SECTION 1: Punishable Acts and Remedies

What is the Anti-Violence Against Women and

Their Children Act of 2004 (Anti-VAWC Act)?
It is the SPECIAL law penalizing acts of violence against women and
their children as a public offense.
The law took effect on March 27, 2004. The punishable acts
must have been committed on or after March 27, 2004 in
order for the woman or her child to avail of the remedies
under the Anti-VAWC Act.
The law penalizes the following acts AS A PUBLIC OFFENSE AS A
PUBLIC OFFENSE [crime] whether they are committed inside or outside the
residence:
1.
2.
3.
4.

physical violence
sexual violence
psychological violence
economic abuse
What does "public cr imeoffense" mean?

It means that as a public offense, the case may be filed or prosecuted by

any citizen having personal knowledge of the circumstances involving the
commission of the offense. , such as a person who saw the offender stab the
woman, or saw him holding a knife immediately after the woman cried for help
This emphasizes the fact that violence against women and their children,
which is more commonly known as "domestic violence," is not a private or family
matter. Hence, anyone can intervene or respond to a call for help to ensure the
safety and protection of the woman and/or her child.
What is Violence Against Women and Their Children or
"VAWC" under the law?
This refers to any act, or a series of acts, or threats of such acts,
committed by any person against a woman:
1.
2.
3.

who is his wife or former wife,

with whom s/he has or had a dating or sexual
relationship
with whom he has a common child, or

4.

against her child, whether legitimate or illegitimate,

which result, or is likely to result, in physical, sexual, psychological harm or

suffering or economic abuse.
It includes battery, assault, coercion, harassment or deprivation of liberty.

Who are protected by the law?

Women and their children.
Children" means the children of the abused woman, below 18 years old,
legitimate or illegitimate, or 18 years old and above who are incapable of taking
care of themselves because of their physical or mental disability.
Children," as used in this law, include those who are not the woman's
biological children but ALSO THOSE who are under her care.
If the acts are committed in the presence of the woman's child, or if the
woman or child is pregnant, the penalty shall be imposed by the court in its
maximum period.
Example: The woman's niece who is below 18 years old and lives
with her is a child under her care.

Who are liable?

The following are liable:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

husbands, former husbands

present and former boyfriends or live-in partners
those with whom the woman has a common child
a man or woman with whom she has/had a sexual or dating
relationship
lesbian partners or former lesbian partners can be liable
under "sexual or dating relationship"

Example: Under the term "those with whom the woman has a common
child," a woman who has a child by her rapist who harasses her can file for a
Barangay Protection Order and/or Temporary and Permanent Protection Order [s
]and a criminal action.

Are foreigners covered by this law?

Yes, both as persons liable and as victims.
Example: A French woman living in Makati who is being abused by her
husband who is a citizen of Singapore, can file for a BPO, or a petition for a
protection order and a criminal action.
SINCE THE LAW PROTECTS WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN ONLY, DOES
THIS NOT DESTROY THE FAMILY?
A: THE ANTI-VAWC IS MEANT TO PROTECT THE FAMILY FROM ANY ACT
OF VIOLENCE OR THREAT EVEN IF THIS IS COMING FROM FATHERS,
HUSBANDS OR COMMON-LAW HUSBANDS.
WHY ARE MEN NOT INCLUDED IN THE PROTECTION OF THE LAW?
A: THE DATA OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND
DEVELOPMENT AND THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE SHOW THAT IT IS
THE WOMEN WHO ARE BATTERED, NOT THE MEN. THERE IS A VERY
HIGH INCIDENCE OF WIFE OR PARTNER ABUSE IN THE COUNTRY,
WHICH IS WHY WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN NEED SPECIAL
PROTECTION.

What is meant by "dating relationship"?

It means that the parties must have been romantically involved over time
on a continuing basis. A single or a few or intermittent occasions do not constitute
a dating relationship.
However, even if they met only occasionally and not on a continuing basis,
if there was at least one sexual contact, it will fall under "sexual relationship."
What is meant by "sexual relationship"?
It refers to at least one sexual act.
Example: A woman, who had a single sexual contact with a person a year
ago, can avail of the remedies under the law if she is being harassed or abused
by that person on or after March 27, 2004.

What are examples of punishable acts?

1.

Economic abuse
1.1a. not giving adequate financial support to the wife and/or
minor children
1.2b. controlling the conjugal business, conjugal or
community property, or the woman's own money

2.

