International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 6, Issue 10, Oct 2015, pp. 158-175, Article ID: IJCIET_06_10_014
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=6&IType=10
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
IAEME Publication

EVALUATION OF SHEAR BOND

STRENGTH OF A MULTILAYER
CONCRETE SYSTEM: EXPERIMENTAL
AND ANALYTICAL STUDY
T. A. EL-SAYED
Assistant Professor, Str. Civil Engineering Department,
Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Egypt
A. M. ERFAN
Assistant Professor, Str. Civil Engineering Department,
Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Egypt
R. M. ABD EL-NABY
Professor, Str. Civil Engineering Department, Shoubra Faculty of Engineering,
Benha University, Egypt
ABSTRACT
The importance of the bond strength of a multilayer concrete system is
increased with the increase of the use of the advanced composite materials of
different bases in the field of repair or strengthening. Experimental and
analytical models based on different testing methods are developed in attempt
to evaluate the actual bond strength of the system.
The most commonly used techniques to prepare the interfacial bonding
surface and the relative strength of the concrete system are considered of the
dominant factors that govern the structural behaviour of the concrete system.
Therefore, it was the motivation of the author to examine the influence of those
two factors on the shear bond strength resulted from implementing the slant
shear test.
The results of the presented research work show the role of the direction of
roughening the surface and the mechanical bonding on the shear bond
strength. A simplified and reliable formula was presented to predict the shear
bond strength in terms of the surface condition and the relative strength value.
Key words: Bond Strength, Shear Strength, Multilayer System, Surface
Roughness, Adhesive Coat, Steel Connectors, Cohesion, Friction, And
Bearing.

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Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of A Multilayer Concrete System: Experimental and

Analytical Study

Cite this Article: T. A. El-Sayed, A. M. Erfan and R. M. Abd El-Naby.

Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of A Multilayer Concrete System:
Experimental and Analytical Study. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 6(10), 2015, pp. 158-175.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=6&IType=10

1. INTRODUCTION
The bond strength of a multilayer concrete system plays an important role in the
structural behaviour of the concrete members specifically when they are subjected to
repair or strengthening [1,2]. Using the advanced composite materials of different
bases in the retrofitting of the concrete adds more difficulties to analysis of the
multilayer system [3]. The bond strength at the interface was found to be related to
several parameters such as the concrete strength, curing time and technique, the
surface conditions, the technique of initiating the interfacial bond, the testing
methods, the type of the applying load, the load development and history, and the
method of evaluation of the nominated bond strength [4,5].
The slant shear test is considered one of the important test methods that is
commonly used to predict the shear bond strength of a concrete system [6,7]. In fact
several disadvantages were recorded in many research works regarding the using of
the slant shear test [8]. These disadvantages were related to the pattern of the induced
stresses and the test result is significantly depending on the angle of inclination of the
interface [9,10]. It was also reported that the shear bond strength was insensitive to
the surface preparation [11]. However, the authors believed that more investigation
should be implemented regarding this point. Also, the existence of shear and
compressive stresses at the plane of failure can simulate the actual structural
behaviour of compression elements in the field.

2. OBJECTIVES
1. Verification of the role of the most commonly used techniques of improving the bond
at the interface between old and new concrete layers.
1. Verification of the role of the relative compressive strength of the multilayer concrete
on the composite behavior in terms of the shear bond strength.
2. Providing a reliable and simple formula that can express the most probable shear
bond strength based on the formula provided in the Euro code 2.

