History of Earthquakes in the world

Largest earthquakes by magnitude

Date
Location

Name

Magnitude
9.5

May 22, 1960

Valdivia, Chile

1960 Valdivia
earthquake

March 27,
1964

Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA

1964 Alaska earthquake 9.2

December 26,
2004

Indian Ocean, Sumatra, Indonesia

2004 Indian Ocean

earthquake

9.19.3

November 4,
1952

Kamchatka, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union

1952 Kamchatka
earthquakes

9.0[3]

March 11,
2011

Pacific Ocean, Thoku region, Japan

2011 Thoku
earthquake

9.0[4][5][6]

December 2,
1611

Pacific Ocean, Hokkaido, Japan

1611 Sanriku
earthquake

8.9- (est.)

1615 Arica earthquake

8.8 (est.)

September 16,
Arica, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire)
1615
April 2, 1762

Chittagong, Bangladesh (then Kingdom of Mrauk U) 1762 Arakan earthquake 8.8 (est.)

November 25, Sumatra, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East

1833
Indies)

1833 Sumatra
earthquake

January 31,
1906

Ecuador Colombia

1906 Ecuador-Colombia
8.8
earthquake

February 27,
2010

Bio-Bio, Chile

2010 Chile earthquake

8.8

January 26,
1700

Pacific Ocean, USA and Canada (then part of

the British Empire)

1700 Cascadia
earthquake

8.79.2 (est.)[7]

October 28,
1707

Pacific Ocean, Shikoku region, Japan

1707 Hei earthquake

8.7-9.3 (est.)

July 8, 1730

Valparaiso, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire)

1730 Valparaiso
earthquake

8.7 (est.)[8]

November 1,
1755

Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal

1755 Lisbon earthquake 8.7 (est.)[9]

February 4,
1965

Rat Islands, Alaska, USA

1965 Rat Islands

earthquake

July 9, 869

Pacific Ocean, Thoku region, Japan

869 Sanriku earthquake 8.6-9.0 (est.)

October 28,
1746

Lima, Peru (then part of the Spanish Empire)

1746 Lima-Callao
earthquake

8.6-8.8 (est.)

March 28,
1787

Oaxaca, Mexico (then part of the Spanish Empire)

1787 Mexico
earthquake

8.6-8.7 (est.)

April 1, 1946

Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA

1946 Aleutian Islands

earthquake

8.6

August 15,
1950

Assam, India Tibet, China

1950 Assam - Tibet

earthquake

8.6

8.89.2 (est.)

8.7

March 9, 1957 Andreanof Islands, Alaska, USA

1957 Andreanof Islands

8.6
earthquake

March 28,
2005

2005 Sumatra
earthquake

8.6

April 11, 2012 Indian Ocean, Sumatra, Indonesia

2012 Aceh earthquake

8.6

December 16,
1575

1575 Valdivia
earthquake

8.5 (est.)

1604 Arica earthquake

8.5 (est.)

Sumatra, Indonesia

Valdivia, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire)

November 24, Arica, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire)

Date

Location

Name

Magnitude

May 13, 1647

Santiago, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire)

1647 Santiago
earthquake

8.5 (est.)

May 24, 1751

Concepcin, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire)

1751 Concepcin
earthquake

8.5 (est.)

November 19,
Valparaso, Chile
1822

1822 Valparaso
earthquake

8.5 (est.)

February 20,
1835

Concepcin, Chile

1835 Concepcin
earthquake

8.5 (est.)

February 16,
1861

Sumatra, Indonesia

1861 Sumatra
earthquake

8.5

August 13,
1868

Arica, Chile (then Peru)

1868 Arica earthquake

May 9, 1877

Iquique, Chile (then Peru)

1877 Iquique
earthquake

8.5-9.0 (est.)

November 10,
Atacama Region, Chile
1922

1922 Vallenar
earthquake

8.5[11]

February 1,
1938

Banda Sea, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East

Indies)

1938 Banda Sea

earthquake

8.5

October 13,
1963

Kuril Islands, Russia (USSR)

1963 Kuril Islands

earthquake

8.5[12]

September 12,
Sumatra, Indonesia
2007

2007 Sumatra
earthquakes

8.5

October 20,
1687

Lima, Peru (then part of the Spanish Empire)

1687 Peru earthquake

8.4-8.7 (est.)

