1997

#1

Preservation of Mangoes by cooling

Michelle I. Agripa, Janice I. Henson, Romeo L. Gilbuena, Franco C. Lim and

Jose Alejandro Lopez

ABSTRACT
This research aims to determine the ideal amount of time for
preserving mangoes by cooling. The mangoes were placed in the freezer for
different periods of time at a constant temperature, and were tested for its
physical
appearance,
taste,
texture,
sugar
content,
and
pH([H+]concentration). All of these characteristics will be taken into
consideration for determining the most ideal for cooling the mangoes.
After preliminary tests finding out the best insulator for the mangoes
for their stay in the freezer, twenty were placed in the freezer with a constant
range temperature of negative five to zero degrees Celsius. Every two weeks,
a batch of four mangoes were released from the freezer and was tested and
observed.
The tests showed there was no significant difference between the
sugar content of all the batches of mangoes. The same finding was observed
for pH. Although those variables stayed relatively constant, there were
changes in the appearance and the taste of the mangoes. After three months
of testing, a conclusion was made that the, longest time for freezing a mango
without damaging it is about four weeks.
#2

Using File Compression Algorithms for Cryptographical

applications
Jason Alcarez, Cyrus Paolo Buenafe, John Paul Catalan, William Gumabay, Jr.
and Paolo Doroteo Mercado

ABSTRACT
The research was conducted to determine the feasibility of
incorporating a file compression algorithm to create the basis for a new
crytosystem. Files used in determining this feasibility were of the commonly
available types, such as DOS executables, Windows executables, ASCII text,
documents with formatting, and many others. The file sizes before and after
encryption and decryption, as well as file redundancy, and buffer size were
required to be noted in order to determine the feasibility. Theoretical and
actual file comparisons of the encrypted and original file were also performed.
Computer processor type, disk caches, file size, and file redundancy affected
the program speed significantly. Hard disk speed did not significantly affect
the program speed. Among the file types utilized, the Windows bitmap file
format and the ASCII text file format appeared to be the best compressed file

formats, while the pre-compressed files, such as ZIP, ARJ, JPG, ALH, and
some executables did not compress well, but were encrypted.
#3

Preparation of Cellulose Acetate from Wood Waste

Genevieve Faye Aldover, Hazel Consunji, Florence Mago, Angelica Prudente

and John Jason Sioson

ABSTRACT
The project aims to study the preparation of cellulose acetate from
wood waste. For the preparation of the pretreatment solution, the
concentration of reactants varied from 50%/50% anhydride/acetic acid to
40%/60% acetic anhydride/acetic acid proportions with acetic acid
concentrations varying from 0.5 ml to 0.8 ml. Ten grams of powdered wood
waste was added to the pretreatment solution and maintained at a
temperature range of 4 to 0 degree Celcius and room temperature.
Crystallization time observed ranged from 24 to 48 hours. The obtained flaky
residue was filtered and dried for several hours. While no significant amount
of cellulose acetate was derived, the research has identified important
parameters such as concentration of reactants, initiating reaction towards
crystallization, temperature and time constant.
#4

The Use of Chlorella in the Extraction of Phenol and

Permanganate from Water
Milo V. Alejo, Gino Franco I. Malillin, Agnes M. Cariaga, Margaret Marie H.
Limgenco and Dawn P. Toledo

ABSTRACT
The unicellular green algae Chlorella has been found to be able to
clean up sewage effluent. Studies done on agricultural wastewater, as well as
laboratory treated water, have shown that two of the pollutants that can be
treated by Chlorella are nitrates and ammonium ions. This study aims to find
out whether the same alga can clean the industrial wastes phenol and
permanganate. Different concentration of phenol and permanganate solution
were treated with the alga in a 1:100 ratio by volume. Spectrophotometric
determination of the final concentration of the pollutants from the samples
after five days of treatment.

#5

Passive Cooling Technology as Applied on an Existing

Building
Kevin Alombro, Maureen Ann Araneta, Amber Girard Favis and Spencer Jason
Ongkinco

ABSTRACT
The main objective of the research project is to find ways to passively
cool the PSHS Canteen. This refers to the redesigning of the structure. The
first step taken was the initial inspection of the building using the original
floor plan as basis. Next, the qualitative analysis was carried out by
conducting a survey where a total sample of 60 people were randomly
selected out of the PSHS population. The survey verified that the PSHS
Canteen is warm and humid when compared to the outside temperature and
humidity.
Thus, the structure was redesigned, based on the existing building
appropriate energy-saving designs. In the proposed design, the ceiling and
roof were raised to give space for warm air to rise and escape through
adjustable jalousies, the roof was light colored, preferably white, to reflect the
suns rays and insulation was used to minimize the penetration of the heat
through the roof.
For comparison, the group formed a scale model, showing the PSHS
Canteen in its proposed design. The existing building was not altered, merely
added upon. Construction cost comparisons were presented to a board
member for consideration as the renovation plan of the PSHS Canteen.
#6

Microbial Assay of Chili Pepper Leaf Extract

Melecio Alonzo, Soraya Panlilio and Jon Paolo J. Tan

ABSTRACT
The aim of this research was to determine the effect of chili pepper
leaf extract on the growth of bacteria. The leaves were air-dried and
afterwards oven dried until brittle. The leaves were then crushed and then
milled in a Wiley-mill. After this the powdered leaf was boiled in water and in
mixture was filtered. Meanwhile, E. coli was cultured in nutrient broth and the
bacteria were put in three petri dishes with nutrient agar. One of the petri
dishes was the treatment and the other petri dish was the control. Filter
paper cut into small circles was dipped in the extract and put in the treatment
petri dishes. The area in which E. coli growth was retarded due to the extract
was taken down as the zone of inhibition. Results showed that the extract
does not have any effect on the bacteria. An experiment on the crude extract
was attempted but the experiment was discontinued for the lack of time. The
group concluded that at a ratio of 1 gram leaf to 50 ml water, chili pepper leaf
extract has no anti-microbial effect on E. coli.

#7

Parsley (Carum petroselinum) Extract as a Source of

Natural Lipid Antioxidant
Maria Rica Arao, Joy Cabrera, Ma. Elena Navos and Nia Sheryl Villegas

ABSTRACT
Parsley (Carum petroselinum) extract was tested as a source of natural
lipid antioxidants. Newly extracted coconut oil were treated with different
amounts of parsley extracts and the levels of oxidized acids were determined
for each treatment using the insolubilization method. Result showed a
significant decrease in oxidation of the oil. The formation of oxidation of
oxidized coconut oil was significantly lower for parsley extracts than the
control. Thus, parsley extract exhibits good antioxidative activity and is
recommended as a potential source of natural antioxidant.
#8

A Small-scale model of a Multi-layered Compost Tank for

Kitchen Wastes
Philip Rudge M. Arca, Pollie Anna L. Deza, Maria Theresa A. Gusad,
Christopher H. Lee and Charlene C. Oris

ABSTRACT
Conventional composting requires the preparation of a pit where in
alternate layers of soil and wastes are deposited. The entire process is very
tedious, and as a solution to this problem, the group has designed and
constructed a small-scale device to perform the needed steps in composting,
an essential design factor was the determination of the most efficient
procedure for composting, in terms of time saved, money and effort.
The concept behind the design is to incorporate a dryer, shredder and
a mixer in one apparatus. The device would be run by an external motor
which simultaneously powers the blades of the shredder and the mixing
panels., instructions and recommendations for actual use comes with the
project.
The group set-up preliminary tests to simulate the proposed design of
the tank. One was done to estimate the average drying period of kitchen
wastes. Another tested the efficiency of the shredding blades. Simulation of
the mixing layer consisted of four cans with dry, shredded kitchen wastes.
Three of which were furnished with variable supplements and the remainder,
the control.
The dry, shredded kitchen wastes with fungus activator yielded the
best results. This served as the basis for the evaluation of the design.

#9

Production of Filter Paper from Musa textiles (ABACA) and

Phaleria wikstroemia (SALAGO) Fibers
Ethel S. Arceo, Maria Rita G. Esguerra, Bryan C. Exconde, Ma. Katrina M.
Florcruz and King Harold A. Recto
ABSTRACT
We aim to produce filter papers from Musa textiles (abaca) and
Phaleria wikstroemia (salago) that would comparable to, if not more efficient
than, the commercial filter paper available today. Also, we would like to find
out what combination of salago-abaca fibers exhibits the best properties in
terms of physical properties and filtering capability. We choose to use abaca
and salago as our material because of their individual physical properties..
Salago is a strong
Fiber while abaca has high holocellulose contents. Also, both plants are
abundant in the country.
Four types of filter paper with different combinations of the fibers were
made using a nonwoven machine. The percentages of salago to abaca were
100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75. Each type together with the control (commercial
filter paper) was subjected to four physical tests: Air Permeability, Burst
Factor, Breaking Strength, and Tear Factor test. We also conducted our own
filtering capability tests by filtering sand-water, tea-water, and Coleus sp.water mixtures.
Results from the Burst Factor, Tear Factor, and Breaking Length test
showed that as the ratio of salago to abaca increased, the value also
increased indicating better physical properties. The results of the tests of the
control were also in between the range of the values obtained from the
experimental filter papers. This showed that the papers are comparable to the
commercial one in terms of the said physical properties. In the air
permeability test, none of the experimental filter papers had the exact value
as the control but differences were not that great and it still supports that
they were comparable to the commercial one. The 25/75 salago-abaca blend
was the most comparable to the commercial filter paper but the 0/100 abacasalago blend showed the best results among the four in terms of strength.
For the filtering capability, a different type of filter paper showed the
same results as the control per test. But combining the results, the 50/50
abaca-salago blend turned out to be the most comparable and sometimes
more efficient than the commercial filter paper.

