Parth:

Que.How far has CVC been able to achieve its specified mandate. What are the factors
behind underachieved targets ?
Ans. CVC was formed in 1964, upon the recommendations of K. Santhanam committee on
prevention of corruption(1962-64),as an apex body for exercising general
superintendence and control over vigilance administration .
It was accorded the statutory status in 1998 upon passing of ordinance by president, and
later CVC act was framed in 2003.
The mandate of CVC is to be the apex vigilance organisation, free from executive
control, and monitoring all vigilance activity under central government, and advising
other authorities in Central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing
and reforming their vigilance work.
Various functions of CVC are:
1. To conduct inquiry into violations of prevention of corruption act by a public servant.
2. to superintendent, give directions, and review progress of investigations by Delhi
Special Police Establishment(DSPE), which is setup by the DSPE act, 1946.
3. to review progress of applications received by competent authorities under the
prevention of corruption act, 1988.
4. Superintendent of vigilance commissions in various ministries of central government.
But despite this it has not been able to live upto its expectations, and that is evident from
various instances of corruption and scams happening in country. This is because,
1. It is only an advisory body.
2. It has supervisory powers over CBI but its ultimate control is with DoPT. Thus it cant
order CBI to undertake any inquiry, or ask for any file related to an inquiry.
3. Appointments though made by President, are based on recommendations of a
selection committee consisting of PM, union Home minister, and leader of opposition.
Thus indirectly appointment is controlled by government.
4. It cant register any criminal case, only do vigilance and disciplinary cases.
Sa ndhya
1) Discuss the British vision of India had no single coherent set of ideas. On the contrary, the
ideas were shot through with contradictions and inconsistencies.
Opportunities provided by the situations in different time was he base behind British rule in
India, so the British rule lacked vision and was filled with contradictions and inconsistencism.
British role was based on pure opportunism. This can be manifested by different political,
economic, social and cultural policies of British rule. Various Governor-Generals had their
different set of ideas regarding India e.g. Lord Wellesley's subsidiary Alliance system and Lord
Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse. Sometimes Britishers supported Hindus and another time
Muslims. Towards princely states they assumed suspicious policies.
British crown assumed all responsibility of ruling India in its own hand otter 1857 revolt.
British policy towards princely states, social reforms, view point about Hindu-Muslims,
composition of Army, civil service reforms changed British policies. Tenants rights varied from
region to region and based on political and social realities.
During the time of national movement, their reactions were more opportunistic than based on
policies. The Round Table conferences were example of it Britisher's hard or soft attitude
towards congress or Muslim League was based on situations. This can be known from the
cripp's proposal of dominion states to complete independence by bifurcation through
Mountbatten plan.
Therefore, we can say that British vision of India was the repository of opportunistic ideas
which was reflected through their contradictory and inconsistent policies. Their only goal was
to rule India as long as possible by manipulating different situations.

