Rey Nambatac

7 Effect of Temperature on Solubility

Raymond Labis

Juliet Q Dalagan, PhD

Department of Chemistry
Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan
Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
Abstract:
In this experiment, the group determined the effect of
temperature on solubility by having three different types of
temperatures at room temperature (23oc), (29oc),(35oc). The

The addition of more heat facilitates the dissolving reaction by

providing energy to break bonds in the solid. This is the most
common situation where an increase in temperature produces
an increase in solubility for solids

solubility of solutes is dependent on temperature. When a

solid dissolves in a liquid, a change in the physical state of the
II.

solid analogous to melting takes place. Heat is required to

break the bonds holding the molecules in the solid together. At

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

The group prepared a 50-ml saturated solution of oxalic

the same time, heat is given off during the formation of new

acid at a room temperature of 25C. 15 ml of the saturated

solute solvent bonds

solution was placed in a clean, large test tube. It was then

.Keywords- temperature, solubility

immersed in a beaker with a water of room temperature

because the constant bath cant put its temperature down it

I.

INTRODUCTION

would only go high so we started at room temperature. As

the solution cooled down, crystal formation begins. After

Solutions consist of solute and a solvent. The solute is usually

10 minutes with frequent shaking, 10ml of the saturated

a solid that dissolves in the solvent. Some substances are

solution was withdrawn using a pipet using cotton to

insoluble in water, but many more substances are soluble in

prevent the crystals to be included during withdrawal of the

water to some degree. The solubility of solutes is dependent

solution. The sample is then discharged into a pre-weighted

on temperature. When a solid dissolves in a liquid, a change in

Erlenmeyer flask and it is then weighed again. The solution

the physical state of the solid to liquid takes place. Heat is

was then titrated with the standardized 0.50M NaOH using

required to break the bonds holding the molecules in the solid

phenolphthalein as the indicator. The process was then

together. At the same time, heat is given off during the

repeated with variation of different temperatures of 31 and

formation of new solute -- solvent bonds. If the heat given off

35oc.

in the dissolving process is greater than the heat required to

break apart the solid, the net dissolving reaction is exothermic
(energy given off). The addition of more heat (increases

III.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

temperature) inhibits the dissolving reaction since excess heat

During the experiment, the KHP was prepared as the

is already being produced by the reaction. This situation is not

reference substance for the oxalic acid. The solid KHP

very common where an increase in temperature produces a

was weighed at 0.1g per 10mL of H2O in 3 flasks to make

decrease in solubility. If the heat given off in the dissolving

a solution with 3 drops of phenolphthalein to indicate the

reaction is less than the heat required to break apart the solid,

color change when the KHP is completely consumed in

the net dissolving reaction is endothermic (energy required).

the reaction.

moles of NaOH using the measured data were 12.52M

Table 1. Initial and Final Buret Readings in the Titration

(25OC), 12.96M (31OC), and 12.91M (35OC). The average

of KHP at different actual temperatures

molarity of NaOH calculated was 12.79M.

The solubility of oxalic acid was calculated using the
volume of NaOH and its given normality which is 0.50N,

23c

29c

35c

the mass and molar mass of oxalic acid (126.0g/mol). The

unit of the solubility is gram per 100g H2O. The first step

Wt. OF

0.50

KHP (g)
BURET

0.51

0.53

was to find the normality of the oxalic acid.

N1V1 = N2V2

READING
INITIAL

0.00

0.00

0.00

(mL)
BURET

(Equation 4)

Where: N1 = N of oxalic acid, N2 = N of NaOH, V1 =

volume of oxalic acid, V2 = vol. of NaOH used
The volume of oxalic acid was required as 15.0mL from
the prepared 50.0mL saturated solution of oxalic acid at

READING
FINAL

4.53

4.80

4.85

40.0OC. The different weights of oxalic acid resulted from

the different temperatures. The cooling of the sample

(mL)

causes the crystallization of the solute of the solution, thus

In this process, the molarity of NaOH was determined by

in the filtration process, the mass of the solution

titrating samples of KHP with NaOH.

decreased. The calculated normality of the samples was

HKC8H4O4 + NaOH -----> NaKC8H4O4 + H2O

0.153N, 0.217N, and 0.253N at increasing temperature.

(Equation 1)

These results were then used to calculated the solubility

They produced close results (0.295M, 0.455M, and

of the samples.

0.585M). The average molarity of the sodium hydroxide

gram per 100 g of water ) =((sn x 1000) / mm x 10 )x

is 0.445M. In the second standardization procedure, the

(mol/100g H2O)

standardized NaOH will be used to determine the molarity

Where: sn = normality of the sample, m = molar mass of

of oxalic acid with different masses at 7.259g, 10.629g,

oxalic acid

and 12.355g.

The calculated solubility of oxalic acid were 15.3

2 NaOH(aq) + H2C2O4 2H2O(s) Na2C2O4(aq) + 4 H2O(1)

(25.0OC), 21.7 (31.0oC), and 25.3 (35.0OC).