May 18, 1841

Kamchatka, Russia

1841 Kamchatka
earthquakes

8.4-8.6(est.)

October 17,
1737

Kamchatka, Russia

1737 Kamchatka
earthquakes

8.3-9.0(est.)

February 3,
1923

Kamchatka, Russia (USSR)

1923 Kamchatka
earthquakes

8.3-8.5[12]

1604

8.59.0 (est.)
[10]

August 3, 1361 Pacific Ocean, Shikoku region, Japan

1361 Shhei earthquake 8.2-8.5 (est.)

September 20,
Pacific Ocean, Tkai region, Japan
1498

1498 Mei Nankaid

earthquake

8.2-8.5 (est.)

June 15, 1896

Pacific Ocean, Thoku region, Japan

1896 Sanriku
earthquake

8.2-8.5(est.)

July 23, 1905

Uvs Province, Mongolia

1905 Bulnay earthquake 8.2-8.5

Deadliest earthquakes on record

R
a
n
k

Name

Date

"Shaanxi"

January 23,
Shaanxi, China
1556

"Haiyuan"

December
16, 1920

NingxiaGansu,
273,400[15][16]
China

7.8

"Tangshan"

July 28,
1976

Hebei, China

242,769[16][17]

7.8

Location

Fatalities

Ma
gnit
ude

820,000
8.0
830,000 (est.)[14] (est.)

Notes
Estimated death toll in Shaanxi,
China.
Major fractures, landslides.

R
a
n
k

Name

Date

Location

"Antioch"

May 21,
526

Antioch, Turkey
(thenByzantine 240,000[18]
Empire)

December
26, 2004

Indian
Ocean, Sumatra, 230,210+[20][21]
Indonesia

"Indian
Ocean"

"Aleppo"

October 11,
Aleppo, Syria
1138

Fatalities

230,000

Ma
gnit
ude
7.0
(est.)

Notes

[19]

Procopius (II.14.6), sources

based on John of Ephesus.

9.1
9.3

Deaths from earthquake and

resulting tsunami.

The figure of 230,000 dead is

based on a historical conflation
of this earthquake with
earthquakes in November 1137
on the Jazira plain and the large
Unkno
seismic event of September 30,
wn
1139 in the Azerbaijani city
ofGanja. The first mention of a
230,000 death toll was by Ibn
Taghribirdiin the fifteenth
century.[22]
Estimates vary from 316,000
(unsubstituted Haitian
government claim) to 222,570
(United Nations Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs estimate)[23] to 158,000
(report published in
the Medicine, Conflict and
Survival) to between 85,000 and
46,000 (unpublished LTL
Strategies report commissioned
by USAID).[24][25]

"Haiti"

January 12,
Haiti
2010

100,000
316,000

7.0

"Damghan"

December
22, 856

200,000 (est.)

7.9
(est.)

Ardabil, Iran

150,000 (est.)

Reports probably relate to

the 893 Dvin earthquake, due to
Unkno misreading of the Arabic word
wn
for Dvin, 'Dabil' as 'Ardabil'.
[26]
This is regarded as a 'fake
earthquake'.[27]

Messina, Italy

123,000[28]

7.1

"Ardabil"

10

"Messina"

March 22,
893

December
28, 1908

Damghan, Iran

On December 28, 1908 from

about 5:20 to 5:21 am an
earthquake of 7.1 on the moment
magnitude scale occurred
centered on Messina, a city in
Sicily, Italy. Reggio Calabria on
the Italian mainland also
suffered heavy damage. The
ground shook for some 30 to 40
seconds, and the destruction was
felt within a 300 km radius.
Moments after the earthquake, a
40 feet (12 m) tsunami struck
nearby coasts causing even more
devastation. 93% of structures in
Messina were destroyed and

R
a
n
k

Name

Date

Location

Fatalities

Ma
gnit
ude

Notes
some 70,000 residents were
killed. Rescuers searched
through the rubble for weeks,
and whole families were still
being pulled out alive days later,
but thousands remained buried
there. Buildings in the area had
not been constructed for
earthquake resistance, having
heavy roofs and vulnerable
foundations.

