THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

and its impact on design

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The Industrial Revolution was a period
from the late 18th century to the 19th century
when MAJOR changes in
AGRICULTURE,
MANUFACTURING,
TRANSPORTATION
and
COMMUNICATIONS
took place.

These changes resulted in a profound effect on the

socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world.
Almost EVERY aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way.

The Industrial Revolution was a shift from:

- hand production to machine production

- individual production to mass production

Origins of the assembly line: a dis-assembly line Pork Packing in Cincinnati, 1870s

August 1913: One days production at Henry Fords Highland Park (Michigan) factory
1,000 completed Model-T bodies [without engines]

By 1916, this would increase to 2,000 per day.

In 1926, the factory hit an all-time high producing 9,000 in one day.

AND . . .

Edward Anthony
Rainy Day, Broadway, New York, 1859

-!from country / village living to city / urban living

from slow living to fast living

Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Scenes, 1898

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Chicago_-_State_St_at_Madison_Ave%2C_1897.ogv"

Such changes also brought about a shift in our understanding of

TIME and SPACE:

- Train and Steam-Ship Travel (Later, the Automobile and the Airplane)
- Transportation Infrastructure: Canals, Roads, Bridges, Subways, etc.
- Communication Networks: Telegraph, Telephone, Phonograph (Later, Radio & TV)
- Standard World Time Zones ( and Summer Time / Daylight Savings Time)
- The Work Week (Monday-Friday) and Weekend (Saturday and Sunday)
- Still Photography and the Cinema (the movies)
- Rise of the media (Newspapers, Magazines, Radio)
and publishing/broadcasting on a regular basis

SPREAD OF THE
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution
began in England, Scotland and Ireland
(1820s-30s),
and then spread throughout Northern
Europe (1850s-70s),
to Southern Europe and North America
(1870s-1914),
and the rest of the world
(1914-1930s and beyond).

THE GREAT WAR, 1914 - 1918

( World War One )
Coming as it did after the technological advances of the 19th century,"
World War One, was the first major industrialized conflict.

The main instigator in Industrialization was

the creation and harnessing of human-made power sources:

Steam and Electricity

created by either
Water-Power or Burning Coal

Philipp Jakob Loutherbourg the Younger, Coalbrookdale by Night, 1801

blast furnaces light the iron-making town at night and release a HUGE amount of smoke and pollution

Thomas Pritchard, Coalbrookdale Bridge, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, ENGLAND, 1781

John Fowler and Benjamin Baker, Firth of Forth Railway Bridge, near Edinburgh, SCOTLAND, 1882-1889

John Fowler and Benjamin Baker, Firth of Forth Railway Bridge, near Edinburgh, SCOTLAND, 1882-1889

John Augustus Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge, New York City, USA, 1870-1883

The Brooklyn Bridge, as seen on a postcard from 1900

The main instigator in Industrialization was

the creation and harnessing of human-made power sources:

Steam and Electricity

created by either
Water-Power or Burning Coal

George and Robert Stephenson,

Locomotion No. 1, 1825

The Liverpool-to-Manchester Railway, 1830

the worlds first inter-city passenger railroad service.

Map of British Coal Exports to the World, 1864, made by Charles Joseph Minard in 1868

Nikola Tesla demonstrating wireless

transmission of energy, New York, 1891
(would later lead to radio wave transmission)

Nikola Tesla in his laboratory, 1899

PERCENTAGE OF THE WORLDS POPULATION LIVING IN URBAN AREAS!

!
1800: 3%
"1900: 20%
"2010: 50%#
"
(Great Britain: 90%, USA and Continental Europe: 80%)"

Gustave Dor, Over London by Rail, 1870"

Gustave Caillebotte, Street in Paris; A Rainy Day, 1877 "

Central Park South, New York,1890s"

Philadelphia,"
late 19th century"

THE GROWTH OF CITIES

"
1800:
1900:
2010:

"LONDON

PARIS

"860,000
"6.7 million
"7.4 million

550,000
3.3 million
9.2 million

" NEW YORK

60,500
4.2 milion
16.2 million

"ISTANBUL

"TOKYO"

570,000
1.2 milion
11.4 million

1.0 million"
1.5 million"
8.6 million

Interior views of
Au Bon Marche Department Store,
Paris, FRANCE"
late 19th century"

Interior views of
Harrods Department Store,
London, ENGLAND"
late 19th century"

Sample pages#
from Sears Catalog No. 110"
(1914)"

Sample pages#
from Sears Catalog No. 110"
(1914)"

Late 19th century / Early 20th century

WORLD EXHIBITIONS!
1851: London, ENGLAND
1855: Paris, FRANCE
1862: London, ENGLAND
1867: Paris, FRANCE
1873: Vienna, AUSTRIA
1876: Philadelphia, USA
1878: Paris, FRANCE
1879: Sydney, AUSTRALIA
1884: New Orleans, USA
1888: Barcelona, SPAIN
1889: Paris, FRANCE
1893: Chicago, USA

