Islam and Science

 
 
“Never judge a religion by its people, judge a
religion by its scripture”
 
 
*Note:  This page contains some of the scientific discoveries from
Shaukat Ameen’s book “Islam, A scientifically proven religion”.  The
whole book can be read
at http://www.cometoislam.com/science/science.htm 
 
Chapter 1:  Discoveries in Nature & Earth
(i)          Creation of the Universe
(ii)         More than one world
(iii)        The expansion of the universe
(iv)        Sky, without any support 
(v)         Orbits
(vi)        Different nature of the sun and the
moon
(vii)       The proportion of Rain
(ix)        The seas not mingling with one
another  

 
Chapter 2:  Discoveries in Human Beings
(i)          The part that controls our
movements
(ii)         Fingerprints
 
 
Chapter 4:  Other Discoveries
(i)          Living-things and water
(iii)        Opposite pairs in creation 
 
Chapter 5:  Miracle of the Quran
(i)          Protection and memorization of the
Quran
 
 
“We shall show them our signs on the farthest
horizons and within themselves until it becomes clear
to them that this is the truth” (Quran 41:53).
 
   
“If the Holy Quran is not the book of Allah then it is
impossible to explain how a text produced 1400 years
ago could have contained ideas that have only been
discovered in modern times.”
 
 
CHAPTER – I
DISCOVERIES IN NATURE &
EARTH
 
(i) Creation of the Universe
 
The formation of the universe is described in the Quran in
the following verse:
 
“He is the Originator of the heavens and
             the earth.” (6:101)
 
The information given in the Quran is in full agreement 
with the findings of modern science. The conclusion that
astrophysics has reached today is that the entire universe
was created as a result of great explosion that occurred in
no time. This event, known as “The Big Bang” proved that
the entire universe was created from nothingness as a
result of the explosion of a single point. Modern scientists
agree that the Big Bang is the only rational and plausible
explanation of the beginning and how the universe came
into being. Before the Big Bang, there was no such thing
as matter. So, we come to the conclusion that matter,
time, and energy were created and didn’t exist since
infinite.
 
“Then turned  He to the heaven when it was smoke,
  and  said  unto  it  and  unto the earth:  Come both
  of   you,   willingly  or  not.  They  said:  We  come,
  obedient.”  (The Quran, 41:11)  
 
 
Didn’t the Quran say that the Heaven was smoke before
its creation? Modern science has every reason to maintain
that the universe was formed from a gaseous mass
principally composed of hydrogen and a certain amount of
helium that was slowly rotating. We, therefore, see no
contradiction in the Quranic use of the Arabic word
“dukhan” (translated smoke) and a modern interpretation
of that word as “a gaseous mass with fine particles” when
speaking of the formation of the universe.   
 
“Have they not who disbelieve seen that the heavens
and earth were joined together (as one piece), then
We parted them.”  (21:30)    
 
 
The Quran describes the phenomenon of the creation of
the universe by using two specific words:
 
“rataq” translated as: mixed in each ; blended.
 
“fataqa” is the verb in Arabic and implies that something
comes into being by tearing apart or destroying the
structure of  “rataq”.
 
 
As the earth and the heavens above (the sun, the moon,
stars, planets, galaxies, etc.) have been formed from this
same ‘smoke’, we conclude that the earth and the
heavens were once a connected entity. Then out of this
homogenous ‘smoke’, they evolved into different forms 
and separated from each other.
 
Hence, the verse reveals that the heavens and earth at
the beginning were joined together, and that subsequently
they were separated. Recent advance-ments in astronomy
especially the Big Bang theory of the creation of the
universe corroborate with this statement in the Quran. The
Big Bang theory holds that about 20,000,000,000 (twenty
billion) years ago the universe began with an explosive
expansion of a single extremely condensed state of
matter. This is what the Quran states in this verse:  “the
heavens and earth were joined together”. The Noble prize
for Science in 1977 was awarded for this discovery.
 
These facts, only recently discovered by modern science,
were disclosed in the Quran 1,400 years ago.
 
