Let Me Not To The Marriage of True Minds

Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments. Love is not love

Which alters when it alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove:
O no! It is an ever-fixd mark
That looks on tempests and is never shaken;
It is the star to every wandering bark,
Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken.
Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks
Within his bending sickle's compass come;
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,
But bears it out even to the edge of doom.
If this be error and upon me proved,
I never writ, nor no man ever loved.
William Shakespeare
Sonnet 116
Let me not to the marriage of true minds

Admit impediments. Love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove:
O no! it is an ever-fixed mark
That looks on tempests and is never shaken;
It is the star to every wandering bark,
Whose worths unknown, although his height be taken
Loves not Times fool, though rosy lips and cheeks
Within his bending sickles compass come:
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,

But bears it out even to the edge of doom.
If this be error and upon me proved,
I never writ, nor no man ever loved.
Summary
This sonnet attempts to define love, by telling both what it is and is not. In the first quatrain, the
speaker says that lovethe marriage of true mindsis perfect and unchanging; it does not admit
impediments, and it does not change when it find changes in the loved one. In the second quatrain,
the speaker tells what love is through a metaphor: a guiding star to lost ships (wandring barks) that
is not susceptible to storms (it looks on tempests and is never shaken). In the third quatrain, the
speaker again describes what love is not: it is not susceptible to time. Though beauty fades in time
as rosy lips and cheeks come within his bending sickles compass, love does not change with
hours and weeks: instead, it bears it out evn to the edge of doom. In the couplet, the speaker
attests to his certainty that love is as he says: if his statements can be proved to be error, he
declares, he must never have written a word, and no man can ever have been in love.
Commentary
Along with Sonnets 1 8 (Shall I compare thee to a summers day?) and 1 3 0 (My mistress eyes are
nothing like the sun), Sonnet 116 is one of the most famous poems in the entire sequence. The
definition of love that it provides is among the most often quoted and anthologized in the poetic
canon. Essentially, this sonnet presents the extreme ideal of romantic love: it never changes, it never
fades, it outlasts death and admits no flaw. What is more, it insists that this ideal is the only love that
can be called trueif love is mortal, changing, or impermanent, the speaker writes, then no
man ever loved. The basic division of this poems argument into the various parts of the sonnet form
is extremely simple: the first quatrain says what love is not (changeable), the second quatrain says
what it is (a fixed guiding star unshaken by tempests), the third quatrain says more specifically what
it is not (times foolthat is, subject to change in the passage of time), and the couplet announces
the speakers certainty. What gives this poem its rhetorical and emotional power is not its complexity;
rather, it is the force of its linguistic and emotional conviction.
The language of Sonnet 116 is not remarkable for its imagery or metaphoric range. In fact, its
imagery, particularly in the third quatrain (time wielding a sickle that ravages beautys rosy lips and
cheeks), is rather standard within the sonnets, and its major metaphor (love as a guiding star) is
hardly startling in its originality. But the language is extraordinary in that it frames its discussion of
the passion of love within a very restrained, very intensely disciplined rhetorical structure. With a
masterful control of rhythm and variation of tonethe heavy balance of Loves not times fool to
open the third quatrain; the declamatory O no to begin the secondthe speaker makes an almost
legalistic argument for the eternal passion of love, and the result is that the passion seems stronger
and more urgent for the restraint in the speakers tone.
O Captain! My Captain!
BY WALT WHITMAN
O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,

The ship has weatherd every rack, the prize we sought is won,
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;
But O heart! heart! heart!
O the bleeding drops of red,
Where on the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;

Rise upfor you the flag is flungfor you the bugle trills,
For you bouquets and ribbond wreathsfor you the shores a-crowding,
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
Here Captain! dear father!
This arm beneath your head!
It is some dream that on the deck,
Youve fallen cold and dead.
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,
My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,
The ship is anchord safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,
From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;
Exult O shores, and ring O bells!
But I with mournful tread,
Walk the deck my Captain lies,
Source: Leaves of Grass (David McKay, 1891)
Walt Whitman composed the poem "O Captain! My Captain!" after Abraham Lincoln's assassination
in 1865. The poem is classified as anelegy or mourning poem, and was written to honor Abraham
Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States. Walt Whitman was born in 1819 and died in 1892,
and the American Civil War was the central event of his life. Whitman was a staunch Unionist during
the Civil War. He was initially indifferent to Lincoln, but as the war pressed on Whitman came to love
the president, though the two men never met.[1]
The fallen captain in the poem refers to Abraham Lincoln, captain of the ship that is the United
States of America. The first line establishes the poem's mood, one of relief that the Civil War has
ended, "our fearful trip is done." The next line references the ship, America, and how it has
"weathered every rack", meaning America has braved the tough storm of the Civil War, and "the
prize we sought", the preservation of the Union, "is won". The following line expresses a mood of
jubilation of the Union winning the war as it says "the people all exulting;" however, the next line
swiftly shifts the mood when it talks of the grimness of the ship, and the darker side of the war. Many
lost their lives in the American Civil War, and although the prize that was sought was won, the hearts
still ache amidst the exultation of the people. The repetition of heart in line five calls attention to the
poet's vast grief and heartache because the Captain has bled and lies still, cold, and dead (lines six
through eight). This is no doubt referencing the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and Whitman's
sorrow for the death of his idol.
In the second stanza the speaker again calls out to the captain to "rise up and hear the bells," to join
in the celebration of the end of the war. The next three lines tell the captain to "rise up" and join in on
the revelries because it is for him. He is the reason for their merriment: "for you the flag is flungfor
you the bugle trills; for you bouquets and ribbon'd wreathsfor you the shores a-crowding; for you
they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning". Everyone is celebrating what Lincoln
accomplished; the abolition of slavery and the unification of the people after a fearful war. Again the
poet calls to the Captain as if he had never fallen. The poet does not wish to acknowledge the death
of his beloved Captain, and he even asks if it is some dream (line 15) that the Captain has fallen
"cold and dead".
The third stanza begins in a somber mood as the poet has finally accepted that the Captain is dead
and gone. Here there is vivid and darker imagery such as "his lips are pale and still" and the reader
can picture the dead Captain lying there still and motionless with "no pulse nor will". In line 17, the
poet calls out "My Captain," and in line 18, the poet refers to the Captain as "My father". This is
referring to Lincoln as the father of the United States. Lines 19 and 20 are concluding statements
that summarize the entire poem. The United States is "anchor'd safe and sound". It is safe now from
war with "its voyage closed and done, from fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won". In
line 21, the examples of apostrophe, ordering "shores to exult," and "bells to ring" are again referring
to how the nation is celebrating while "I with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen
cold and dead".
Throughout the paper there is a distinct rhyme scheme, which is unusual for Whitman. The rhyme
scheme in "O Captain! My Captain!" is AABCDEFE, GGHIJEKE, and LLMNOEPE for each stanza
respectively. Two examples of alliteration are in line 10 "flag is flung", as well as in line 19 "safe and
sound". Repetition occurs many times in this poem, for example "O Captain! My Captain", and "fallen
cold and dead".
O Captain! My Captain! became one of Whitmans most famous poems, one that he would read at
the end of his famous lecture about the Lincoln assassination. Whitman became so identified with
the poem that late in life he remarked, Damn My Captain...Im almost sorry I ever wrote the poem. [2]
Text[edit]
An 1887 handwritten draft of Whitman's 1865 poem "O Captain! My Captain!
O Captain! My Captain! our fearful trip is done;

