Authentication and Access:

Accommodating Public Users

in an Academic World
In the fall of 2004, the Academic Computing Center,
a division of the Information Technology Services
Department (ITS) at Minnesota State University,
Mankato took over responsibility for the computers
in the public areas of Memorial Library. For the first
time, affiliated Memorial Library users were required to
authenticate using a campus username and password,
a change that effectively eliminated computer access
for anyone not part of the university community. This
posed a dilemma for the librarians. Because of its Federal
Depository status, the library had a responsibility to provide general access to both print and online government
publications for the general public. Furthermore, the
library had a long tradition of providing guest access to
most library resources, and there was reluctance to abandon the practice. Therefore the librarians worked with
ITS to retain a small group of six computers that did
not require authentication and were clearly marked for
community use, along with several standup, open-access
computers on each floor used primarily for searching the
library catalog. The additional need to provide computer
access to high school students visiting the library for
research and instruction led to more discussions with
ITS and resulted in a means of generating temporary
usernames and passwords through a Web form. These
user accommodations were implemented in the library
without creating a written policy governing the use of
open-access computers.

ver time, library staff realized that guidelines for

guests using the computers were needed because
of misuse of the open-access computers. We were
charged with the task of drafting these guidelines. In
typical librarian fashion, we searched websites, including
those of Association of Research Libraries (ARL) members
for existing computer access policies in academic libraries.
We obtained very little information through this search,
so we turned to ARL publications for assistance. Library
Public Access Workstation Authentication by Lori Driscoll,
was of greater benefit and offered much of the needed
information, but it was dated.1 A research result described

Lynne Webber ([email protected]) is Access Services Librarian and Peg Lawrence ([email protected]) is Systems
Librarian, Minnesota State University, Mankato.

Lynne Weber and

Peg Lawrence

in Cook and Sheltons Managing Public Computing, which

confirmed the lack of applicable guidelines on academic
websites, had more up-to-date information but was not
available to the researchers at the time the project was
initiated.2 In the course of research, the authors developed
the following questions:
How many ARL libraries require affiliated users to
log into public computer workstations within the
library?
How many ARL libraries provide the means to
authenticate guest users and allow them to log on to
the same computers used by affiliates?
How many ARL libraries offer open-access computers for guests to use? Do these libraries provide both
open-access computers and the means for guest user
authentication?
How do Federal Depository Library Program libraries
balance their policy requiring computer authentication with the obligation to provide public access to
government information?
Do computers provided for guest use (open access or
guest login) provide different software or capabilities
than those provided to affiliated users?
How many ARL libraries have written policies for
the use of open-access computers? If a policy exists,
what is it?
How many ARL libraries have written policies for
authenticating guest users? If a policy exists, what
is it?

Literature Review
Since the 1950s there has been considerable discussion
within library literature about academic libraries serving
external, secondary, or outside users. The subject
has been approached from the viewpoint of access to
the library facility and collections, reference assistance,
interlibrary loan (ILL) service, borrowing privileges, and
(more recently) access to computers and Internet privileges, including the use of proprietary databases.
Deale emphasized the importance of public relations
to the academic library.3 While he touched on creating
bonds both on and off campus, he described the positive
effect of privilege cards to community members.4 Josey
described the variety of services that Savannah State
College offered to the community.5 He concluded his
essay with these words:
Why cannot these tried methods of lending books to
citizens of the community, story hours for children
. . . , a library lecture series or other forum, a great
books discussion group and the use of the library staff

128INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDLIBRARIES |September 2010

as consultants be employed toward the building of

good relations between town and gown.6

Later, however, Deale indicated that the generosity

common in the 1950s to outsiders was becoming unsustainable.7 Deale used Beloit College, with an open door
policy extending more than 100 years, as an example of a
school that had found it necessary to refuse out-of-library
circulation to minors except through ILL by the 1960s.8
Also in 1964, Waggoner related the increasing difficulty
of accommodating public use of the academic library. He
encouraged a balance of responsibility to the public with
the institutions foremost obligation to the students and
faculty.9
In October 1965, the ad hoc Committee on Community
Use of Academic Libraries was formed by the College
Library Section of the Association of College and Research
Libraries (ACRL). This committee distributed a 13-question survey to 1,100 colleges and universities throughout
the United States. The high rate of response (71 percent) was considered noteworthy, and the findings were
explored in Community Use of Academic Libraries: A
Symposium, published in 1967.10 The concluding article
by Josey (the symposiums moderator) summarized the
lenient attitudes of academic libraries toward public users
revealed through survey and symposium reports. In the
same article, Josey followed up with his own arguments
in favor of the publics right to use academic libraries
because of the state and federal support provided to those
institutions.11
Similarly, in 1976 Tolliver reported the results of a
survey of 28 Wisconsin libraries (public academic, private
academic, and public), which indicated that respondents
made a great effort to serve all patrons seeking service.12
Tolliver continued in a different vein from Josey, however,
by reporting the current annual fiscal support for libraries
in Wisconsin and commenting upon financial stewardship. Tolliver concluded by asking, How effective are
our library systems and cooperative affiliations in meeting the information needs of the citizens of Wisconsin?13
Much of the literature in the years following focused
on serving unaffiliated users at a time when public and
academic libraries suffered the strain of overuse and
underfunding. The need for prioritization of primary
users was discussed. In 1979, Russell asked, Who are
our legitimate clientele? and countered the argument for
publicly supported libraries serving the entire public by
saying the public cannot freely use the university lawn
mowers, motor pool vehicles, computer center, or athletic
facilities.14 Ten years later, Russell, Robison, and Prather
prefaced their report on a survey of policies and services
for outside users at 12 consortia institutions by saying,
The issue of external users is of mounting concern to
an institution whose income is student credit hour generated.15 Despite Russells concerns about the strain of