*****
 (ii) More than one world
 
The very first verse of the first chapter of the Quran is a
miracle. It says:
 
“Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds.”
(The Quran, 1:1)
 
 
At a time when, perhaps, scientific knowledge was not
even at the nascent stage, the Quran revealed about the
presence of worlds other than the earth and testified to the
fact that, “Allah is the Lord of the worlds”. As a matter of
fact, the words, “the Lord of the worlds”, appear in the
Quran a total of 73 times. With scientific advancement and
use of sophisticated telescopes now we know that there
are other planets and multitude of galaxies besides earth.
And all this was disclosed to us by the God Almighty
through his prophet Mohammad ( P.B.U.H ) 14 centuries
ago.
 
*****
 
 (iii) The expansion of the universe
 
According to the Holy Quran:
 
“And  it  is  We who have constructed the heaven  
with  might,  and verily, it is We who are steadily
expanding  it.” (51:47)
 
The word “heaven”, as stated in this verse, is used in
various places with the meaning of space and universe.
Here again, the word is used with this meaning. 
 
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian physicist
Alexander Friedmann and the Belgian cosmologist 
Georges Lemaitre theoretically calculated that the
universe is in constant motion and that it is expanding.
 
From the moment of the Big Bang, the universe has been
constantly expanding at a great speed. Scientists compare
the expanding universe to the surface of a balloon that is
inflated. Observing the sky in 1929 with a telescope also
proved this fact. Edwin Hubble, the American astronomer,
discovered that the stars and galaxies were constantly
moving away from each other. These observations tell us
that when everything in the universe moves away from
each other, it is considered to be a constantly expanding
universe. This fact was revealed in the Quran when no
one knew about the expansion of the universe 1,400 years
ago. This is because the Quran is the word of Allah, the
Creator and the Ruler of the entire universe.
 
*****
 
(iv) Sky, without any support 
 
Due to lack of knowledge, Arab society, 1400 years ago, 
had many superstitious beliefs regarding the earth and the
sky.
 
They thought that the earth was flat and that the
mountains were supporting the sky above. They thought
that there were high mountains at both the ends of the
world, working as pillars and those pillars held the sky
hanging above. However, all these superstitious beliefs
were eliminated with the advent of the Quran. The Quran
says:
 
“God is He who raised up the heavens without any
support…..” (Surah ar-rad, 2)
 
thereby invalidating the belief that the sky remained
suspended above because of the mountains. How did the
author of the Quran know about this fact 1400 years ago?
Indeed, Quran is the book of Allah, the Creator  of the
heavens and the earth.
 
*****
 
(v) Orbits  
 
We learn from the Quran that:
 
“By the sky full of paths and orbits.”
 (The Quran, 51:7)
 
The entire universe is full of paths and orbits. The  Quran
also tells us that:
 
“(Allah  is the) One who created the night , and  the
day, and the sun and the moon, swim along, each in
its (own) orbit.” (21:33)
 
 
“It is not permitted to the sun to overtake the moon,
nor can the night outsrip the day, each swims along
in its (own) orbit.” (36:40) 
 
 
While referring to the Sun and the Moon in the Quran, it is
emphasized that each moves in a certain orbit. There are
about 200 billion galaxies in the universe, consisting of
nearly 200 billion stars in each. All celestial bodies
including planets, satellites of these planets, stars and
even galaxies swim along their own orbits.
 
It is mentioned in another verse, too, that the Sun is not
static but moves in a definite orbit.
 
“The sun  runs  on  its  fixed  course  for  a  term  
(appointed); that is the decree of the All-Mighty, the
All-Knowing.”  (Yaseen 36:38)                   
 
According to the calculations of experts on astronomy, the
Sun is travelling at an enormous speed of 150 miles per
second. It means that the sun travels roughly 12,960,000
miles a day!
 
The fact that this information was present in the Quran
long before it was discovered by the mankind is yet
another testimony that Allah, the All-Knowing, and the All-
Wise is the source of this knowledge.         
 
*****
 
(vi) Different nature of the sun and the
moon
 
“Allah is the One who made the sun a shining object
and the moon as a light, and measured out (their)
stages, that you may know the number of years and
the count (of time), Allah did not create this but in
truth; He (thus) explains His signs in detail, for those
who understand.” (The Quran, 10:5)
 
 
“We have built above you seven strong (heavens) and
placed therein a blazing lamp.” (78:12-13)
 
 
“Do you not see how Allah has created the seven
heavens one above another; And made the moon a
light in their midst, and made the sun a lamp.” (71:15-
16)
 
 
“Blessed is He who made constellations in the skies
and placed therein a lamp (sun) and a moon giving
light.” (25:61)
 
 
The Quran uses two different words for the sun and the
moon. When it refers to the moon, the word is “NOOR”
(light) and when it refers to the sun, the word is “SIRAJ” or
“ZIA” (lamp). We also learn from the second verse given
above that the sun is the only source of light for our solar
system. The Quran also tells us that the moon only
reflects the sun’s light. These facts are in perfect harmony
with discoveries made in astronomy in not very distant
past. The Quran had disclosed these facts 14 centuries
ago.
 