The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won;
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring:
But O heart! heart! heart!
O the bleeding drops of red,
Where on the deck my Captain lies,
O Captain! My Captain! rise up and hear the bells;
Rise upfor you the flag is flungfor you the bugle trills;
For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreathsfor you the shores a-crowding;
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
Here captain! dear father!
This arm beneath your head;
It is some dream that on the deck,

You've fallen cold and dead.
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;
My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;
The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;
From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won;
Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!
But I, with mournful tread,
Walk the deck my captain lies,
Summary
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Laugh and be Merry Summary

Summary and Analysis
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Laugh and Be Merry, by the English poet John Masefield (1878-1967), celebrates the
psychological and practical advantages of optimism, implying that pessimism is pointless and
self-defeating. The basic argument of the poem is explicitly stated in its first four words (also its
title) and is openly reiterated throughout the work. This is not an especially complex or subtle
poem, but complexity or subtlety would not be particularly appropriate to a work of this sort,
which is clearly directed at a broad readership and is as much a public exhortation as it is a lyric
poem.
Some complexity does enter the poem in the second half of line 1, which reads, better the world
with a song, a phrase that can at first be interpreted as meaning either the world is better with a
song or improve the world by singing. By the time the reader finishes line 2, the latter
meaning seems primary, but the earlier possible meaning has already been pondered and thus is
part of the experience of the poem. The meaning of a poem, in other words, is as much
a process that develops through time as it is a static, stable product or object. A piece of literature
(as the theorist Stanley Fish has argued) is more like a work of music (which develops moment
by moment) than like a painting or piece of sculpture (which can he perceived all at once).
Part of the experience of Masefields poem is the shocking shift that occurs as it moves from line
1 to line 2. Line 1 celebrates simple joys; line 2 extols metaphorical violence: Better the world
with a blow in the teeth of a wrong. This line, although surprising, is crucial to the ultimate
effectiveness of the poem as a whole. Line 2 implies that the speaker of the poem is not a nave,
shallow, unintelligent optimist. He recognizes that the world can be a place of wrongs and evils,
and so his advice to enjoy life (while one can) seems mature rather than simpleminded. Indeed,
line 2 can even be interpreted as suggesting that the best response to any wrong one suffers is to
respond with laughter and a merry disposition. Sometimes optimism (the poem suggests) is a
sign of inner strength, not a sign of foolish inexperience.
Another sign that the speakers optimism is not nave appears in line 3: Laugh, for the time is
brief, a thread the length of a span. This is, in other words, a carpe diem poem, counseling its
readers to seize the day while the day is still within our grasp. Ultimately, the ethos or basic
outlook of the poem is rooted in Stoicism, the ancient brand of philosophy that argued that one
cannot change the immutable facts of...
(The entire s
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Government of Tamilnadu
ENGLISH
IX - STANDARD
Untouchability
Inhuman- Crime
Department of School Education
A Publication Under
Distribution of Free Textbook Programme
(NOT FOR SALE)
First Edition - 2011
(This Book published under Uniform System of School Education scheme)
Text Book Team:
TmtV. Vijayakanthi, Prirkcipa! (Retd.,) Govt> Teacher Training Institute for women, Chennai>
Dr. Shashi Swaran Singh, RG. Asst., RCX.G, Govt. H-S-S, Kodambakkam, Chennai,
Mrs.S.K. Kanchana, RG, Asst, GRT Mahalakshmi Vidyalaya Matrjc.School, West Mambalam.
MrsMA, Padmavathy, RG,Asst,, Muthaiyalpet (B) Hr.Sec. School, Chennai,
Mrs. Georgina PremKumar, B,T Asst,, SBOA Matric, H.S-S, Anna Nagar Chennai,
Mr. Sujith Gladwin, B.T Asst., Govt. High School, Salaimahkulam, Virudhunagar.
Review Committee:
Mr. J. fnbaraj, Sr Lecturer, D,LE.T, Thiair, Thiruvallur District
Mrs.Ujitha Lloyd, RG. Teacher, Presidency (G) Hr.Sec. School, Egmore, Chennai.
Chairperson :
Dr.Meenakshi Hariharan, Associate Prof, of English, Queen Mary's College, Chennai.
Expert Committee :
DrM Rajagopatan, Prof, of English (Retd>,), M,C-CThambaram, Chennai.

Mrs, Rajeswari Menon, Principal, SBOA Matric, H.S.S, Anna Nagar. Chennai.
Loser Typeset A Layout i M. Vijaycsarathy, T.Raghu R. Anandhan.
Illustrations : M.Vijoyasarathy, Karunakaran, K.ftavf.
Book Wrapper : M. Vijayasarathy
Textbook Printing
Tamilnadu Textbook Corporation,
College Road, Chennai - 600 006
Price: Rs.
This book has been printed on 80 G.S.M Maplitho Paper
Printed by Web Offset at:
(S^tfluj ^îi
THE NATtONAL ANTHEM
ggorr Sjsm iA68r ^^hrsniudB ^lu Qem
umr^ Liroiu tiiSl^rr^

U(55flfmj r6)iBgj ggijir^ UMjinlLrr
ÂJ SHJ {Brr(SLJO ggrKSffi
gg6irr 6ism ui\fkiam ^nuia gguj (S^
gguj (dSUD gguj (d^ 3giu (S^
ggiugtuggiuggnjCfiWD!
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he
B harata-bhagya-vid hata.
P unj a ba-Si nd hu-GuJa rata-Maratha-
D ra vi da-U tkala-Banga
Vi nd hya-H imacha la-Yam u na-G anga
Uchchhala-jaladhi-taranga
Java subha name jage,
Java Subha asisa mage,
Gahe tava jaya-gatha>

Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
B harata-bhagya-vid hata
Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he,
Jaya jaya, jaya, jaya he.
- Rabindranath Tagore.
SHORT VERSION
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he
B harata-bhagya-vid hata .
Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he
Jaya jaya, jaya, jaya he.
AUTHENTIC ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF

THE NATIONAL ANTHEM
Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people.
Thou dispenser of India's destiny.