providing service to the unaffiliated, his survey revealed

100 percent of responding libraries offered free in-house
collection use for the general public, and many others
offered additional services.16
Brenda Johnson described a one-day program in 1984
sponsored by Rutgers University Libraries Forum titled
A Case Study in Closing the University Library to the
Public. The participating librarians spent the day familiarizing themselves with the facts of the theoretical case
and concluded that public access should be restricted but
not completely eliminated. A few months later, consideration of closing Rutgers library to the public became a
real debate. Although there were strong opposing viewpoints, the recommendation was to retain the open-door
policy.17
Jansen discussed the division between those who
wanted to provide the finest service to primary users
and those who viewed the librarys mission as including
all who requested assistance. Jansen suggested specific
ways to balance the needs of affiliates and the public
and referred to the dilemma the University of California,
Berkeley, library that had been closed to unaffiliated
users.18 Bobp and Richey determined that California
undergraduate libraries were emphasizing service to primary users at a time when it was no longer practical to
offer the same level of service to primary and secondary
users. They presented three courses of action: adherence
to the status quo, adoption of a policy restricting access,
or implementation of tiered service.19
Throughout the 1990s, the debate over the publics
right to use academic libraries continued, with increasing
focus on computer use in public and private academic
libraries. New authorization and authentication requirements increased the control of internal computers, but
the question remained of libraries providing access to
government information and responding to community
members who expected to use the libraries supported by
their taxes.
Morgan, who described himself as one who had spent
his career encouraging equal access to information, concluded that it would be necessary to use authentication,
authorization, and access control to continue offering
information services readily available in the past.20 Martin
acknowledged that library use was changing as a result
of the Internet and that the public viewed the academic
librarian as one who could deal with the explosion of
information and offer service to the public.21 Johnson
described unaffiliated users as a group who wanted all
the privileges of the affiliates; she discussed the obligation of the institution to develop policies managing these
guest users.22
Still and Kassabian considered the dual responsibilities of the academic library to offer Internet access to
public users and to control Internet material received and
sent by primary and public users. Further, they weighed

Authentication and Access |Weber and Lawrence 129

the reconciliation of material restrictions against principles of freedom of speech, academic freedom, and the
ALAs condemnation of censorship.23 Lynch discussed
institutional use of authentication and authorization and
the growing difficulty of verifying bona fide users of academic library subscription databases and other electronic
resources. He cautioned that future technical design
choices must reflect basic library values of free speech,
personal confidentiality, and trust between academic
institution and publisher.24
Barsun specifically examined the webpages of one
hundred ARL libraries in search of information pertinent
to unaffiliated users. She included a historic overview of
the changing attitudes of academics toward service to the
unaffiliated population and described the difficult balance of college community needs with those of outsiders
in 2000 (the survey year).25 Barsun observed a consistent
lack of information on library websites regarding library
guest use of proprietary databases.26 Carlson discussed
academic librarians concerns about Internet-related
crimes and hacking leading to reconsideration of open
computer use, and he described the need to compromise
patron privacy by requiring authentication.27 In a chapter
on the relationship of IT security to academic values,
Oblinger said, One possible interpretation of intellectual
freedom is that individuals have the right to open and
unfiltered access to the Internet.28 This statement was
followed later with equal access to information can also
be seen as a logical extension of fairness.29
A short article in Library and Information Update alerted
the authors to a UK project investigating improved
online access to resources for library visitors not affiliated with the host institution.30 Salotti described Higher
Education Access to E-Resources in Visited Institutions
(HAERVI) and its development of a toolkit to assist with
the complexities of offering electronic resources to guest
users.31 Salotti summarized existing resources for sharing
within the United Kingdom and emphasized that no
single solution is likely to suit all universities and colleges, so we hope that the toolkit will offer a number of
options.32 Launched by the Society of College, National
and University Libraries (SCONUL), and Universities
and Colleges Information Systems Association (UCISA),
HAERVI has created a best-practice guide.33
By far the most useful articles for this investigation have
been those by Nancy Courtney. Barbarians at the Gates: A
Half-Century of Unaffiliated Users in Academic Libraries,
a literature review on the topic of visitors in academic
libraries, included a summary of trends in attitude and
practice toward visiting users since the 1950s.34 The article
concluded with a warning: The shift from printed to electronic formats . . . combined with the integration of library
resources with campus computer networks and the Internet
poses a distinct threat to the publics access to information
even onsite. It is incumbent upon academic librarians to