*****
 (vii) The proportion of Rain
 
The Quran, in the following verse,  tells us that the rain is
sent down to earth in due measure:
 
“It is He who sends down water in due measure
from the sky  by  which  He brings  a  dead land
back to life. That is how  you too  will  be raised
(from the dead).” (43:11)
 
 
The modern science has discovered the measured
quantity in rain. They have estimated that in one second,
approximately 16 million tons of  water evaporates from
the earth, i.e., 513 trillion tons of water in one year. This
number is equal to the amount of rain that falls on the
Earth in a year. This means that water constantly
circulates in a balanced cycle, in a “measure”.
 
The rain keeps falling every year in exactly the same
quantity as revealed in the Quran. This is yet another
great miracle of the Quran and a “food for thought” for the
non-Muslims.
 
*****
(viii) The Mountains 
 
Allah says in the Holy Quran: 
 
“Have We not made the earth as a bed, and the
mountains as pegs?” (78:6-7)
 
 
Geologists tell us that mountains have underlying roots.
These roots are deeply embedded in the ground, thus,
mountains have a shape like a peg. Geologists have
proven that mountains have deep roots under the surface
of the ground and that these roots can reach several times
their elevations above the surface of the ground. So, the
most suitable word to describe mountains on the basis of
this information is the word ‘peg’. Didn’t the Quran use the
word ‘peg’ in the verse above?
 
The history of science tells us that the theory of mountains
having deep roots was introduced only in the latter of the
19th century. The modern geology has thus confirmed the
truth of the Quranic verse.
 
*****
 
(ix) The seas not mingling with one
another  
 
“He  has set free  the  two seas  meeting  together.
There   is  a  barrier between  them. They do not
transgress.” (The Quran, 55:19-20)  
 
Modern science has discovered that at places where two
different seas meet, there is a barrier between them. This
barrier divides the two seas so that each has its own
temperature, salinity and density.   
 
But when the Quran speaks about the divider between the
fresh and salt water, it mentions the existence of a
“forbidding partition” with the barrier. Allah says in the
Quran:
 
 
“He is the one who set free the two kinds of water,
one sweet and palatable, and  the  other  salty and
bitter. And He has made  between them  a barrier
and a forbidding partition.”    (25:53)
 
 
One may ask, why did the Quran mention the partition
when speaking about the divider between sweet and salt
water, but did not mention it when speaking about the
divider between the two seas??
 
Modern science has discovered that in estuaries [where
fresh (sweet) and salt water meet] the situation is
somewhat different from what is found in places where
two seas meet. Scientists have discovered that what
distinguishes fresh water from salt water in estuaries is
a “pycnocline zone with a marked density discontinuity
separating the two layers.”[1] This partition (zone of
separation) has a different salinity from the fresh water
and from the salt water. This information has been
discovered only recently, using advanced equipment to
measure temperature, salinity, density, oxygen
dissolubility, etc. The human eye cannot see the
difference between the two seas that meet. Likewise, the
human eye cannot see the division of water in
estuaries[2] into three kinds: fresh water, salt water, and
the partition (zone of separation).
 
The interesting side to this is that during a period when
people had no knowledge of physics or oceanography,
this fact was revealed in the Quran.
 
*****
 
(x) The Miracle in the Iron
 
“Indeed We have sent Messengers with clear proofs,
and sent down with them the Book and Balance, that
mankind may observe justice; And We sent down
iron, in which is (material for) mighty power, as well
as many benefits for mankind, that Allah may test
who it is that will help, unseen, Him and His
Messengers, for Allah is full of strength, exalted in
might.” (The Quran, 57:25)
 
 
The Quran tells us that the iron was sent down to earth.
Scientists have, only recently, come to discover the
relevant facts about the formation of iron. Geologists
believe that the entire energy of our solar system is not
sufficient to produce even one atom of iron. Moreover,
they state that four times as much energy as that of our
solar system would be required to make one atom of iron
on the surface of the earth. The geologists thus conclude
that iron is an extraterrestrial material that was sent down
to earth from some other planet.
 