3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
Table 1 shows the contents of the three concrete mixes that have been used as a repair
mix. A preliminary testing program was carried out to specify the compressive and
tensile strength of the concrete mixes M1, M2, and M3 and the results were presented
in Tables 2 and 3. Mix M1 of w/c=0.6 represents a repair mix of weaker mechanical
properties when it is compared with properties of the repaired concrete with w/c=0.5.
On the other hand, using the repair mix M3 of w/c=0.4 with super plasticizer
represents the case of repair the concrete with a relatively higher strength repair mix.
The conducted preliminary testing program was implemented on 36 cube specimens
to evaluate the compressive and tensile strength.
Chart 1 illustrates the scheme of the experimental program where (8) different
cases of interfacial bonding conditions have been considered to examine the influence
of using the physical, the chemical, and the mechanical bond on the shear bond
strength of the concrete. The experimental program was implemented using (24)
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specimens for each mix and (72) specimens for the three repairing mix M1, M2, and
M3. Photo1 shows the tested specimens which have been used to examine the
physical bond at the interface where the cases of smooth surface SS, parallel
roughening PR, normal roughening NR, and grid roughening GR were considered.
Photo 2 shows the specimens that have been used to examine the shear bond strength
in the case of mechanical bond where mild and high grade steel bars of 10mm
diameter were used SC1 and SC2. For the case of chemical bond, water-base material
(Adibond-AB) and non-water-base material (Epoxy-EP) were used as a bonding coat
at the interface.
Photo 3 shows the form of the tested specimens. The repaired concrete specimens
were casted on top of the wooden forms to have the designed shape. After 24 hours
from casting, they were cured in water for 28 days. The new concrete layer was
poured on top of the old concrete after preparing the interface of the old concrete. The
adibond AB was coated on a wet surface while the epoxy EP was coated on a dry
surface. Roughening the surface was based on creating grooves of 3mm x 3mm x
120mm width, depth, and length. To avoid damaging the specimen, a distance of
15mm was left from each side of the interface as illustrated in photo 1. The final
specimens of the slant shear test were removed from the mould after 24 hours and
then they were cured in water for 28 days before testing them in the compression
testing machine. Tables 2 and 3 show the compressive and tensile strength test results
of the mixes.

4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Computation of the shear bond strength was based on the illustrated mechanism of
failure of the slant shear specimens under the compression load. Three different
modes of failure were observed. For the cases of smooth surface SS, coating the
interface with Adibond AB and, epoxy EP, and the parallel roughening PR, failure at
the interface was observed due to the induced shear stress at the plane of failure. The
second mode of failure was observed for the case of normal roughening NR and GR
where a combination of the shear friction at the interface and the induced shear stress
in concrete due to the interlock is the main reason of bonding failure. The mechanical
anchoring using steel bars led to induce shear stress at the interface between new and
old concretes, shear stress in the steel bars, and shear stress at interface between the
steel bar and the concrete. The mode of failure is most probably related to the slip at
the aforementioned interfaces.

4.1. Influence of Surface Conditions

Table 4 shows the ultimate compression loads that have been recorded for the slant
shear tested specimens. Table 5 and Figures from 1 to 3 present the nominated shear
bond strength of the various types of surface bonding conditions. It is clear that the
case of the smooth surface exhibited the lowest shear bond strength with respect to the
other cases. For purpose of comparison, the shear bond strength of the smooth surface
condition SS was taken as a reference. When using the adibond AB and Epoxy EP as
a bonding coat, the nominated shear bond strength represent 1.25 and 1.64 of the
reference. For the case of roughening the surface, the shear bond strength of using
NR, PR, and GR were 4.20 N/mm2, 3.58 N/mm2, and 5.31 N/mm2 and represent 1.43,
1.22, and 1.81 of the reference. The mechanical bonding of cases SC1 and SC2
exhibited the highest values of shear bond strength when compared to the other cases.
The shear bond strength of the mechanical bond SC1 and SC2 were 8.46N/mm 2 and

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Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of A Multilayer Concrete System: Experimental and

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11.16N/mm2 and represent 3.59, and 9.64 of the reference. Similar trends were shown
when considering the results of the other mixes M2 and M3. The observed modes of
failure for all tested specimens were due to bond failure. Table 6 and Figure 4 show
the relative shear bond strength when taking the smooth surface condition SS as a
reference.
The mechanisms of load transfer at the interface between old and new concretes
are mainly related to the cohesion, the friction, and the steel connectors. It is believed
that cohesion failure is occurred at the early age as it depends mainly on the tensile
strength of the concrete and the tensile bond strength at the interface. On the other
hand, failure due to friction is mainly depending on the shear bond strength i.e. the
surface conditions and the shear strength of the concrete. Roughening the surface also
induces bearing blocks which significantly increases the resistance of the multilayer
system to fail. Using steel connectors enhances dramatically the behaviour of the
multilayer system i.e. the composite behaviour and consequently, the load carrying
capacity of the concrete.