Psychological violence
2.1a.
2.2b.
2.3c.
2.4d.

marital infidelity
repeated verbal abuse
public humiliation
threatening the woman that she will lose custody of her
child
e.2.5 stalking or following the woman in her workplace,
school, or any public or private place without
justification
3.

Physical abuse
a.3.1 physical injuries
b.3.2 frustrated parricide (e.g., the woman was shot by her
husband but survived)

4.

Sexual violence
a.4.1 causing or attempting to make the woman or her child
to perform sexual acts (that do not constitute rape) by
use of force, threat or intimidation directed against the
woman, her child or her immediate family
b.4.2 prostituting the woman or her child
Who are protected by the law?

Women and their children.

Children" means the children of the abused woman, below 18 years old,
legitimate or illegitimate, or 18 years old and above who are incapable of taking
care of themselves because of their physical or mental disability.
Children," as used in this law, include those who are not the woman's
biological children but who are under her care.

If the acts are committed in the presence of the woman's child, or if the
woman or child is pregnant, the penalty shall be imposed by the court in its
maximum period.
Example: The woman's niece who is below 18 years old and lives
with her is a child under her care.
Who are liable?
The following are liable:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

husbands, former husbands

present and former boyfriends or live-in partners
those with whom the woman has a common child
a man or woman with whom she has/had a sexual or dating
relationship
lesbian partners or former lesbian partners can be liable
under "sexual or dating relationship"

Example: Under the term "those with whom the woman has a common
child," a woman who has a child by her rapist who harasses her can file for a
Barangay Protection Order and/or Temporary and Permanent Protection Orders
and a criminal action.
Are foreigners covered by this law?
Yes, both as persons liable and as victims.
Example: A French woman living in Makati who is being abused by her
husband who is a citizen of Singapore, can file for a BPO, or a petition for a
protection order and a criminal action.
What are the remedies of a woman and/or her
child under this law?
The woman and/or her child can file any or all of the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Barangay Protection Order

Temporary and Permanent Protection Orders with the court
Independent civil action for damages
Criminal action for violation of the Anti-VAWC Act

What if the husband claims that his wife beat him up?
He can file a criminal complaint under the Revised Penal Code (RPC), not
under the Anti-VAWC Act. The penalty for physical injuries is lower in the RPC
than in the Anti-VAWC Act.
For example, slight physical injuries is punishable with only 30 days
imprisonment in the RPC compared to 6 months under the Anti-VAWC Act.

SECTION 2: Barangay Protection Order

What is a Barangay Protection Order or BPO?
A BPO is issued by the Punong Barangay (PB), or if the PB is unavailable,
by any kawagad, ordering the offender to desist from committing or threatening
physical harm to the victim. It is issued on the same day of application and is
effective for 15 days only.

How does the victim get a BPO?

She or her child can go to the PB or if the PB is not available, to any
kagawad, and apply for a BPO. The application must be in writing, signed and
under oath.
If there is no notary public or public prosecutor and the BPO is urgent, the
applicant can attest to the truth of her statements before the PB. The Secretary
of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) has issued
Memorandum Circular No. 2004-118 dated 13 September 2004, which states
that the application for BPO must be under oath or attested by a PB.
What do you need to attach to the application for a BPO?
The law only requires a written application that is under oath and nothing
more. However, the victim may attach a medical certificate if she has one.
The Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government
(DILG) has issued Memorandum Circular No. 2004-118 dated 13 September
2004, which states that the application for BPO must be under oath or attested
by a PB.

A marriage contract or a police blotter is not required.

Where do you file an application for a BPO?
If the victim and the offender reside in the same barangay, file the
application for a BPO in that barangay.
If the offender lives in another barangay in the same city or municipality,
file it in the barangay where the offender lives.
If the punishable act happened in the place where the victim and the
offender work or are enrolled, file the BPO in the barangay where such
workplace or institution is located.
Example: Rico slapped his former girlfriend Riza in the factory where they
both work in Pasig. Although he lives in Barangay U.P. Diliman in Quezon City,
Riza must file for a BPO in the barangay in Pasig where their workplace is
located.
Other than the victim, who can apply for a BPO?
The following can apply for a BPO:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

parents or guardians
ascendants (grandparents)
descendants (child, grandchild)
collateral relatives within 4th degree of consanguinity or
affinity (grandparents, parents, uncleuncles, aunts, up to first
cousins, an, d including in-laws)
OFFICERS OR social workers of the Department of Social Welfare

and
Development (DSWD) or of the local government unit
6.
police officers
7. LAWYER lawyer [s]
8. 7. counselor
9.
therapist
10.
healthcare provider of petitioner
11.10. at least two RESPONSIBLE citizens of the city or municipality
where the crime was
committed and who have personal knowledge of the offense
committed
Examples:

1.
2.