Thy name rouses the hearts of the Punjab, Sind,
Gujarat and Maratha, of Dravid, Orissa and Bengal,
It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas,
mingles in the music of the Yamuna and Ganges
and is chanted by the waves of the India Sea.

They pray for Thy blessings and sing Thy praise
The saving of all people waits in Thy hand^
Thou dispenser of India's destiny.
Victory, Victory, Victory to Thee.
Qâ6fl56wr(y]ijb ^^fb^pji^ î}Tro!ilL.j5W ^(rjifirrglijb

^ffiffi^ i51fiDfDgj^giJLb îfl^^fspji êuffi^yjtoLD
^0^6065 fiuire=n6ur<Durrsb ,^\$aim^\eo{^\h glrinxi(ipp
^^^l6ineFiL|U] gi$LJ)LX]6iitn'6&; @([3^^(Û(r3^ ^lilLpsiTniKSdB J
fl5LiilLpOTnTiij(S<s !
Qe=uj6ixj)rDj5^ fiunrij^gl^m 1 fiiJrriJ^gl^GLii ! eiiri^^gigiCSu) !
'uitSsunrsffriJieffaiTiJLj)' (alu.ftrB^rrbaiiiiK
INVOCATION TO GODDESS TAMIL
Bharat is like the face beauteous of Earth clad in wavy seas;
Deccan is her brow crescent-like on which the fragrant 'Tilak' is the

blessed Dravidian land.
Like the fragrance of that Tilak' plunging the world in joy supreme reigns
Goddess Tamil with renown spread far and wide.
Praise unto 'You, Goddess Tamil, whose majestic youthfulness. inspires

awe and ecstasy.'
THE NATIONAL INTEGRATION PLEDGE
"I solemnly pledge to work with dedication to preserve and strengthen the freedom and
integrity of the nation."
"I further affimi that I shall never resort to violence and that all differences and disputes
relating to religion, language, region or other political or economic grievances should be
settled by peaceful and constitutional means."
A STUDENTS VOW BEFORE MOTHER INDIA
Name :
Class : School :
I shall overcome the obstacles raised by caste and communal prejudices and work
for the greatness of my Motherland putting to the fullest use the benefits that I derive
through
education.
Vande mataram!
I ^^ I Signature
CONTENTS
Unit TitJe
Page No.
1 . Buds to Blossoms [Prose]
* Laugh and be Merry [Poem]
12
A Man Who Had no Eyes [Supplementary]
14
2. Gaia Tells her Tale [Prose]
17
Earth [Poem]
27
Amrita Devi - The Guardian Angel of Woods [Supplementary]
29
3. The Will to Win [Prose]
32
Don't Quit [Poem]
43
A Race in the Space [Supplementary]
44
4. The One Minute Apology [Prose]
47
* The Apology [Poem]
60
The Tears of the Desert [Supplementary]
61
5. The Marvellous Machine [Prose]
63
Be Glad your Nose is on your Face [Poem]
75
Visit to the Dentist [Supptementary]
77
6. Miriam's Letter [Prose]
81
* A Sonnet for my Incomparable Mother [Poem]
97
The Stroke of Genius [Supplementary]
98
7. When Catastrophe Strikes [Prose]
100
The Flying Wonder [Poem]
112
The Thief [Supplementary]
114
* Memoriter Poems
NOTE TO THE TEACHER
The English textbook for Standard IX has been prepared following the
guidelines given by National Curriculunn Framework^ 2005. The seven units of the
book aim at acquainting the learners with different genres of literature such as story,
autobiography, science fiction and humour. The different types of poems are
selected to inspire the learners to explore the language and cherish the joy of
learning.
The grammar and language activities are chosen to help the learners to
communicate with confidence and accuracy. An attempt has been made to enrich
Vocabu lary through a variety of activities on synonyms, antonyms, matching words to
meanings, word building (prefixes, suffixes, phrasal verbs), British/American English,
idioms^ phrases and abbreviations. Attention has been drawn to grammar in context.
A close reading of the prose texts will facilitate the understanding of prepositions of
time and space, sentence patterns, the use offenses, gemnds and infinitives, active
and passive voice, modals, question tags, reported speech, conditional clause,
transformation of sentences and relative pronouns.
The learner friendly language study under the prose lesson of each unit
focuses on the integration of four skills namely Listening, Speaking, Reading and
Writing. Activity packed language tasks include role play, pairand group work, writing
advertisements, making posters, preparing announcements and translating words
used in everyday life.
The task 'Warming - up' given at the beginning of each unit is designed to
facilitate the learner develop the skill of guessing and predicting what is coming next.
The learner should be encouraged to actively participate in this task.
UNIT- 1
The learners are on the threshold of adolescence. An attempt has been made
in this unit to motivate the learners to set goals, develop certain qualities and
positively condition the mind to achieve the same. It is suggested that the teacher
narrates more stories for grooming the personality of students. The learners may be
encouraged to read the biographies of great achievers and listen to the inspirational
speeches and motivational talks of living legends. The poem and the supplementary
chapter are thematlcally related. In the supplementary story, Mr. Parsons and
Markwardt portray a vivid contrast. One man has decided to make the best of his
handicap whereas the other has become bitter, pitying himself because of his
handicap. Each has made his choice. This story brings out two types of human
mentalities: that of the victi m and the victor.
UNIT-II
Our future and well-being Is closely linked with the well-being of the Planet
Earth. Eco-degradation and its impact on all facets of life is heading towards alanning
levels. The planet earth is a vibrant living entity. To add a personal touch and
emotional facet, the prose piece is written in the form of an autobiography of Mother
Earth. The learners should be made aware of the levels of carbon foot-prints every
time they buy or consume some product. The poem by Khalil Gibran is chosen to
highlight the great benevolence the Earth showers on human beings. Learners
should be taught to appreciate the marvels and the magic of Mother Earth. The
supplementary lesson is about a tribal community. The members of tribe went to the
extent of sacrificing their lives to save trees, much before the modem worid realised
the importance of trees in the Eco-system.
UNIT-III
This unitfocusses on the empowerment of women. 'The Will to Win' highlights