4.2. Influence of Relative Rigidity of the Mix (RS)

Table 7 and Figure 5 show the effect of the relative rigidity of the mixes (Mi/M2) on
the shear bond strength. The shear bond strength was significantly increased when
the relative rigidity RS 1 if it is compared with the case of RS < 1. In case of
smooth surface SS, the shear bond strength values of M2/M2, and M3/M2 were 4.39
N/ mm2 and 5.22 N/ mm2 while it was 2.93 N/ mm2 for the case of M1/M2. For the
case of the smooth surface SS, the relative shear bond strength of M1/M2, M2/M2,
and M3/M2 was 0.87, 1.00, and 1.19. In case of physical bond, the shear bond
strength of the normal roughening NR was 8.61 N/ mm2 and 10.73 N/ mm2 for the
case of M2/M2 and M3/M2.The relative shear bond strength of M1/M2, M2/M2, and
M3/M2 was 0.50, 1.00 and 1.25. For the case of parallel roughening PR, the relative
shear bond strength of the relative stiffness M1/M2, M2/M2, and M3/M2 was 0.52,
1.00, and 1.42. For the case of grid roughening GR, the relative shear bond strength
was 0.67, 1.00, and 1.41 for the case of M1/M2, M2/M2 and M3/M2. The relative
shear bond strength of using mechanical bonding with mild steel bars was 0.97, 1.00,
and 1.20 while it was 0.97, 1.00, and 1.17 for the case of relative stiffness M1/M2,
M2/M2, and M3/M2.
The results in Table 7 show the negative impact of using relatively weak concrete
to repair stronger concrete. As shown in Table 7, the composite concrete of relative
stiffness M1/M2 exhibited relative strength values ranged from 0.49 up to 0.97. On
the other hand, when the relative stiffness RS1, the relative shear bond strength
ranged from 1.07 up to 1.42. The second observation was related to the significant
impact of using the steel connectors to bond relatively weak concrete stronger one.
Using the steel connectors increases the relative shear bond strength from about 0.49
up to 0.97 depending on the surface conditions under consideration. The third
observation shows that using the mechanical bond in terms of steel bars was slightly
affected by the relative stiffness of the concrete Mi/M2 while the physical and
chemical bond was significantly affected by the RS value. Figure 8 concluded the
influence of the compressive strength of the repairing mix M1, M2, and M3 on the
shear bond strength according to the interface condition.

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5. ANALYTICAL STUDY
The analytical model was based on the mathematical models developed by the Euro
code 2, 2004 [2] as given below:
Vu = C*fctd + *n+*fy ( Sin + Cos )
Equation 1
The coefficients of cohesion and friction were proposed as follows:
/ coh

Equation 2

/ fr
Equation 3
Where:
Vu: Shear friction, N/mm2
C: Coefficient of cohesion
fctd: Tensile strength of the weakest concrete , N/mm2
: Coefficient of friction,
n: Normal stress acting on the interface , N/mm2
: Reinforcement ratio (As/Ac)
fy :Yield strength of the reinforcement, N/mm2
: Coefficient for dowel action or the angle between the shear reinforcement and
shear plane
Rvm: Mean valley depth, mm
coh: Partial safety factor for the coefficient of cohesion
fr: Partial safety factor for the coefficient of friction,
The results in Table 8 and Figures from 6 to 9 show that the analytical model gave
higher shear bond strength values when compared with the values that have been
given from the experimental study. The experimental shear bond strength of the AB
case was 3.66N/mm2, 7.19N/mm2, and 7.69N/mm2 while they were 8.84N/mm2,
14.86N/mm2, and 15.72N/mm2 for the case of the analytical model. The shear bond
strength from the experimental study represents 0.41, 0.48, and 0.49 of the shear bond
strength from the analytical study. However and as indicated in Table 9, the relative
shear bond strength (qr) ranged from 0.33 to 0.67 regardless of the mix type and the
surface condition. Figure 10 proposed the experimental shear bond strength to be
given from the equation:
qexp = 0.251(qana)1.23

Taking into consideration that R2 = 0.85.

