000

(D)

400

8.5

17

The equation describes an equilibrium reaction occurring in a closed system.


X(g) + Y(g) 4Z(g) D H=+58kJ

Under which set of conditions would the highest yield of Z(g) be obtained?
Temperature (C)

Pressure (kPa)

(A)

50

100

(B)

50

200

(C)

300

100

(D)

300

200

17

What volume of carbon dioxide will be produced if 10.3g of glucose is fermented at


25C and 100kPa?
(A) 1.30L
(B) 1.42L
(C) 2.57L
(D) 2.83L

Use this information to answer Questions1819.


A sample of pond water from a contaminated site was analysed to determine the
concentration of lead ions using the following procedure.
A measuring cylinder was used to collect a 50mL sample from the pond.
The sample was placed in a clean dry beaker.
25.0mL of 0.200molL1 sodium chloride solution was added to the sample.
The precipitate of lead(II) chloride that formed was filtered, dried and weighed. It had
a mass of 0.13g.

18

How could the reliability of the analysis of the pond water be improved?
(A) Analyse more samples from the same pond
(B) Use 50mL of distilled water as a control sample
(C) Analyse samples from different ponds on the site
(D) Remove other contaminants from the sample before the analysis

19

What was the concentration of lead ions in the sample?


(A) 5.0103molL1
(B) 5.8103molL1
(C) 9.3103molL1
(D) 10.7103molL1

20

The table shows the heat of combustion of four straight chain alkanols.
Number of C atoms in
straight chain alkanol

Heat of combustion
(kJ mol1)

726

2021

3331

4638

What is the mass of water that could be heated from 20C to 45C by the complete
combustion of 1.0 g of heptan-1-ol?
(A) 0.032 kg
(B) 0.044 kg
(C) 0.36 kg
(D) 0.38 kg

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2015 Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW

2015 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry

Centre Number

Section I (continued)
Part B 55 marks
Attempt Questions 2130
Allow about 1hour and 40 minutes
for this part

Student Number

Answer the questions in the spaces


provided. These spaces provide
guidance for the expected length of
response.

DoNOTwriteinthisarea.

Show all relevant working in questions


involving calculations.
Extra writing space is provided on
pages27 and 28. If you use this space,
clearly indicate which question you
are answering.
Write your Centre Number and
Student Number at the top of this
page.

Please turn over

13
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1021

15050

4393310351

Question 21 (4 marks)
(a)

Outline a suitable method to prepare a natural indicator.








(b) How could a natural indicator be tested?








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2381310356

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Question 22 (7 marks)
The table shows data for ozone concentrations over 50 years in the upper atmosphere
above Antarctica.
Ozone Concentration
(Dobson Units)

1955
1960
1970
1980
1995
2000
2005

320
300
300
260
130
130
150

Draw a line graph of the data on the grid provided.

DoNOTwriteinthisarea.

(a)

Year

Question 22 continues on page 16


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1159310358

Question 22 (continued)
3

(b) Describe a method by which this data could have been measured.









Do NOT write in this area.

End of Question 22

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4873310354

Question 23 (4 marks)
Explain how the structure and chemistry of ONE of the following cells determines its
cost and practicality.

button cell
fuel cell
vanadium redox cell
lithium cell
liquid junction photovoltaic device (eg the Gratzel cell)

Name of cell: 

DoNOTwriteinthisarea.














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7471310351

Question 24 (5 marks)
(a)

Explain why the salt, sodium acetate, forms a basic solution when dissolved in
water. Include an equation in your answer.





(b) A solution is prepared by using equal volumes and concentrations of acetic acid
and sodium acetate.

Explain how the pH of this solution would be affected by the addition of a small
amount of sodium hydroxide solution. Include an equation in your answer.






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9964310350

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Question 25 (7 marks)
(a)

Describe the steps involved in the process of addition polymerisation.










DoNOTwriteinthisarea.


(b)

Explain the uses of polyethylene and polystyrene in terms of their structures and
properties.












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5638310354

Question 26 (7 marks)
A sodium hydroxide solution was titrated against citric acid (C6H8O7) which is
triprotic.
(a)

Draw the structural formula of citric acid


(2hydroxypropane1,2,3tricarboxylic acid).







Question 26 continues on page 21

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9657310359

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(b) How could a computerbased technology be used to identify the equivalence


point of this titration?

Question 26 (continued)
(c)

The sodium hydroxide solution was titrated against 25.0 mL samples of


0.100 mol L1 citric acid. The average volume of sodium hydroxide used was
41.50 mL.

Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution.









DoNOTwriteinthisarea.






End of Question 26

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6157310351

Question 27 (5 marks)
Name a radioisotope used in a nonmedical industry and discuss its use in that industry
in terms of its properties.

















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1086310357

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Question 28 (3 marks)
The equipment shown is set up. After some time a ring of white powder is seen to
form on the inside of the glass tube.
Glass tube

Cotton wool
soaked in
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid

DoNOTwriteinthisarea.