be aware of the issues and of the effects that licensing,

networking, and collection development decisions have
on access.35 In Unaffiliated Users Access to Academic
Libraries: A Survey, Courtney reported and analyzed data
from her own comprehensive survey sent to 814 academic
libraries in winter 2001.36 Of the 527 libraries responding
to the survey, 72 libraries (13.6 percent) required all users
to authenticate to use computers within the library, while
56 (12.4 percent) indicated that they planned to require
authentication in the next twelve months.37 Courtney
followed this with data from surveyed libraries that had
canceled most of their indexes and abstracts (179 libraries, or 33.9 percent) and libraries that had cancelled most
periodicals (46 libraries or 8.7 percent).38 She concluded
that the extent to which the authentication requirement
restricted unaffiliated users was not clear, and she asked,
As greater numbers of resources shift to electronic-only
formats, is it desirable that they disappear from the view of
the community user or the visiting scholar?39 Courtneys
Authentication and Library Public Access Computers:
A Call for Discussion described a follow-up with the
academic libraries participating in her 2001 survey who
had self-identified as using authentication or planning
to employ authentication within the next twelve months.
Her conclusion was the existence of ambivalence toward
authentication among the libraries, since more than half of
the respondents provided some sort of public access. She
encouraged librarians to carefully consider the librarys
commitment to service before entering into blanket license
agreements with vendors or agreeing to campus computer
restrictions.40
Several editions of the ARL SPEC Kit series showing
trends of authentication and authorization for all users
of ARL libraries have been an invaluable resource in
this investigation. An examination of earlier SPEC Kits
indicated that the definitions of user authentication
and authorization have changed over the years. User
Authentication, by Plum and Bleiler indicated that 98 percent of surveyed libraries authenticated users in some way,
but at that time authentication would have been more
precisely defined as authorization or permission to access
personal records, such as circulation, e-mail, course registration, and file space. As such, neither authentication nor
authorization was related to basic computer access.41 By
contrast, it is common for current library users authenticate to have any access to a public workstation. Driscolls
Library Public Access Workstation Authentication sought
information on how and why users were authenticated
on public-access computers, who was driving the change,
how it affected the ability of Federal Depository libraries to
provide public information, and how it affected library services in general.42 But at the time of Driscolls survey, only
11 percent of surveyed libraries required authentication on
all computers and 22 percent required it only on selected
terminals. Cook and Sheltons Managing Public Computing

130INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDLIBRARIES |September 2010

touched on every aspect of managing public computing,

including public computer use, policy, and security.43 Even
in 2007, only 25 percent of surveyed libraries required
authentication on all computers, but 46 percent required
authentication on some computers, showing the trend
toward an ever increasing number of libraries requiring
public workstation authentication. Most of the responding
libraries had a computer-use policy, with 48 percent following an institution-wide policy developed by the university
or central IT department.44

Method
We constructed a survey designed to obtain current data
about authentication in ARL libraries and to provide
insight into how guest access is granted at various academic institutions. It should be noted that the object of
the survey was access to computers located in the public
areas of the library for use by patrons, not access to staff
computers. We constructed a simple, fourteen-question
survey using the Zoomerang online tool (http://www
.zoomerang.com/). A list of the deans, directors, and
chief operating officers from the 123 ARL libraries was
compiled from an Internet search. We eliminated the
few library administrators whose addresses could not
be readily found and sent the survey to 117 individuals
with the request that it be forwarded to the appropriate
respondent. The recipients were informed that the goal of
the project was determination of computer authentication and current computer access practices within ARL
libraries and that the intention was to reflect practices
at the main or central library on the respondents campus. Recipients were further informed that the names of
the participating libraries and the responses would be
reported in the findings, but that there would be no link
between responses given and the name of the participating library. The survey introduction included the name
and contact information of the institutional review board
administrator for Minnesota State University, Mankato.
Potential respondents were advised that the e-mail served
as informed consent for the study. The survey was
administered over approximately three weeks. We sent
reminders three, five, and seven days after the survey was
launched to those who had not already responded.

Survey Questions, Responses,

and Findings

We administered the survey, titled Authentication and

Access: Academic Computers 2.0, in late April 2008.
Following is a copy of the fourteen-question survey
with responses, interpretative data, and comments. The

