IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM

VASUDEV B. HEMLANI,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
V.

PRERNA V. HEMLANI,
Defendant-Appellant.
Supreme Court Case No.: CVA14-031
Superior Court Case No.: DM0660-13

OPINION
Cite as: 2015 Guam 34
Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
Argued and submitted on May 15, 2015
Hagatna, Guam

Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:

Michael J. Berman, Esq.

Berman O'Connor & Mann

Bank of Guam Bldg.
111 Chalan Santo Papa
Hagiitna, GU 96910

Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:

Zachary C. Taimanglo, Esq.
Arriola, Cowan & Arriola
C&A Professional Bldg.
295 Martyr St., Ste. 201
Hagatna, GU 96910

Hemlani v. Hemlani, 2015 Guam 34, Opinion

Page 2 of 10

BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice;

KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice.

TORRES, CJ.:
[1]

Defendant-Appellant Prerna V. Hemlani appeals the Superior Court's denial of her

motion for relief from the default judgment that dissolved her marriage with Plaintiff-Appellee
Vasudev B. Hemlani. The Superior Court found that she did not present any meritorious defense
to the default judgment in her motion and consequently, denied her motion.
[2]

For the following reasons, we reverse and vacate the decision of the Superior Court to

deny Prerna relief from the default judgment, set aside the Final and Interlocutory Decrees for

the Dissolution of Marriage, and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this
opinion.

1. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

[3]

Vasudev filed for divorce in the Superior Court of Guam and a few days later, Prema was

personally served at their home with the Complaint that alleged irreconcilable differences. After
being served with the Complaint, Prerna alleges that the atmosphere in their marital home, which

the couple shared with Vasudev's two daughters, was "one of happiness, status quo and good
emotions which misled me into complacency, happiness and taking no action in the divorce court
case." RA, tab 16 at 2 (Decl. Def. Prerna Hemlani, July 28, 2014). She claims that she believed

the divorce had been "dismissed, dropped or withdrawn." Id. at 3. After Prema's failure to
appear or respond, Vasudev moved for default judgment, which was entered in an Interlocutory
and Final Decree of Divorce on April 28, 2014.

Hemlani v. Hemlani, 2015 Guam 34, Opinion

[4]

Page 3 of 10

Prema submitted a motion for relief from default judgment pursuant to Rule 60(b) of the

Guam Rules of Civil Procedure, claiming the judgment should be set aside because her lack of
response or appearance was due to excusable neglect and mistake. RA, tab 17 at 1, 4-6 (Def.'s
Mot. & Mem. P. & A. Supp. Relief Default J., July 28, 2014). She claims her "limited English

language skills" and unfamiliarity with the American judicial system made her unaware of the

meaning of the Complaint that was served upon her. Record on Appeal ("RA"), tab 17 at 4
(Def.'s Mot. & Mem. P. & A. Supp. Relief Default J., July 28, 2014); RA, tab 16, Ex. 2 at I
(Decl. Def. Prerna Hemlani, July 28, 2014). She also maintains that Vasudev and his daughters

"created a false atmosphere of trust in [their] marital home that misled [her] into inaction and
encouraged my mistaken belief that no final divorce was sought by Vas[udev]." Id. at 3. She
further asserted in her motion that she was never served with the motion for default judgment or
notice of the scheduled hearing on the motion. RA, tab 17 at 6-7 (Def.'s Mot. & Mem. P. & A.
Supp. Relief Default J.). In her motion, she claimed that her meritorious defenses to the default

judgment were the lack of irreconcilable differences to grant the divorce and that even if the
divorce stands, the Premarital Agreement ("Agreement") incorporated into the Final Divorce
Decree should be voided because of its unenforceability.
[5]

The trial court denied Prerna's motion for relief and based its decision on "the judicially

noticed testimony received at the protective order hearing" that she did not "lack[] sufficient
ability or capacity to understand the English language or the significance of the complaint for
divorce served upon her." RA, tab 26 at 5 (Dec. & Order, Oct. 13, 2014).' Neither party moved
for judicial notice of these facts, but the court sua sponte took judicial notice of Prerna's capacity
' Vasudev alleged that after the divorce was finalized Prerna continued to harass him with calls, texts, and
appearances at his work, which led him to request a protective order from the Superior Court. Hemlani v. Hemlani,
P00080-14 (Ex Parte Mot. & Pet. for Protective Order TRO, Aug. 22, 2014).

