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    What Is Detoxification

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    Laila Abdul
    Detoxification is the process by which the body transforms and eliminates toxins and waste through three phases. Phase 1 involves enzymes that oxidize toxins, Phase 2 involves conjugating enzymes that make toxins more water soluble, and Phase 3 uses transporters to actively pump conjugated toxins out of cells. The liver plays a central role in detoxification through specialized enzymes and bile secretion. An imbalance where Phase 1 enzymes outpace Phase 2 enzymes can lead to toxin accumulation and damage, as seen with acetaminophen overdose. Regular detoxification supports like antioxidants, bile flow, and metal chelation help maintain a healthy liver and elimination of toxins.

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    What Is Detoxification

    Uploaded by

    Laila Abdul
    169 views6 pages
    Detoxification is the process by which the body transforms and eliminates toxins and waste through three phases. Phase 1 involves enzymes that oxidize toxins, Phase 2 involves conjugating enzymes that make toxins more water soluble, and Phase 3 uses transporters to actively pump conjugated toxins out of cells. The liver plays a central role in detoxification through specialized enzymes and bile secretion. An imbalance where Phase 1 enzymes outpace Phase 2 enzymes can lead to toxin accumulation and damage, as seen with acetaminophen overdose. Regular detoxification supports like antioxidants, bile flow, and metal chelation help maintain a healthy liver and elimination of toxins.

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    Liver detoxification

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    What is Detoxification

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    Detoxification is the process by which the body transforms and eliminates toxins and waste through three phases. Phase 1 involves enzymes that oxidize toxins, Phase 2 involves conjugating enzymes that make toxins more water soluble, and Phase 3 uses transporters to actively pump conjugated toxins out of cells. The liver plays a central role in detoxification through specialized enzymes and bile secretion. An imbalance where Phase 1 enzymes outpace Phase 2 enzymes can lead to toxin accumulation and damage, as seen with acetaminophen overdose. Regular detoxification supports like antioxidants, bile flow, and metal chelation help maintain a healthy liver and elimination of toxins.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    169 views6 pages

    What Is Detoxification

    Uploaded by

    Laila Abdul
    Detoxification is the process by which the body transforms and eliminates toxins and waste through three phases. Phase 1 involves enzymes that oxidize toxins, Phase 2 involves conjugating enzymes that make toxins more water soluble, and Phase 3 uses transporters to actively pump conjugated toxins out of cells. The liver plays a central role in detoxification through specialized enzymes and bile secretion. An imbalance where Phase 1 enzymes outpace Phase 2 enzymes can lead to toxin accumulation and damage, as seen with acetaminophen overdose. Regular detoxification supports like antioxidants, bile flow, and metal chelation help maintain a healthy liver and elimination of toxins.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    WHAT IS DETOXIFICATION?

    Detoxification is defined as biochemical processes whereby noxious


    substances are rendered less harmful and more water soluble
    Xenobiotic are compounds which may be accidentally ingested or taken as
    drugs or compounds produced in the body by bacterial metabolism
    Biotransformation is the process whereby a substance is changed from
    one chemical to another by a chemical reaction within the body

    PHASES OF DETOXIFICATION:
    1. PHASE 1 REACTION:
    a. ENZYME TRANSFORMATION:
    - Either aromatic or aliphatic
    - Performed by a family of enzymes called the cytochrome
    P450s
    - (CYPs)
    - CYPs are able to recognize and modify countless different
    toxins
    - versatile
    - However, they metabolize toxin very slowly
    - CYP3A4 (1-20 molecules/sec) vs. SOD (million molecules/sec)
    - Overcome by producing large amount of CYPs (5% of total
    liver
    proteins and intestines)
    - Prominent role in the metabolism of prescription drugs (50%)
    - Other enzymes in Phase 1: Flavin monooxygenase (FMOs),
    alcohol
    and aldehyde dehydrogenases, monoamine oxidases