introductory letter with the invitation to participate and

a forward containing definitions of terms used within the
survey is in appendix A.
In total, 61 (52 percent) of the 117 ARL libraries invited
to participate in the survey responded. This is comparable
with the response rate for similar surveys reported by
Plum and Bleiler (52 of 121, or 43 percent), Driscoll (67 of
124, or 54 percent), and Cook and Shelton (69 of 123, or
56 percent).45
1. What is the name of your academic institution? The
names of the 61 responding libraries are listed in
appendix B.
2. Is your institution public or private? See figure 1.
Respondents explanations of other are listed
below.
State-related
Trust instrument of the U.S. people; quasigovernment
Private state-aided
Federal government research library
Bothprivate foundation, public support
3. Are affiliated users required to authenticate in order to
access computers in the public area of your library? See
figure 2.
4. If you answered yes to the previous question, does your
library provide the means for guest users to authenticate?
See figure 3. Respondents explanations of other
are listed below. All described open-access computers.
We have a few open terminals
4 computers dont require authentication
Some workstations do not require authentication
Open-access PCs for guests (limited number
and function)
Nobut we maintain several open PCs for
guests
Some workstations do not require login
5. Is your library a Federal Depository Library? See figure 4. This question caused some confusion for the
Canadian survey respondents because Canada has its
own Depository Services Program corresponding to
the U.S. Federal Depository Program. Consequently,
57 of the 61 respondents identified themselves as
Federal Depository (including three Canadian libraries), although 5 of the 61 are more accurately members of the Canadian Depository Services Program.
Only two responding libraries were neither a member of the U.S. Federal Depository Program nor of the
Canadian Depository Services Program.
6. If you answered yes to the previous question, and computer authentication is required, what provisions have been
made to accommodate use of online government documents
by the general public in the library? Please check all that

Authentication and Access |Weber and Lawrence 131

Figure 1. Categories of responding institutions

Figure 3. Institutions with the means to authenticate guests

Figure 2. Institutions requiring authentication

Figure 4. Libraries with Federal Depository and/or Canadian

Depository Services status

apply. See figure 5.

Temporary User ID and Password
Open Access Computers (Unlimited Access)
Open Access Computers (Access Limited to
Government Documents)
Other
Of the 57 libraries that responded yes to question 5,
30 required authentication for affiliates. These institutions
offered the general public access to online government
documents various ways. Explanations of other are
listed below. Three of these responses indicate, by survey
definition, that open-access computers were provided.
catalog-only workstations
4 computers dont require authentication
generic login and password
librarians login each guest individually
provision made for under-18 guests needing
gov doc
staff in Gov Info also login user for quick use
restricted guest access on all public devices

some computers are open access and require no

authentication
some workstations do not require login
7. If your library has open-access computers, how many do
you provide? (Supply number). See figure 6. A total
of 61 institutions responded to this question, and
50 reported open-access computers. The number of
open-access computers ranged from 2 to 3,000. As
expected, the highest numbers were reported by
libraries that did not require authentication for affiliates. The mean number of open-access computers
was 161.2, the median was 23, the mode was 30, and
the range was 2,998.
8. Please indicate which online resources and services are
available to authenticated users. Please check all that
apply. See figure 7.
Online catalog
Government documents
Internet browser

132INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDLIBRARIES |September 2010

Number of libraries

Number of libraries

Figure 5. Provisions for the online use of government documents where authentication is required

Figure 7. Electronic resources for authenticated affiliated users

(N = 32)

Number of libraries

Number of libraries
Figure 6. Number of open-access computers offered

Figure 8. Resources for authenticating guest users (N = 23)

Licensed electronic resources

Personal e-mail access
Microsoft Office software
9. Please indicate which online resources and services are
available to authenticated guest users. Please check all that
apply. See figure 8.
Online catalog
Government documents
Internet browser
Licensed electronic resources
Personal e-mail access
Microsoft Office software
10. Please indicate which online resources and services are
available on open-access computers. Please check all that
apply. See figure 9.
Online catalog
Government documents
Internet browser
Licensed electronic resources
Personal e-mail access
Microsoft Office software

11. Does your library have a written policy for use of

open access computers in the public area of the library?
Question 7 indicates that 50 of the 61 responding
libraries did offer the public two or more open-access
computers. Out of the 50, 28 responded that they
had a written policy governing the use of computers.
Conversely, open-access computers were reported at
22 libraries that had no reported written policy.
12. If you answered yes to the previous question, please
give the link to the policy and/or summarize the policy.
Twenty-eight libraries gave a URL, a URL plus a
summary explanation, or a summary explanation
with no URL.
13. Does your library have a written policy for authenticating
guest users? Out of the 32 libraries that required their
users to authenticate (see question 3), 23 also had
the means to allow their guests to authenticate (see
question 4). Fifteen of those libraries said they had
a policy.
14. If you answered yes to the previous question, please give
the link to the policy and/or summarize the policy. Eleven

Authentication and Access |Weber and Lawrence 133

Number of libraries

Figure 9. Electronic resources on open access computers

(N = 50)
Figure 10. Comparison of library type and authentication
requirement

libraries gave the URL to their policy; 4 summarized

their policies.

Research questions answered

The study resulted in answers to the questions we posed
at the outset:
Thirty-two (52 percent) of the responding ARL
libraries required affiliated users to login to public
computer workstations in the library.
Twenty-three (72 percent) of the 32 ARL libraries
requiring affiliated users to login to public computers
provided the means for guest users to login to public
computer workstations in the library.
Fifty (82 percent) of 61 responding ARL libraries
provided open-access computers for guest users;
14 (28 percent) of those 50 libraries provided both
open-access computers and the means for guest
authentication.
Without exception, all U.S. Federal Depository or
Canadian Depository Services Libraries that required
their users to authenticate offered guest users some
form of access to online information.
Survey results indicated some differences between
software provided to various users on differently
accessed computers. Office software was less frequently provided on open-access computers.
Twenty-eight responding ARL libraries had written
policies relating to the use of open-access computers.
Fifteen responding ARL libraries had written policies
relating to the authorization of guests.