The victim's sister, brother in-law or first cousin can file for her.
If the mother of athe child does not want to file for a BPO, the
police officer or the social worker of the DSWD or the local
government unit can file the petition for the child.
If another person files for a BPO protection order, what
does s/he need to bring?

The petitioner must state in a notarized affidavit the circumstances of the

victim's consent. For example, state that she agreed to the application for a BPO
but cannot file it personally because she is recuperating from her injuries, or is
seeking shelter in another city. or refusal to consent.
The Supreme Court Rule on Violence Against Women and Their Children
allows a petition to be filed by persons authorized by the law without the consent
of the victim, but the circumstances of her refusal to give consent to the filing of
the petition must be stated.
This includes the reason for her refusal such as fear of reprisal or further
abuse.
The victim does not have to sign a consent form or a letter of authority. If
a medical certificate and photographs of injuries are available, these should be
attached to the petition.

What should barangay officials do when the victim

applies for a BPO?
They should:
1.
2.
3.

Assist her in writing her application. If there is no notary

public or if it is an emergency, have the applicant take an
oath or attest to the truth of her statements before the PB.
Ask questions on the application for BPO.
Allow a non-lawyer advocate or a non-government
organization (NGO) worker1 to be with the victim during the
proceedings. If the victim is a child, the barangay official

must make sure the mother, legal guardian or a social worker

is present.
4.
Do not give Tthe respondent will not be givena notice that an
application was filed. and will not be
The respondent is not allowed to be present in the barangay
proceedings. Neither
can s/he send a lawyer or representative.
5.
Determine the necessity of a BPO based on the application
and evidence of the victim only.
6.
Issue the BPO on the same
dday of application and personally serve a copy to the
respondent or have any barangay official personally serve
the same.
6.
Assist the victim in applying for a Temporary and Permanent
Protection
Order in court immediately.
7.
Report the incident to the police and the social worker of the
DSWD or the local government unit.
1 This can be a member of the Soroptimist International of Eastwood City (SIEC) who is trained
to assist women in applying for a BPO, TPO and PPO.

Can the barangay officials mediate or conciliate so

that the offender and the victim can reconcile?
No. Conciliation and mediation of acts of violence against women and
their children are not allowed under this law. The Anti-VAWC Act amended
Sections. 410-413 of the Local Government Code removing the power of the PB
to mediate, or the Lupong Tagapamayapa to conciliate in cases of violence
against women and their children.
The barangay officials or the judge hearing the application for a protection
order shall not order or influence the woman to give up or compromise her legal
action or application for a BPO, a Temporary Protection Order or a Permanent
Protection Order. If they do, they are administratively liable.
What if the barangay officials or the judge calls
the victim and the respondent and tells them to talk
about a settlement?
They can be administratively liable. The woman can file an administrative
complaint against the Barangay official with the Office of the Mayor and the
Sangguaniang Panglunsod. Administrative complaints against judges must be
filed with the Supreme Court, Taft Avenue, Manila.

What if the PB is a relative or kumpare of the

respondent, can another official take over the case?
If the PB does not inhibit her/himself, tThe victim, the applicant who filed
an application in her behalf, or her non-lawyer advocate can demand that the PB
inhibit her/himself and any kagawad can take over.
What if the PB or kagawad does not issue a BPO?
If the application clearly has merit and s/he refuses to issue a BPO or
does not issue a BPO on the same day, the barangay official concerned can be
administratively liable.
Can the BPO include an order for the offender to give financial support to
his wife and minor children?
No, it is an order for the offender to stop committing or threatening
physical harm only. It cannot include support for the woman and her minor
children, or custody of minor children. However, these can be included in a
Temporary Protection Order or a Permanent Protection Order.
What should the woman who is a victim of violence
do if she wants financial support ?
She should file a petition for a Temporary Protection Order and a
Permanent Protection Order, which can include support for the lawful wife and
custody and support for her minor children.
If the woman is not married to the offender,
is she entitled to support?
She is not entitled to support but her minor children with the respondent
are.

What are the duties of barangay officials and

law enforcers when a victim or someone calls for help?