#10

Locally-available Materials as Substitute for Polythylene in

Solar Dryers

Arcyllin P. Arcilla, Shalimar I. Ignacio, Karen D. Millena, Kathreen V. Miralles and

Raquel L. Omo

ABSTRACT
Solar drying is a way of preserving food, utilizing the abundant supply
of solar power. Polyethylene is the commonly used covering material for solar
dryers. The aim of this research project is to find a suitable and effective
substitute for polyethylene which would be more practical to use and longerlasting. A simple design was developed based on existing dryers. A set up of
four identical solar dryer frames were used. Each was covered with a specific
material, namely: scrap glass, whole glass, ordinary plastic and polyethylene
as control. Mangoes were processed and equally divided into four groups and
distributed to the four solar dryers. Four trials were performed. The dried
mangoes were tested for general acceptability. The general appearance and
odor of the mangoes before and after drying were taken note of. Taste tests
were conducted. It was shown that there is no significant difference in the
quality of dried mangoes and in the length of drying time for each of the
covering materials used.
#11

Kamias Extract as a Browning Inhibitor

Jerome N. Asuncion, Rodelio C. Bernal, Rogelio O. Bucao, Genalyn M.

Gallinero, Bernice Ruth P. Cerezo and Ann Mae A. Sto. Domingo

ABSTRACT
Fruits brown easily, especially after peeling. Many find fruits in this
condition undesirable. Recently, a group of scientists found out that oxalic
acid can inhibit the rate of browning of raw apple juice up to 100%. Kamias
contains a high concentration of oxalic acid. This research aims to find out if
kamias extract can be used as browning inhibitor for tropical fruits. Several
concentrations of kamias extract were prepared. Slices of different fruits were
treated with the different concentrations of kamias extract. These were
observed for several days. After four days, these were presented to a panel.
The panelist rated the replicates according to the intensity of browning. After
evaluating the results, it was found out that kamias extract inhibits the
enzymic browning of the fruits.

#12

Shrimp Processing Waste as a Flavoring Agent

Charisse Y. Austria, Orland Anthony R. Gonzalez, Manuel Joseph C. Loquias,

Mary Arlene D. B. Manalang and Robert John M. Tejero

ABSTRACT
The study aims to develop a shrimp flavoring agent from shrimp
processing waste that would be able to compete with commercial products.
Three extraction methods were used, direct extraction, extraction of
pasteurized comminuted shrimp heads, and extraction with plain water/salt
solution. The extracts were combined with different amounts of flour and
other ingredients to produce the flavoring agent. Five samples cooked in a
dish of shrimp jambalaya and a dish without shrimp flavoring as control were
presented to a thirty-member panel for consistency, flavor activity, and
palatability tests. The five paste condiments were also presented to the same
panel for appearance and texture tests. The Friedmanns test shows that
there is a significant difference among the six dishes in all categories. The
sample from direct extraction with four grams of flour was chosen for further
testing due to its high rank in the Friedmanns test.
Two samples of commercial product and one of the chosen paste
condiment were cooked in a dish of shrimp jambalaya and presented to a
thirty-member panel for consistency, flavor activity, palatability, odor and
general acceptability tests. Results of the Friedmanns test indicate that there
is no significant difference among the three samples. Thus the shrimp
flavoring from direct extraction of shrimp processing waste with four grams of
flour can be a substitute for the commercial products.
#13

The Design and Testing of a Prototype of an Improvised

Solar Water Heater
Marie Joanne Bacud, Fritz Ivy Lopez, Mae Lynn Morgia, Eloisa Jean Santos
and Hermes Tanhueco

ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to construct and test prototype of a solar
water heater that will make use of abundant unused energy to warm water to
at least fifty degrees.
The proposed design of the solar water heater is made up of two main
parts: (1)the water tank; and (2)the heat collector. The constructed prototype
of the design was made locally and readily available materials. The water tank
which is insulated with Reflectix was made from a 2-liter plastic juice
container and had an exposed portion of determining the volume of water
content. The heat collector is also insulated with a case made up of aluminum
and water pipes that are made up of copper tubing. Black was used to paint
the interior of the heat collector for maximum heat absorption. The heat

collector is covered with glass to close the system and create a greenhouse
effect.
The efficiency and maximum heating capacity of the improvised solar
water heater prototype were investigated. The amount of heat input and
output, and the amount of solar radiation it received were measured using
the following equipment provided by the Solar Laboratory in the University of
the Philippines, Diliman Campus: Global Insulation Integrator, lead-acid
battery, CM11 KIPP and Zonnen Pyrometer. All the tests were conducted
during the months of January and February 1997 at the said department in
the University of the Philippines.
The four replicated of the tests for the efficiency of the solar water
heater prototype have shown an average efficiency of 51.69%, maximum
heating capacity of 62.5 C in a span of 145 minutes, and can double the initial
temperature of water in a span of an hour with an average supply of solar
radiation.
#14

Tissue Culture of Mangifera indica (mango)

Jomar T. Battung, Mario T. Carreon, Leo Andrei A. Crisologo, Joseph C. Lagon

and Jerome V. Senen

ABSTRACT
Tissue culture is a method of propagating plants from several different
parts like the leaf, stem, or root tip. The source, called the explant, is
inoculated into a culture media and set aside in a controlled environment.
Tissue culture is generally used in monocot plants like orchid or rice. For this
study, mango leaves were used as explants. They were first surface sterilized
in 70% hypochlorite solution and were inoculated into dispensed MurashigeSkoog medium with variable growth hormone concentrations. These were
then placed in a dark place for six to eight weeks. The explants exhibited
callus growth after eight weeks.
#15

The feasibility of trichoderma reesei enzyme as toner

remover
Kathrine Marie S Baguisi, Joseph Vincent E David, Hannah Joyce B Gutierrez,
Pichy-Ann I Pagauitan, Corina Belle R Villar

ABSTRACT
This study aims to remove the toner particles embedded on the
cellulose fibers of paper using trichoderma reesei cellulase so that recycled
photocopied papers and computer printouts would be of at least equal (or
even better) quality than ordinary recycled paper. Trichoderma reesei was
cultured in coconut water agar and was transferred to oat bran medium with
cellulose powder. Crude cellulase was extracted from the liquid obtained

from the oat bran medium by centrifugation and was partitioned into 10, 15,
and 20 ml portions to be applied to same amounts of bleached pulp. The
pulp (both control and experimental) was made into handsheets. It was
observed that the toner particles were separated from the pulp fibers applied
with cellulase however, it was not totally removed from the slurry. It was
also observed that the paper with cellulase was whiter than the control. The
analytical tests showed that the control had a higher quality than the samples
with cellulase in terms of breaking length and burst factor; although the tear
factor and air permeability tests showed that the pulp applied with cellulase
enzyme proved to be better. This lead to the conclusion that trichoderma
reesei cellulase extract the toner particles from the paper but further research
should be done to ensure the quality of the recycled paper and the total
removal of the toner particles from the slurry.
#16

The feasibility of anabena sp. and talahib as components

in microbial mats
Giancarlo Baradas, Brian Federic Blas, Anthony Cheng

ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the feasibility of local strains of
cyanobacteria, anabena species, and talahib grass as components in microbial
mats. Microbial mats are green slime formed by the biological action of the
cyanobacteria. These mats were found to remove heavy metals in polluted
waters. Anabena Sp. was cultured and inoculated into fermented talahib
grass. The mats formed from the grass and the cyanobacteria were placed
into three concentration of lead and cadium solutions. The mats where then
filtered and acid digested for testing after time intervals of , 1, and 1
week. The solutions after digestion where then tested with the AAS to
determine the metal content. The results showed that the Anabena sp. with
the talahib grass was able to reduce the level of cadium in the solution but
not lead.
#17

Tissue culture of mangifera indica (mango)

Jomar T Battung, Mario t carreon, Leo Andrei A Crisologo, Joseph C Lagon,

Jerome V Senen

ABSTRACT
Tissue culture is a method pf propagating plants from several different
parts like the leaf, stem, or root tip. The source, called the explant, is
inoculated into a culture media and set aside in a controlled environment.
Tissue is generally used in monocot plants like orchid or rice. For this study,
mango leaves were used as explants. They were first surface sterilized in
70% hypochlorite solution and were inoculated into dispensed Murashige-

shoog medium with variable growth hormone concentrations. These were

then placed in a dark place for six to eight weeks. The explants exhibited
callus growth after eight weeks.
#18

The Feasibility of Azadrachta indica A. Juss (Neem) Leaves

as an Active Ingredient in Mosquito Repellant
Noel M. Bautista, Joseph Jay M. Salinas and Rengel M. Santos
#19

Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Rind and Sigdilyas (Psophocarpus

tetragonolobus) Extracts as Component of Bacterial
Culture Medium
Gloria Patricia Benedicto, Katrina Gadia, Leo Manauis, Reynalyn Penus and
Voltaire Henry Vitug