Who besides Allah could have such absolute knowledge
which excels and encompasses all levels of human
knowledge??
 
*****
 
(xi) Presence of sub-atomic particles
 
 
Recent discoveries in Physics have shown that an atom
can be broken into smaller units. According to the Holy
Quran:
 
“The unbelievers say: Never to us will come the Hour
(the day of Judgment); Say: Nay! By my Lord! It will
surely come upon you by Him, who knows the
unseen, not an atom’s weight, or less than or greater
(than atom), escapes Him in the heavens and/or in the
earth, but it is in a clear record.” (34:3) 
 
 
The Arabic word used in this verse is “Zarrah”. Abdullah
Yousef Ali, Mohsin Khan, and Marmaduke Pickthal have
translated  Zarrah as an atom. At the time this verse was
revealed, a Zarrah was the smallest known particle to
mankind. The Quran testifies to the presence of particles
smaller than  Zarrah or an atom. The discovery of splitting
of an atom into smaller units does not relate to a very
distant past while the Quran had acknowledged this fact
1400 years ago.
 
*****
 
CHAPTER – II
DISCOVERIES IN HUMAN
BEINGS
 
(i) The part that controls our
movements 
 
 
“No indeed! If he does not stop, We will grab him by
the forelock, a lying, sinful forelock.” (96:15-16) 
 
Why did the Quran describe the front of the head as being
lying and sinful? Why didn’t the Quran say that the person
was lying and sinful?  Is there a relationship between the
front of the head and lying & sinfulness?
 
The expression “the lying, sinful forelock” in the above
verse is most interesting. Research carried out in recent
years revealed that the prefrontal area, which is
responsible for the management of particular functions of
the brain, lies in the frontal part of the skull. What does
physiology tell us about the functions of this area? A book
entitled, “Essentials of Anatomy &  Physiology”[3] says
about this area:
 
The motivation and the foresight to plan and initiate
movements occur in the anterior portion of the frontal
lobes, the prefrontal area. This is a region of association
cortex …………………
 
The book further says:
 
In relation to its involvement in motivation, the prefrontal
area is also thought to be the functional center for
aggression…. 
 
 
So, this area of the cerebrum is responsible for planning,
motivation and initiating good and sinful behavior, and is
responsible for telling lies and speaking the truth.
 
It is clear that the statement, “the lying, sinful lock”
corresponds completely to the above explanations. Allah
in the Quran stated this fact, which scientists have only
discovered in the last 60 years, centuries ago.
 
*****  
 
 
(ii) Fingerprints
 
 
While it is stated in the Quran that it is easy for God to
bring man back to life after death, people’s fingerprints are
particularly emphasized:
 
“Does man think that We cannot assemble his bones?
Nay, We are able to put together in perfect order the
very tips of his fingers.” (The Quran, 75:3-4)
 
 
This emphasis on fingerprints has a very special meaning.
It is now an established fact that each human being has
his own unique fingerprints. Everyone who is alive or has
ever lived in this world, including identical twins, has a set
of unique fingerprints. This is why fingerprints are used as
a source of identification around the world. In other words,
people’s identities are coded at their fingertips. This
coding system may also be compared to the barcode
system that is used today.
 
Before the discovery of the fingerprints people thought of
them as ordinary curves without any meaning or
importance. In the Quran, Allah points to the fingertips and
calls our attention to their significance. This is yet another
miracle of the Quran that was only finally understood in
our days.
 
*****
   
CHAPTER – III
DISCOVERIES IN HUMAN
EMBROYNIC
DEVELOPMENT
 
(i) Stages of embryonic growth
 
 
“We  created  man  from  an  extract  of clay, We
later  placed him as a mixed drop in a place of
settlement, firmly fixed,  later  We made the mixed
drop  into a  leech-like structure, and then  We
changed  the  leech-like  structure   into  a chewed-
like substance, then  out  of the chewed-like
substance  We made the skeleton/ bones, then we
clothed the skeleton with muscles/ flesh,  later  We
caused him to grow and come into as another
creation, So, blessed be Allah, the best of Creators.”
(The Quran, 23:12-14)  
 
 
The Quran in the above verses uses two words for
“then”. “fa” in the Arabic language refers to an immediate
action while the word “thumma”       refers to a delayed
action. In the above verses, Quran used the
wordthumma three times, showing that there are three
different stages of human development in the embryo.
(You may check these 3 stages in “The three stages of the
baby in the womb” on pages 32-33 of  this  book.)   
 