Hemlani v. Hemlani, 2015 Guam 34, Opinion

Page 4 of 10

to comprehend the English language. The same judge who denied Prerna's motion for relief
from default judgment had previously conducted the protective order hearing and felt that based
on his observations of her, she had the capacity to comprehend both English and the proceedings.
[6]

The trial court further reasoned that "[h]aving made this finding the credulity of

[Prerna] ' s other assertions of fact regarding a reconciliatory atmosphere is lessened." RA, tab 26
at 5 (Dec. & Order). The court denied the motion for relief and stated that Prerna's claims failed
to "assert how these facts if true would change the ultimate outcome of the final decree." Id. at
6. Further, the court maintained that her assertions could not "support a finding of defensible
merit " Id.
[7]

Prema timely appealed, arguing that the trial court improperly denied her motion for

relief from default judgment and that it erred in taking judicial notice of her ability to speak and
understand English from testimony made during proceedings in a separate case. She requests the
order denying her relief from the default judgment be reversed and vacated and additionally, that
her case be remanded and reassigned to a different judge.
[8]

In a separate motion to this court, Prema requested that all references to the transcripts

from the Protective Order hearing be stricken from Vasudev's brief and also that the transcripts
themselves be stricken from his Supplemental Excerpts of Record.

She also objects to

Vasudev's request that this court take judicial notice of the content of the transcripts made in his
opening brief.
//
//

//

Hemlani v. Hemlani, 2015 Guam 34, Opinion

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II. JURISDICTION
[9]

This court has jurisdiction over appeals from a final judgment. 48 U.S.C.A. 1424-

1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 114-51 (2015)); 7 GCA 3107, 3108(a) (2005); see also 7
GCA 25101, 25102 (2005).

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

[10]

We review a denial of a motion for relief from a default judgment under Rule 60(b) of the

Guam Rules of Civil Procedure ("GRCP") for an abuse of discretion. , Mariano v. Surla, 2010
Guam 2 17 (citing Midsea Indus., Inc. v. HK Eng'g Ltd., 1998 Guam 14 14). The review of a
trial court's ruling on a GRCP 60(b) motion for relief from a default judgment looks for a "clear

abuse of discretion." Midsea, 1998 Guam 14 14 (citing Direct Mail Specialists, Inc. v. Eclat
Computerized Techs., Inc., 840 F.2d 685, 687 (9th Cit. 1988)). The decision should not be

reversed unless this court has "a definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a
clear error of judgment in the conclusion it reached upon weighing of the relevant factors." Id.
(quoting Santos v. Carney, 1997 Guam 4 14).

IV. ANALYSIS
A. Motion for Relief from Default Judgment
[11]

"[D]efault judgments are generally disfavored and whenever possible, cases should be

decided on their merits." Mariano, 2010 Guam 2 1 35 (citing Midsea, 1998 Guam 14 16). This
court in Midsea pointed out that "a default judgment is considered to be a drastic measure, only
appropriate in extreme circumstances." 1998 Guam 14 16.
[12]

In Midsea, this court adopted, from the Ninth Circuit, a three-factor analysis for denying

a motion for relief from a default judgment, 1998 Guam 14 15, and the Superior Court, in

Hemlani v. Hemlani, 2015 Guam 34, Opinion

Page 6 of 10

considering Prema's GRCP 60(b) motion, correctly identified this analysis, RA, tab 26 at 4 (Dec.
& Order). The Superior Court recognized that such motions should be denied when it finds that

"(1) the defendant's culpable conduct led to the default, (2) the defendant has no meritorious
defense, or (3) the plaintiff would be prejudiced if the judgment is set aside" Id. While
identifying the Midsea analysis, the Superior Court also correctly stated that " default judgments
are generally disfavored and deciding a case on its merits is encouraged whenever possible."
RA, tab 26 at 4 (Dec. & Order).
[131

The Superior Court's decision was based only on the second prong that Prema had no

meritorious defense and did not consider the other two factors. Id. at 6. Both parties argued that
the evidence of the two unconsidered factors favored their positions with respect to the motion

for relief and maintain those arguments on appeal; however, to consider these arguments on
appeal would require this court to weigh that evidence. Appellant's Br. at 27-30; Appellee's Br.
at 20-21 (Feb. 20, 2015). However, because the standard of review is an abuse of discretion, this

court must limit its inquiry to what was considered by the trial court. See People v. Tuncap,
1998 Guam 13 Q 12-13 ("When using this standard, a reviewing court does not substitute its
judgment for that of the trial court. Instead, we must first have a definite and firm conviction the
trial court, after weighing relevant factors, committed clear error of judgment in its

conclusion."). It is not this court's duty to consider these factors de novo when reviewing for an
abuse of discretion. See generally Midsea, 1998 Guam 14 14. By failing to consider all of the
required factors, the court erred. However, it needed to find only one of these factors to deny the

motion. Therefore, this error itself of not considering all of the factors does not warrant reversal.
Id. 9[ 5 (citing Cassidy v. Tenorio, 856 F.2d 1412, 1415-16 (9th Cir. 1988)). We now must