(Equation 5)

(Equation 2)
They were subjected to different temperatures at 25, 31
(room temperature), and 35OC. The moles of the samples
were then calculated with the molar mass of oxalic acid as
126.0g/mol.
Moles of oxalic acid= mass oxalic acid/molar mass
oxalic acid

(Equation 3)

The calculated moles were 0.0576 mol (25.0OC), 0.0843

mol (31.00C), and 0.0981mol (35.0OC). The titration gave
the NaOH with volumes at 0.0046L, 0.0065L, and
0.0076L. This means that the higher the temperature, the
more NaOH was consumed in the reaction. The calculated

Figure 1. Graph of Solubility vs. Temperature

In the figure, it shows that the solubility and temperature

is directly proportional with each other. The addition of
more heat facilitates the dissolving reaction by providing
energy to break bonds in the solid. If the heat given off in
the dissolving reaction is less than the heat required to
break apart the solid, the net dissolving reaction is
endothermic (energy required).
The determination of the heat of the reaction (H).is
important to know to identify the reaction whether it is
exothermic or endothermic. Since the solubility of a

Figure 2. log Solubility vs. 1/T

substance is a special case of the equilibrium constant, the

In the graph, the relationship of the 2 variables is

Vant Hoff relation is applicable. Thus,

inversely proportional because of 1/T. The equation of the

by obtaining the solubility at different temperatures, and

line is y = -2236.84x -2639.468 with the slope of

by applying the Vant Hoff equation, it is possible to

-2236.84. The heat of the reaction can be determined by

determine the heat of solution. When applied to solubility,

H = -(slope)(2.303R)

the Vant Hoff equation can be expressed as :

(Equation 7)

log S = (-) H / 2.303 RT + constant

Where H = heat of the reaction, R = 8.314J/mol K

(Equation 6)

Thus, the heat of the reaction was +42.83 kJ/mol. The

where: S = solubility (moles/litre) at different

significance of the sign of H in relation to solubility is

temperatures (T in Kelvin), H = average heat of

that the equation is endothermic. It means that the

solution over the temperature range used, R = 8.314 J

reaction requires heat to turn solid crystals of oxalic acid

-1

-1

mol degree . By manipulating the equation, the heat of

to aqueous liquid. the more heat is applied, the more

the reaction can be determined with the calculated log S

solutes become soluble to the solvent.

and 1/T in terms of Kelvin.

Table 2. log Solubility at different 1/T
1/T
0.00337
0.00331
0.00325

Log SOLUBILITY
0.6064
0.4700
0.7989

IV.

ERROR ANALYSIS

The experimenters error was in titrating the oxalic

with NaOH the experimenter has some excess NaOH due to
careless we expect a pink solution but we gained dark pink.

V.

CONCLUSION

Conclusion gives a summary of significant results. Again,

trial values should not be included here.

REFERENCES

1.

Chemistry 104: Standardization of Acid and Base

Solutions.

http://www.chem.latech.edu/

~deddy/chem104/

2.

104Standard.htm

Average M
of NaOH

1.319M

(accessed:

October 7, 2013)

SOLUBILITY (GRAMS OF OXALIC ACID PER 100

Determination Of The Heat Of Solution ( H ) Of

GRAMS H2O)

Oxalic Acid From Its Solubility At Different

@ 25.0OC = N1V1 = N2V2 N1(15.0mL) = (0.500N)

Temperatures.

(55.04mL) N1 OR s1 = 1.834N

http://chemistry.niser.ac.in/labhandouts/C141-

S1 (moles per 1000 g of water ) = (s1 x 1000) / m x 10 @ T1

= (1.834N x 1000) / (126.0g/mol x 10)

Exp1.pdf (accessed: October 6, 2013)

= 1834 x 126= 183.4g / 100g H2O

APPENDICES

@ 30.0OC = N1V1 = N2V2 N1(15.0mL) = (0.500N)

Standardization of NaOH: O.5L (0.50mol/1L)(40.0g NaOH) /

(48. 00mL) N1 OR s1 = 1.600N

1mol NaOH)=10g NaOH /500 ml

S2 (moles per 1000 g of water ) = (s2 x 1000) / m x 10 @ T2

= (1.600N x 1000) / (126.0g/mol x 10) =
0.1722 x 0.2011/ 100 x 126/1 = 160.0g / 100g
H2O

Mass of
KHP, g
moles KHP
Initial buret
vol., mL
Final buret
Vol. NaOH
titrated, L
[NaOH],
moles/L

Initial buret
vol., mL
Final buret
vol., mL
Vol. NaOH
titrated, L
[NaOH],
moles/L

25 c
0.50g

29 c
0.51g

35 c
0.53g

2.448x10-3
mol
0.00mL

2.497x10-3
mol
0.00mL

2.595x10-3
mol
0.00mL

4.50 mL
0.00450L

4.80mL
0.00480L

4.85mL
0.00485L

0.544M

0.520M

0.532M

average

Mass of
oxalic acid, g
moles of
oxalic acid

0.532M

23oc

29oc

35oc

9.79g

8.16g

10.08g

0.0777mol 0.0647mo
l
0.02mL
0.00mol

0.0799
mol
0.00mL

55.04mL

48.00mL

66.70mL

0.0550L

0.0480L

0.0667L

1.413M

1.348M

1.198M

@ 35OC = N1V1 = N2V2 N1(15.0mL) = (0.500N)(66.7mL)

N1 OR s1 = 2.223N
S3 (moles per 1000 g of water ) = (s3 x 1000) / m x 10 @ T3
= (2.223N x 1000) / (126.0g/mol x 10) =
0.2011/100 x 126/1 = 222.3g / 100g H2O

1/T
0.00337
0.00331
0.00325

Ln SOLUBILITY
0.6064
0.4700
0.7989

H
y = mx + b
y = -1569.4x + 5.8147
H = -(slope)(2.303R) = -(-1569.4)(2.303) (8.314) =
30049.52 J/mol x 1kj/1000j = 30.05 kJ/mol