ABSTRACT
Crude extracts of pomelo rind and sigadilyas were mixed with nutrient
agar in five different concentrations: 0.75 g sigadilyas with 1.25 g pomelo
rind; 1.25 g sigadilyas with 1.75 g pomelo rind; 1.25 g sigadilyas eith 2.50 g
pomelo rind; 2.00 g sigadilyas with 1.75 g pomelo rind; and 2.50 g sigadilyas
with 1.25 g pomelo rind (all of these prepared with 2.50 ml of water and 3.75
g agar), autoclaved then placed in petri dishes. Each culture medium was
inoculated with microorganisms using the streak method. Bacterial growth
was then observed. The concentration of the third sample group, which
consisted of 2.5 g pomelo rind and 1.25 g sigadilyas, proved to be the most
conducive for bacterial growth in the alternative culture medium since
bacteria from all source grew in it. This shows that pomelo rind and sigadilyas
extracts are feasible components of bacterial culture medium.
#20

Determining the Rf Values of Some Locally-Available

Flowers
MLM Lessandra L. Berbano, Phoebe Grace M. Cabaluna, Maria Clarizza S.
Ching, Mary Lauren R. Europa and Pauline T. Reyes

ABSTRACT
This research aims to determine the relative front (Rf) values of the
essential oils of four locally-available floweres: calachuchi, camia, sampaguita,
and ylang-ylang. This may be done by subjecting the oils to thin-layer
chromatography, or TLC.
The essential oils were extracted using the enfleurage process. The
flower samples were coated with lard, a lipid which absorbs the essential oil

from petals. The fat was extracted with ethanol, a non-polar solvent, thus
transferring the essential oil to the alcohol.
A few drops from each of the obtained extracts were placed onto
separate slides coated with even layer of silica gel. These slides were then
placed in chromatojars containing petroleum ether.
Visualization using the ultra-violet lamp revealed negative results for
the calachuchi samples because of the highly-volatile nature of its essential
oils. As for the camia slides, five spots were visualized on both slides. The first
sampaguita slide yielded nine spots while four spots appeared on the second.
Seven and nine spots appeared on the first and second ylang-ylang slides
respectively.
With these results, the Rf values were computed. However, the
compounds that correspond to the computed Rf values were not identified
during the course of the study.
#21

The Design and Construction of a Locally Developed Wind

Turbine Generator
Alex Paolo Borromeo, Pia Soledad Dalusong, Maria Roneza Fuertez, Carlo
Roman Peafiel and Carlo Angelo Tamayo

ABSTRACT
Wind energy is free, renewable and non-pollutant and a good
alternative source of energy if it is more efficient than fuel energy. The group
aimed to design and construct a small scale wind turbine generator that could
generate enough energy to charge a 9 volt battery with a given speed of 3-4
meters per second or 10.8 to 14.4 kilometers per hour. The finished design
consists of six 1.5 in length and which at its widest part is 6 and at its
thinnest part, 4, 1/8 thick. It is connected to an alternator that produced
the electricity used to charge a car battery. A shaft was also constructed to
contain the ball bearings that makes the blades rotate easier that is
connected to the alternator shaft by a drive train. The construction of the
wind turbine generator was accompanied by the construction of a wind speed
indicator for added data. The wind generator was subjected to two tests and
the results were tabulated and analyzed. The results show that the model is
still inefficient and further research on the efficiency and commercialization of
the wind generator is strongly recommended.

#22

The Feasibility of Guinit as a Heat Insulator with the use of

Rubber Latex as the Binding Component

Christian Philip L. Cabaero, Ma. Virginia R. Domingo, Kathie-Anne Q.

Jamasali, Francis T. Rugayan and Ma. Rosario I. Villarama

ABSTRACT
This research project aims on the potential of guinit as a good heat
insulator using rubber latex as the binding component. This was done by
mixing demeshed guinit, rubber latex and water, and creating 6 ratios, each
of which had been subjected to tests for water absorbency and insulating
capacity. Each mixture was shaped as a board and was hot-pressed to dry.
The resulting products were then trimmed for the preparation for the water
absorbency analysis. The cut boards were submerged in water 1 day. A setup was made for the insulating capacity test (see Figure 1), and the mixtures
were examined according to their ability to block the heat from one side of
the board to another during a 5-minute interval for 30 minutes.
The results were then subjected to statistical analysis. The water
absorbency test results of the different ratios were just compared to one
another. In the insulating capacity test results, an addition of a test for a
styrofoam board was made. The T-test shows that there is a significant
difference between each ratio and the Stryrofoam board.
#23

Prolonging the shelflife of banas thourgh postharvest dips

in calcium chloride
Vincent Cedric Caducio, Ma Sheena Jimenez, Ma Adoracion Manuel, Alminda
Maramba

ABSTRACT
The study aims to find out the effect of employing postharvest dips in
Calcium Chloride on bananas and how such method can help in prolonging
their shelflife and improving their postharvest quality as well. With physical
characteristics.
Banana samples were randomly distributed among six treatment
groups of 1%, 2% and 4% by volume of CaCl2 solutions and one control
group. The control in the experiment consisted of untreated fruit samples.
These treatment groups along with the control were further divided into two
sub-groups, one group consisted of bananas refrigerated after treatment and
the other, stored at room temperature. After dipping. All samples were dried
with tissue paper and placed individually inside resealable plastics bags. All
samples were properly labeled for observation purposes.
Results of the experiment show that there is a significant difference
between the postharvest quality of treated and untreated bananas. The most
effective treatment group was the 2% CaCl2 solution for the refrigerated

samples. For the bananas stored at room temperature, the ones dipped in
4% solution showed the least signs of physical decay. However, the storage
temperature played an important role in these difference. Further research is
encouraged to determine the calcium content of the treated samples.
#24

Corn Cobs and Wood Shavings as Alternative Maetrials for

Acoustic Boards
Dorothy Patricia F. Cardenas, Domini Theresa M. Manzano, Alexander Norman
B. Reyes, Christian Raymund K. Roque and Audrey Christiane J. Salonga
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research is to produce acoustic boards from locally
gathered materials to reduce production costs. The materials used in their
production should also be easily and cheaply obtained.
The acoustic boards were made by mixing the materials with wood
glue and placing them in molds 0.5 m square and 5 cm thick. The boards
were made from pure wood shavings, pure corn cobs, and a mixture of both.
All the boards were tested using a ripple tank set-up. Water waves were used
to simulate sound waves. This set up was made to measure the amplitude of
incident and reflected waves coming towards and coming from the boards. It
was calculated that there was a significant difference in the amplitude of the
incident and reflected waves. The pure corn cob boards produced the
greatest significant difference. Because a significant difference was observed,
the group concluded that the boards are able to serve their purpose of
reducing the amount of echo in a room.
#25

The Production of an Anti-Alcohol Craving Candy from

Pueraria lobata (Kudzu) Root Extract
April Dawn Carreon, Georgianne Liad, Renee Kristine Lorenzana, Geraldine
Millena and Selena Salang

ABSTRACT
The study aims to make Pueraria lobata root extract commercially
available, effective as an anti-alcohol craving product, and generally
acceptable in the form of a candy. The candies were made by adding sugar,
and flavoring to the extract. The effectivity of the product was tested by
feeding it to alcoholic mice and recording the consequent daily intake of
alcohol and water. The acceptability was tested by the sensory evaluation
method. Ten panelists were randomly chosen to sample the candies and their
preferences rated on a scale from 1 to 5. Using Friedmanns test, it was
statistically proven that in terms of taste and appearance, the candied extract
had no significant difference from ordinary candy, with or without kudzu.
Using the T-test, it was statistically proven that there was a significant

difference between the intake of alcohol before and after the treatment of
kudzu candy. Using the chi-square test, statistics showed that the kudzu
intake of the mice was associated with the decrease in alcohol intake. It is
therefore concluded that Pueraria lobata root extract is effective, economical
and acceptable anti-alcohol craving candy.
#26

The Revision of the Philippine Science High School World

Wide Webb Home Page
Jose Antonio I. Celestial and Jose Amilcar G. Reyes

ABSTRACT
The study aims to design and implement a web site for the PSHS
Diliman campus.
The website was created as various interlinked divisions called pages.
All pages were constructed using HyperText Markup Language (HTML). Visual
content was obtained by ordinary photographic methods, then transferred
into electronic form for inclusion into the web pages. Various software
applications were used to manipulate collected information, such as image
manipulation and text formatting.
The structure of the web site was defined according to the proposed
standards of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), an organization of
computer software companies and research institutions responsible for
defining de facto standards for the Internet and, specifically, the World Wide
Web. All pages within the web site share a common layout format.
Various pages were designed and constructed for the different parts of
the school. The final implementation of the Web site are all fully
interconnected via activation links; and is connected to other institutions
outside the defined site. The deep-level characteristic of the web site enables
future programmers to efficiency expand and/or change any resource within
the web site.
#27

Comparative Study on the Effect of Soaking and Cooking

on the Saponin Levels of Phaseolus aureus (Mung bean)
Charles Bernard Cielo, Arnel Daleja, Jim Funesto, Sharon de Leon and
Michelle Gatan

ABSTRACT
The study aims to define the effect of soaking and cooking on the
saponin levels of mung bean.
Ten samples of mung beans were gathered, dessicated and
standardized according to weight. The prescribed treatments (soaking in
sodium hydroxide, soaking in sodium bicarbonate, soaking in citric acid,
soaking in oxalic acid, soaking in distilled water, cooking for 20 minutes,

cooking for 40 minutes, cooking for 60 minutes, cooking for 80 minutes and
the control which received no treatment) were applied to the samples. The
samples were then dried and ground up using the willey mill. The saponin of
the samples was then extracted using a soxhlet apparatus and a 70%
butanol, 0.01% EDTA solvent. The butanol layer was decanted and analyzed
using a UV-VIS spectrophometer.
The analysis of the samples revealed a decreasing presence of saponin
per increase of duration of cooking. It also revealed a similar decreasing trend
in solutions of either acid or base as compared to the control. Expectedly, the
sample soaked in distilled water did not exhibit this trend. An error was
detected in the sample cooked for 20 minute it exhibited an unprecedented
increase in saponin. This has been attributed to human error. Only six
samples were analyzed as the other four were lost due to human error.
The project proved to be inconclusive. It has been recommended that
the experiment be retried with more replicates and a greater pH spectrum in
the soaking treatments. Furthermore, it has also been recommended that a
standard for saponin be adopted to allow a quantitative evaluation of the
results.
#28