11

12

"Ashgabat"

"Great
Kant"

13

"Genroku"

14

"Lisbon"

October 6,
1948

September
1, 1923

December
31, 1703

November
1, 1755

Ashgabat, Turk
men
SSR(modern110,000[29]
dayTurkmenista
n)

7.3

Kant region,
Japan

105,385[30]

Edo, Japan

2,300, with an
offshore
tsunami that it
may have
8.2[34]
caused killing as
many as 10,000
people[33]

7.9

Lisbon, Portugal Estimates range 8.5

from 15,000
9.0
40,000[35] to
(est.)

An earthquake which struck

the Kant plain on the Japanese
main island of Honsh at 11:58
on the morning of September 1,
1923. Varied accounts hold that
the duration of the earthquake
was between 4 and 10 minutes.
The quake had an epicenter deep
beneath Izu shimaIsland
in Sagami Bay. It devastated
Tokyo, the port city
of Yokohama, surrounding
prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa,
and Shizuoka, and caused
widespread damage throughout
the Kant region.[31] The power
and intensity of the earthquake is
easy to underestimate, but the
1923 earthquake managed to
move the 93-ton Great
Buddha statue atKamakura. The
statue slid forward almost two
feet.[32] Casualty estimates range
from about 100,000 to 142,800
deaths, the latter figure including
approximately 40,000 who went
missing and were presumed
dead.

R
a
n
k

Name

Date

Location

Fatalities

Ma
gnit
ude

Notes

40,000-60,000
people of
Lisbon's
population of
~275,000,[36] to
90,000 (onethird of Lisbon's
population of
270,000) (Braun
and Radner
2005)[37]

History of local earthquakes

21st century
A magnitude of 7.5 quake struck Mindanao on January 1, 2001 at a depth of 33 km.
A magnitude of 7.5 quake struck Central and Southern Mindanao on March 5, 2002 at a depth of 31 km. At
least 15 people were killed, 100 injured and 800 buildings were damaged or destroyed.
A magnitude of 6.1 quake struck Sultan Kudarat on March 6, 2002. Office of Civil Defense (OCD) records
show that 8 people had died and 41 were injured due to the earthquake. It affected 7,684 families in the
provinces of Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, North Cotabato and South Cotabato including four cities and 17
municipalities.[21]
A magnitude of 6.2 quake struck Masbate on February 15, 2003 at a depth of 22 km. The quake damaged major
infrastructures in Masbate.[22]
A magnitude of 6.5 quake struck Samar on November 18, 2003. 1 person was reported dead.
A magnitude of 6.5 quake struck Mindoro on October 8, 2004.
A magnitude of 6.6 quake struck Moro Gulf on October 4, 2009.
A series of quakes with the main quake's magnitude of 7.3 struck Moro Gulf on July 2324, 2010.
A magnitude of 6.4 quake struck Ilocos Region on March 20, 2011.
A magnitude of 5.2 quake struck Valencia City, Bukidnon on November 8, 2011 at a depth of 1 km.[23] 39 people
were injured, and several establishments were damaged.[24]
A magnitude of 6.9 quake struck Negros, the rest of Central Visayas, and some parts of Mindanao on February
6, 2012, at a depth of 20 km. The quake killed people, caused major damage on infrastructures, and buildings. A
tsunami alert level 2 was raised due to the quake. The quake also caused a landslide, burying a barangay. More
than a thousand of aftershocks were recorded by PHIVOLCS within 2 days since the quake occurred.[25][26]
[27]
According to National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, as of February 18, 2012, the death
toll have risen to 51 with 62 people still missing, and injuring 112 people. Most deaths came from the city
of Guihulngan and La Libertad where landslides occurred. 63, 697 from provinces in Region VII were affected
by the quake. 15, 483 houses were partially or totally damaged, and a total of P383 million cost of damages to
buildings, roads and bridges, and other infrastructures were recorded.[28]
A magnitude of 5.9 quake struck Surigao City on March 16, 2012. Many were injured in the city for that certain
day was the grand opening of Gaisano Capital Surigao. An estimated 6,000 people were in Gaisano when the
earthquake happened. The earthquake caused a stampede which injured people.[29][30][31]
An earthquake with magnitude 7.6 struck 106 km near Guiuan, Eastern Samar on August 31, 2012. It was felt in
certain areas of Visayas and Mindanao. 1 person died, and another one was injured in Cagayan de Oro City after
being trapped in a collapsed house due to a landslide.[32] Minutes after the quake, power interruptions occurred
in the affected areas. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council reported that a house
in Agusan del Sur province caught fire sparked by a gas lamp that was toppled during the earthquake. It also
reported that two bridges in Eastern Samar, particularly the Buyayawan Bridge in Mercedes town and the
Barangay Casuroy Bridge in San Julian town, were partially damaged. The Abreeza Mall in Bajada, Davao City
suffered minor cracks on the floor due to the earthquake.[33] In General MacArthur, Eastern Samar, 77 homes
were damaged. There were also 6 houses damaged in Barangay Casoroy, San Julian.[34] In Balangiga, Eastern
Samar, a hospital sustained serious damage.[35] A wall from an old building collapsed in Butuan City.[36] The
NDRRMC reported on Saturday noon there were cracks on some roads and bridges and other establishments in
areas where the quake was felt.[37] Most of the homes destroyed were those made of light materials, while
overall damage to infrastructure remained minimal.[38] A tsunami warning of Level 3 was raised by