how Anita, a humble village giri, not only empowered herself by procuring honey
through bee-keeping but also helped the women in her village to raise their standard
of living. The poem deals with 'never give in' attitude in life and the need to face the
challenges with courage and determination. The supplementary lesson enlightens
the grit and detemnination of Sunita Willams who became a successful astronaut.
UNIT-IV
This unit deals with the human values and self-esteem. Here is an opportunity
for the learners to understand and empathise with the feelings of fellow human
beings, in the poem "The Apolog/' the poet seeks apology from the people working
hard in the fields. The activity given under the supplementary lesson will sharpen the
learners' skill of mind mapping and summarising the story. It will encourage them to
read more stories.
UNIT-V
This unit deals with health and hygiene. An attempt has been made to unravel
the mysteries of certain functions of our body. The unit also opens the learners' mind
to some superstitious beliefs that have been there for ages. Linked closely to a
person's features is his nose. A humorous poem written by Jack Prelutsky tells us
about the position of the nose on the face. The supplementary lesson is a humorous
narration of what happens in a dental clinic. Special effort has been made to bring
awareness among learners on organ donation through some of the skills.
UNIT -VI
This unit throws light on man's famiiy bondage and his reiationship with the
society. Relationships are lilê seeds. They have to be nurtured and developed. The
story "Miriann's Letter" portrays the love of a father to his daughter He spends the rest
of his life longing to hear from her. The poem "A Sonnet For My Incomparable Mother"
depicts the admiration of a daughter for her mother. The supplementary lesson "A
Stroke of a Genius" is an imaginary story that tells us about the master plan of Birbal.
UNIT-VIl
This u n it deals with the real life adventure that took place in an aeroplane. The
presence of mind, courage and the conviction exhibited by the lead character would
inspire the young minds and teach them to face any situation in their life. The poem
highlights the adventurous spirit of the Wright brothers and 'to live and never say die'
attitude of the siblings. The supplementary lesson is a science fiction with an element
of surprise at the end . It kindles the creative competence of the young minds.
VIII
I-
Unff 1
^^* Buds to Blossoms .^
*A flfnnr is the pnoiplsc of a fmW jj^F
Vnfftiiiio 1^
Everyone ta creetBd to be somebody in thta world. Those who realise this,

ecooiriplish their mlasJon end touch the lives of their fellow beings. They bring about
e whalesDme transfbrmetlon not only in their own lives but also In society. It is
indeed a fulfilling experience to witness this change. You may have noticed a bud
blooming into e blossom. A bud is small and delicate. It needs to be nourished and
nMrtuned. When it blossoms, it creates joy and spreads its fragnance. YoUp Ihe gifted
buds of todsyp will soon blossom and fill this world with the fragrance of your love,
kindness and happiness. Do you hawe tha burning desire to achieve sornething big?
What can possibly stand in the way of &uch passion? Success is just a few steps
ahead and Is there vbp/ m uch for the taki ng .
Long ago, there lived En a forest a pride of liens with several cubS- One ef the
outs was atwaysourioustcknowabout things. Onedayhe saw abutterflyandsta rted
chasing It. The little cub rBr\ and ran but was unable to catch the butlerffy. By then he
had become too tired to run. He also realised that he had lost hla way. Betdm he knew
anything , he liejl asleep.
When the lion cub woke up, he found himself In

Îrange company. Ha was surroundad by a flock of
sheep and then there wars several lambs too for him
to play with He seemed to like the new company and
soon was aoceptfld t^y the s-heap.
As days want by, Iha lien cub g raw bigger. But as ha grew in tha midst of aliaap,
he developed all the qyalities of the sheep. His roar too was like a bleat. He was
Ignorant thst hs could roar ao mightily that sheep would shuddar. He crAuchAd wl^
othar sheep, seeking cover when a wild animal chased the fiock or passed by. He
looked far ff04in baintha king ofjungla^ Hadidnlava^n n&alisathatha was a lion.
One day an old Ibn happened to pass by the plaoe where this young lion
stayed. As was natural, the Did lion rDared seeing another lion. But he did not negpond
with a noar. The old lion was astonished. He noared again and again but there was no
response from tha young one. The pkj lion looked around and whan ha saw tha
E hee p , h e snan und ersta[>d the reason for the cub's sfrs nge behaÔur.
1 Hm ^tf ttli Ibn cub jaifi tht shtvp?

2h H% drd IhK older Mm tukft HiK
ynungtr ohc to fht poal"?

I. Haw did rht. yûnj^ Jidn redcf on MMinq
hts Ums^ \n tKe water?
shudder: shiver
craudi: fewer the body
close to the chest
The Did lion want&d th^ young one to realise his trus nature. So
he took him to a nearby pool and made him look at his own neflsctlori In
the water. A c^nditionad mind finds it dllUcult to believe its anginal
nature, even when it meets the reHJtty eye to eye. The litUe lioni too whs
net different. As h saw his image in the water he asked the old lion, "Is
it ins?' Yes" replied the old lion and Îd, "It is none other than you.'
The old lion concinucxi and said, 'Now noarliki^ me. You'll be a tojo lion."
So saving the Did Nan roared and roamed again. Gradually the young
lion repeated the roar and after several attempts he gave such a
ferocious roar that his sheep friends panicked and ran away. When he
roared like a true lion, his lion instin[:ls returned to him. He lâp^d about in joy upon
realising his tnjc nature. The young lion. aCCOhnpank^ by the ddorofiep Walked Sfway
majestically like the king of the jungle.
Aren't some of you too like this young lion cub? It is quite reasonable to
Supppse that young as ycu sre, yeu may be unaware qf your real talent and potentialLike this young cub, some of you may have set your own limitations by a liaulty
ooncntioning or mind with cenvididns such a&;
^ I arm good fior nothing, c>
=> I am not cut out for this. ^
This \t impossible for me,