Their duties are to:

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

enter the house of the victim if necessary, whether or not a

BPO or TPO has been issued
confiscate any deadly weapon
arrest the offender even without a warrant when the act is
being committed or about to be committed, or they have
personal knowledge that the abuse has just been committed
and there is imminent danger to the victim
transport the victim to a safe place or to a clinic
assist the victim or her representative in getting personal
things from the house
ensure the enforcement of protection orders issued by the
barangay or by the courts

Can barangay officials, police, social workers or private individuals be

liable for trespassing if they enter the
house of the victim?
No. They are exempt from civil, criminal or administrative liability. Even
private individuals, including foreigners, who act in accordance with the law to
intervene and help the victim are exempt from civil and criminal liability.
Can the BPO include an order for the offender to give financial support to
his wife and minor children?
No, it is an order for the offender to stop committing or threatening
physical harm only. It cannot include support for the woman and her minor
children, or custody of minor children. However, these can be included in a
Temporary Protection Order or a Permanent Protection Order.
What should the woman who is a victim of violence
do if she wants financial support ?
She should file a petition for a Temporary Protection Order and a
Permanent Protection Order, which can include support for the lawful wife and
custody and support for her minor children.

If the woman is not married to the offender,

is she entitled to support?
She is not entitled to support but her minor children with the respondent
are.
What if the respondent violates the BPO?
Any barangay official can file for a criminal complaint for violation of a
BPO in any Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court or Municipal Circuit
Trial Court that has territorial jurisdiction over the barangay which issued the
BPO.
Other than a BPO, what is another option for the
woman or her child?
With or without a BPO, she can apply for a Temporary Protection Order
and a Permanent Protection Order. However, if she already has a Temporary or
Permanent Protection Order from the court, she can no longer be issued a BPO.

SECTION 3: Temporary and Permanent Protection

Orders
What is a Temporary Protection Order or TPO?
A TPO is issued by the court TO PREVENT FURTHER ACTS OF
VIOLENCE AGAINST THE WOMAN OR HER CHILD AND GRANTING
OTHER NECESSARY RELIEF FOR THE PURPOSE OF SAFEGUARDING THE
VICTIM FROM FURTHER HARM, MINIMIZING ANY DISRUPTION IN HER
DAILY LIFE, AND SO AS TO HELP HER TO INDEPENDENTLY REGAIN
CONTROL OVER HER LIFE. THIS IS ISSUED WHILE THE HEARINGS FOR
THE PERMANENT PROTECTION ORDER ARE ONGOING. IT INCLUDES AN
ORDER FOR THE [ordering the] offender to:
1.

2.
3.
4.

stay away from the woman and/or her child or any family or
household member specified in the order, and from specific
places such as the woman's workplace, club, church or
school of the children
give custody of minor children to the woman
give support to the wife and minor children
leave the house temporarily regardless of who owns the

5.
6.

7.

house, or permanently if there is no question on ownership

surrender firearms and cancellation of firearm licenses, and
prohibition from use or possession of any firearm or deadly
weapon
give to the woman at least one vehicle and other essential
personal effects regardless of ownership. A law enforcement
officer can be directed to ensure that petitioner gets the
vehicle and personal effects or supervise the removal of
personal belongings of the respondent
pay actual damages such as damage to property, medical
expenses, child care expense ,loss of income AND ATTORNEYS

FEE
8.

file a Bond to Keep the Peace in an amount to be determined

by the judge

It can also include an order directing the DSWD or any

appropriate agency to provide temporary shelter and other social services.

A TPO IS GRANTED EX PARTE AND MUST BE ISSUED ON THE SAME DAY

THAT THE PETITION WAS FILED. IT CANNOT BE APPEALED TO THE
HIGHER COURTS.
Q: WHAT DOES EX PARTE MEAN?
It means that only the evidence of the woman or her child will be used by
the judge in weighing whether to issue a TPO or not. No notice and hearing on
the TPO will be sent to the respondent.t.
[Does ex parte mean the victim has to go
through a hearing?] delete this
Q: DOES EX PARTE MEAN THAT THE JUDGE WILL CONDUCT A HEARING
ON THE TPO?
The judge may issue a TPO based on the petition and the evidence
attached without A hearing [the victim]. [However,] IF [ if] the judge conducts a
hearing, only the victim and her witnesses will be heard for the purpose of issuing
a TPO.
However, a hearing on the merits of the petition is required before a PPO
may be issued. During these hearings, the PETITIONER [victim] and her
witnesses will be cross-examined by the lawyer of the respondent.