the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, but was lifted 5 hours after the quake only caused tiny
waves.[39]
An earthquake with magnitude 5.9 struck Sultan Kudarat on September 3, 2012.[40]
A series of earthquakes, struck cities of Malaybalay and Valencia, and the sitio
of Musuan, Maramag in Bukidnon last September 34, 2012. The first quake has a magnitude of 3.4 and was
felt at 06:48 PM,[41] and was followed by magnitude 4.0 at 07:45 PM,[42] and 4.7 at 09:21 PM.[43] Hours after the
first three, a series of quakes occurred in 03:44 AM and in 03:52 AM. The first quake had a magnitude of 5.6
with a depth of focus of 3 km;[44] while the second one was recorded at a magnitude of 4.9 with a depth focus of
3 km.[45] The quake was felt as far as Cagayan de Oro, Kidapawan, Butuan, and Cotabato cities.[46][47] A nun was
injured in Barangay Lourdes in Valencia City after the incident. Valencia City Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council reported that 144 houses and structures were destroyed. Mayor Ignacio Zubiri of
Malaybalay City reported no casualties nor damages in his city.[48] The quakes were of tectonic in origin. A total
of 131 aftershocks were recorded after the 5.6 quake in September 4, 2012.
A 6.2 earthquake struck off the coast of Southern Mindanao on February 16, 2013, 28 kilometers southeast of
Caburan, Davao del Sur. According to the United States Geological Survey, the quake struck at a depth of
98.2 km.
The rubbles of Loon Church in Loon Bohol after it was destroyed by a 7.2 quake on October 15, 2013.
A 5.7 earthquake struck the island of Mindanao on June 1, 2013.[51] The quake's epicenter was located
in Carmen, Cotabato and struck with a depth of 5 kilometers.[52][53] The said quake injured six people, 4 of them
were children, and fully or partly destroyed several houses, and some school buildings.[54][55] It also damaged a
bridge at Barangay Kimadzil, and another one at Barangay Kibudtungan.[56] The quake was followed by 15
aftershocks, the last one was followed by a 4.3 quake on June 2, 2013.[57] The quake caused a 71 million pesos
worth of damages. Past 4:00 AM of June 3, 2013, another quake jolted the said town. The quake was recorded
at 5.7 and struck at a depth of 3 kilometers.[58] The newest quake further injured 8 more people, and damaged
more houses. Classes which was slated to open on June 3, 2013, were cancelled due to a series of quakes that hit
the town since June 1, 2013.[59]
A magnitude of 7.2 earthquake struck Bohol on October 15, 2013 at 8:12 a.m. (PST).[60] Its epicenter was
located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) SW of Sagbayan at a depth of 12 kilometres (7.5 mi). According to the official
report by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, 222 were reported dead while 796
people were injured. Tens of thousands of structures were damaged by the earthquake. Most notable were the
national historical churches in Bohol and Cebu.