2) Is the High Courts power to issue 'writs' wider than that of the Supreme Court of India?
High Courts have powers to issue writs under Article-226. To enforce Fundamental Rights (FR)
or any other right. It is the duty of the Supreme Court to issue an appropriate writ to enforce
any of the FRs under Article 32. It can be compared that the High Courts can issue writs even
to enforce any other legal rights also, whereas the Supreme Court can enforce only Frs.
Supreme Court and High Courts both can issue some writs provided by the Constitution, such
as-Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, or quo warranto. However, it is
noticeable that a person can avail of the right under Article-32 as of a right because it is a
fundamental right whereas Article-226 do not confer any duty upon the High Courts to issue a
writ. It is simply dependent upon discretionary power of High Courts. But, in matter of area
wise jurisdiction, the Supreme Court has wide power whereas the High Courts' jurisdiction is
limited to any particular area.
3) Attitude of Industrialists towards Indian National Congress in Pre-independent Era?
In the second half of the 19th century an important development was the established of largescale machine based industrial in India. It led to the emergence of two new classes
industrialists and capabilities and the modern worker class. The attitude of these new classes
were favourable towards the National Movement from the very beginning. It is an important
aspect that without government help and in opposition to British policy the Industrial
Development in took place.
There were no aid or strategically help from the government of India to newly found industries.
Thus, the Indian industrialists were of view that, it is impossible to influence British
government. The British rulers of India did not conceive of an industrialized India basically.
Therefore, industrialists helped nationalists in the fight against British rule an alternative.
Before independence most of the industrialists were associated with the Indian National
Congress (INC). Such as Jamuna Lal Bajaj, Samual Arrron and Lala Shankar Lal were the
industrialists, who were very famous and even arrested by the government. Although
Industrialists such as Ghanshyam Das Birla, Ambalal Sarabhai and Balchand Hiranand did not
join congress but helped it remaining outside.
Though, to some extent congress turned socialist, but this does not show more diversion
from pro-congress attitude of industrialists.
4) What is Lokpall Bill?
The word Lokpal means an ombudsman in India. The word has been derived from the Sanskrit
words "Loka" which means people and "pala" which means protector or caretaker. So the
work Lokpal means 'protector of people'.
The concept of Lokpal has been drawn up to root out corruption at all levels in the prevailing
Indian polity. The first Lokpal Bill was introduced by Shanti Bhushan and passed in the 4th
Lok Sabha in 1969 but could not get through in the Rajya Sabha. Subsequently, it was
introduced time and again, yet they were never passed ant it is still pending after 42 years.
The Lokpal Bill's main points and features are as follows:
(i) It would be a quasi-judicial authority. The working chief justice of India becomes the
chairman of the Lokpal.
(ii) Under the chairmanship of the Vice-president, the committee regarding the selection of the
members of the Lokpal is established.
(iii) The council of Ministers, the members of the Parliament and government officers would be
in Lokpal. But the President and Vice-President are kept aside of the Lokpal.
(iv) Even the Prime Ministers is brought in the scope of his jurisdiction except regarding his
working in the fields of National Security or National Systems.
(v) If the complaint against the chairman of Lokpal is proved then he may be removed from his
post.
It would be easier to fight against corruption and to have a fair administration in the country, if
the Lokpal system is established.
5) Resource bases available for Economic Development of Jharkhand and Uttranchal.

The Central Government has provided big amounts to them in the name of developmental
assistance after the creation of separate states Jharkhand and Uttranchal for their
administration and economy. Naturally available abundant resources with both the states are
also helpful in their economic progress. Uttaranchal is a hilly state, carved out of Uttar
Pradesh, which has many natural and forest resources. Tourism has contributed a lot in its
development. It produces hydro-electricity in abundance.
On the other hand Jharkhand carved out of Bihar is mainly area with rocks and hills, having
many minerals under them. Jharkhand is considered with resources of mineral as one of the
richest state. Thus it can be said that Both states having various types of natural resources,
have bright prospects of economic growth, if it is well planned and directed, henceforth not
achieved due to political reasons.
6) Economic backwardness as a major Challenge in Indian democracy. Can democracy and
development go together smoothly?
Equal economic development for its all classes of society and all parts of country is not being
done in India. This is the main reason for the crippling of Indian democracy. Economic
backwardness in many parts of India have resulted in poverty, under nutrition, lack of proper
education, health awareness and facilities of development. In such circumstances, a citizen is
not and cannot be expected to be able to participate in the process of democratic governance
of the country. So, a large sector of Indian public remain out of democratic process and so
nation is not running as a true democracy, due to economic backwardness. If without any
influence or compulsion every citizen can take part in process of democracy, without any
about threat and with well received information and knowledge, only then it can be expected
to run a democracy.
Here, economic backwardness has become a real challenge to our democracy. Development
and Democracy are inter-related phenomena. Requirements of people can be known only if full
democratic governance is implemented. Democratic nation pays equal attention to every
requirement of all sectors of society or citizens, irrespective of their level, number and
strength. After satisfying all basic requirements only developments can be achieved.
Development is all about upliftment of social political, cultural, educational and economical
levels of public life. Democratisation of a country can help and boost the process of achieving
development. So, Democracy and Development should go together smoothly, only together
and not otherwise is the basic requirement and result.