Utilization of calcium carbonate from talaba shells as

toothpaste abrasive

Abigail Marie Cirujales, Aureen Foronda, Kristine Myra Lalas, Mely Nor
Navarro, Johanna Marie Santiago

ABSTRACT
CaCO3 is commonly used as a toothpaste abrasive. The CaCO 3 was
obtained from the shells by pulverizing them. The pulverized shells were
tested for impurities by mixing them with water. Those which dissolved were
weighed and were considered impurities. The weight was negligible.
The
other
toothpaste
ingredients
(carrageen,
peppermint,
saccharin/sugar, coconut diethanolamide, glycerol) were mixed with the
CaCO3 to produce the toothpaste.
The manufactured toothpaste was tested against Happee ( a
commercial toothpaste) and a toothpaste containing the same
aforementioned ingredients except for the pulverized shells. Commercial
CaCO3 was used instead. Lead washers were stroked 100 times with each
toothpaste. The weight difference before and after brushing was recorded.
The ANOVA test results showed that no significant difference in the
abrasiveness of the different toothpastes exists.
The toxicity of the ingredients was looked up in the Merck index. No
toxic effect of any of the ingredients was found.
In conclusion, the toothpaste using shells as CaCO3 source is
comparable with commercial toothpaste in terms of abrasiveness and has a
cheaper cost of production (P8.20).

#29

Gibberellic Acid as Shelf-life Extender for Tomatoes

Ferdiand Coloma, Siegfried de Belen, Melanie de Guzman, Richard Misa and
Viviene Velasco

ABSTRACT
The study aims to determine the feasibility of gibberellic acid as a
shelf-life extender for tomatoes. Different concentrations and amounts of
gibberellic acid were sprayed on post and pre-harvest tomatoes.
The resulting colors ranged from green to orange. The chi square test shows
that there is an association between the amount and concentration of the
gibberellic acid and the resulting color of the tomatoes. The gibberelic acid is
therefore effective in extending the shelf life of tomatoes.
#30

Study on the Stability of Vitamin C in Thermally Processed

Tomato Sauce
Nina Socorro Cortina, Dexter Gerald David, Kristian Joy Milan, Harold John
Santos and Michael Alfred Tan

ABSTRACT
Ascorbic acid is a water-soluble vitamin found in most fruits like
mangoes, oranges, berries and tomatoes. It is important for the formation of
normal teeth and bones and the prevention of scurvy.
Tomato Sauce is a common ingredient of our daily dishes. It is also a
good source of Vitamin C. However, in its cooking, a substantial amount of
Vitamin C may be lost. The study aims to determine the extent of Vitamin C
oxidation in tomato sauce.
The group heated the tomato sauce samples in temperatures ranging
form 60 C to 70 C under time span of five minutes. They were then compared
to a control and the percent difference of the samples and the control was
calculated.
The group concluded that 80 C is the best temperature setting for
simmering tomato sauce. In this temperature, minimal Vitamin C is lost
without sacrificing much of the foods edibility.

#31

Determination of the Carotenoid Content of Thermallyprocessed Sweet Potatoes

Jerome Darryll Cruz, Jeremy C. Davis, John Louie Fabila and Michael Rubio

ABSTRACT
The research study aims to determine the allowable time and
temperature that Ipomea batatas or sweet potato could be heated while
keeping its carotenoid content at its maximum.
The experimentation started with the preparation of the six sets of
samples to be heated. Each set was weighed to be exactly 200 grams. After
weighing, all of the sets were heated and boiled at different time intervals, all
except for the control. The crude extract of the control was immediately
extracted after weighing. The other sets were boiled at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30
respectively. After boiling, they were left to cool down back to room
temperature before getting their crude extracts.
The Beta-carotene of the sweet potatoes was then separated from the
crude extract by means of liquid separation. This was done with the use of
the solvents Acetone and Diethyl-ether.
The extracted Beta-carotene from the sweet potatoes was then diluted
with Chloroform. The absorbances of the six sets were determined and
recorded with the use of Spectrophotometer. These were then compared to
the results of the Absorbance Test done on the standard Beta-carotene.
Analysis and computation of the results proceeded.
#32

The Improved Design and Construction of a Locally

Assembled Epidiascope
Lesley Ann N. Cruz, Zarah B. Fernandez, Michael B. Quililan, Metchie C.
Refamonte and Zoe A. Villanueva

ABSTRACT
An epidiascope, commonly referred to as an opaque projector, is an
optical device that projects a magnified image direct from a two-dimensional
object. Commercially-available models are manufactured abroad and retail for
about P 63,500.00 (Eiki brand, as of 1995). The objective of this study is to
design and construct an opaque projector using locally-available resources ,
and with minimal cost. The projected total expenditure is P 2,500. A research
group from batch 1996 of Philippine Science High School constructed an initial
prototype. This study aims to develop their design and re-engineer the
construction, thus creating an improved model. The present groups design
uses a 12.7 cm (5) double-convex lens with a focal length of 29.5 cm
(11.6). Two 500-W Halogen lamps provide the required intense illumination.
Forced cooling is created by two blower fans on opposing ends of the
chassis. Commercial versions project with a magnification of 5 times at 2 m

(6) and 7.5 times at 3 m (9). The prototype created by the group is able to
project an image that is distinct and more readable than the previous
prototypes and was comparable to the image projected by the commerciallyavailable projectors.
#33

The Efect of Pendimethalin on the Ascorbic Acid Content of

Camote (Ipomea batatas)
Jay Ace Z. David, Eunice M. Espe, Jennie Lou A. Montemayor, Janice Hya B.
Tabula and Gizelle Ann B. Torrizo

ABSTRACT
The study aims to analyze the effect of pendimethalin, an herbicide, on
the ascorbic acid content of Camote (Ipomea batatas). The Camote samples
were treated with different concentrations of the herbicide (2 drops/100ml
water, 3 drops/100 ml, 4 drops/100ml, 10 drops/100ml, 20 drops/100 ml) and
stored in a dark room temperature for one month. The samples were peeled
and ground, the ascorbic acid extracted and titrated using 2,6-dichloroindophenol dye. (Results showed that the sample treated with the greatest
concentration of the herbicide had the most ascorbic acid content. This
proves that the herbicide prolong the ascorbic acid retention of Camote when
stored at room temperature.)
#34

A Preliminary Investigation of Lectins from Erythrina

indica as a Possible Mitogen or Cytotoxin in Non-Small
Lung Cancer Cells
Coe de la Sena, Peter Paul Gadi, Jacinto Limjap Jr., Pamela Santos and
Martha Jane Umali

ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine whether lectins from Erythrina indica
have a positive or negative effect on the growth rate of non-small lung cancer
cells. The study was made in collaboration with Dr. Sonia Jacinto and the
Lung Center of the Philippines. Lectins are glycoproteins found at the surface
of the cell membrane. They function in the interaction of the cell with its
environment and mediate cell-to-cell recognition. The lectins were extracted
by mashing, stirring and centrifugation of mature E. indica seeds. The plates
were subjected to 125 uL, 20 uL, and 0 uL of lectin volume. Each treatment
had three replicates and the cell count was done at 0 hour, 6 hours and 12
hours. Analysis of variance of the different growth rates shows that those
treated with 125 uL lectins volume had significantly higher growth rates than
those treated with 20 uL and uL lectins volume. Therefore, lectins act as a
mitogen promoting the growth of non-small lung cancer cells and can be used
to speed up the establishment of cell lines needed in cancer research.

#35

The Feasibility of Jam and Vinegar Production from

Dagwey
Hernani Dingle, Johans Gonzaga, Julius Migrino, Karlo Roberto Torio and
Sarah Mae Bagsic

ABSTRACT
The study aims to determine the feasibility of dagwey (Saurauia
subglabra Merr.) as a source of jam and vinegar. Adding dagwey, sugar and
pectin to boiling water yielded a sweet, viscous and jelly-like substance similar
to strawberry jam, while boiling dagwey and sugar in water and fermenting
the liquid mixture yielded a sweetish-sour vinegar similar to sukang
paombong which is made from pineapple. Friedmanns tests on the jam and
titration tests for the vinegar show that dagwey fruit can be made into a
feasible jam and vinegar. It is recommended that further research be
conducted on the properties of the dagwey plant and its growing habits in
order to allow wider cultivation of the plant.
#36

The Extraction of Allicin from Allium sativum

Rochelle Dumlao, Brian Abenoja and Dawn Benigno

ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study is to obtain information on the Allicin content
of locally available samples of Allium sativum or garlic. The compound has
already been proven to have anti-microbial activities. Allin, readily available in
Allium sativum, is the source of Allicin. Unlike Allicin, Alliin has no
antimicrobial activities and has no practical purpose, and is unstable. With the
use of the enzyme Allinase, the more useful organic compound, Allicin, can be
synthesized from Allin.
Samples of Allium sativum were obtained from a local market. These
were grouped according to their relative size. Individual samples were skinned
and then manually crushed and ground. The group samples were then placed
in a soxhlet apparatus and extracted using diethyl ether. The resulting liquid
was then distilled to remove the solvent, leaving the extracts.
The extracts were divided into thirteen test sample of different
formulations. Specific gravity and pH were taken and compared to Allicin
constants. The physical appearance was also observed. The extracts color
and odor were taken.
Results indicate that the extracts exhibit the same characteristic as
pure Allicin when allowed to stand. Other datas such as color and odor also
matched, but pH turned out to be higher than that of pure Allicin.