Deadliest earthquakes
The table below is a tally of the ten most deadliest recorded earthquakes in the Philippines since the 1600s with
having the most number of casualties:
Ten deadliest recorded earthquakes in the Philippines since the 1600s
Magnitude

Origin

1 7.9

Date

Mortality

Missing

Injured

Tectonic Moro Gulf

August 16,
1976

4791

2288

9928

2 7.8

Tectonic Luzon Island

July 16, 1990

1666

1000

More than
3000

10 billion

3 7.5

Tectonic Luzon Island

November 30,
1645

More than
600

More than
3000

Unknown

4 7.3

Tectonic Casiguran, Aurora August 2, 1968 271

5 7.2

Tectonic Bohol & Cebu

October 15,
2013

222

6 7.1

Tectonic Mindoro

November 15,
1994

78

7 6.7

Tectonic Negros Oriental

February 6,
2012

51

8 8.3

Tectonic

January 25,
1948

Location

Panay (Lady
Caycay)

Unknow
Tectonic Manila
n

10 6.5

Tectonic Laoag

Damages

Source
[10]

[8]

261
796

4 billion
(est.)

[61]

430

5.15
million

[16]

112

383
million

[28]

50 (est)

7 million

[7]

June 19, 1665

19

Unknown

August 17,
1983

16

62

47

2. The Ring of Fire is an area where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of
the Pacific Ocean. In a 40,000 km (25,000 mi) horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series
of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and/or plate movements. It has 452 volcanoes and is home
to over 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes.[1] It is sometimes called the circum-Pacific belt or
the circum-Pacific seismic belt.
List Of Major Tectonic Plates In The World
Primary Tectonic Plates
African Plate
Antarctic Plate
Australian Plate
Eurasian Plate
Indian Plate
North American Plate
Pacific Plate
South American Plate

Secondary Tectonic Plates

Arabian Plate
Caribbean Plate
Cocos Plate
Juan de Fuca Plate
Nazca Plate
Philippine Sea Plate
Scotia Plate

There are 8 primary plates on the planet (or 7 if you count the Indo-Australian Plate as a single plate), and they
comprise of the majority of the World's continents' landmass, along with most of the surface area of the World's
Ocean's.
The secondary plates are smaller in size than the primary plates, and they do not cover any substantial landmass,
apart from the Arabian Plate.
There are a further group of smaller plates, often called tertiary plates, which are the disappearing remains of
much larger ancient plates that are now on the edges of our major plates, plus some micro-plates, many of
whom will be widely-considered as a part of a primary or secondary plate on maps and in scientific
publications.
Map Of Major Tectonic Plates In The World

What Are Tectonic Plates?

The tectonic plates are a
series of plates which cover
the entire surface of planet
Earth. They can have a depth
of up to an estimated 100 km,
and are comprised of the
entire planets crust, most of
the moho, and a tiny piece of
the upper mantle. This
collective area of rocky
planets is generally called the
'lithosphere'.
NOTE* The moho - also know as the 'Mohorovii discontinuity' - is a layer of unknown composition which
planet Earth's crust physically rests upon. It is situated about 5-10 km below the ocean floor and 20-90 km
beneath continents. The overall estimated average thickness of the moho is thought to be about 35 km.
The term 'tectonic plates' has been historically used by scientists to describe the movement of the lithosphere,
however, nowadays the term 'tectonic plates' is most widely-used for describing the physical plates themselves,
rather than their movement.
The top layer of the tectonic plates - the crust - is continually moving gradually, just like a slow conveyor belt,
with new crust appearing on one side of each plate, and disappearing into another boundary it shares with a
neighbouring plate.

List Of Major Active Fault Lines In The Philippines.

* Marikina Valley Fault :

Montalban
San Mateo
Marikina
Pasig
Taguig
Muntinlupa

San Pedro
Bian
Carmona
Santa Rosa
Calamba
Tagaytay
Oriental Mindoro

* Western Philippine Fault :

Luzon Sea
Mindoro Strait
Panay Gulf
Sulu Sea
* Eastern Philippine Fault :
Philippine Sea
* Southern of Mindanao Fault :
Moro Gulf

Celebes Sea
* Central Philippine Fault :
Entire Ilocos Norte
Aurora
Quezon
Masbate
Eastern Leyte
Southern Leyte
Agusan Del Norte
Agusan Del Sur
Davao del Norte

What is the difference between magnitude and intensity?