    2. PHASE 2 REACTION:
    a. ENZYMATIC CONJUGATION:
    - Why need phase II?
    i. Phase I reactions are not sufficient to make the toxin water
    soluble
    enough to complete the entire excretion pathway
    ii. Product from the phase I reactions have been rendered more
    reactive than the original toxins
    - Phase II
    modify phase I products to both increase the
    solubility
    and reduce their toxicity
    - Prominent role in the protection against chemical
    carcinogenesis
    especially at the initiation phase of cancers

    Six important conjugation processes like glucuronidation,


    glutathione
    conjugation, sulphation, methylation, acetylation, amino acid
    conjugation
    Production of most phase II enzymes is controlled by a protein
    called nuclear erythroid-derived 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator

    of
    antioxidant response
    b. The role of NrF2:
    - Nrf2 in cytoplasm, inactive oxidative stress activated
    travel to nucleus turn on the genes of many antioxidant
    proteins (glutathione & SOD)
    - Important role in initiating heavy metal detoxification and the
    recycling of CoQ10, a potent antioxidant
    3. PHASE 3 REACTION:
    a. Transport:
    - Phase III transporters present in many tissues i.e. liver,
    intestine, kidney and brain
    - Provide a barrier against xenobiotic entry
    - Necessary to excrete the newly formed phase 2 products out
    of the cell
    - Belong to a family of proteins called ABC Transporter (ATP
    Binding
    cassette)
    - Require chemical energy (ATP) to actively pump toxins
    through the cell membrane and out of the cell
    - In liver: these transporters move glutathione, sulfate and
    glucuronide conjugates out of cell into the bile for elimination

    ENZYMES OF DETOXIFICATION:

    PHASE 1 / 2 IMBALANCE:
    OVERDOSE OF ANALGESIC ACETAMINOPHEN /
    PARACETAMOL:
    -

    The most common cause of liver failure in US


    Small amount : Phase 1 CYP enzymes transform it into toxic
    metabolite
    N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAQPI) Phase 2 enzyme
    GST conjugates glutathione
    Normal therapeutic dose: Detoxified by the Phase 2 UGT and
    SULT
    enzymes
    Overdose: UGT, SULT and GST enzyme will quickly be
    depleted
    NAQPI is produced faster than it can be detoxified NAQPI
    accumulates in the liver widespread damage (lipid
    peroxidation,
    inactivation of cellular proteins, disruption of DNA metabolism)
    Treatment: administration of the precursor amino acids for
    glutathione synthesis (N-acetyl cysteine)

    DETOXIFICATION SUPPORTS:
    Bile secretion:
    -

    Functions as the major mechanism for moving conjugated


    toxins out of the liver and into the intestines

    Antioxidation:
    -

    Protects against the harsh phase 1 oxidation reaction which


    frequently produce free-radical byproducts
    Production of antioxidant enzymes is regulated by Nrf2

    Heavy metal toxicity:


    -

    Could generate free radicals and deplete antioxidant reserves


    Mercury, arsenic, lead: inactivate glutathione molecule
    Lead: reduce activity of enzymes involved in recycling glut
    Removal: Chelation by cellular proteins metallothioneins (MTs)
    Production of MT is stimulated by Nrf2 with response to
    cellular stress

    IMPAIRED DETOXIFICATION:
    -

    Repeated exposure to chemicals and toxins in food, water and


    the environment liver overload
    Leaky gut: intestine allows large, undigested molecules to
    pass into the body increased amounts of toxic substances
    liver become overloaded
    Slower detox results in more toxic substances circulating in
    the body
    Unchanged or partially changed toxins are not easily
    eliminated and pass from the liver to the body
    The toxins are stored in fatty body tissue, including the brain
    and CNS cells
    Stored toxin may be slowly released into the blood,
    contributing to many chronic illnesses

    SIGN OF STRESSED LIVER:


    -

    fatigue
    headaches
    chronic joint or muscle pain
    digestion issues including gas, heartburn, bloating, diarrhea or
    constipation, and abdominal pain
    insomnia

    autoimmune diseases
    hormonal imbalances like PMS or menopausal symptoms
    acne or skin rashes
    anxiety or depression
    allergies
    inflammation
    chemical sensitivities

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