1897: Brussels, BELGIUM

1900: Paris, FRANCE
1901: Buffalo, USA
1904: St. Louis, USA
1905: Lige, BELGIUM
1906: Milan, ITALY
1907: Dublin, IRELAND
1909: Seattle, USA
1910: Brussels, BELGIUM
1911: Turin, ITALY
1913: Ghent, BELGIUM
1915: San Francisco, USA

Joseph Paxton, The Crystal Palace, for the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations,
London, ENGLAND, 1851

Joseph Paxton,The Crystal Palace,

for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London

Joseph Paxton inspecting The Crystal Palace during construction, 1851

Joseph Paxton,The Crystal Palace,

for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London

Joseph Paxton, The Crystal Palace, for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London

Joseph Paxton, The Crystal Palace, for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London

Joseph Paxton, The Crystal Palace, for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London

Joseph Paxton, The Crystal Palace, for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London
interior views

Joseph Paxton, The Crystal Palace, for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London
interior views

Joseph Paxton, The Crystal Palace, for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UK
100,000 objects by over 15,000 contributors: machines, textiles, furniture, musical instruments, crafts, etc.

George Henry Corliss, The Corliss Steam Engine,

as exhibited in Centennial Hall, Philadelphia, for the 1876 World Exposition

The Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

The Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

The Eiffel Tower

Caricature of Gustave Eiffel in the form of

the Eiffel Tower by Edward Linley Sambourne
(Punch Magazine, vol. 96, p. 32, June 29, 1889). "

Gustave Eiffel,
Tower for the 1889 Paris Universal
Exposition (The Eiffel Tower)

The Hall of Machines at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

The Hall of Machines at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

The Hall of Machines at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

The Hall of Machines

at the Universal Exposition,
Paris, FRANCE, 1889

World's Columbian Exposition,

Chicago, USA, 1893 "

D. H. Burnham and F.L. Olmsted, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, USA, 1893 "

Transportation Building for the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, USA, 1893

George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr. , Observation Wheel at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago."

SOME FIRSTS OF THE 1893 WORLDS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION"

Electrical pioneer and inventor Nikola Tesla demonstrated

phosphorescent lights, a precursor to fluorescent light bulbs.

Elongated Coins (flattened or stretched coins embossed with a

new design with the purpose of creating a souvenir).

Engineer and inventor Whitcomb L. Judson demonstrated

the clasp locker," a forerunner to the zipper

MORE FIRSTS OF THE 1893 WORLDS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION"

F.W. Rueckheim introduced a mixture of popcorn, peanuts

and molasses, renamed Cracker Jack in 1896
William Wrigley Jr.
introduced Juicy Fruit gum
The American Cereal Company
introduced Quaker Oats
A small flour mill from Grand Forks, North Dakota,
introduced a breakfast porridge called Cream of Wheat

Lawyer and businessman Henry Perkey introduced

a breakfast cereal called Shredded Wheat

ARTS and CRAFTS MOVEMENT

(England, 18601910)

ART NOUVEAU
(Europe, 18901905)

DER DEUTSCHER WERKBUND (DWB)

(Germany, 1907-1938)

FUTURISM
(Italy, 1909-1918)"

ARTS and CRAFTS MOVEMENT

An artistic movement in England that was a reaction to

the mass production of the Industrial Revolution

The movement was not totally against mass-production

they were just concerned with how to combine the economics of mass-production
and the joy of making for a factory worker."

ARTS and CRAFTS MOVEMENT"

Name:
from the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society
formed in London in 1887,
which held annual exhibitions at the New Gallery
in the 1880s and 1890s.

The New Gallery, 121 Regent Street,

London, as seen in 1890.

Walter Crane,
pages from Line and Form, 1900"

William Morris,
first page of The Nature of Gothic (written by John Ruskin)
and colored sketch for initials, 1853 "

William Morris (1834-96), wallpaper designs, 1875-80"

William Morris (1834-96),

carpet designs, 1875-80"

William Morris (1834-96), furniture designs, 1860s"

typical 19th century furniture"

Philip Webb and William Morris, The Red House, Bexleyheath, ENGLAND, 1859"

Philip Webb and William Morris, The Red House, Bexleyheath, ENGLAND, 1859"

Philip Webb and William Morris, The Red House, 1859"

typical 19th century interiors"

ART NOUVEAU

Meaning New Art in French, Art Nouveau,

popular between 18901905, was both a reaction to the
Neoclassicism and nostalgia of the 19th century and
an attempt at embracing, rather than rejecting, industrialization.