Magnitude is a measure of earthquake size and remains unchanged with distance from the earthquake. Intensity,
however, describes the degree of shaking caused by an earthquake at a given place and decreases with distance
from the earthquake epicentre. We can, therefore talk about a magnitude 5.4 ML event with intensity of 6 EMS
in the epicentral area, on the Lleyn Peninsula, but intensity 3 EMS at Carlisle. Magnitude measurement requires
instrumental monitoring for its calculation, however, assigning an intensity requires a sample of the felt
responses of the population. This is then graded according to theEMS intensity scale. For example, Intensity 1,
Not felt, 2, Scarcely perceptible, 3, weak, felt by a few, up to 12 assigned for total devastation. Study of
intensity and the production of isoseismal maps, contouring areas of equal intensity, is particularly important for
the study of earthquakes which occurred prior to instrumental monitoring.

Instruments used to measure earthquakes

Accelograph- An instrument used to measure displacement during an earthquake. Often installed in buildings
to measure movement
Seismograph - are instruments that measure motions of the ground, including those of seismic waves generated
by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources. Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to
map the interior of the Earth, and locate and measure the size of these different sources.
Seismometers - are instruments that measure motions of the ground, including those of seismic
waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources. Records of seismic waves
allow seismologists to map the interior of the Earth, and locate and measure the size of these different sources.

Tsunami is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water,
generally an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including
detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other
disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.
Charles Francis Richter invented the ritcher magnitude scale

Tsunami prone areas in Philippines

Luzon:
Region I
Region II
Region III
Region IV-A
Region IV-B
Region V

Visayas:
Region VI
Region VII
Region VIII

Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur La Union Pangasinan

Batanes Cagayan Isabela
Aurora Bataan Zambales
Batangas Cavite Quezon
Mindoro Island Palawan
Albay Camarines Norte Camarines Sur Catanduanes
Sorsogon

Aklan Antique Guimaras Iloilo Negros Occidental

Bohol Negros Oriental Siquijor
Eastern Samar Northern Samar Leyte Island

Mindanao:
Zamboanga City Zamboanga del Norte Zamboanga del Sur
Zamboanga Sibugay
Region X Camiguin Lanao del Norte
Region XI Davao del Sur Davao Oriental
Region XII Sarangani South Cotabato Sultan Kudarat
Region
Surigao del Norte Surigao del Sur
XIII
ARMM
Basilan Lanao del Sur Maguindanao Sulu Tawi Tawi
Region IX

Liquification - refers to the process by which water-saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into
a substance that acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake. By undermining the foundations and base courses of
infrastructure, liquefaction can cause serious damage.

Difference between earthquake engineering and geotechnical engineering

Earthquake engineering is the scientific field concerned with protecting society, the natural and the man-made
environment from earthquakes by limiting the seismic risk to socio-economically acceptable levels.
[1]
Traditionally, it has been narrowly defined as the study of the behavior of structures and geo-structures
subject to seismic loading, this considered as a subset of both structural and geotechnical engineering. However,
the tremendous costs experienced in recent earthquakes have led to an expansion of its scope to encompass
disciplines from the wider field ofcivil engineering and from the social sciences, especially sociology, political
science, economics and finance.
Geotechnical earthquake engineering can be defined as that subspecialty within the field of geotechnical
engineering that deals with the design and construction of projects in order to resist the effects of earthquakes.
Geotechnical earthquake engineering requires knowledge of basic geotechnical principles as well as an
understanding of geology, seismology, and earthquake engineering.

Effects of earthquakes
Ground shaking
Faulting and Ground Rupture
Landslides and ground subsidence
Damage to man-made structures
Fires
Spill of hazardous chemicals
Radioactivity from damaged nuclear power plants
Liquefaction of water-laden sediments
Flooding
Injuries and Death
Tsunamis