#37

A Comparative Study of Different Electrodes on an

Electrostatic Exhaust Filter
Evan M. Espina, Joseph Joven C. Gammad, John Erwin P. Macapagal, Jaeson
C. Paras and Christian Abelardo M. Sese

ABSTRACT
Two years ago, a group (Viray, et al.) developed a research project
entitled Testing Filtering Efficiency of an Improved Air Ionizer, in which they
were able to construct an effective air ionizer from an improved circuit, and
which made use of brass electrodes, instead of an emitting needle. These
electrodes were installed as apart of a muffler.
This project compares the performance of copper, aluminum and brass
electrodes for this air ionizer. A circuit following the design by Viray, et al.
was constructed. This apparatus was installed in a custom-made muffler. The
muffler incorporate design modifications to make it easier to change
electrodes. The electrode assembly can be detached (screwed on and off).
This innovation is predicted to be advantageous because it facilitates the
cleaning electrodes.
This electrostatic exhaust filter was tested at the Quezon City Hall in
cooperation with the Task Force Clean and Green Division. The filter was
tested with the different electrodes. These tests were repeated for three
different vehicles. The percentage of carbon content of the exhaust air for
each vehicle was measured by a smokemeter.
The results showed brass to be the most efficient electrode followed by
copper then aluminum. But with regards to their prices, brass was the most
expensive and aluminum was the cheapest. It is also noted that all electrodes
passed the standard set by Task Force Clean and Green on smoke belching. It
is therefore suggested that aluminum be used as electrodes for its low price
and recyclability as what was done with the Sprite in can.
#38

The Design, Construction, and Testing of a Solar Water

Distiller
Ross Oliver B. Evangelista, Yasmin M. Lee, Karenina F. Lim and Artessa
Niccola D. Saldivar-Sali

ABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to design, construct, and test a solar
water distiller. The design was intended to maximize the volume of water
collected by the apparatus as compared to solar distillers of similar structure.
The design was based on modifications of an existing plastic still.
Testing was conducted for 5 days. Testing consisted of exposing the
apparatus to solar radiation for 10 hours each day . Recordings of

atmospheric conditions were taken for each trial. Daily volume readings were
taken of the distilled water collected.
Testing showed that still has the capacity to collect an average of 4.04
liters per day. This does not meet the standard value of ten liters per day for
existing distillers of equal area. These results are attributable to unsuitable
weather conditions during testing. In addition, the roofs slope and the
material from which was constructed was not ideal.
The group recommends that further research be carried out to address
these problems.
#39

Pinus insularis Cones and Salix babylonia Leaves as the

Active Ingredient in a Mosquito Repellant
Aldric Rodolfo Z. Gaerlan II, Ibrahim Shem S. Nas and Tagumpay R. Vergara

ABSTRACT
Mosquitoes are pests that have been pestering land vertebrates for
millions of years. Although there are many commercial insecticides available
in the market, they are proven to be too harmful or too expensive for the
consumers. The main purpose of this study is to produce an environmentfriendly, safe, effective, and cheap mosquito repellant. Pine cones and
weeping willow leaves were gathered from different places. After they were
gathered extraction was done and the solution was collected and distilled, to
separate the extract from the solvent. Preparation of the mixture was done in
ratio of 1:1.5 and 1:2.5 weeping willow leaves extract to pine cone extract.
Testing of the mixture was then accomplished, using the wrigglers and the
adult mosquitoes as the experimental group. The results of the tests for the
mosquitoes and wrigglers were analyzed using chi square test to determine if
there is an association between the death of the wrigglers and mosquitoes
and the presence of the repellant. The statistical test done used 5% level of
significance. It has been found out that the prepared mosquito repellant is
not effective against mosquitoes.
#40

Effect of Pretreatment with Microwave Rays on the

Storage Stability of Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Clarinda Xandra Gendrano, Thomas James Ingles, Ruchel Muoz, Marcial
Panganiban Jr. and Hilda Larina Ragrario

ABSTRACT
A previous project done by Cunha et al showed that gamma and
microwave rays had the potential to affect the storage ability of dry beans. It
is the objective of this project to show that microwave rays also have the
potential to affect the storage stability of kidney beans. To prove the
objective, three tests were employed: Microbiological assay, Cooking Time

Test, and Moisture Determination Test. No test was done to the results of the
Cooking Time Test because there was only one trial. Therefore, microwave
rays have no effect on the storage stability of kidney beans.
#41

Saluyot Leaf Extract, Suha Peeling Extract, and Gulaman

as Bacterial Culture Medium Components
Noelle Gonzales, Jesus Cesar Natividad, Cristina Cecille M. Reyes, Leia Nessi
Torre and Jose Carlo Tubadeza

ABSTRACT
Bacterial culture media is in demand these days, as its applications,
which currently range from biology, to genetics, to medicine, grows. Often
being used is agar, but the high cost of nutrient agar restricts its usage,
especially in less-funded researches. A cheaper, yet equally effective culture
medium would greatly assist in the advancement of sciences which are
dependent on tests involving bacteria. The materials chosen for this research
are all locally available, and further research may unearth other important
uses. Extracts were taken from the peeling of suha and saluyot, and these
were combined in different proportions. Gulaman was added to help solidify
the medium. The smooth, autoclaved mixtures were transferred to petri
dishes to completely solidify. The solid medium was then introduced to a
species of bacterium. One of the three treatments proved quite comparable
(in terms of number of bacterial colonies) to commercially-produced agar.
Two of the treatments produced a medium quite similar in color and texture
to nutrient agar. In addition, all of the experimental medium turned out much
cheaper than the commercial medium.
#42

Utilization of Pilinut (Canarium ovatum) Shells in the

Production of Cement-Bonded Boards
Nia Marie Hernandez, Maria Josefa Jocson, Zulieca Tamayo, Herbert Paul
Guanzon and Lee Anthony Valera

ABSTRACT
Pilinut shells are either discarded or used as fuel in the Philippines.
However, they contain chemical components that are present in hardwoods,
making them promising substitutes for timber. In the production of cementbonded boards, the pilinut shells were ground and glued together with
cement. After 3 weeks of curing, the boards were subjected to modulus of
rupture, the 60:40 cement/pili ratio was superior to that of the 50:50 and
40:60 cement/pili ratio as well as to that of commercial cement-bonded
boards made from sugar-cane bagasse. Water absorption results show that
they are comparable to other cement-bonded boards. Cement-bonded boards
can therefore be used to for housing material, based on the two tests done.

#43

Extracts from Dilenia indica Linn. As a Limiting Agent for

Ethanol Absorption
Michael John T. Hilario, Ronald Paul P. Gatbonton, Pia Angela R. Bustos, Miles
Tampani and Carl Vincent O. Mercado

ABSTRACT
A study conducted by a team of scientists led by Dr. Masayuki
Yoshikawa of the Kyoto Pharmaceutical University showed that traditional
Chinese herbs limited the absorption of ethanol in the bloodstream. This
research project aims to test whether a local plant species, Dillenia indica
Linn., containing the said active component saponin has the same properties.
Extracts were obtained from the plants fruits and force-fed to guinea pigs.
Ethanol was introduced to them after two hours, and one hour after, their
blood samples were obtained and tested with extracts from Dilenia indica
Linn. Were significantly lower as compared to the control group.
#44

Expandable Polystyrene as Component in Cement-bonded

Particle boards
Ian Gabriel Lopez, Dexter Aldwin Ong, Philip Miguel Ranada, Allan Santos and
Vincent Varila

ABSTRACT
Expandable Polystyrene (Styrofoam), being non-biodegradable,
abundant in supply, and having excellent insulating properties, was chosen as
a component for Cement Bonded Particle Boards (CBPBs). CBPBs are primarily
used in paneling and construction purposes, and usually utilize organic fiber
(wood shavings and crop fibers), together with Portland cement as binder.
The study was conducted to test for the feasibility of expandable polystyrene
as a component in cement-bonded particle boards. Controlled samples of
polystyrene cups from Jollibee, Inc. were used for the study. The material
was shredded into 1 mm x 1.5 mm pieces and mixed with Portland cement in
the following by-weight rations: 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20. Other components
include water amounting to 10% of the weight of the cement and calcium
chloride, a chemical accelerator. The mixture was mat-formed, pressed in a
10-ton hydraulic jack for 24 hours and left to cure for 28 days. Testing for
bond strength, rigidity and water absorption was conducted. This included
quantifiable values for Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), Modulus of Rupture
(MOR), Nail Heal Pull Through, Thickness Swelling and Water Absorption. A
test to determine the extent of the CBPBs insulating properties was also
conducted. Test results only served to approximate the insulating property of
the styrofoam CBPB. These values are not directly comparable to industry
standards for insulation.