Luck dcesnT favour me.
isnl !t time to break free from these seM - imposed limitations? In fact, you are pretty
buds on the vangeof biossomirig into llowars. F^nrtembef that hidden inasêd is \tm
infinite potentJaJ of a mighty trea.
Spread ydurv^ngs to discover new horizons in the promising

foumey of your lifia While doing so, do not get disheartened by the
impadimflnts and challenges you may Oome aiôss. They are

them fbr a purpose. They transfomi you from ordinary to
esftra ordinary beings, II Is the rough s@a that makes a skills sailor.
A ship may be safe in (he harbour but that is notwhataship isbuift

for. Ff ê charcoa I h ad thou g ht that \t was ugly and good for nothing, it woukd not have
turned Into a sparkling dlamor^d- SimJIarty, If a person llkje Helen Keller had thought
that H was Impossible fbr h&r to read and write, she could not have championed the
cause of the visually challenged. Had Arjun Bajpai thought that he was too young to
trek, he would not hav been successful in scaling the Mount Everest el the tender
age of 1. These examples Imefutably prove that anyone
<^natm htflh and echlewe stKJcess against all odds.
I. What M Hden Ulci* UT\d Arjun BqjpoJ
. J-ifiw shjoujd yoij fact iht ^mfiedjmfnts 7
Gtossaiy
cortdltiprted ; hobitiHted
IfnpvdIkMJvrs : obfTxiclBS
imftftflbly : conviFKing^
Each one gf you has an Indispensablo role to pisy In ft\h wo rid. Without you,
this world will be ahort of one peraon and his/her contribution. iHaving set your goaf
higin, viûaiiê marching towards it each day ofyourlire. Develop a passion Tor your
goaJ. ^v fajth in yourselif Jika tlie tity e girl In tha lo4lowJng sIm>.
Ones, a vlllaga wâs affllci&d by drouglit
The Hng sumrriDned his subjects for a mass
prayer to invake the blessings of \he rain God.
People assembled in lange numbers with flowers,
Incense sticks and lamps. One litlle giri alona
brought an umbrella. "Why did you bring this?" an
old man asked. The little one sard, "When we all
Unite in prayer, it is going to rafn like as never
before. I have brought this umbrella to get back home vyithout getUng waif Wo
wonder, there was a tairentlai downpour that day .This is a simple story that reveals
the power of Strang faith. So Gsmmenc^ your wari? with faith and piijceed with hard
wo riband optimism.
A man was once told of b pot filled with gold at the foot hills of the mountains.
He coilecited his tools, went to the place indicated and began digging for gold. He kept
diggingatHft^rs week. But then 3 little suspicion started nagging him. Howondcrod
whether he would really Rnd gold or if he was on a fool's en-and. On the eighth day ha
gave up digging. The very nest day a strangef passing that way stopped and
questioned th6 presence of a big pit there. He was told that somebody had been
digging there for gold. The stranger thought to himself. "Why notgive it a try? The work
Is aiready half done anyway/ He dug with great faith and after the passage of a couple
of days, he found gold. The first man who had tried eariier said with great regret, Had
[ but dug for two more days, I would have secured that pot of gold.' Many of us give up
Just before reselling the goal. Thomas Edison says. "Many of life's failures are
experienced by people who did not realise how close they were to success when they
gave up." Remember 'parxavarancB pays.' All your Ji^rd worit ajid po&JUve eneipy
will cneate a rippie of change across the world.
Afamrerused to fetch water ho me fn two buckets. One buccal had a smalf hote
In H Theneforo every day, the fanner reached honê with one bucket full and the other
half full Thft bucket with a hole was paJned at being unable to fulfill its purpose as
effi ciently as the oth er.
1, WKy art you Endii^seftte^tft te iht wsHd?

Z. W>iy did The ^"rl bring ofi umbrtTla?
1 W>ittt hvadft the ifvon get suspiciiaiif?
4. Why wtis the oucket with a hoik
unhappy ?^
[Ti
Qfflicfcil : troubkd
tlrrElTtial dmtiiûr ' kEavyitlin
^mvcnmcc '- ufiHtuc with
d*tcrrpincrtmfl
iSppie '" wove
B ut th e othe r bu cket said , "Look at the path over tA^Jcih y oy have traveJIed home every
day. You have trensformad a graveled ruad into a beauUful bait of gran graas and
oolDyrful flowers." This story demorrstfates the fmportance of seeing the things and
people around you In a positive way.
Everyone wakes up with 24 houfg of time aC hTs/her disposal. How wlaely Hie
person spends time everyday detennines the success that he/she w^ 11 achieve In life.
So tune yourself lo the proper frequency of time to realise your goal. Time is precious.
Thin king of the pest or worrying about the future will not let you tbcus hundred percent
on you rp resent . The present moment Is a blessing that has been bestowed upon you
and you must make the n^wisf of Jt. Do not put off till tomornsw what you can do today.
Each moment is spedaJ like you.
Endowed as you are witti a unique parsortality, no one else is C9pal:i48 olba^ng
ytu. Ian t It vwnd erf u I to know that nowhere Jn ths worfd can you fi nd n ny oitp c?se who
looks the same as you? Take pride En the uniqueness of your nature ^s vvell. Is there
a nythi n g u n d er the sun that yo u cann ot ach ie ve r wilh your in d I vi d ud tafertt.lntegri
ty of
thought, word and action, and humility? / -^
Be grateful for your uniqueness and the qualides of baad and heart When you
are thankful for all that you necelve afid cciunt^ûjrblessipg^, you wlii neceive much
more blessings.
The great attributes of achievers such as A. P. J. Abdul Kaianrr, l\ôther Teresa,
and A.R. Rahm^ are all part of yoq. In you lias hidden, the
t;9lent tif a Saina Nohwal or Vishwanathan Angnd, The
'cha ri sm a of B ill Gates may 1 1 e d o rma nt i n you . U nde rstand
your true natune, nourish end nurture the good in you. You do
the greatest of favours to yourself, by being instrumental In
ifiaki ng th is world a better pi ace . it's ti me to get to work, malw
^ your mark and leave behind your footprints on the sands of
timer Dream big and pursue those dreams fearlessly. The
d ay i t pay^ of? wUI be worth a miiyon lives-
Answer each of the foilawlng In a paragraph not ejcceedlng 1 QQ wonia,
1 . What message do you get from the Hfcry of Ihe young lion?
2. Are you conditioned by your circumstances? Justify your response.
3. List out the steps that you shou Id follow to reach your goal
L How or* you uni^|Ue?