Hemlani v. Hemlani, 2015 Guam 34, Opinion

Page 7 of 10

evaluate the court's finding that Prerna did not establish any meritorious defense warranting the
default judgment to be set aside.
[14]

The Superior Court decided Prema's motion on the second Midsea factor, which

considers whether the defendant had a meritorious defense. 1998 Guam 14 110. The factor

requires the court to determine "whether there is some possibility that the outcome of the suit
after a full trial will be contrary to the result achieved by the default." Id. (quoting Haw.
Carpenters' Trust Funds v. Stone, 794 F.2d 508, 513 (9th Cir. 1986)). Because this standard was

adopted from the Ninth Circuit, it is informative to consider the Ninth Circuit's explanation that
"[a]ll that is necessary to satisfy the `meritorious defense' requirement is to allege sufficient facts

that, if true, would constitute a defense.... " United States v. Signed Pers. Check No. 730 of
Yubran S. Mesle, 615 F.3d 1085, 1094 (citing TCI Group Life Ins. Plan v. Knoebber, 244 F.3d
691, 700 (9th Cit. 2001)).
[15]

Prerna argues that she presented two legitimate defenses to the Superior Court: the first, a

lack of irreconcilable differences, and second, the unenforceability of the Agreement.

Appellant's Br. at 21-26. Both parties dispute the existence of irreconcilable differences and the
enforceability of the Agreement, and both allege facts supporting their position. Id.; Appellee's
Br. at 18-19.
[16]

The Superior Court cited the Ninth Circuit's standard and found that Prema had not

alleged facts that "if true, would constitute a legitimate defense." RA, tab 26 at 5 (Dec. & Order)
(citing Mesle, 615 F.3d at 1094).

Specifically addressing Prerna's allegation regarding the

enforceability of the Agreement, the court found that this assertion failed to allege a defense that

could affect the outcome of the case. Id. at 5-6. Further, Vasudev claims that the Agreement is

Hemlani v. Hemlani, 2015 Guam 34, Opinion

Page 8 of 10

subject to arbitration and therefore, Prerna's claims regarding its enforceability cannot constitute
a meritorious defense because it is not a matter for the court to decide. Appellee's Br. at 19.
However, we find these arguments unpersuasive.
[17]

Prerna's assertion that the Agreement is unenforceable creates "some possibility that the

outcome of the suit after a full trial will be contrary to the result achieved by default," and
therefore, forms a sufficient basis for a meritorious defense. Midsea, 1998 Guam 14 91 10
(quoting Haw. Carpenters', 794 F.2d at 513). The presence of an arbitration clause does not
preclude this finding. If Prerna's claim, that the Agreement is unenforceable, is permitted to be
submitted to arbitration, no matter how the arbitrators decide, the default judgment will be
impacted. See Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Roven, 609 P.2d 720, 722-23 (N.M. 1980) (finding
that the presence of an arbitration clause was a meritorious defense to a default judgment). If the
arbitrators decide the Agreement is enforceable, then the trial court would be required to enforce
the Agreement that acknowledges the existence of community property, which the court failed to
do in the Interlocutory and Final Decree of Divorce. RA, tab 12 (Interlocutory Decree Divorce,
Apr. 28, 2014); RA, tab 13 (Final Decree Divorce, Apr. 28, 2014); RA, tab 16, Ex. 2 at 2 (Decl.
Def. Prerna Hemlani). If the arbitrators decide the Agreement is not enforceable, then the trial

court's Final Decree cannot be upheld as it does not include a disposition of property and
implicitly incorporates the now unenforceable Agreement. RA, tab 12 (Interlocutory Decree
Divorce); RA, tab 13 (Final Decree Divorce).
[18]

Consequently, we find that Prerna did allege a meritorious defense in her motion for

relief from default judgment in her assertion that the Agreement that was implicitly incorporated
into the Interlocutory and Final Dissolution Decree is unenforceable. The contrary finding of the