What is a Permanent Protection Order or PPO?

A PPO is issued by the court after the hearing on the merits of the case is
finished, making the TPO permanent. IT CAN INCLUDE ALL OR MORE THAN
THE RELIEF GRANTED IN THE TPO.
For example, the PPO can include an order giving the woman permanent
custody and support of her minor children and ordering the respondent to give
support to the petitioner who is his wife. However, the respondent can appeal
the PPO to the Court of Appeals and thereafter to the Supreme Court.
What are the grounds for filing a TPO or a PPO?
All the punishable acts under Section 5 of the Anti-VAWC Act (See Part
III). Section 5 enumerates physical, psychological or emotional, sexual violence
and economic abuse.
Examples of punishable acts are: physical violence including threats,
repeated verbal abuse, public humiliation, depriving the woman of sufficient
financial support, solely controlling the conjugal funds or properties, or controlling
or taking the income of the woman.
For how long is a For how long is a TPO effectiveO effective??
A TPO is effective for 30 days but can be extended or renewed for a
period of 30 days per extension until the hearings on the PPO are finished and
the court issues a decision on whether or not to issue a PPO.
WHO CAN FILE FOR A TPO AND PPO?
A: THEY ARE THE FOLLOWING:
1. OFFENDED PART (THE WOMAN OR HER CHILD)
2. parents or guardians
3. [2.] ascendants (grandparents)
4.3. descendants (child, grandchild)
5. 4. collateral relatives within 4th degree of consanguinity or
affinity (grandparents, parents, uncleuncles, aunts, up to first
cousins, an, d including in-laws)
6. 5. OFFICERS OR social workers of the Department of Social Welfare
and
Development (DSWD) or of the local government unit

7. police officers
8. LAWYER l
9.
counselor
10.
therapist
11.
healthcare provider of petitioner
11.10. at least two RESPONSIBLE citizens of the city or municipality
where the crime was
committed and who have personal knowledge of the offense
committed

When can the victim file for a TPO or and PPO?

The law does not specify the period of time for filing a TPO and a PPO but
the court cannot deny the issuance of a protection order due to the lapse of time
between the act of violence and the filing of the petition.
Example: Maria was shot in the stomach by her husband on March 28,
2004. She had to stay in the hospital for four months. She filed for a TPO and a
PPO six months after her discharge from the hospital. The court cannot deny her
petition for a TPO and a PPO on the ground of lapse of time between March 28
and the date of filing of her petition.

Where do you file for a TPO and a PPO?

In the Family Court where the woman or her child resides. If there is no
Family Court there, file in the Regional Trial Court, Metropolitan Trial Court,
Municipal Trial Court or Municipal Circuit Trial Court where the woman or her
child resides.
EXAMPLE: IF THE WOMAN RESIDES IN OBANDO, BULACAN AND
THERE IS NO OTHER COURT IN THAT MUNICIPALITY BUT THE MUNICIPAL
TRIAL COURT OF OBANDO, SHE SHOULD FILE HER PETITION FOR TPO
AND PPO IN THAT COURT EVEN IF THERE IS A FAMILY COURT IN
MALOLOS, BULACAN.

What should the victim attach to the petition for a

TPO and a PPO?

She should bring the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

affidavits of witnesses
photographs of injuries, if any
medical certificates
birth certificates of minor children
marriage certificate (this is not required if they are not
married)
police blotter, if any
if one of the grounds of the petition is psychological violence
because of marital infidelity, attach a copy of birth
certificates of the respondent's illegitimate children bearing
his name and signature, if any
title of the house and lot if these belong separately to the
woman, her parents or relatives and is not conjugal property
Why is it important to attach the title to the house and
lot where the victim and the respondent reside?

When the residence is not conjugal property, the TPO and the PPO can
include removal or exclusion of the respondent from the residence permanently.
If it is conjugal property, the court may still exclude the respondent from
the residence in the TPO for 30 days which could be extended while hearings are
ongoing.
Is there a filing fee for a Petition for a TPO and a PPO?
Yes, but if the petitioner is an indigent or even if she is not an indigent but
there is an immediate necessity for the issuance of a TPO due to immediate
danger or threat of danger, the law provides that she is exempt from paying the
filing fee and transcript of stenographic notes of the hearings in court.
Can persons other than the victim apply
for a TPO and PPO?
Yes, in addition to persons who can file for a BPO (refer to page 8) the PB
or kagawad can also file for a TPO or a PPO.