(a)

Cotton wool
soaked in
concentrated
ammonia

Ring of
white
powder

Why would this NOT be an acidbase reaction according to Arrhenius?





(b)

Explain why this would be considered a BrnstedLowry acidbase reaction.


Include an equation in your answer.








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6784310357

Question 29 (7 marks)
The procedure of a first-hand investigation conducted in a school laboratory to
determine the percentage of sulfate in a lawn fertiliser is shown.
2.00g of a sample of fertiliser was ground up and placed in a beaker.
It was dissolved in about 200mL of 0.1molL1 hydrochloric acid, stirred
and filtered.
Excess barium chloride solution was quickly added to this beaker and a
precipitate formed.
The precipitate was then allowed to settle, filtered using filter paper and
the residue collected.
The residue was dried and weighed and had a mass of 2.23g.

(a)














Question 29 continues on page 25

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Suggest modifications that could be made to the procedure to improve the


results of this investigation. Justify your suggestions.

Question 29 (continued)
(b)

Calculate the percentage of sulfate in the original fertiliser sample.










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End of Question 29

25
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9403310358

Question 30 (6 marks)

Percentage yield of ammonia

The graph shows the percentage yield of ammonia produced from nitrogen and
hydrogen at different temperatures and pressures.

Pressure

90

500 atm
400 atm
300 atm
200 atm

60

30

200

300
400
500
Temperature (C)

600



















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The Haber process is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia.
Explain the conditions used in the Haber process with reference to the graph.

Section I Part B extra writing space

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If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering.

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9248310355

Section I Part B extra writing space


If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering.

Do NOT write in this area.

28

2015 Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW

Office Use Only Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.

8455310354

2015 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry
Section II

25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 3135
Allow about 45minutes for this section
Answer parts(a)(d) of one question in the SectionII Writing Booklet. Extra writing booklets
are available.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Pages
Question 31 Industrial Chemistry  3031
Question 32 Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation  3233
Question 33 The Biochemistry of Movement  3435
Question 34 The Chemistry of Art  3637
Question 35 Forensic Chemistry  3839

1022

29

Question 31 Industrial Chemistry (25 marks)


Answer parts (a) and (b) of the question on pages 24 of the Section II Writing
Booklet. Start each part of the question on a new page.
(a)

At temperatures above 100C, hydrogen and carbon monoxide react to form


methanol gas in this reversible reaction.

2H2(g) + CO(g) CH3OH(g)

A mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methanol is placed in a container


with a volume that can be changed. The mixture is allowed to reach equilibrium.

(i) The initial volume of the container is 1.00 L.

Account for any changes in the concentration of hydrogen gas when the
volume of the container is rapidly increased to 2.00 L.

(ii) The initial mixture placed in the container had 0.50 mol of hydrogen,
1.00 mol of carbon monoxide and 2.50 mol of methanol. Once the
volume of the container had been increased to 2.00 L and equilibrium
had been re-established, the number of moles of hydrogen in the mixture
had changed by 0.36 mol.

Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction.

(b)

(i) Describe how saponification can be safely carried out as part of a


first-hand investigation.

(ii) Explain the chemistry related to the cleaning properties of the product of
saponification.

Question 31 continues on page 31

30

Question 31 (continued)
Answer parts (c) and (d) of the question on pages 58 of the Section II Writing
Booklet. Start each part of the question on a new page.
(c)

The diagram shows part of the Solvay process for producing sodium carbonate.
Purified
brine
Carbon
dioxide

Reaction
vessel

Cooled

Filtered

Heated

Sodium
carbonate

Calcium
chloride

Ammonia

(i) Outline the chemistry of the production of sodium carbonate in the


process shown. Include equations in your answer.

(ii) By making specific reference to the diagram, justify the requirements for
the location of a Solvay process plant.

(d) Compare the membrane cell method with ONE other method used in
the industrial production of sodium hydroxide in terms of technical and
environmental issues.

End of Question 31

31

Question 32 Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation (25 marks)


Answer parts (a) and (b) of the question on pages 24 of the Section II Writing
Booklet. Start each part of the question on a new page.
(a)

(i) Outline the limitations of using paint to protect ships that are in constant
use.

(ii) Explain the chemical principles involved in the use of a sacrificial anode.
Include relevant chemical equations in your answer.

(b)

(i) Describe a valid and reliable first-hand investigation that can be used to
compare the rates of corrosion of iron with ONE named form of steel.

(ii) Explain how the percentage composition of steel can determine its
properties, with reference to TWO types of steel.

Question 32 continues on page 33

32

Question 32 (continued)
Answer parts (c) and (d) of the question on pages 58 of the Section II Writing
Booklet. Start each part of the question on a new page.
(c)

(i) The equipment in the photograph was used in an attempt to plate a metal
spoon with magnesium using an electrolytic cell containing a solution of
magnesium sulfate.

Mg(s)

Draw a labelled scientific diagram of the electrolytic cell. Include the


cathode, anode, direction of electron flow and polarity of the electrodes.

(ii) Explain how Davys work increased our understanding of electron


transfer reactions.