Z, T^ present marritnf is o îft - E^plaia,
3. How can you make thil world a better
pbcfi to live m^
endowed : bri^&d
ottrlbulei : {)uatrti
chAfl^na I pwer to ms^r

ilPftEunt : hidden
Vocabulary
I. Choose the most appropriate synonyms of the italicised words from the
four alternatives given with each sentence.
1 . Do not get disheartened by the challenges along the way.
a. dissatisfied b. excited c. discouraged d. upset
2. Some of you may have set your own convictions.
a. beliefs b. ideas c. priorities d. objectives
3. The king summoned his subjects for mass prayer.
a. dictated b. ordered c. gathered d. called
4. A little suspicion started nagging him.
a. distressing b. pleasing c. stopping d. warning
5. Everyone has an Indispensable role to play in this world.
a. short b. essential c. major d. clear
d. start
d. threatened
2. Choose the most appropriate antonyms of the italicised words from the
1 . Always commence your work with faith,

a. conclude b. continue c. complete
2. All the sheep panicked and ran away,

a. cried b. calmed c. scattered
3. Take pride in your individual nature.

a. joy b. honour c. humility
4. A village was affected by drought.

a. summer b. winter c. floods
5. Remember that you are unique.

a. special b. simple c. different
d. pity
d. famine
d. common
3. a) Use the prefixes with the base words given below to form new words and
use them in sentences. [Prefixes are a ietter or letters we add to the
beginning of a word to make a new one. The new words are not always
antonyms.]
belief
/ tell
possible
obedient
X cycle
M discipline
conscious
honour
Y regard
\ fold
prove
\ justice
b) ile \hB euffiKss with tha words givvn blowto fofwi nw words^ and use tham
In s^nt^nces. [Suffixes are a letter or letters, we add to ttie end of word to
make a n^w onAj
ferDcious \
real
ixitential V
punctuoJ
SUttfeSS \
human
aten(h /
personal
reos&n /
visual
reflect /
grent
4. 51 mHar Sûnd in g Worde

Fill In ihc blanks wtth tlw suitable wofd choosing rroin ihe p4>irs given In
brackets.
1 . The driver applied the hand lo stop ifie car (break, brake)
2. The hungry Non went in search off ite . {pray, prey}
3. The Is pleasant today, (whether, weather)
4. Sundarattlho
5. My unde
caks yestBrrf^y. (hqte, whtote)
a strange sound ^st night. (henJ, heard)
5. Phiîal verba
A verb followed by an adverb or a prof3osltfon (also called a paiiide) beoomes
phrasal verb. The particle artd the verb together (the phrasal verb) liave a meaning
that is different frofn the meaning of the v^rb when It stands alone. EK3mp|<3: 'put'
nrteans 'to place'. But add 'off to 'pLiT and what do you get? You get the phrasal verb
pu t off wh icfi means "to postpone'. You mu^ have a good knowledge of p hrasal verbs
to understand mostof the writing you come across in English.
Loek up a dictionary to find out the nmdnlng49 for tht fallowing pitmsal vart>s
and use them in se^^tenees.
* This is done for you

bring up - roJê
bring in - irwike, get
bring about - cause
The children must be brought up with bve and cane.
South west monsoons will bring in lot of rains.
We are trying lo being about a change in our education system.
Now find out other ptirssak vrb from the lesson and use th^m Tn sentences of
your own.
G. Singular-plural
[flj Ydm have lee rn* how a noun takes an "t"

i *^b* tut Hb plural frDin. But what aboiH
same urrusual words and fiyph^naEod
Ilms7
Singular
PluraJ
HDfi-Jn-law
ana -In-law
cornman deHn-&hlBf
CDnvmandan^n-clilir
man-of-war
man-or-wai
pBSSHr-by
passers -fay
liwpfl4^Dr- General
1 niBpectoro - Gefieral
"(toj Certain wor^le tipougfat Into English'

ham other languages liave different plural
fonni.
1
SinQular
Plural
nuctoPi
ri'Uclel
baelllut
bidIN
i^ruii
cn>M
datum
data
racfiua
rwdil
c) Therr --^ -^m^ wrr^^s that reiiiîn the eame in both lingular end plural form*
Here are some of these words.
sheep, soenery, &te:ionery, luggage, deer, swine, infiormalion, news.
d) Ole ttie plural foims of the folfowfng words.
axis, analysis, thesis, basis, fungus, index, verteix, medium, phenomencn, formula
Reading skill
S k rmmln^ and Sc a nn h g :
We skim a passage for gsneral infbnnatkjn. When we read the headlines of a
newspaper to knoH^ gen^npl information, we ane skimmiryg.
We scan a passage for spedfic infomnatk>n. For example, we scan &ie school nobce
boana for the specific dat^ of Oijr examinaiion.
Skim through the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
An aldarly carpenter was about to retire. iHe told his employer-contractor of his
plans to leave the house-buiiding business to live a more ieisureiy life with his wife and
enjoy his extended family. He wouid miss the wages each week, but he wanted to
retire. iHowever, the family was able to get by. The contractor was sorry to see his
good worker go and asked If he could build Just one more house as a personal favour.
The carpenter said, "Yes", but over a period of time It was easy to see that the
carpenter's heart was not In his work. This resulted In producing a work of Infierlor
quality, it was an unfortunate way to end a dedicated career
When the carpenter finished his work, his employer came to Inspect the house.
Then he handed the front-door key to the carpenter and said, "This Is your house, my
gift to you'. The carpenter was shocked I What a shamel if he had known he was
building his own house, he would have done it all so differently. So It Is with us. We
build our lives, a day at a time, often putting less than our best into that building. Then,
with a shock, we realise we have to live in the house we have built. If we could do It
over, we would do it much differently .But, you cannot go back. You are the carpenter,
and every day you hammer a nail, place a board, or erect a wall. Someone once said,
'Life is a do-it-yourself project.' Your attitude, and the choices you make today, help
build the 'house' you will live in tomorrow. Therefore, build wisely!
1 ) What did the carpenter tell his employer and how did his employer feel about It?
2) What was the attitude of the carpenter to his work?
3) Why was the carpenter shocked to receive the house as a gift?
4) What message do you get from this passage?
5) Give a sulteble title to this passage.
Grammar
a. Read the following passage to revise the prepositions of time that are
Indicated ir *"'*' '-"^^.
It is good for children to get up early In the morning. When you get up early your
mind Is fresh, relaxed and ready to receive. So, try to get up before 5 o' clock. For an
hour you must study the subject you find difficult. Have your breakfast at 7 o' clock and
start to your school. Your school starts at 8 a.m. So you should reach your school In
time and not on time. It will be appreciated if you are attentive till/until the classes get
over. You can always clarify your doubts during the class hours or even after.
Whan/As soon as you get back home, you wash your face. As you have been
working since moming you should relax for some time.
b. Look at the following passage and understand the prepositions of time and
space.
The technocrat President, the missile man of India and a great visionary Dr.
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was bom on 1 5 October 1 931 at the island town of Rameshwaram
on the east coast of Tamiinadu in india. iHe always got up early In the morning
sometime between 4 a.m. and 5 a.m. before sunrise. He secured his engineering
degree at MIT In Chennal and then Joined DRDO. His glorious moment came In 1 998
when he conducted nuciear test at Pokhran in Rajastan. A true patriot Dr. Kaiam's
pride In his country Is highly appreciable. In many of his speeches and writings his
love for India Is transparent.
3. Choose the appropriate prepositions of time and piace from the iist and fill In
the blanks, (beforei after , during, since, tiii/untii, at, on, often, in, beiow,
above)
Sharad has been living New York 1990. 1 990 he was
studying Punjab University. He iives an apartment with his wife
and children. His apartment is the third floor. He does network a
fanm. but is empioyed a business firm. This business firm is located
a short distance from his house. Sharad has two friends, Surya and
Vikram. They also stay the same building. Surya stays Sharad's
apartment and Vikram's apartment is Sharad's. They meet ,
Sharad misses his parents who iive Chandigarh India. He visits
them spring season. He has no plans to retum to India he retires
from service.
IV. Listening skiii 7^^ (^^ Listen to the foliowing passage as it is read by
your teacher and answer the questions that foiiow.
A son and his father were trekking on the mountains. His son suddeniy fell
down, hurt himseif and screamed, 'Ah hi' To his surprise, the son heard the voice
repeating, somewhere In the mountain, 'Ah hi' Curiously he yelled, 'Who are you?' He
received the answer, "Who are you7'And then ha screamed to the mountain, 'i admire
your The voice answered, "I admire yourAngered at the response, he screamed
again, 'Coward!' He received the answer, 'Coward I' The son looked to his father and
asked, "What's going on?' The father smiled and said, 'My son, pay attention.' This
time the father screamed, 'You are a champlonl' The voice answered, "You are a
champlonl'Theson was surprised, but did not understand. Then the father explained,
'People call this ECHO. You can draw a lesson for life frem this. Lifie gives you back
what you give it. Our life is simply a reflection of our actions. If you want for example
more love in the worid, give more love to your fallow beings. One may compare life to
a game of tennis. Those who serve the best are bound to win.
Cornprshenelon qussf Idns
1 . What were ê faêrand son doing?
2. Why did the son scream?
3. What made the son get angry?
4. Doas this story deliver any message? If yes, whal m it?
5. Supply a ûltabla title for thg paesaê.
Speainng tkUl
u Prapara a spaach fof about two
mlnutee on a pareon who has Inspired