What if the woman has no lawyer, to whom can

she go for help in filing a TPO and a PPO?
She can go to the clerk of court. Under the Supreme Court Rule on
Violence Against Women and Their Children, the clerk of court has the duty to
help the woman fill up a petition form.
If the victim already has a TPO from the court,
can she still get a BPO?
No, because the barangay can no longer issue a BPO when the court has
issued a Temporary Protection Order.
Can you file for a TPO or and PPO without filing
a criminal action?
Yes. The petition for a protection order can be filed independently of a
criminal action.
If you file for a criminal case without filing for a petition for
TPO or a PPO, protection order can you still get a TPO and a PPO?
Yes, the Supreme Court Rule on Violence Against Women and their
Children provides that the court hearing the criminal case can issue a TPO and
a PPO.
How soon can the court issue a TPO?
If the court is satisfied that there is reasonable ground to believe that an
imminent danger of violence against women and their children exists or can
recur, the court may issue a TPO ex parte (without notice to the respondent),
effective for 30 days from the day the respondent receives the TPO.
If the judge issues a TPO, it must be issued on the same day that the
petition was filed.
Example: A woman filed a petition for a TPO and a PPO at 9:00 a.m. of
August 9, 2004. The judge must issue the TPO on the same day.

How long will the court proceedings take?

The Supreme Court Rule on Violence Against Women and Their Children
states that the judge must tryendeavor to finish the hearings in one day. The
judge is required to render a decision on whether or not to issue a PPO within 30
days from the day the hearings on the merits of the petition are finished.
How quickly will the judge conduct the proceedings?
The Anti-VAWC Act and the Supreme Court Rule on Violence Against
Women and Their Children frown on delays. The following are contained in the
Supreme Court Rule:
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

The court shall endeavor to finish hearings in one day.

A TPO may be issued ex parte without conducting a hearing if
the court is satisfied that a TPO is necessary based on the
petition
The TPO shall include notice of the date of preliminary
conference and hearing on the PPO, with "VIOLATION OF
THIS ORDER IS PUNISHABLE BY LAW" printed in bold letters.
The court shall also order the issuance of a notice requiring
the respondent to file an opposition to the petition for
protection order
within a period of five days, which cannot
be extended.
After issuing a TPO, the court will schedule a preliminary
conference and hearing on the PPO. If the respondent
appears without a lawyer on the set date, the court shall not
reschedule or postpone the preliminary conference and
hearing. Instead, the court shall appoint a lawyer for the
respondent and immediately proceed with the hearing.
If the respondent does not appear on the date of preliminary
conference or hearing, the judge may decide the case ex
parte, or solely on the basis of the petition and evidence of
the petitioner.
If the respondent fails to appear despite notice, the court
shall allow ex parte presentation of evidence by the victim
and render judgment based on the petition and evidence of
the victim.
The respondent cannot file a motion for reconsideration on
the issuance of a TPO. He or she cannot also contest the
issuance of a TPO in the Court of Appeals.

When can the PPO grant custody of minor children to the woman?
Under the Family Code, if the child is illegitimate, the temporary and
permanent custody of the the child, regardless of her or his age, shall be given to
the mother. However, illegitimate children are entitled to support from their
fathers who acknowledged them.
Custody of legitimate children below 7 years old shall be automatically
given to the mother unless the court finds compelling reasons. If the child is
already seven years old or older, the court can still include in the TPO the
temporary custody of the child to the mother, with right to financial support., and
later determine in the PPO who should have permanent custody.
Under the Family Code, if the child is seven years old or older, s/he can be
asked by the court to choose the parent whom s/he wants to live with. However,
the court will not decide solely on the choice of the child, especially if the parent
chosen is unfit.
In determining who should have permanent custody of the child, the court
shall take all factors into consideration and will decide what is in the child's best
interest.
If the child is 7 years old or older but has mental or
physical disability, can custody be permanently given
to the mother?
Custody of the child shall automatically be given to the mother, with right
to financial support from the father, unless the court finds compelling reasons,
Even if the mother has no job or income, she still has a right to custody of the
child.

Can the court refer the case for mediation?

No, it is prohibited under the Anti-VAWC Act and the Supreme Court Rule.
What if the respondent moved to another city or
province, is the TPO or the PPO still enforceable there?
A protection order is enforceable anywhere in the country. If it is violated
anywhere in the country, the offender is still criminally liable for violation of the
TPO or the PPO.