Respondents and authentication

Figure 10 compares authentication practices of public,
private, and other institutions described in response to
question 2. Responses from public institutions outnumbered those from private institutions, but within each
group a similar percentage of libraries required their
affiliated users to authenticate. Therefore no statistically
significant difference was found between authenticating
affiliates in public and private institutions.
Of the 61 respondents, 32 (52 percent) required their
affiliated users to authenticate (see question 3) and 23
of the 32 also had the means to authenticate guests (see
question 4). The remaining 9 offered open-access computers. Fourteen libraries had both the means to authenticate
guests and had open-access computers (see questions 4
and 7).
When we compare the results of the 2007 study by
Cook and Shelton with the results of the current study
(completed in 2008), the results are somewhat contradictory (see table 1).46
The differences in survey data seem to indicate that
authentication requirements are decreasing; however, the
literature reviewspecifically Cook and Shelton and the
2003 Courtney articleclearly indicate that authentication is on the rise.47 This dichotomy may be explained,
in part, by the fact that of the more than 60 ARL libraries
responding to both surveys, there was an overlap of only
34 libraries.
The 30 U.S. Federal Depository or Canadian
Depository Services libraries that required their affiliated
users to authenticate (see questions 3 and 5) provided
guest access ranging from usernames and passwords,
to open-access computers, to computers restricted to

134INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDLIBRARIES |September 2010

One library had guidelines for use posted next to the

workstations but did not give specifics.
Fourteen of those requiring their users to authenticate had both open-access computers and guest
authentication to offer to visitors of their libraries.

Table 1. Comparison of findings from Cook and Shelton (2007)

and the current survey (2008)

Authentication
requirements

2007 (N = 69)

2008 (N = 61)

Some required

28 (46%)

23 (38%)

Required for all

15 (25%)

9 (15%)

Not required

18 (30%)

29 (48%)

Other policy information was obtained by an examination of the 28 websites listed by respondents:

government documents, to librarians logging in for

guests (see question 6). Numbers of open-access computers ranged widely from 2 to more than 3,000 (see question
7). Eleven (19 percent) of the responding U.S. Federal
Depository or Canadian Depository Services libraries that
did not provide open-access computers issued a temporary ID (nine libraries), provided open access limited to
government documents (one library), or required librarian login for each guest (one library). All libraries with
U.S. Federal Depository or Canadian Depository Services
status provided a means of public access to information
to fulfill their obligation to offer government documents
to guests.
Figure 11 shows a comparison of resources available
to authenticated users and authenticated guests and
offered on open-access computers. As might be expected,
almost all institutions provided access to online catalogs,
government documents, and Internet browsers. Fewer
allowed access to licensed electronic resources and e-mail.
Access to Office software showed the most dramatic drop
in availability, especially on open-access computers.

Open-access computer policies

Guest-authentication policies
Of the 23 libraries that had the means to authenticate
their guests, 15 had a policy for guests obtaining a
username and password to authenticate, and 6 outlined
their requirements of showing identification and issuing
access. The other 9 had open-access computers that guests
might use.
The following are some of the varied approaches to
guest authentication:
Duration of the access (when mentioned) ranged
from 30 days to 12 months.
One library had a form of sponsored access where
current faculty or staff could grant a temporary username and password to a visitor.
One library had an online vouching system that
allowed the visitor to issue his or her own username
and password online.
One library allowed guests to register themselves by
swiping an ID or credit card.
One library had open-access computers for local
resources and only required authentication to leave
the library domain.
One library had the librarians log the users in as
guests.
One library described the privacy protection of collected personal information.
No library mentioned charging a fee for allowing
computer access.

As mentioned earlier, 28 libraries had written policies

for their open-access computers (see question 11), and 28
libraries gave a URL, a URL plus a summary explanation,
or a summary explanation with no URL (see question
12). In most instances, the library policy included their
campuss acceptable-use policy. Seven libraries cited their
campuss acceptable-use policy and nothing else. Nearly
all libraries applied the same acceptable-use policy to all
users on all computers and made no distinction between
policies for use of open-access computers or computers
requiring authentication.
Following are some of the varied aspects of summarized policies pertaining to open-access computers:

Ten of the sites specifically stated that the open-access

computers were for academic use only.
Five of the sites specified time limits for use of openaccess computers, ranging from 30 to 90 minutes.
Four stated that time limits would be enforced when
others were waiting to use computers.
One library used a sign-in sheet to monitor time
limits.
One library mentioned a reservation system to monitor time limits.
Two libraries prohibited online gambling.
Six libraries prohibited viewing sexually explicit
materials.

Eight libraries stated that the computers were for academic use and that users might be asked to give up
their workstation if others were waiting.