Table 10 and Figure 11 show the relation between the relative compressive
strength fci/fc2 and the relative shear bond strength qexp/qana for the different surface
conditions. With the exception of using the adibond AB where the R 2 value was 0.81,
the R2 value ranged from 0.94 to 1.00. The simplified forms of such equations can be
easily used to assess the experimental shear bond strength of the studied surface
conditions which are commonly used in practice.

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Repair
mix
M1
M2*
M3

w/c
0.6
0.5
0.4

Table 1 : Repair concrete mixes

Cement
Water
Sand
Dolomite
(kg)
( kg )
(kg)
(kg)
350
210
644.00
1196.00
350
175
656.25
1218.75
350
140
668.50
1241.50

Admixture
Non
Non
With Super plasticizer

Mix M2 was also used as the repaired concrete mix

Table 2 : Compressive strength (N/mm2)

Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
Mix Type

Curing Time
(days)

M1
M2
M3

Number of Specimens

Average

7
28

1
12.59
15.93

2
12.98
16.19

3
13.10
17.21

21.24

21.87

22.67

21.93

28

27.22

28.12

28.43

27.92

30.89

31.11

31.78

31.26

28

37.82

38.40

38.82

38.35

12.89
16.44

Table 3 : Tension strength (N/mm2)

Tensile Strength (N/mm2)
Mix Type

M1
M2
M3

Curing time
(days)

Number of Specimen

Average

3.11

2.54

1.98

2.54

28

3.11

2.83

2.54

2.83

3.11

1.98

2.54

2.54

28

3.39

2.26

2.68

2.78

3.11

2.83

2.83

2.92

28

4.24

3.68

3.11

3.68

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Table 4 : Compression load from the slant shear test (KN)

Repair mix type
Surface Condition

Comp. Strength
(N/mm2)
SS
AB
EP
PR
NR
GR
SC1
SC2

Smooth Surface
Adibond
Epoxy
Parallel Roughening
Normal Roughening
Grid Roughening
Mild Steel Connector
High Grade Connector

M1

M2

M3

16.44
138.17
172.70
227.22
169.20
198.25
250.59
266.11
351.20

27.93
207.01
339.44
281.71
335.71
406.27
477.73
306.30
362.05

38.36
246.37
363.26
390.24
478.30
506.62
673.18
366.65
423.80

Table 5 : Nominated shear bond strength test results ( N/mm2 )

Repair mix type
Surface Condition

Comp. Strength
(N/mm2)
SS
AB
EP
PR
NR
GR
SC1
SC2

Smooth Surface
Adibond
Epoxy
Parallel Roughening
Normal Roughening
Grid Roughening
Mild Steel Connector
High Grade Connector

M1

M2

M3

16.44
2.93
3.66
4.81
3.58
4.20
5.31
8.46
11.16

27.93
4.39
7.19
5.97
7.11
8.61
10.12
11.68
13.80

38.36
5.22
7.69
8.27
10.13
10.73
14.26
13.98
16.16

Table 6 : Relative shear bond strength with respect to SS condition

Repair mix type
Surface Condition

Comp. Strength
(N/mm2)

Smooth Surface
Adibond
Epoxy
Parallel Roughening
Normal Roughening
Grid Roughening
Mild Steel Connector
High Grade Connector

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SS
AB
EP
PR
NR
GR
SC1
SC2

164

M1

M2

M3

16.44
1.00
1.25
1.64
1.22
1.43
1.81
2.89
3.81

27.93
1.00
1.64
1.36
1.62
1.96
2.31
2.66
3.15

38.36
1.00
1.47
1.58
1.94
2.06
2.73
2.68
3.10

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Table 7 : Relative shear bond strength with respect to the relative strength (RS)
Repair mix type
Comp. Strength
(N/mm2)