What if the respondent violates the TPO or the PPO?

Report the violation to the court in writing. Violation is punishable with a
fine ranging from P5,000 to P50,000 or imprisonment of six months or both. The
court may also forfeit the Bond to Keep the Peace of the respondent.
What is a Bond to Keep the Peace?
It is a bond required by the court of the respondent for the purpose of
ensuring that s/he will not violate the TPO or the PPO. The amount of the bond is
up to the judge. If the respondent violates the TPO or the PPO, the bond will be
forfeited.
What if the respondent does not file a Bond to
Keep the Peace?
S/he can be detained for a period of not more than six months or 30 days,
depending on the punishable act committed.
Example: If the Petition for TPO and PPO states that the offender
committed stalking or followed the victim around without justification, detention
for failure to post a Bond to Keep the Peace is for 30 days.

What if the child is already seven years old or older?

Even if the child is already seven years old or older, the court can still give
temporary custody of the child to the mother, with right to financial support.
Under the Family Code, if the child is seven years old or older, s/he can be
asked by the court to choose the parent whom s/he wants to live with. However,
the court will not decide solely on the choice of the child, especially if the parent
chosen is unfit.
In determining who should have permanent custody of the child, the court
shall take all factors into consideration and will decide what is in the child's best
interest.
If the child is 7 years old or older but has mental or
physical disability, can custody be permanently given
to the mother?

Custody of the child shall automatically be given to the mother, with right
to financial support from the father, unless the court finds compelling reasons,
even if the mother has no job or income, she still has a right to custody.
Is an Illegitimate child entitled to support?
Yes, the child is entitled to support from her or his father. The father has
no right to custody because the mother has sole right to custody and parental
authority over her illegitimate child.
How much financial support will the minor children get?
The Family Code states that both parents have the duty to support their
minor children. If the woman has no job or income, then she is not required to
share in the expenses for the child.
Support will depend on the needs of the child, including college education
and medical and dental expenses, and on the financial capacity of the
respondent. Then amount of support will be determined by the judge.
What can be done to ensure that the offender cannot
take the minor children out of the country?
Give a copy of the TPO or PPO granting the woman custody of her minor
children to the city, provincial and the Metro Manila DSWD offices so DSWD can
issue an advisory to their officers in the airports and ports to make sure the minor
children cannot leave without the consent of their mother.
What is a Bond to Keep the Peace for?
It is a bond required by the court of the respondent for the purpose of
ensuring that s/he will not violate the TPO or the PPO. The amount of the bond is
up to the judge. If the respondent violates the TPO or the PPO, the bond will be
forfeited.
What if the respondent does not file a Bond to
Keep the Peace?
S/he can be detained for a period of not more than six months or 30 days,
depending on the punishable act committed.
Example: If the Petition for TPO and PPO states that the offender
committed stalking or followed the victim around without justification, detention
for failure to post a Bond to Keep the Peace is for 30 days.

SECTION 4: Independent Criminal and Civil Action

Aside from filing a Petition for Temporary and Permanent Protection Order, the
remedies of protection orders, the victim can file
an independent civil action for damages or a criminal action
for violation of the Anti-VAWC Act.
What is an independent civil action for damages?
When you file for a criminal action, the civil action for damages (actual,
compensatory, moral and exemplary damages) is deemed included in the
criminal action. But you can file a civil action for damages separately and
independently of a criminal action.
Example: Theresa filed a criminal case for violation of the Anti-VAWC Act
against her boyfriend Tony. If she does not file a separate civil
action for damages, then she can prove her damages during the trial of the
criminal case.
She can also file an independent civil case for actual, moral and
exemplary damages against him before she files the criminal case. The criminal
and civil cases can be consolidated in one case upon the request of the
petitioner., in the above example, Theresa.
What are the penalties under the Anti-VAWC Act?
The penalties are imprisonment and fine. The accused shall also be
ordered by the court to undergo mandatory psychological counseling or
psychiatric treatment and shall report compliance to the court.
The penalty of imprisonment depends on the act committed. (See
Appendix for Table of Penalties, which shows examples of punishable acts and
their penalties and the prescriptive period within which the victim can file a
criminal complaint.)
All physical injuries cases are punishable with one degree higher than
those filed under the Revised Penal Code (RPC).
Example: Slight physical injuries is punishable with six months
imprisonment under the Anti-VAWC Act compared to 30 days only under the