The results from these five tests indicated that the CBPBs from
expandable polystyrene exceeded the Philippine Standards set by FPRDI and
approved by DOST for each property of the board being tested. The tests also
showed that the 60:40 styro to cement ratio contained the best proportion. A
comparative analysis of the styro-board with FPRDI-fabricated sugarcane and
cornstalk CBPBs was undertaken, and the expandable polystyrene boards
compared favourably with boards made out of these materials.
#45

The Insecticidal Potential of Chili Pepper Leaf Extract

Against Termites
Wyn Antonio A. Lumasag and Joseph Christian I. Romano

ABSTRACT
The goal of this research is to determine the insecticidal effect of chili
pepper leaf extract on termites. Chili pepper leaves were collected then airdried and oven-dried until brittle. The leaves were then pulverized and milled
using the Wiley mill. After this, the powdered leaf was boiled in water and
filtered. After the preparation of the extract, termites were gathered into two
containers. One of the containers was tested with the extract by means of
spraying. The other container served as the control. The setup was checked
every hour for five succeeding hours. Results showed that the extract had no
apparent effect on termites.
#46

The Production of an Improved Edible Film for Food

Packaging
Neil Ongkingco, Jerome Punzalan, Sanjay Risbud, Mary Rose Magpily and
Patricia Anne Vega

ABSTRACT
For the past years, plastics have been used to preserved processed
fruits. Plastic is well suited for this role. It keeps moisture ad air out and so
retards moisture absorption and oxidation caused by air. The bad side is that
plastic is non-biodegradable. Plastic has been piling up in our landfills. The
research project aim to produce an edible film made from chitosan and lactic
acid that will preserved processed fruits. The production of an edible film
would have to keep out moisture and air just like plastic. Also, since it is to be
eaten with the fruit, it must not have an unpleasant taste.
The edible film was prepared by mixing 1% chitosan solution with 50%
lactic acid in a 1:1 mole ratio. The samples used in the experiment were
sliced apples, since they are readily available and the results of its oxidation is
easily observable. The film was applied to the samples by hand-dipping. The
samples were then kept in three environments: the freezer, the refrigerator
and at room temperature.

Results show that treated samples were comparable to the control only
in the freezer. The treated samples in the refrigerator and at room
temperature oxidized faster than the control. As for treated samples taste,
results show that there is no significant difference in taste of treated and
untreated samples. The results also show, increasing the lactic acid to
chitosan ratio increases the effectivity of the film.
The group therefore succeeded only in one of the objectives, producing
an edible film with no unfavorable taste. Further research may delve into
changing the mole ratio of chitosan to lactic acid to find the optimal ratio.
The group therefore succeeded only in one of the objectives, producing
an edible film with no unfavorable taste. Further research may delve into
changing the mole ratio of chitosan to lactic acid to find the optimal ratio.
#47

Foam polystyrene-Gasoline Mixture as an Adhesive

Artheo Day V. Rivera

ABSTRACT
This research is concerned with recycling of styrofoam, scientifically
known as a foam polystyrene (FPS), a plastic resin. Styrofoam was reused as
a major material for making an adhesive. Gasoline was used to dissolve the
FPS, resulting in a sticky mixture. Five mixtures of FPS-Gasoline were made
with the ratios of 11:4, 9:4, 7:4, 5:4, and 1:1 Blocks of wood having the same
sizes were used for testing the adhesiveness of the mixtures. Each of the
mixture was applied on a clean surface of the block and was left to air dry.
Each mixture was tested against the commercially available cement rugby. A
test of tension was done, pulling the two blocks which are bonded together
by the mixture (receiving load). Results proved that the adhesive was
comparable with the commercially produced RUGBY. It also showed that the
mixtures having the ratios greater than 1:1 (FPS-gasoline mass ratio) are
much stronger than RUGBY.
#48

The Design and Implementation of the PSHS Transcript-ofRecords System

Eric Cesar E. Vidal, Jr.

ABSTRACT
Schools like the Philippine Science High School keep track of student
records and produce transcripts of these whenever a student requests them
for college applications and the like. The process of creating transcripts
require a search through these records and copying only the information
needed for the transcript, a process which is in time-consuming and errorprone. This research simplifies those tasks by creating a database
management system which enables the school registrar to store all the

needed transcript information in databases for easy storage and retrieval. The
system also has added features such as student list printing, automatic
sorting, common curriculum tables, support for multiple computers, and
password security, which are designed to simplify transcript management. As
a result, the system makes the production of transcripts more efficient, thus
making student management easier for the registrar. Also, the system
provides a backbone towards the eventual total automation of the schools
student processing.
#49

The Determination and Comparison of Some Chemical

Properties of Coconut Oil with Other Vegetable Oils
Karl Lester Yap and Paolo Ruiz

ABSTRACT
Coconut oil is some of the Philippines largest commercial products.
Over the past few Years, scientific studies regarding the healthfulness of
coconut oil have been made, the results showing that coconut oil is inferior to
other vegetable oils. This has lead to the general belief that coconut oil is not
healthful. In order to conclusively determine the validity of such a belief, this
study was conducted.
The aim of the sturdy was to determine the healthfulness of coconut
oil with regards to other vegetable oils by performing three health-significant
tests on it, and two other vegetable oils, namely soybean oil and corn oil.
These tests are the determination of the iodine value, determination of the
saturate/unsaturated fatty acid content, and determination of medium-chain
[saturated] fatty acid content.
The results of the test for the iodine value and saturated/unsaturated
fatty acid content indicated that coconut oil was more saturated than both
corn and soybean oil. This means that coconut oil has a higher tendency to
cause cardiac diseases; saturated fatty acids tend to cause hardening and loss
flexibility of arteries, which is the cause of most cardiac conditions.
On the other hand, coconut oil had the greatest content of mediumchain fatty acids. (In fact, of the three oils, only coconut oil contained
MCFAs). The significance of this is that medium-chain triglycerides, which
contain MCFAs are more easily absorbed and digested during cellular
respiration making them more efficient and accessible energy sources than a
long-chain triglycerides. Coconut oil is, therefore, a better energy source that
either corn or soybean oil.

#50

The Effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Root Extract

on the Embryonic Development of Mus musculus
Sandra Yap, Valery Cabal, Monica David, John Michael Cancio and Germaine
Gabriel Belmonte II

ABSTRACT
The malunggay plant is used for curing bruises and rheumatism, for
dyeing as a supplement for breast-feeding mothers and is to be an effective
abortifacient on humans. This study aims to determine the effect of
malunggay (Moringa oleifera) root extract on the embryonic development of
white mice (Mus musculus). Three malunggay root extracts of different
concentrations were given to each of three sample groups and a control from
a chi-square test showed that the malunggay root extract has no significant
on the embryonic develiopment of mus musculus.
#51

Construction of a Cement-polystyrene Based Ceiling Panel

Dennis Evan Balacano, Justin Castelo,, Adrian Constantino and Edmar Vincent
Slapno

ABSTRACT
This research project is concerned with the recycling of foam
polystyrene, more popularly known as Stryrofoam. Foam polystyrene was
reused as an ingredient in making ceiling panels. The ceiling panels were
made as follows: foamed polystyrene was mixed with cement (mixed with fine
sand) after being dissolved in premium gas bought from a local Caltex station.
This mixture was placed in molds 14 inches by 14 inches by inch left to air
dry. The mixture ratio foam polystyrene and gas to cement and sand mixture
was 30:70. The dried mixture was then removed from the mold and sanded
into ceiling panel creating a fine surface. The resulting ceiling panels were
tested against some commercial ceiling panels using the following criteria:
flammability, water absorption, bending strength, weight and insulating
properties.
#52

COMPLEXCITI: A Game and an Economic Model

Brian E. Abenoja, Charles Bernard C. Cielo, Ma. Clarizza S. Ching and Arlene
D. Manalang

ABSTRACT
The research involves the designing of the program that simulates
economic trends. It aims to encourage people to study and to enjoy learning
basic economics. Economics, being a social science, is a difficult topic to grasp

because it offers a little in the way of concrete tenets to help solidify its
concepts. The project means to abjure this unfortunate quality through a
visual model designed to epitomize the mentioned incomprehensibilities of
economics. To construct the program, Visual Basic 3.0 was used. The maps
and other graphics used in this project were drawn using Paintbrush and they
were loaded into the game via specific calls by functions and procedures. The
user has every option of going on with the game or quitting it via the
message boxes that appear after a certain event. The creation of the
simulation-game proved to be long and challenging such that time constrains
have to be considered. The programmers, should they decide to make followup on this project should give ample time thinking of the algorithms and
debugging of this game. Also, this type of project could be used to create
other simulation of an ecological system.
#53

The PSHS Library Directory

Charisse Y. Austria, Michelle S. Gatan and Pauline Reyes

ABSTRACT
This project is a computer program that lists all possible reference
materials needed in the library for easy selection. It aims to make this task of
locating and finding exact materials in the library easier reducing time and
effort, at the same time it helps the librarians for easy editing of records and
importing of new acquisitions. The database is developed in a menu fashion.
The selections are listed according to author, title and subject, just as one is
accustomed to when going through the card catalogue. In a sense the project
is a card catalogue in computer language, thereby making it easier and faster
to search for needed information on desired topics. Future researches may be
towards the development of a network application of this database, to be
installed in the library with wider array of topics for selection.
#54

Video Tape Rentals

Sarah Mae Bagsic, Janice Hya Tabula, Zulieca Tamayo and Ibrahim Shem Nas

ABSTRACT
The software, Video Tape Rentals, keeps valuable information on
customers and video tapes on hand for future or immediate references. It
handles all computations and changing of status of tapes whether the tape
is in or out. Print-outs of the computations can be made available, therefore,
it can serve as a receipt.
This software is designed mainly to help video rental firms ease their
job in managing, organizing, keeping track to all transactions and to meet the
other needs and demands of both owner and customer.