you the moat. You can use the following
clues to prepare your speech,
[ntraductksn of that person - his/har
appearance - hie/her qualities Siai
attracted you - hlfi/her gcsod habltBhJs/her sfihlevenênts and contrlhutlons
-how he/she has inspired you- what you wish to imbibe from him/her and hc3w.
A few tfps for speaking
Sland strfl^ght. SptJik Ipydly ofld tieor^,
tCecfi to- \htr topic ba rut dfivfatL

hhrtwte things ifl logical order,
Liôkat the audeuiu. Maintoii^ eye cantocTj
tK Recenty yoy attended the annual day function in your school. Vou were impressed
by the motivating speech of the chief guest. Recoiled the points and share tham with
your clas$maEe$.
Wdtltigd^ll
a. Arrange ttie following Jumbled words hi E^fiarcnt order |o form meanfngfuf

sentences^ The first two sentences are done for you.
1. that/ remember/ always /become /cark/youMhin king/ by/ big/ big.,

AJâys n&mamber that you can b&ooma bia by thinking tHg.
2. goiXl/W try /Inculcate pec ple/wlth/ being/ habft/ by / posftlve.
Tiy \a inculcate good habits by

being with positive people.
a. goals/high/set /flt/andAhem/Hme-
frama/ In/the .
4. you/that/ heading vreualke/

tcrwards/ are/your ôal
5. assura /of/ana/ you/ &uccas

/your^&if/ach laving/
Q. Ihene/ls/wllL/a/thenQAMtom ^s^vay
/a/thene
7p performyrajn/stoim/should/yDLj/cr
Pll0iv The CO [>ER to cnhofice fGur

writfng skills What Is CObEU?
C- Cfffkct idKiS. [frohfi various soyrceS' lib^'oryK

' etuiyelapedia, ifiternet; teachers, nwf|Sdfier5,
' nu^flsi'hcSj ycuT ddicrs]
\0^ Of^j^s^ th idtns.
D- ^pare a noi/gh draft.
E- fli|flte md edit th* raugh draft,
H- lêWfc oftd ruvritc a fair dmft.
ia|
b. Spot ths ftrrt^rc In *fie foilcTwIng Kenisncfts flFHi rewrite thwn comctly
1 . 1 met en Euupean.
2. Geatha s father li a M.L-A.
6. One of th^ boy locks hiapfiy.
7. Wia bought kit of fiimhurBa .
3. They am going Id Hlmalayaia.
8, My father \& a honest man.
4. Rôttii pHifiBrs mHc thafi tda.
B. MiihBmatica are nny ^Mt^ aubjdd.
5. A bunch of keya wene found in my cm 10, Ramu wanted m one rupee cdn.
c. PunctLmtB the fblfowing ântenceA.
^ anand said aamihy you have done a good Job
j^ children enjoyed wstj;^hing the film didnt they
^ unless ha learns dnvlng|ohn cannot imprass his boss
^ horw pJeasafit the weather Is today
^ congraturatlons I h&ard you got a Jab Ih shgapore
Lang Liege f uiictkint^
a. Translate the Ifmt psragraph of yo^jr proae fesson into Temil.
b. Frame a disioguelbr ê following situation.
Your younger sister / brother has not done well in her/ his e^tamination. She / he
ia upaet over her /his poor parfbrmance. Cheer her / him up wfth wonds of
enoQur^gement
c. Lock at the picture and de$cr1be It In a paragraph.
ft
POMd
* Liiugh and be Merry
John MaAefleM was bom in Ledbury in 187B in Herefordshire. After ifi
urrhapp^ education at th& Kings school in Warwick,, he entered the merchanlnavy at

the age of 16, dosortsd ship and became a vagrant in America. He returned to
England in 1 S37 and sertied as a veraatJie writer. Afiaw of Inis earlier wcrics are 'SaJt
Water Bailads', ' Manchester Guardian' and The Everiastinfl Mency'. in 1930
Masafieid became poet iaureate. Iêsefield diad in tlie êar 19fi7.
Kn ttiis poam 'Laugh and be Merry' the poet wantB ue to be cheerfuE and
en|oy oyr life to tha fullest He ai^ reminds us towands the end of poem thai we all
are Eike tefnpofary guests who slay in the beauiilul in n fbr a wKiie.
Uugh arid tm ttmv^, remwfibar, better the world with ^ ônfli
Bettef (Jie worfd with a blow in the leelih of a wrung.
Laugh, for the time ts brief, a thread tha length of a span.
Uijjgh md be pfuud to beiang tp the okf proyd pagBg-nt of man.
bi1tw t<ttlif a
rong- oâirist
^kndld huinan
jrhyvne - short
poem
iflii^hter
Liugh and fe pnerry: raffiembofH '^^ okJan Mme.