Embryology is the branch of science that studies the
development of the embryo in the mother’s womb. Until
very recently, embryologists assumed that the bones and
muscles in an embryo developed at the same time. For
this reason, for a long time, some people claimed that
these verses conflicted with science. Yet, advanced
microscopic research conducted by virtue of new
technological developments has confirmed  that the
revelation of the Quran is word for word correct.
 
Who besides Allah could have revealed such minute and
specific information 1400 years ago??
 
*****
 
(ii) Three stages of the baby in the womb
 
The Quran tells us that man is created in a three-stage
process in the mother’s womb.
 
“He creates you stage by stage in your mothers’
wombs in a threefold darkness. That is God, your
Lord. Sovereignty is His. There is no god but Him. So
what made you deviate?” (The Quran, 39:6)
 
 
As we learn from this verse of the Quran that a human
being is created in three different stages in the mother’s
womb. Today, in all the embryology text books studied in
the faculties of medicine, this subject is taken as an
element of basic knowledge. We learn from the modern
biology that : “The life in the uterus has three stages: pre-
embryonic; first two and a half weeks, embryonic; until the
end of the 8th week, and fetal; from the 8th week to labor.”
 
Pre-embryonic stage:  In this first phase, the zygote
grows by division, and when it becomes a cell cluster, it
buries itself in the wall of the uterus. While they continue
growing, the cells organize themselves in three layers.
 
Embryonic stage:  The second phase lasts for five and a
half weeks during which the baby is called an “embryo”. In
this stage, the basic organs and systems of the body start
to appear from the cell layers.
 
Fetal stage:  From this stage on, the embryo is called a
“foetus”. This phase begins at the 8th week of gestation
and lasts until the moment of birth. The distinctive
character of this stage is that the foetus looks just like a
human being, with its face, hands and feet.  Although it is
only 3 cm. long initially, all of its organs have become
apparent. This phase lasts for about 30 weeks and
development continues until the week of delivery.
 
 
Is it not amazing that 1400 years ago when Biology and
medical science had not achieved the present day
perfection, the Quran had revealed what was discovered
by the Scientists only recently? Is it not clear evidence that
the Quran is not the word of man, but the word of Allah?
 
*****
 
(iii) The determination of the sex of the
baby
 
 
Until fairly recently, it was thought that a baby’s sex was
determined by the mother’s cells. That was why, in many
cultures, women were blamed when they gave birth to
girls. However, this belief was negated with the arrival of
the Quran where it is stated that masculinity or femininity
is created out of “a drop of semen  which has been
ejected”. 
 
“He has created both sexes, male and female from a
drop of semen which has been ejected.” (The Quran,
53:45-46)
 
 
With the development of genetics science and  molecular
biology in the 20th century, Scientists have  validated the
accuracy of this information given by the Quran. It is now
understood that the sex is determined by the sperm cells
from the male, and that the female does not play the main
role in this process.
 
 
Chromosomes are the main elements in
determining sex. Two of the 46 chromosomes that
determine the structure of a human being are identified as
sex chromosomes. These two chromosomes are called
“XY” in males, and “XX” in females, because  the shapes
of the chromosomes resemble these letters. The Y
chromosome carries characteristics of masculinity, while
the X chromosome carries those of femininity. In the
mother’s egg, there is only the X chromosome, which
determines female characteristics. In the semen from the
father, there are sperms that includes either X or Y
chromosomes. Therefore, the sex of the baby depends on
whether the sperm fertilizing the mother’s egg (ovum)
contains an X or Y chromosome. For example, if an X
chromosome from the female unites with a sperm that
contains X chromosomes, then the baby is a female. If it
unites with the sperm that contains a Y chromosome, the
baby is male. In other words, as stated in the verse, the
factor determining the sex of the baby is the semen which
comes from the father. This knowledge, which could not
have been known at the time when the Quran was
revealed, is evidence to the fact that the Quran is the word
of God.
 
*****
 

CHAPTER – IV
 OTHER DISCOVERIES
 
(i) Living-things and water
 
The scientists tell us that billions of years ago primaeval
matter in the sea began to generate protoplasm[4]out of
which came the amoeba; and out that mire in the sea
came all living things. In one word ALL LIFE came from
the sea, i.e., Water !!
 