(d) Two identical ships are sunk in seawater. One is sunk in shallow water (60m)
and the other in deep water (4000m). Explain how the rusting processes differ
in these two ships. Include equations in your answer.

End of Question 32

33

Question 33 The Biochemistry of Movement (25 marks)


Answer parts (a) and (b) of the question on pages 24 of the Section II Writing
Booklet. Start each part of the question on a new page.
(a)

(i) A simplified diagram of a muscle cell is shown.

Identify the TWO components of the cell that are involved in respiration
AND the type of respiration that occurs in each.

(ii) Explain the biological significance of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)


with reference to its structure.

(b)

(i) Describe a reliable and valid procedure that can be carried out to
demonstrate the effect of changing temperature on enzyme function.

(ii) Discuss the use of models in understanding how enzymes function in


living systems.

Question 33 continues on page 35

34

Question 33 (continued)
Answer parts (c) and (d) of the question on pages 58 of the Section II Writing
Booklet. Start each part of the question on a new page.
(c)

A section of a protein is shown.


COO

CH3
CH

CH2CH3 CH3
CH
CH3
CH2 S S

NH3+

CH2 NH3+

CH2
O
C

CH2

(i) Using TWO examples from the diagram, explain how bonding between
sections of the protein chain influences its shape.

(ii) With reference to the diagram, account for ways in which this protein
may be denatured.

(d) Compare the metabolic pathways involved in sprinting with those involved
when walking at a gentle pace.

End of Question 33

35

Question 34 The Chemistry of Art (25 marks)


Answer parts (a) and (b) of the question on pages 24 of the Section II Writing
Booklet. Start each part of the question on a new page.
(a)

(i) Identify the chemical composition of a cosmetic used in an ancient


culture and identify the potential health risk associated with the use of
the cosmetic.

(ii) Explain why Cr2+(aq) is coloured whereas Zn2+(aq) is not coloured.

(b) An investigation is to be conducted to observe the flame colour of some metal


ions.

(i) Describe a safe and valid procedure that can be used to carry out this
investigation, identifying the specific metal ions observed.

(ii) Explain why only certain metal ions can be identified using flame
colours, naming ONE metal ion that cannot be identified using flame
colours.

Question 34 continues on page 37

36

Question 34 (continued)
Answer parts (c) and (d) of the question on pages 58 of the Section II Writing
Booklet. Start each part of the question on a new page.
(c)

(i) The first ionisation energy of each of the elements in the third row of the
Periodic Table is given.
Element

Na

Mg

Al

Si

First ionisation
energy
(kJmol1)

494

736

577

786

Cl

Ar

1060 1000 1260 1520

Use the data in the table to explain how the first ionisation energy of
these elements can provide evidence for the existence of sub-shells in
atoms.

(ii) The graph shows the electronegativity values for elements in Periods1,2
and 3 of the Periodic Table.
Electronegativity (Pauling scale)

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

10 12 14 16 18

20

Atomic Number

Use the graph to explain the relationship between the arrangement of


electrons in an element and its electronegativity.

(d) Assess how the Bohr model of the atom has contributed to our understanding of
atomic structure, making reference to emission spectra.

End of Question 34

37

Question 35 Forensic Chemistry (25 marks)


Answer parts (a) and (b) of the question on pages 24 of the Section II Writing
Booklet. Start each part of the question on a new page.
(a)

(i) Compare the composition of glycogen with that of cellulose.

(ii) Relate the differences in composition of glycogen and cellulose to their


different structures.

(b)

(i) Identify the structure of amino acids and describe the relationship
between amino acids and proteins.

(ii) Describe a safe and valid procedure that can be used to show the presence
of protein in egg white. Include expected results.

Question 35 continues on page 39

38

Question 35 (continued)
Answer parts (c) and (d) of the question on pages 58 of the Section II Writing
Booklet. Start each part of the question on a new page.
(c)

(i) George and Linda have one child together. Each of them also has one
child from a previous relationship. A schematic representation of their
DNA profiles is shown below.

DNA profiles obtained from George, Linda and the three children

George

Linda

Child
A

Child
B

Child
C

Use the information in the DNA profiles to identify the relationships of


ChildA, ChildB and ChildC to George and Linda. Justify your answer.
(ii) Describe the benefits of maintaining DNA data banks.

(d) Name ONE chromatography technique and assess its use in the analysis of
forensic evidence.

End of paper

39

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40
2015 Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW

2015 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry
DATASHEET
Avogadro constant, NA . .................................................................. 6.022 1023 mol1
Volume of 1mole ideal gas: at 100kPa and
at 0C (273.15K) ........................ 22.71L
at 25C (298.15K) ...................... 24.79L
Ionisation constant for water at 25C (298.15K), Kw ................... 1.0 1014

Specific heat capacity of water . ..................................................... 4.18 103 J kg1 K1


Some useful formulae
pH=log10 [H+ ]

D H=mCDT

Some standard potentials

1023

Aylward and Findlay, SI Chemical Data (5thEdition) is the principal source of data for
this examination paper. Some data may have been modified for examination purposes.

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