Authentication and Access |Weber and Lawrence 135

Figure 11. Online resources available to authenticated affiliated users, guest users, open-access users

Policy developed as a result of the

survey findings

As a result of what was learned in the survey, we drafted

guidelines governing the use of open-access computers
by visitors and other non-university users. The guidelines
can be found at http://lib.mnsu.edu/about/libvisitors
.html#access. These guidelines inform guests that openaccess computers are available to support their research,
study, and professional activities. The computers also are
governed by the campus policy and the state university
system acceptable-use policy. Guideline provisions enable
staff to ask users to relinquish a computer when others are
waiting or if the computer is not being used for academic
purposes. While this library has the ability to generate
temporary usernames and passwords, and does so for
local schools coming to the library for research, no guidelines have yet been put in place for this function.

Further study
Although the survey answered many of our questions,
other questions arose. While the number of libraries
requiring affiliated users to log on to their public computers is increasing, this study does not explain why
this is the case. Reasons could include reactions to the
September 11 disaster, the USA PATRIOT Act, general
security concerns, or the convenience of the personalized
desktop and services for each authenticated user. Perhaps
a future investigation could focus on reasons for more
frequent requirement of authentication. Other subjects
that arose in the examination of institutional policies were
guest fees for services, age limits for younger users, computer time limits for guests, and collaboration between
academic and public libraries.

136INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDLIBRARIES |September 2010

 Conclusions
While we were able to gather more than 50 years of literature pertaining to unaffiliated users in academic libraries,
it soon became apparent that the scope of consideration
changed radically through the years. In the early years,
there was discussion about the obligation to provide
service and access for the community balanced with the
challenge to serve two clienteles. Despite lengthy debate,
there was little exception to offering the community
some level of service within academic libraries. Early
preoccupation with physical access, material loans, ILL,
basic reference, and other services later became a discussion of the right to use computers, electronic resources,
and other services without imposing undue difficulty to
the guest.
Current discussions related to guest users reflect
obvious changes in public computer administration over
the years. Authentication presently is used at a more
fundamental level than in earlier years. In many libraries, users must be authorized to use the computer in any
way whatsoever. As more and more institutions require
authentication for their primary users, accommodation
must be made if guests are to continue being served. In
addition, as Courtneys 2003 research indicates, an ever
increasing number of electronic databases, indexes, and
journals replace print resources in library collections. This
multiplies the roadblocks for guest users and exacerbates
the issue.48 Unless special provisions are made for computer access, community users are left without access to a
major part of the librarys collections.
Because 104 of the 123 ARL libraries (85 percent) are
Federal Depository or Canadian Depository Services
Libraries, the researchers hypothesized that most libraries responding to the survey would offer open-access
computers for the use of nonaffiliated patrons. This
study has shown that Federal Depository Libraries have
remained true to their mission and obligation of providing public access to government-generated documents.
Every Federal Depository respondent indicated that some
means was in place to continue providing visitor and
guest access to the majority of their electronic resources
whether through open-access computers, temporary or
guest logins, or even librarians logging on for users. While
access to government resources is required for the libraries housing government-document collections, libraries
can use considerably more discretion when considering
what other resources guest patrons may use. Despite the
commitment of libraries to the dissemination of government documents, the increasing use of authentication
may ultimately diminish the libraries ability and desire
to accommodate the information needs of the public.
This survey has provided insight into the various ways
academic libraries serve guest users. Not all academic
libraries provide public access to all library resources.

These practices depend on institutional missions and

goals and are limited by reasonable considerations. In
the past, accommodation at some level was generally
offered to the community, but the complications of affiliate authentication, guest registration, and vendor-license
restrictions may effectively discourage or prevent outside
users from accessing principal resources. On the other
hand, open-access computers facilitate access to electronic
resources. Those librarians who wish to provide the same
level of commitment to guest users as in the past as well
as protect the rights of all should advocate to campus
policy-makers at every level to allow appropriate guest
access to computers to fulfill the librarys mission. In this
way, the needs and rights of guest users can be balanced
with the responsibilities of using campus computers.
In addition, librarians should consider ensuring
that the licenses of all electronic resources accommodate
walk-in users and developing guidelines to prevent incorporation of electronic materials that restrict such use. This
is essential if the library tradition of freedom of access to
information is to continue.
Finally, in regard to external or guest users, academic
librarians are pulled in two directions; they are torn
between serving primary users and fulfilling the principles of intellectual freedom and free, universal access
to information along with their obligations as Federal
Depository libraries. At the same time, academic librarians frequently struggle with the goals of the campus
administration responsible for providing secure, reliable
networks, sometimes at the expense of the needs of the
outside community. The data gathered in this study,
indicating that 82 percent of responding libraries continue to provide at least some open-access computers,
is encouraging news for guest users. Balancing public
access and privacy with institutional security, while a
current concern, may be resolved in the way of so many
earlier preoccupations of the electronic age. Given the
pervasiveness of the problem, however, fair and equitable
treatment of all library users may continue to be a central
concern for academic libraries for years to come.