FOXPRO was used to implement the software. The developed software

is capable of adding, updating, and printing new records.
The software is able to exhibit simplicity and understandability because
data were stored in tables which are simple in structure. It is cheaper in the
sense that only one person is needed to man it. It also efficient in the sense
that all computations were done automatically. Although we cannot handle
many copies of a single tape, in general the software was able to work up to
expectations.
The softwares efficiency can be further enhanced by working on the
softwares capability of keeping track to numerous copies of a simple tape.
With proper modifications this software can be of use to other firms with
similar systems.
#55

College Admission Test Reviewer

Jomar Battung, Arnel daleja, Jim Funesto and Orland Gonzalez

ABSTRACT
The College Admission Test Reviewer is a software whose purpose is to
make reviewing easier and more enjoyable, while having a comprehensive
review on the subjects Math, Filipino, Science, and English. It also aims to
create an updateable reviewer. The procedures used in the software include
Math, Filipino, Science, and English modules which were used to facilitate the
review on each subject, and the checking and evaluation module for the
evaluation of the users performances. The data used in the project are test
questions that came from the various references like the MSA. The software is
fully functional, although many more modifications can still be done. Future
programmers can make a better reviewer by adding a personal filing cabinet
which will keep tract of users performances. It would also help to include
other subjects like abstract reasoning as part of the topics.
#56

The Creation of a Workgroup Mailing and Scheduling

Software
Germaine Belmonte, Marcial Panganiban and Amilcar Reyes

ABSTRACT
The project is aimed at creating a user-friendly software that will allow
the user to send and to receive mail, post to workgroups, download archives,
and use a group calendar without any knowledge of networking whatsoever.
The project allows workgroups to use some functions of more expensive and
complex e-mail systems without any knowledge in networking whatsoever.
The users can post on several topic-based bulletin boards and on a common
calendar.

The Clipper language was used in programming. Clipper 5.2 was used
as the compiler and .Rtlink as linker. Most of the text were written in
Microsoft Edit. The machine used were 286, 386 and 486 PCs equipped with
DOS and Edit. The databases were created using DBU.EXE.
The final product was able to meet the requirements stated above the
calendar module was reduced to Important Dates.
Further research groups planning to improve the software should
concentrate on the softwares security features and system administrator
utilities. A very important feature lacking is also the ability of the software to
allow mail between users of different workgroups.
#57

The Development of a Database Program for Video Rental

Procedures
Gloria Patricia B. Benedicto, John Michael G. Cancio and Monica C. David

ABSTRACT
The program manages the inventory and daily procedures of video
rental stores. It deals with the processes of returning and borrowing of tapes,
inquiry about tape availability, and management of members files.
Improvements over the conventional method, where records are manually
inputted and processed, are in maintenance of membership files, inquiry as to
the availability of tapes, and returning and borrowing of tapes. However, the
program is not capable of conducting accounting procedures such as
balancing of dues, rebates, overdue and membership fees. Security is not
managed by the program, anyone can access the database files and the
program does not utilize back-up archives.
#58

The Application of Solar Energy for General Consumption

Dawn V. Benigno, Gino Franco L. Mallillin and Milo V. Alejo

ABSTRACT
A program that computes for the power output of solar collectors that
may be installed in future buildings is created to give the user an overview of
the power output of the building. The program should first show the user an
isometric drawing of the project being made after the user inputs the
dimensions of the building and its geographical location interms of the
longitudinal and latitudinal measurements and then shows the power output
of the solar cells.
The program aims to show the user the actual power output of the
solar collectors that may be installed in future buildings and therefore let the
user know if the future project would be successful or not. By using the
program, the user saves a lot of time.

The resulting program proved to be inadequate because it could not

compute the total power output of the buildings but can only show the
isometric drawings of each and the user can make their own scale of
measurements of the buildings. The program still needs to be improved by
adding the formula that is needed in the computations of the power output.
It can therefore be concluded that the program should not be used by
the public but should be further improved.
#59

Teachers Evaluation in PSHS

MLM Lessandra L. Berbano, Phoebe Grace M. Cabaluna, Sharon T. de Leon

and Manuel Joseph C. Loquias

ABSTRACT
The aim of this program is to upgrade the present evaluation system of
the PSHS teachers. A complete list of all the current PSHS teachers, as well as
the subjects and sections they teach, comprise the database files program.
The program was designed especially for the convenience of the user. At the
click of the key, the CISD staff can enter each teachers scores into the
database, and then view them later on. The rank of a particular teacher, as
well as the teachers with the top ten averages, are the ultimate output of the
program. The amount of time and energy conserved through this technique is
tremendous, compared to the hours the CISD staff had to plod through while
computing the scores by hand. The program, however, has a few drawbacks.
Each year marks the departure of old teachers and the arrival of new ones, so
it is necessary to update the database utility suit these changes. This problem
poses a challenge, however, to future researchers who wish to improve on its
program.
#60

PSHS Electronic Library Catalog

Valery Cabal, Katrina Gadia and Martha Jane Umali

ABSTRACT
The PSHS Electronic Library Catalog is simply a computerized version
of the PSHS librarys ordinary card catalog. The purpose of this software is to
aid students, teachers, and researchers in the acquisition of the reading
materials needed. Three important elements are also being attained using this
form of card catalog: time efficiency, accuracy, and enjoyment. This software
is composed mainly of databases for books, magazines, and topics found in
the vertical file. The programming tool used is Clipper 5.0 since this is known
as a computer language for creating databases. Directly inputted into the
software are the information from the cards for the books, the titles and
major articles for the magazines, and only the available topics for the vertical
file.

#61

The PSHS Filing System: A Quick Memo Finder

Agnes M. Cariaga, Rochelle Marnelli P. Dumlao, Margaret Marie H. Limgenco

and Dawn P. Toledo

ABSTRACT
This project aims to create a program that can locate files and memos
without having to go through the actual files and paperwork. Instead, it
makes use of an electronic file that is less bulky and time consuming to look
through. The program contains modules that can add new memos to the file,
look up a filed memo for reference, provide a complete listing of the memos
stored, or delete files that are no longer needed. It is a small improvement to
the crude manual system often used today but it is a step towards creating an
efficient electronic system of keeping track of the paperwork in an office.
Future researchers may look into the possibility of creating a more efficient
and secure system which is more presentable than the existing one.
#62

The Electronic School Directory

Mario T. Carreon, Leo Andrei A. Crisologo, Joseph C. Lagon and Jerome V.

Senen

ABSTRACT
The Electronic School Directory is an on-line guide to the Philippine
Science High School Diliman Campus premises. The main objective of this
software is to help visitors locate the offices or rooms that they want to go to.
Visual basic was used in the creation of the software. Most of the control are
done by images with help of command buttons and text boxes. The text
boxes open certain text files which correspond to a particular office or
building. Further improvements can be made by adding more pictures and
text. The software has the capability of upgrading to the latest source since
each attribute is controlled by an array.
#63

Design and Implementation of a Symmetric-key Computer

File Cryptosystem Based on the Vernam Cipher Model
Jose Antonio Celestial, Pia Angela Bustos and Pamela Santos

ABSTRACT
This research aims to develop a system of securing computer files by
means of a previously designed cryptographic model called the Vernam or
One-time Pad cipher.

The project was carried out by designing the program in separate

modules, each containing different function that perform specific tasks of the
program. The main algorithm (based on the Vernam cipher) was first outlined
in pseudo-code and translated into two separate functions (encryption and
decryption). Miscellaneous functions were then designed or adapted to handle
ciphertext validation, pre-encryption plaintext compression, argument
processing, and string manipulation. Actual coding of the source code under
C/C++ was initiated after completion of the cryptosystem definition. The
compiled or executable program was then tested for errors. The last step was
to test the implemented cryptosystem for different inputs of key and
plaintext, and to record statistical data (i.e., elapsed times for encryption and
decryption) for comparative analysis.
The results of the project showed that any plaintext file can be
successfully encrypted using a separate key file of the same length. A specific
ciphertext file can be successfully decrypted by using an identical copy of the
key used to encrypt the corresponding plaintext. Comparative analysis shows
that plaintext files of increasing file sizes produce ciphertext files of similar
increase in terms of file size. Elapsed times for encryption and decryption
functions were also determined as a function of increasing file sizes, where a
general increase in input file size would lengthen the amount of time to
complete these functions. Ciphertext files encrypted using the executable
program generally have smaller file sizes as compared to the original plaintext
files, due to a function that compresses plaintext information before
encrypting to ciphertext. Compression ratios were found to vary across
various file formats, with test and raster bitmap files having the highest
compression ratios while compressed information of random files having the
lowest.
From these results, it is concluded that a software implementation of
the Vernam or One-Time Pad model can be successfully attained without
sacrificing the intrinsic primary security feature of the original cryptosystem.
#64

The Computer-aided Data Management of the Philippine

Science High School Property Unit
Coe de la Sea, Peter Paul Gadi, Leo Manauis and Voltaire Vitug

ABSTRACT
This project integrates computers into the PSHS Property Units system
by creating a program which would be able to handle the manual work done
by the Property Unit personnel. Due to the broad scope handled by the
property unit, however, only the student services provided by the Unit was
computerized. This consisted of the borrowing/returning of books, togas,
calculators and lockers. A mock database was used since data-encoding of the
whole Property Unit data is time-consuming.