Art Nouveau was also known as:

Jugendstil (Youth Style) in Germany
Liberty Style in England
Secession in Austria
Arte Joven (Young Art) in Spain
Arte Nuova (New Art) in Italy
Nieuwe Kunst (New Art) in the Netherlands
(Modern) in Russia

"

THE GOALS OF ART NOUVEAU

The unity of arts and crafts.

The interpenetration of all the arts to be realized in a space

of a totality, as elements of a single design whole
(also known as Gesamtkunstwerk or total art)

Art Nouveau artists believed that they should work on

everything from architecture to furniture, making art part of
everyday life.

It was seen as a liberation from history and the from the

problems of modern society. The grand coordination to be
provided by the repertoire of nature
"

Henri van der Velde (1863-1957)"

"
It is clear that machines will eventually have to make good all
the misery they have caused, and atone for the atrocities they
have committed ... "
"
They produce beautiful things and ugly things indiscriminately.
But the mighty power of their iron arms will produce beautiful
things as soon as they are governed by beauty. (1894)"

Henry van de Velde

Tropon Advertisement, 1898"

Henri van der Velde, 1890s#

desk, piano bench, lights, chairs, candelabra, cutlery"

Henri van der Velde, Tea Dress, 1901"

Hector Guimard, Metro Entrances, Paris, FRANCE, 1899-1904 "

Hector Guimard, Metro Entrances,

Paris, FRANCE, 1899-1904 "

Hector Guimard,
furniture and object designs, 1890s-1900s"

Art Nouveau doors and doorways in Paris and Brussels"

Art Nouveau lettering in

the sign for Moninger Brewery,
Karslruhe, GERMANY, 1896 "

Louis Comfort Tiffany,

Laburnum Pendant Lamp, 1910"

Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Willow Tea Room Window, Glasgow, SCOTLAND, 1904"

Victor Horta, Tassel House, Brussels, BELGIUM, 1892-93"

Victor Horta, Tassel House, Brussels, BELGIUM, 1892-93"

Otto Wagner, Majolikahaus, Vienna, AUSTRIA, 1898

Otto Wagner, Majolikahaus, 1898

Alphonse Mucha, Gismonda Poster for Sarah Bernhardt, 1894"

Aubrey Beardsley, "The Peacock Skirt,

illustration for Oscar Wilde's play Salom, 1892"

TO THE AGE ITS ART,

TO ART ITS FREEDOM

Antonio Gaudi,
Parc Guell,
Barcelona, SPAIN,
1898-1914"

Antonio Gaudi, Parc Guell, Barcelona, SPAIN, 1898-1914"

DER DEUTSCHER WERKBUND

Peter Behrrens,
Werkbund Cologne Poster, 1914

Fritz Hellmuth Ehmcke,

Werkbund Cologne Poster, 1914

(The German Work Federation), 1907-1938

A state-sponsored association of architects, designers and industrialists,

whose aim was to integrate traditional crafts and industrial
mass-production techniques, and put Germany on a competitive level
with England and the United States.

Walter Gropius and Adolph Meyer, Model Factory for Werkbund Exhibition, Cologne, 1914

Bruno Taut, Glass Pavilion, Cologne, 1914

Fritz Hellmut Ehmcke, Werkbund Tobacco Boxes, 1914"

Fritz Hellmut Ehmcke,

Crefeld Werkbund Poster, 1911"

Fritz Hellmut Ehmcke,

Deutsches Reich Postage Stamps, 1922"

Peter Behrens,
Werkbund Packet for Bahlsens Biscuits, 1914"

Peter Behrens,
Approximately One Watt per Candle,
poster for Allegemeine Elektricitts
Gesellschaft (General Electric Company),
1911"

Peter Behrens,
Posters for Allegemeine Elektricitts Gesellschaft (General Electric Company), 1913"

Peter Behrens,
AEG Logo, 1907"

Peter Behrens,
AEG Calendar, 1913"

Peter Behrens, various electrical household appliances for AEG, 1907-1910"

Peter Behrens,
AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin, GERMANY, 1908-9"

Peter Behrens,
AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin, GERMANY, 1908-9"

FUTURISM

A total rejection of tradition and the past.

In keeping with the Machine Age, the Futurists saw technology as the basis for
a new culture. Speed, noise, machines, transportation, communication,
information, and all the transient impressions of life in the modern city excited
and intoxicated the Futurists."

Boccioni: We must split open the figure and place the environment inside it.