References
1. Lori Driscoll, Library Public Access Workstation Authentication, SPEC Kit 277 (Washington, D.C.: Association of Research
Libraries, 2003).
2. Martin Cook and Mark Shelton, Managing Public Computing, SPEC Kit 302 (Washington, D.C.: Association of Research
Libraries, 2007): 16.
3. H. Vail Deale, Public Relations of Academic Libraries,
Library Trends 7 (Oct. 1958): 26977.
4. Ibid., 275.
5. E. J. Josey, The College Library and the Community,
Faculty Research Edition, Savannah State College Bulletin (Dec.
1962): 6166.

Authentication and Access |Weber and Lawrence 137

6. Ibid., 66.
7. H. Vail Deale, Campus vs. Community, Library Journal
89 (Apr. 15, 1964): 169597.
8. Ibid., 1696.
9. John Waggoner, The Role of the Private University
Library, North Carolina Libraries 22 (Winter 1964): 5557.
10. E. J. Josey, Community Use of Academic Libraries: A
Symposium, College & Research Libraries 28, no. 3 (May 1967):
18485.
11. E. J. Josey, Implications for College Libraries, in Community Use of Academic Libraries, 198202.
12. Don L. Tolliver, Citizens May Use Any Tax-Supported
Library? Wisconsin Library Bulletin (Nov./Dec. 1976): 253.
13. Ibid., 254.
14. Ralph E. Russell, Services for Whom: A Search for Identity, Tennessee Librarian: Quarterly Journal of the Tennessee Library
Association 31, no. 4 (Fall 1979): 37, 39.
15. Ralph E. Russell, Carolyn L. Robison, and James E.
Prather, External User Access to Academic Libraries, The
Southeastern Librarian 39 (Winter 1989): 135.
16. Ibid., 136.
17. Brenda L. Johnson, A Case Study in Closing the University Library to the Public, College & Research Library News 45, no.
8 (Sept. 1984): 4047.
18. Lloyd M. Jansen, Welcome or Not, Here They Come:
Unaffiliated Users of Academic Libraries, Reference Services
Review 21, no. 1 (Spring 1993): 714.
19. Mary Ellen Bobp and Debora Richey, Serving Secondary
Users: Can It Continue? College & Undergraduate Libraries 1, no.
2 (1994): 115.
20. Eric Lease Morgan, Access Control in Libraries, Computers in Libraries 18, no. 3 (Mar. 1, 1998): 3840, http://search
.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=306709&
site=ehost-live (accessed Aug. 1, 2008).
21. Susan K. Martin, A New Kind of Audience, Journal of
Academic Librarianship 24, no. 6 (Nov. 1998): 469, Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts, http://search.ebsco
host.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=1521445&site=
ehost-live (accessed Aug. 8, 2008).
22. Peggy Johnson, Serving Unaffiliated Users in Publicly
Funded Academic Libraries, Technicalities 18, no. 1 (Jan. 1998):
811.
23. Julie Still and Vibiana Kassabian, The Moles Dilemma:
Ethical Aspects of Public Internet Access in Academic Libraries,
Internet Reference Services Quarterly 4, no. 3 (1999): 9.
24. Clifford Lynch, Authentication and Trust in a Networked
World, Educom Review 34, no. 4 (Jul./Aug. 1999), http://search
.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=2041418
&site=ehost-live (accessed July 16, 2008).
25. Rita Barsun, Library Web Pages and Policies Toward
Outsiders: Is the Information There? Public Services Quarterly
1, no. 4 (2003): 1127.
26. Ibid., 24.
27. Scott Carlson, To Use That Library Computer, Please

Identify Yourself, Chronicle of Higher Education 50, no. 42 (June

25, 2004): A39, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&db=aph&AN=13670316&site=ehost-live (accessed Mar.
2, 2009).
28. Diana Oblinger, IT Security and Academic Values, in
Luker and Petersen, Computer & Network Security in Higher Education, 4, http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/pub7008e
.pdf (accessed July 14, 2008).
29. Ibid., 5.
30. Access for Non-Affiliated Users, Library & Information
Update 7, no. 4 (2008): 10.
31. Paul Salotti, Introduction to HAERVI-HE Access to
E-Resources in Visited Institutions, SCONUL Focus no. 39
(Dec. 2006): 2223, http://www.sconul.ac.uk/publications/
newsletter/39/8.pdf (accessed July 14, 2008).
32. Ibid., 23.
33. Universities and Colleges Information Systems Association (UCISA), HAERVI: HE Access to E-Resources in Visited
Institutions, (Oxford: UCISA, 2007), http://www.ucisa.ac.uk/
publications/~/media/Files/members/activities/haervi/
haerviguide%20pdf (accessed July 14, 2008).
34. Nancy Courtney, Barbarians at the Gates: A Half-Century
of Unaffiliated Users in Academic Libraries, Journal of Academic
Librarianship 27, no. 6 (Nov. 2001): 47378, http://search.ebsco
host.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=5602739&site=
ehost-live (accessed July 14, 2008).
35. Ibid., 478.
36. Nancy Courtney, Unaffiliated Users Access to Academic
Libraries: A Survey, Journal of Academic Librarianship 29, no. 1
(Jan. 2003): 37, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=aph&AN=9406155&site=ehost-live (accessed July
14, 2008).
37. Ibid., 5.
38. Ibid., 6.
39. Ibid., 7.
40. Nancy Courtney, Authentication and Library Public
Access Computers: A Call for Discussion, College & Research
Libraries News 65, no. 5 (May 2004): 26970, 277, www.ala
.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/publications/crlnews/2004/may/
authentication.cfm (accessed July 14, 2008).
41. Terry Plum and Richard Bleiler, User Authentication, SPEC
Kit 267 (Washington, D.C.: Association of Research Libraries,
2001): 9.
42. Lori Driscoll, Library Public Access Workstation Authentication, SPEC Kit 277 (Washington, D.C.: Association of Research
Libraries, 2003): 11.
43. Cook and Shelton, Managing Public Computing.
44. Ibid., 15.
45. Plum and Bleiler, User Authentication, 9; Driscoll, Library
Public Access Workstation Authentication, 11; Cook and Shelton,
Managing Public Computing, 11.
46. Cook and Shelton, Managing Public Computing, 15.
47. Ibid.; Courtney, Unaffiliated Users, 57.
48. Courtney, Unaffiliated Users, 67.

138INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDLIBRARIES |September 2010

Appendix A. The Survey Introduction, Invitation to Participate, and Forward

Dear ARL Member Library,
As part of a professional research project, we are attempting to determine computer authentication and current computer access practices within ARL libraries. We have developed a very brief survey to obtain this information which we
ask one representative from your institution to complete before April 25, 2008. The survey is intended to reflect practices
at the main or central library on your campus.
Names of libraries responding to the survey may be listed but no identifying information will be linked to your
responses in the analysis or publication of results. If you have any questions about your rights as a research participant,
please contact Anne Blackhurst, Minnesota State University, Mankato IRB Administrator.
Anne Blackhurst, IRB Administrator
Minnesota State University, Mankato
College of Graduate Studies & Research
115 Alumni Foundation
Mankato, MN 56001
(507)389-2321
[email protected]

You may preview the survey by scrolling to the text below this message. If, after previewing you believe it should
be handled by another member of your library team, please forward this message appropriately. Alternatively, you may
print the survey, answer it manually and mail it to:
Systems/ Access Services Survey
Library Services
Minnesota State University, Mankato
ML 3097PO Box 8419
Mankato, MN 56001-8419 (USA)

We ask you or your representative to take 5 minutes to answer 14 questions about computer authentication practices
in your main library. Participation is voluntary, but follow-up reminders will be sent. This e-mail serves as your informed
consent for this study. Your participation in this study includes the completion of an online survey. Your name and identity will not be linked in any way to the research reports. Clicking the link to take the survey shows that you understand
you are participating in the project and you give consent to our group to use the information you provide. You have the
right to refuse to complete the survey and can discontinue it at any time. To take part in the survey, please click the link
at the bottom of this e-mail.
Thank you in advance for your contribution to our project. If you have questions, please direct your inquiries to the
contacts given below.
Thank you for responding to our invitation to participate in the survey.
This survey is intended to determine current academic library practices for computer authentication and open access.
Your participation is greatly appreciated.
Below are the definitions of terms used within this survey:
Authentication: a username and password are required to verify the identity and status of the user in order to log
on to computer workstations in the library.
Affiliated user: a library user who is eligible for campus privileges.
Non-affiliated user: a library user who is not a member of the institutional community (an alumnus may be a nonaffiliated user). This may be used interchangeably with guest user.
Guest user: visitor, walk-in user, nonaffiliated user.
Open Access Computer: Computer workstation that does not require authentication by user.

Authentication and Access |Weber and Lawrence 139

Appendix B. Responding Institutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

University at Albany State University of New York

University of Alabama
University of Alberta
University of Arizona
Arizona State University
Boston College
University of British Columbia
University at Buffalo, State University of NY
Case Western Reserve University
University of California Berkeley
University of California, Davis
University of California, Irvine
University of Chicago
University of Colorado at Boulder
University of Connecticut
Columbia University
Dartmouth College
University of Delaware
University of Florida
Florida State University
University of Georgia
Georgia Tech
University of Guelph
Howard University
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Indiana University Bloomington
Iowa State University
Johns Hopkins University
University of Kansas
University of Louisville
Louisiana State University
McGill University

33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.

University of Maryland
University of Massachusetts Amherst
University of Michigan
Michigan State University
University of Minnesota
University of Missouri
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
National Agricultural Library
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
New York Public Library
Northwestern University
Ohio State University
Oklahoma State University
University of Oregon
University of Pennsylvania
University of Pittsburgh
Purdue University
Rice University
Smithsonian Institution
University of Southern California
Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Syracuse University
Temple University
University of Tennessee
Texas A&M University
Texas Tech University
Tulane University
University of Toronto
Vanderbilt University

140INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDLIBRARIES |September 2010

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