The programming facility used was Clipper 5.0 Each student service
(books, togas, calculators, lockers) was provided a module which contained
options to add, delete or edit the data in the specified module.
The program created was organized and systematic. The interface is
simple and easy-to-understand, but someone not familiar with the Property
Units system would have a harder time analyzing the system. It is easily
maintainable with an option to update the student database.
The program, though usable, is still inadequate. Improvements need to
be made like making the program able to produce hard copies of data
essential in record keeping. A security password and archive are also needed.
Further researches could go into the improvement of this project to make it
serviceable to the Property Office.
#65

The Feasibility of a Computerized Time-Keeping System

for the PSHS Personnel
Eunice M. Espe, Nina Marie R. Hernandez, Jennie Lou A. Montemayor and
Selena J. Salang

ABSTRACT
The project is a computerized time-keeping system for PSHS personnel
which allows the employees to log-in or log-out, and to look at their
deductions from the moths salary according to attendance.
The importance of this project is that it will make the computations of
salaries easier for the PSHS accounting office and, with the use of personal
identification numbers, ensure the confidentiality of information about
employees salaries. Steps taken in the making of this program are: data
gathering, researching, encoding, debugging, and testing of the finished
product
Consultation with the Accounting Office provided the group with a
format for computation and an idea of what data to put in the database files.
This project can be subjected to slight revisions to suit other businesses or
factories.
#66

Club Directory

Mary Lauren R. Europa, Aileen D. Fadul and Robert John M. Tejero

ABSTRACT
The project is simple database management system which was
designed and implemented to enable the PSHS Registrars Office to keep track
of the clubs in school and their respective members. The system includes a
master list of the clubs, as well as the listing of officers and members relevant
information about each club member. The project aims to give the Registrars
Office a more manageable system, as the previous system involved manually-

created lists on paper. The program code was constructed using the MS-DOS
Editor Clipper 5.0 as a compiler, the database files were created using the
Database Utility and an introductory presentation was created using Qbasic.
The resulting program, in itself, is then very simple and could easily be
understood by the user. Changes to the databases must be done directly
through the database utility. It is recommended that further similar
researches include provisions that will allow the user to edit information found
in the databases through the program itself.
#67

Cell Reproduction and Development

Aldric Z. Gaerlan, Lee Anthony D. Valera and Paolo Ruiz

ABSTRACT
The project is a software that focuses on a major part of the life of the
cell, which is its propagation, or cell division. The two major kinds, mitosis
and meiosis, are discussed in detail. Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) was
the basis of the program-it imparts useful knowledge on cell division to the
user. Visual Basic 3.0, an object-oriented programming language, was utilized
in the production of the program. This provides user-friendly interface and
promotes easy operation and utilization. The user just has to point and click.
The program was met the objectives set for it, but further improvements are
still needed. More information about cell biology can be added and a quiz
portion should be also be included.
#68

Philippine Science High School Residence Hall Catalogue

Ronald Paul Gatbonton, Michael John Hilario, Hilda Larina Ragrario and Miles
Tampani

ABSTRACT
This project provides a system that will organize all the dormitory
records into a user-friendly electronic database so that the very tedious job of
handling, managing and processing large quantities of records in the four
residence halls would be greatly facilitated. The software contains data
regarding interns bio-data, room assignments, roommates, and other
dormitory related data. It will manages the maintenance processes of the
dormitory room assignments such as addition of new rooms, deletion of
dysfunctional rooms, editing of records, and transferring of dormers into new
rooms. The program was created using the Clipper 5.01 and Rtlink,
respectively. Files containing the data that the software will process were
created using Database Utilities (DBU). The program resulted into a userfriendly one, with easy-to-understand menu that is provided with a brief
description of each option at the bottom of the screen.

#69

Where are Waldo and Walda?

Clarinda Xandra C. Gendrano, Thomas James G. Ingles, Carl Vincent O.

Mercado and Ruchel M. Muoz

ABSTRACT
A software was designed and implemented to provide an easy and fast
way of locating a student in the PSHS campus. Any visitor simply enters the
name of the student he/she is looking for, the time, and the day, and the
program will indicate the location of the student.
The program was implemented using Microsoft FoxPro version 2.6 Two
database files were used, Perinfo.dbf, which contains personal information on
the student and Section.dbf, which contains the schedule of fourth year
sections. There are also two bitmap files: idno.bmp, which contains secured
pictures of students, and room.bmp, which contains secured pictures of
rooms.
The software was found to be efficient and more convenient to use
than having the visitor manually locate the student he/she is looking for.
Though the program is working, it would be better if there is a network
between the guard house and the Registrars Office. The programs capability
is limited by its database content, meaning that there is no way of verifying if
the teacher is around or not. Also, if there are no classes for that day, the
visitor wouldnt know. The program only accepts the name that will match the
one in the database. For further improvement of the software, a module for
the addition and deletion of record may be done because the software has no
edit module.
#70

THE DORMFILES

Ma. Josefa N. Jocson and Gizelle Anne B. Torrizo

ABSTRACT
THE DORMFILES is a software created to serve as a computerized data
handler of the Philippine Science High School Residence Halls records. It aims
to assist the dorm manager and the staff in managing the bio-data of the
dormers. In using the software, lost messages would be minimized and
tracking the dormers would be easier and faster. The programming language
used in making the software is Clipper5. The software contains three (3) main
modules: Information, Maintenance and I.D. number. The information module
outputs dormers information, enters and retrieves messages and has
functions similar to a logbook which logs-in and logs-out dormers. The
Maintenance module edits and deletes dormers information and I.D. number
and deletes messages. This module is guarded by a password. The I.D.
number module just displays Dormers names and sorted in alphabetical order
with their corresponding I.D. number. The software is simple and could easily

be understood by the user and the confidential area is password-protected for

a safer implementation. It is recommended that further research should be
done in adding a function for class schedule for improvement in student
tracing.
#71

The PSHS Library Automated System

Georgianne Liad, Renee Kristine Lorenzana, Tagumpay Vergara and Karl

Lester Yap

ABSTRACT
The PSHS automated library system is a library system that allows the
PSHS population to search for library reference materials, to borrow and
return these materials, and tom update the data regarding these materials.
The program was implemented using Clipper5. It allows the user to search for
the records of books and periodicals in the library, log out books with the use
of the books classification number, log in books that have been borrowed.
And if needed, compute the number of days overdue.
It also allows update of the data regarding library reference materials.
Search for books by author, title, subject and classification number is also
possible. The program also holds a huge amount of data: the database of the
librarys holdings, the date and time that the item was borrowed, the date
and time it was returned, the borrowers I.D. number, the item number, the
loan period and loan status.
With these characteristics, the PSHS Automated Library System
provides the PSHS population with an easier and faster access of reference
materials, a more effective transaction of the librarys holdings, and a more
effective method of updating the data of the books. It is recommended that
the program be applied and tested in the PSHS library to determine its
effectivity and so that errors and limitations which have not been considered
before be known and subsequent changes be made to the structure of the
program.
#72

The Design and Construction of a Computer-Aided

Instruction Program Discussing Projectile Motion
Jacinto A. Limjap, Jr.

ABSTRACT
A computer-aided-instruction program on projectile motion based on
the Philippine Science High School curriculum was designed and constructed.
The content of the course includes the basic concepts of projectile motion as
specified in the PSHS 2nd year (1995-1996) curriculum. After the design was
finalized, a program was constructed using the Microsoft Windows 3.1x and
windows 95 environment. The program presents slide shows discussing

projectile motion, and gives a quiz on the topic. The performance of the user
is then recorded in separate data files. No actual evaluation of the program
was done, so its effectivity is still questionable.
#73

The Constellations

Julius R. Migrino, Hernani Dingle, Karlo Torio and Johans Gonzaga

ABSTRACT
The constellation is a program intended to be a general reference of
the different major constellations that can be found in the celestial sky. It was
created to comply for users with general or little knowledge of the
constellations. The program was made using Microsoft Visual Basic 3.0, an
object oriented programming language. Most of the graphics included in the
software were created using Windows Paintbrush and integrated in the
program to provide pictures of the different constellations and the
hemispheres. Several menus can be accessed in the program, which enables
the user to browse through the program with minimal effort. Twenty-four
different stellar patterns and the two different hemispheres of the celestial
sky were included in the program, and are accessible through the different
menus mentioned above. The program was completed behind schedule,
therefore the quiz part wasnt included.
#74

Development
of
a
Computerized
Pharmaceutical Inventory

Database

for

Reynalin Penus and Sandra Yap

ABSTRACT
This project aims to create a computer database program that would
lessen the use of time and energy of the user while doing a pharmaceutical
inventory. It includes all the necessary data that are needed in a
pharmaceutical inventory as well as other pertinent information concerning
the drug of interest. The program is divided into three parts: New
Entries/Edit, Records, and Inventory, each of which are divided into subparts.
New Entries/Edit is the maintenance module of the program wherein the user
can add, delete, or change a record. The Records and Inventory modules are
for the purpose of viewing information about the pharmaceutical product the
user would want to know. Inventory contains the inventory of the drugstore.
This includes the price, quantity, and total amount of remaining drugs.
Records contains the same data found in the Inventory module with other
data about the drug such as: Date Ordered, Date Delivered, and Deal. The
resulting program was found to perform its function, which is to provide an
alternative to a tedious manual inventory, thus the aim of the project was

attained. Future researchers are advised to revise the program in such a

manner to add security measures and archives.