Fluid, Civil

FLUID MECHANICS
Chapter 3: FLUID STATICS

Dr. Randa Hatamleh
Fall 2014
Pressure Measurements
1. Barometer: measures atmospheric
Pressure
= +
Pv = 2.4 x 10-6 atm at 20 0C
The Aneroid Barometer
Has some advantages over a mercury
barometer because it is smaller and
allows data recording over time.
Bourdon-Tube Gage
Low cost, reliable, easy to install,
and available in many different pressure ranges.

Accuracy of the gage can be lower than other
instruments; and the gage can be damaged by excessive
pressure
Piezometer
It is a vertical tube in which a liquid rises
in response to a positive gage pressure.
simplicity, direct measurement, and accuracy.
Piezometer is limited to low pressures
Example
What is the maximum gauge pressure of water that can
be measured by a Piezometer of height 1.5m? And if the

liquid had a relative density of 0.85 what would the
maximum measurable gauge pressure?
Pressure Measurements Pressure

Measurements
Manometer: is a device for measuring pressure by
raising or lowering a column of liquid. Manometers

use the relationship between pressure and head to
measure pressure
The Piezometer tube Manometer
The simplest manometer is a tube, open at the top, which
is attached to the top of a vessel containing liquid at a

pressure (higher than atmospheric) to be measured.
This simple device is known as a Piezometer tube.
As the tube is open to the atmosphere the
pressure measured is relative to
atmosphereic so is gauge pressure
Example
A manometer connected to a pipe indicates a negative

gauge pressure of 50mm of mercury. What is the absolute
pressure in the pipe in Newtons per square metre is the
atmospheric pressure is 1 bar?
[93.3 kN/m2]
The U Tube Manometer

U-Tube enables the pressure of both liquids and gases
to be measured U is connected as shown and filled with

manometric fluid.
Important points:
1. The manometric fluid density should be greater than of
the fluid measured. man >
2. The two fluids should not be
able to mix they must
be immiscible.
Pressure in a continuous static fluid is the same at any
horizontal level.
pressure at B = pressure at C
pB = pC
For the left hand arm
pressure at B = pressure at A + pressure of height of liquid
being measured
pB = pA + gh1
For the right hand arm
pressure at C = pressure at D + pressure of height of
manometric liquid
pC = patmospheric + man gh2
We are measuring gauge pressure we can subtract

patmospheric giving
pB = pC
pA = man gh2 - gh1
What if the fluid is a gas?
Nothing changes.
The manometer work exactly the same.
BUT: As the manometric fluid is liquid (usually mercury , oil
or water) And Liquid density is much greater than gas,
man >> Ugh1 can be neglected,
and the gauge pressure given by pA = man gh2
Example
Using a u-tube manometer to measure gauge pressure of
fluid density p = 700 kg/m3 , and the manometric fluid is

mercury, with a relative density of 13.6. What is the gauge
pressure if:
a) h1 = 0.4m and h2 = 0.9m?
b) h1 stayed the same but h2 = -0.1m?
Manometer
EXAMPLE 3.6
Water at 10C is the fluid in the pipe and mercury is the
manometer fluid. If the deflection h is 60 cm and L is 180

cm, what is the gage pressure at the center of the
pipe?
EXAMPLE 3.6
EXAMPLE 3.7
Pressure difference measurement Using

a U-Tube Manometer.
The U-tube manometer can be connected at both ends
to measure pressure difference

between these two points
pressure at C = pressure at D
pC = pD
pC = pA + g ha
pD = pB + g (hb + h) + man g h
pA + g ha = pB + g (hb + h) + man g h
Giving the pressure difference
pA - pB = g (hb - ha) + (man - )g h

Again if the fluid is a gas man >> , then the terms involving
can be neglected,
pA - pB = man g h
Example
In the figure below two pipes containing the same fluid of
density = 990 kg/m3 are connected using a u-tube

manometer. What is the pressure between the two pipes if
the manometer contains fluid of relative density 13.6?
EXAMPLE 3.8
A differential mercury manometer is connected to two pressure taps in
an inclined pipe as shown in Fig. 3.12. Water at 50F is flowing

through the pipe. The deflection of mercury in the manometer is 1
inch. Find the change in piezometric pressure and piezometric head
between points 1 and 2.
Example
a tank of oil with one side open to the atmosphere and the
other side sealed with air above the oil. The oil has a
specific gravity of 0.90.
Calculate the gage pressure at
points A, B, C, D, E, and F and
the air pressure in the right side
of the tank.
Example
Find the location of the surface in the manometer The
distance h is the height of the liquid in the manomoter

above the heavier liquid in the tank.
Example
Specific weight of fluid

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FLUID MECHANICS

Chapter 3: FLUID STATICS

Low cost, reliable, easy to install,

and available in many different pressure ranges.

be measured by a Piezometer of height 1.5m? And if the

Pressure Measurements Pressure

raising or lowering a column of liquid. Manometers

The simplest manometer is a tube, open at the top, which

is attached to the top of a vessel containing liquid at a

A manometer connected to a pipe indicates a negative

The U Tube Manometer

to be measured U is connected as shown and filled with

Pressure in a continuous static fluid is the same at any

We are measuring gauge pressure we can subtract

fluid density p = 700 kg/m3 , and the manometric fluid is

manometer fluid. If the deflection h is 60 cm and L is 180

Pressure difference measurement Using

to measure pressure difference

pA - pB = g (hb - ha) + (man - )g h

density = 990 kg/m3 are connected using a u-tube

an inclined pipe as shown in Fig. 3.12. Water at 50F is flowing

distance h is the height of the liquid in the manomoter

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