RPC. If a man claims that he was injured by his wife, he can file a case under the
RPC.
What if the victim did not file a petition for protection
order, can she still get one if she filed a criminal case?
Yes, the court hearing the criminal case can issue a TPO and a PPO.
Is a Certification to File Action from the barangay
required before one can file a criminal complaint?
No, because all punishable acts under the Anti-VAWC Act are not under
the jurisdiction of the Lupong Tagapamayapa.
What documents should the victim prepare for a
criminal case?
She should prepare the following, among other evidence:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

an affidavit-complaint and the affidavits of her witnesses

which must be subscribed before the public prosecutor
marriage contract, if married
birth certificates of minor children
medical certificate for injuries and medical records, if any
photographs of injuries, if any
BPO, if any
police blotter, if any
What else can the victim request from the court?

When her criminal case is heard by the court, she can file a motion for a
Hold Departure Order (HDO) to prevent the offender from leaving the country.
The Anti-VAWC Act provides that the judge must expedite the resolution of the
request for an HDO.

SECTION 5: Rights of Victims

What are the rights of victims under this law?
They have the right to:
1.

be treated with respect and dignity

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

8.

be entitled to all legal remedies and support as provided

for under the Family Code
be informed of their rights and services available,
including their right to a protection order
legal assistance from the Public Attorney's Office or any
public legal assistance, including from the local government
unit
support services from DSWD and the local government unit,
including shelter and counseling
file for a protection order in court without payment of court
fees and stenographic notes, if they victim is an indigent, or
even if they are not but there is an immediate necessity due
to imminent danger or threat to act on the protection order
paid leave of absence of up to ten days in addition to other
paid leaves under the Labor Code or if she works for the
government, the Civil Service Rules and Regulations. This
paid leave can be extended when the necessity arises as
specified in the protection order. The Department of Labor
and the Employment and the Civil Service Commission,
however, as of this writing, have not yet formulated the
rules for compliance of this provision.
privacy and confidentiality of records in the barangay, police,
prosecutor's office and the court
Does the respondent also have a right to privacy?

The law specifies that only the victim has a right to privacy.
Can the media have a copy of the police blotter or
documents in a pending case?
Documents of a pending case and police blotters, including those in the
barangay, are confidential. Whoever publishes or causes to be published the
name, address, or any information on a victim or an immediate family member,
without the victim's consent, shall be liable for contempt of court.
A person who violates this provision shall suffer the penalty of one year
imprisonment and fine of not more than P500,000.00

SECTION 6: Battered Woman Syndrome

While the Sections 3 and 4 on Protection Orders give remedies
to the woman who is a victim or complainant,. Tthis Section

refers to the woman as the accused.

What is "Battered Woman Sydrome" (BWS)?
BWS refers to a pattern of psychological and behavioral symptoms found
in women living in battering relationships as a result of cumulative abuse.
This is determined by an expert psychiatrist or clinical psychologist, who
will assist the court in determining the state of mind of the woman suffering from
BWS at the time that she committed the crime.
What happens if the accused woman has BWS?
BWS is a justifying circumstance under the Anti-VAWC Act. If the woman
who is accused of killing or injuring her husband or partner has Battered Woman
Syndrome, and this is proven by expert testimony of a psychiatrist or clinical
psychologist, then she will be acquitted. She will not be liable for damages
either.
Example: Verna, who has been battered for years by her husband Tony,
was pregnant when Tony beat her up with a belt. After beating her up, and while
Tony was watching television, Verna hit him with a metal pipe on the head,
resulting in to his death. Charged with parricide, Verna's defense is that she has
Battered Woman Syndrome. Her lawyer can prove this by having an expert
psychiatrist who has examined Verna testify in court as to her state of mind at the
time that she killed Tony.
If the Parricide case of a battered woman is pending
when the Anti-VAWC Act took effect but the crime was committed before
March 27, 2004, can the accused woman still put up the defense of having
BWS at the time she killed or injured her husband?
Yes. Although this law took effect on March 27, 2004, laws that are
beneficial to the accused are retroactive in nature. BWS as justifying
circumstance can therefore apply to crimes committed before that date.
Does this apply if the woman is accused of having conspired with other
persons to have her husband killed?
No, the defense of BWS is only available to the woman if she is charged
with having personally committed the crime.

What if the woman has BWS, can she still get custody
of her minor child?
Yes. A victim who has BWS is not disqualified from having custody of her
children. The Anti-VAWC Act provides that When a woman has BWS, in no case
shall custody of her children below 18 years old be given to her batterer.