Hemlani v. Hemlani, 2015 Guam 34, Opinion

Page 9 of 10

Superior Court was an abuse of discretion. Therefore, we reverse the denial of the motion for
relief from default judgment and vacate the Interlocutory and Final Decrees of Divorce.
B. Irreconcilable Differences, Judicial Notice, and Motion to Strike
[19]

Because we reverse on the grounds that Prema alleged a meritorious defense in asserting

the unenforceability of the Agreement, her alternative alleged meritorious defense regarding the
absence of irreconcilable differences need not be addressed. Additionally, this renders the issues

of the trial court's decision to take judicial notice and Vasudev's request for this court to take
judicial notice of the transcripts, which was opposed in Prema's motion to strike, as moot. It is
not necessary to decide these issues or Prema's motion to strike as our opinion does not rely on a
disposition of these issues.

C. Reassignment
[20]

Prerna additionally has asked this court to exercise its inherent power, pursuant to Dizon

v. Superior Court of Guam, 1998 Guam 3, to reassign this case on remand to a different judge to
avoid potential future impartiality involving the improper judicial notice. Appellant's Br. at 3940. In order for reassignment to be proper, this court must determine if recusal is necessary

pursuant to 7 GCA 6105.

The statute provides that a judge is disqualified from "any

proceeding in which his or her impartiality might reasonably be questioned." 7 GCA 6105(a)
(2005). This court has held that "the appearance of impropriety" is the standard for recusal and
that "no actual showing of bias is necessary for recusal." Dizon, 1998 Guam 3 18.
[21]

However, in Dizon, this issue of recusal was first considered by the trial court, and its

analysis was found flawed by this court. 1998 Guam 3 110. Only after that determination did

this court order reassignment. Id. 1 19. The issue of recusal has not been decided by the

Hemlani v. Hemlani, 2015 Guam 34, Opinion

Page 10 of 10

Superior Court. If Prema wishes to have the issue decided, she should first make the appropriate
request for recusal at the trial court level on remand. Generally, only after such request has been

denied in the first instance by the trial court and appealed will this court decide the merits of
recusal and reassignment. Therefore, we decline to address the recusal issue at this time.
V. CONCLUSION
[22]

Because we find that Prema alleged a meritorious defense when she asserted the

unenforceability of the Agreement , we REVERSE , VAC ATE the Interlocutory and Final

Decrees of Divorce, and REMAND for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
We need not address the other alleged meritorious defense of irreconcilable differences raised by

Prema since the issue is moot. Likewise, we do not address the issue of judicial notice or the
motion to strike as we did not rely on the alleged transcripts and these issues are also moot.

F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO
Associate Justice

KATHERINE A. MARAMAN
Associate Justice

ROBERT J. TORRES
Chief Justice

Hemlani v. Hemlani, 2015 Guam 34, Opinion

Page 10 of 10

Superior Court. If Prema wishes to have the issue decided, she should first make the appropriate
request for recusal at the trial court level on remand. Generally, only after such request has been

denied in the first instance by the trial court and appealed will this court decide the merits of
recusal and reassignment. Therefore, we decline to address the recusal issue at this time.

V. CONCLUSION
[22]

Because we find that Prerna alleged a meritorious defense when she asserted the

unenforceability of the Agreement, we REVERSE , VACATE the Interlocutory and Final

Decrees of Divorce, and REMAND for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
We need not address the other alleged meritorious defense of irreconcilable differences raised by

Prerna since the issue is moot. Likewise, we do not address the issue of judicial notice or the
motion to strike as we did not rely on the alleged transcripts and these issues are also moot.

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Hemlani v. Hemlani, 2015 Guam 34, Opinion

Page 10 of 10

Superior Court. If Prerna wishes to have the issue decided, she should first make the appropriate
request for recusal at the trial court level on remand. Generally, only after such request has been

denied in the first instance by the trial court and appealed will this court decide the merits of
recusal and reassignment. Therefore, we decline to address the recusal issue at this time.

V. CONCLUSION
[22]

Because we find that Prerna alleged a meritorious defense when she asserted the

unenforceability of the Agreement, we REVERSE, VACATE the Interlocutory and Final

Decrees of Divorce, and REMAND for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
We need not address the other alleged meritorious defense of irreconcilable differences raised by

Prerna since the issue is moot. Likewise, we do not address the issue of judicial notice or the
motion to strike as we did not rely on the alleged transcripts and these issues are also moot.

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