Umberto Boccioni,
Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913

Umberto Boccioni,
Fist, 1915

Anton Bragaglia, The Typist, 1911"

Anton Bragaglia, The Cellist, 1913"

Giacomo Balla,
Abstract Speed and Sound, 1915"

Giacomo Balla,
Passing Car, 1913"

Giacomo Balla,
The Anti-Neutral Suit A Futurist Manifesto, 1914"

Giacomo Balla,
Futurist Suit, 1914"

Giacomo Balla,
Sketches for Anti-Neutral Suits, 1914"

Giacomo Balla,
Sketch for Anti-Neutral Handbag, 1916"

F. T. Marinetti,
Zang Tumb Tumb
(On the Battle of Adrianopolis)
1912-14"

Filippo Marinetti, Bruno Corra and Emilio Settimelli, Manifesto of Futurist Theatre, 1915:
With color, forms, sounds and noises, it will, like the works of Futurist painters and musicians,
assault the nerves . . . The spectators will be made to forget the monotony of everyday life through a
labyrinth of sensations characterized by the most exasperating originality combined in unexpected ways.

Luigi Russolo and Ugo Piatti,

Laboratory of the Noisemakers, 1913"

http://reaktorplayer.wordpress.com/2011/07/18/the-art-of-noises-luigi-russolo-audio-works/

Antonio SantElia,
La Citt Nuova
(The New City), 1913"

Antonio SantElia,
La Citt Nuova (The New City), 1913"

Antonio SantElia,
La Citt Nuova (The New City), 1913
"
airplane and train station
with funicular rail lifts on three roadways

Antonio SantElia,
La Citt Nuova (The New City), 1913
"
airplane and train station
with funicular rail lifts on three roadways

PHOTOGRAPHY
(photo = light, graphos = writing)

Inventing Photography:
The phenomenon of the camera obscura (literally dark room) is that
a small hole in a dark room projects the image of the outside on the opposite wall.
The phenomenon had been known since the Ancient Egyptians (2,500 years ago).
Mo-Ti, the Chinese founder of Mohism, mentioned the phenomenon
in his writings in the 4th century BCE.

Rainer G. Frissuis, Camera Obscura, 1544

Rainer G. Frissuis, Camera Obscura, 1557

Selected Paintings by Jan Vermeer, 1660s"

Possible dark room used by Jan Vermeer

By the 18th century, portable camera obscura with lenses became available
that allowed artists, and anyone else handy with a pencil,
to trace the projected images from the camera obscura.

G. F. Brander, Camera Obscura as Table with Mirror Reflex for Comfortable Tracing, 1769

In the 19th century, further devices were invented that allowed

this tracing of nature without the use of a room or even a boxbox.
However, these images were one-of-a-kind and required drawing skill.

The Frenchman Joseph Nipce invented a process using silver, iodine and bitumen
to fix the camera obscura image onto a piece of metal,
but this proved to be too time-consuming and the materials too expensive.

Joseph Nipce, View from the Window at Le Gras, 1827 "

About the same time as Nipce, Englishman William Talbot,

developed a method of making negative prints.

William Talbot, Laycock Abbey Oriel Window, Wiltshire, 1835

Nipce then teamed up with another Frenchman, Jacques Daguerre, to perfect the
process, but it was still complicated, used expensive materials, required dangerous
chemicals, and took a long time to
expose each
shot in the
camera.

Louis-Jacques Daguerre, Paris Street, 1839"

William Talbot then developed a method to produce multiple copies

of that fixed image: the negative
In addition, Talbot also shortened the amount of exposure time to five seconds.

William Talbot, Open Door, (left: negative original; right: positive print), 1843

The camera can reveal aspects of motion that can not be seen with the human eye.
For this reason, it was initially embraced by scientists in the 19th century.

Eadward Muybridge, Horse Galloping: Daisy with Rider, 1878

Later, artists began to understand the advantages of

photographing their subjects as a tool to aid them in painting.

Henri Toulouse-Latrec,
At the Caf La Mie, 1891"

Edgard Degas,
Blue Dancers, 1895"

Many 19th century photographers aimed to create photographs

that looked like paintings.

Henry P. Robinson, Fading Away, 1858

In the early 20th century, photography became an art form itself.

Man Ray,
Rayograph, 1926

Laszlo Moholy-Nagy,
In the Laboaratory, 1938

In the early 20th century, photography gradually began to overtake

drawings and illustrations in newspapers and magazines.

The New York Times, 1861 and 1916

TIME magazine, 1923 and 2010

Eadweard Muybridge, Man Ascending Stairs, 1887"

These experiments led to the development of the cinema (or, the movies)

In 1891, Thomas Edison successfully demonstrated

the Kinetoscope,which enabled one person at a time
to view moving pictures.

In 1895, brothers Louis and August Lumiere

were the first to present projected, moving,
photographic pictures to a paying audience
of more that one person.

Like still photography, the cinema was at first quite documentary (LEFT),
but later it too developed into the art form (RIGHT).

A Selection of Lumiere Brothers

Films from the 1890s"

Dziga Vertov.,
Man with a Movie Camera, 1929"

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nj0vEO4Q6s

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iey9YIbra2U

Modern Times
Charlie Chaplin, director (1936)
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0027977/

industrial man

=
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sheep

 Man !