Surface Condition
Smooth Surface
Adibond
Epoxy
Parallel Roughening
Normal Roughening
Grid Roughening
Mild Steel Connector
High Grade Connector

SS
AB
EP
PR
NR
GR
SC1
SC2

M1/M2

M2/M2

M3/M3

0.59

1.00

1.37

0.87
0.51
0.49
0.52
0.50
0.67
0.97
0.97

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

1.19
1.07
1.39
1.42
1.25
1.41
1.20
1.17

Table 8 : Experimental and analytical shear bond strength (N/mm2)

Surface
Condition
SS
AB
EP
PR
NR
GR
SC1
SC2

Mix type

M1

M2

M3

fc (N/mm2)

16.44

27.93

38.36

Combination

M1/M2

M2/M2

M3/M2

Exp

2.93

4.39

5.22

Ana

7.6

10.08

11.5

Exp

3.66

7.19

7.69

Ana

8.84

14.86

15.72

Exp

4.81

5.97

8.27

Ana

10.82

12.78

16.70

Exp

3.58

7.11

10.13

Ana

10.98

17.89

23.8

Exp

4.20

8.61

10.73

Ana

12.19

20.81

24.98

Exp

5.31

10.12

14.26

Ana

14.37

23.78

31.88

Exp

8.46

11.68

13.98

Ana

14

18.08

20.97

Exp

11.16

13.80

16.16

Ana

17.96

21.91

24.27

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Table 9 : Relative shear bond strength between (Experimental / Analytical) shear
bond strength (qr)
fcr

0.59

1.00

1.37

SS

0.41

0.43

0.44

AB

0.41

0.48

0.49

EP

0.44

0.47

0.49

PR

0.33

0.40

0.43

NR

0.34

0.41

0.43

GR

0.37

0.43

0.45

SC1

0.60

0.65

0.67

SC2

0.62

0.63

0.67

Chart [1]: Cases of creating bond at the interface

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Figure 1: Effect of type of repair mix on shear bond strength - Case of chemical bond

Figure 2: Effect of type of repair mix on shear bond strength - Case of physical bond

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Figure 3: Effect of repair mix on shear bond strength- Case of mechanical bond

Figure 4: Influence of surface conditions on the relative shear bond strength

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Figure 5: Influence of stiffness of the mix on the relative shear bond strength

Figure 6: Experimental and analytical shear bond strength (N/mm 2)

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Figure 7: Experimental and analytical shear bond strength (N/mm 2)

Figure 8: Experimental and analytical shear bond strength (N/mm2)

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Figure 9: Experimental and analytical shear bond strength (N/mm 2)

Figure 10: Relation between experimental and analytical shear bond strength

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Figure 11: Relation between relative shear bond and compressive strength of mixes
Mi/M2

Smooth surface
Rough surface with parallel grooves
Photo 1: Details of roughening the surface relative to the direction of the shear force

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Rough surface with normal grooves

Rough surface with grid grooves
Cont. Photo 1: Details of roughening the surface relative to the direction of the shear
force

Mild Steel
Deformed Steel
Photo 2: Details of steel connectors

Photo 3: Complete specimen for slant shear test

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6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The conducted research which included experimental and analytical work concluded
the following:
1. The shear bond strength depends on the relative strength of the mix Mi/M2 and
the composite behavior is significantly improved when the relative strength
RS1.
3. The mechanical anchoring (the mechanical bonding using steel bars) significantly
improves the shear bond strength with respect to the physical and chemical
bonding conditions. Also, it is clear that the shear bond strength by roughening
the surface using either NR or GR is improved with respect to the case of PR.
4. Using the Euro Code 2 leads to overestimate the shear bond strength and the
results of this research suggest using the given model in Figure 9 to evaluate the
in-situ shear bond strength.
5. The results of the conducted research work provide a simplified formula to
evaluate the shear bond strength in terms of the relative compressive strength of
concrete and the relative shear bond strength for the different bonding surface
conditions.

6. The steel connectors should directly be included in the analytical models.

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