When we ask them that no man of learning, no
philosopher or poet could ever have guessed your
biological discovery fourteen centuries back, could he??
They tell us “No, never!”. Well, then, just see what the
Quran has to say:
 
“And we made from water every living thing; will they
(the unbelievers, the atheists, and the agnostics) then
not believe?” (The Quran, 21:30)
 
 
The above statement is further elaborated in the Quran
as:
“And Allah created  every animal from water, of them
there are some that creep on their bellies, some that
walk on two legs, and some that walk on four legs;
Allah creates what He wills, for verily Allah has power
over all things.” (The Quran, 24:45)
 
 
It is clear that this fact could not have been scientifically
known when the Quran was revealed. This testifies to the
fact that the Quran is the book of Allah, most gracious,
most merciful.
 
*****
 
(ii) A lesson in cattle
 
In the field of physiology, there is one verse in the Holy
Quran which appears extremely significant. One thousand
years before the discovery of the blood circulatory system,
and roughly thirteen centuries before it was determined
that the internal organs were nourished by the process of
digestive absorption, a verse in the Quran described the
source of the constituents of milk in conformity with
scientific facts.
 
“Verily in cattle, there is lesson for you; We give you
to drink of what is inside their bellies coming from a
conjunction between the contents (of the intestine)
and blood, a milk, pure and pleasant for those who
drink it.” (The Quran, 16:66)
 
The initial event, which sets the whole process in motion,
is the conjunction of the contents of the intestine and
blood at the level of the intestinal wall, which produces
milk. This specific knowledge was unknown to mankind at
the time when the Quran was revealed to Prophet
Mohammad (P.B.U.H).
 
***** 
 
(iii) Opposite pairs in creation 
 
“Glory be to Him Who created all the pairs; from what
the earth produces and from themselves and from
things unknown to them.” (The Quran, 36:36)
 
Although the concept of “pair” or “couple” commonly
stands for male and female, the statement : “from things
unknown to them” has wider implications. Today, one of
the implications of the verse has been revealed. With the
advanced technology and research, scientists have found
out that even matter is created in pairs. British scientist,
Paul Dirac, who proposed that matter is created in pairs,
was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1933, while
the Quran told us about the pairs 1400 years ago. This
discovery is called “parite”. This fact is stated in a scientific
manner as follows:
 
“…every particle has its antiparticle of opposite
charge………and the uncertainty relation tells us that pair
in creation and pair annihilation happens in the vacuum at
all times, in all places."  
 
 
Recent advancements in science have shown that not
only all animals, plants, and matters but bacteria also
have an opposite pair or strain. In plants, now we know,
there are male and female seeds and male and female
trees. A male date tree looks different from a female tree.
 
This verse, which clearly states a fact about “pairs of
unknown” that was not known to previous generations,
and has been recently discovered, could have only come
from the All-Knowing Allah.
 
*****
 

CHAPTER—V 
MIRACLE OF THE QURAN
 
 
Protection and memorization of the
Quran
 
  
“We (Allah) without any doubt sent down the Message
(the Quran), and We will assuredly guard againt it
(from any corruption).” (The Quran, 15:9)
 
 
“And We (Allah) have made the Quran easy to
understand and remember, then is there any that will
receive admonition.” (The Quran, 54:17,22,32,40) 
 
 
One of the ways by which Allah has assured the
protection of the Quran is the fact that He made it easy for
the true Believers to memorize His book. As a matter of
fact, the Quran is the only religious book that is
memorized by its true followers. The one who memorizes
the Quran is called a Hafiz. They don’t only memorize the
entire text of the Quran, but also the punctuation and
diatrical marks of each and every word and verse of the
Quran. Allah promised to protect the Quran and thus gave
the power of memorization to its true followers. The
protection of the Quran from corruption and its
memorization by its true believers is an open challenge to
mankind.
 
*****  
 
Back
 

[1]
 Gross, M. Grant. 1993. Oceanography, a View of Earth. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. p.242.
[2]
 Estuary: (noun): the wide lower tidal part of a river.
[3]
 Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology by Seeley Rod R., Trent D. Stephens; and Philip Tate, 1996, 2nd Ed. St.
Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. p.211.
[4]
 Protoplasm is the basis of all living matter, and “the vital power of protoplasm seems to depend on the constant
presence of water”.