God mado Ho&von afid Earth for Joy Hg toa^ r* a r%ritep
! tiTein, and fifled Ihsm full wffli the stmng fsd ^wlne of KIg mFrth
Tba splandy joy ol U>6 sfa^. Iha joy oflhe eadti.
So w must laugh and dnnk Troi^^^^HRue cyp of the sky,

Join Wie jubrfani 5ong of IhegSPsrara swaepir^g by,
Lnugh, 3r>d baltfe, and worl^^ and drink of the wine outpoure-d
In the dear green earth, the sign of the Jay of ê Lofd.
juhnairt ~
ioyful
swcEping by
moving 9*ntV
outpouredoverfiavviivj
okifl - ^FTiiior in
noturt
rjuTZliTWn Til I
Laugh and be merry êiri&r, iiJas
QuBfzlJng s^hiie \n Uê rOom^ of a b-Ûtlflj1 Intl,
Crlad tii] the dancing stops, and the lilt of thie mysrc ends.
Lauflh li1t Sie gajma Js ptayad; and be yoij many, mf friafids.
A. Answer the fol [owing.
1 . How can man make this world a better place to live in?
2. What is man's span of life compared to?
3. What did God feel when He created the earth?
4. Who are the guests and where do they stay?
5. What is called a beautiful inn?
6. How should man treat his fellow beings?
7. "Glad till the dancing stops, and the lilt of the music ends". Explain.
8. So we must laugh and drink from the deep blue cup of the sky, - Mention the
figure of speech.
9. "Laugh till the game is played" - what is the game refered to here?
10. Write an appreciation of the poem in about 100 words.
B. Find out the rhyme scheme of the poem.
Rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyming lines in a stanza or poem. Some rhyme
schemes apply to a single stanza while some others continue their pattern
throughout an entire poem. Every rhyming word in a stanza is given a letter. And
the letter is always in the lower case. For example:
song - a wrong - a span - b man - b
C. Figures of Speech
Afigure of speech is an extraordinary mode of expression used in poetry to produce a

greater effect.
(1 ) Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound in several words in

the same line.
"So we must laugh and drink from the deep blue cup of the sky,
Join the jubilant song of the great stars sweeping by"
'Drink - deep' and 'join - jubilant' are alliterated words.
In the first line, 161 is repeated (drink-deep), and in the second line /j/ is
repeated Qoin-jubilant).
Find out two more instances of alliteration in the poem.
(2) Simile is a comparison made between two objects of different kinds which
have some resemblance. A simile is usually introduced by a word of
comparison such as -like, so, as. as... so.
(3) Metaphor is a condensed or an implied simile.
"Laugh till the game is played "- Metaphor is used here. Life is
compared to a game. When we say "Life is like a game", then it is a simile.
SuppltifKTitvy
A Man Who Had No Eyes
A beggar was coming down Ihe avenue just as Mr.

Pardons emerged from his hotel. He waa a blind beggar.
carrying the traditional battarod can, and thumping hiB way
before him with the dauttous, half-ftirth^ efTortof the^tghtlesa.
hte WW a fth^ggy, thick-necked fellow; hl& coat wa&

grsasy about the lapels and pockets, ard his hand splayed
over the oane's c?Dok with a futile sort of clinging. He wore a
black pouch sûng over his shoulder. Apparently he had
something to sell.
The air waa rich with aprii^; tun was wann and yellowed or the aaphaH Mr.
Parsons, standfng there in front of his hotel and noting the dack-clack approach of the
aightlesR man, fielta sudden and foal is h sort of pity tbr all blind creatures. And, thQugtit
h^r. Parsons, he was very glad to be alive. Atew years ago he had t>een little more than
a skilled laborer; now he wag successtjl. respected, admired.. h Insurance.H- And he
had don6 it alone, unaided, stnjggling beneath handicapa... And ha was still young.
The blue air of spring, fresh from its memories of wirK^ pools and lush shmtibefy,
could thrill him with eagerness.
He bok a atep fbtward juat â the tap-tapping blind man paaaed him by.
Quickly the shabby fellow turned. Uaten guv'mr Just a minLite of your time.' Mr.
PBrsons said, "ft's late. I have an appoinirnant Do you want rne to give you
something?'" "I ain't no beggar, gu/nor. You betl ainl I got a handy little article hflrs"
he fumbled a small artide into Mr. Parsons' hand ^ "that I sail. One buck. Best
cigarette lighter made' Mr. Parsons stood there, somCMfhat annoyed and
embamassed. He was a handsome figure with his ImmMculata grey suitand grey hat.
Of cDurse, the man with the cigarette lighter cquld ngrtaee him.,. But I doo't smokBi"
he said. "Listen. I bet you know plenty people who smoke. Nice little present,"
vvheedled the man. "And, mtate^, you wouldn't mind helping a poor guy out?" He
clung to Mr. Parsons^ sleeve.
battered - worn out

iJi^^gy- hairy
Imnmajlartft - cJeari end
tfdy
wheeled * per^vi'sded
Mr. Parsons sig?>sd andfolt in his veal pocket. Hebrou^
out two half dollars and pressed them Into the man's hand.
"Certainly I'll help yqu put. As you say, I can give it to
someone. Maybe the elevator boy would --' He hesitated,
not wishing to tse tMori*h and InquifiiHve. even with a
blind peddler. 'Have you lost your sight entirely?"
TTie shabby man pocRetsd the two half dollars. "Fourtîn years, guv'nor.'
Then he added with an insane sort of pride: "Westbury, sir, I was one of 'em."
"We&tbury," n^p&ated Mr. P^rson^. "Ah /es. Th^ chemical fexpEosion . . . the papers
havenl mentbned il for years. But at tbe time it was supposed to be one of the
greatest d Isasters In " They Ve all forgot about It."
The fe^lciw shifted hi$ feet wearily. "I tell you, guVnor, e man who wes in It don't
ftorget about it. Last ttiing I ever S3W was C shop going up in one grand smudge, and
that damn gas pouring In at all the busted windows/ Mr. Parsons coughed. But Ihe
blirid peddler was c;aught up wHh tiie train of his om dramaiUc r^mlnrscance. And.
also, hve was thinking tliat there might be more half ddlar^ln Mr Parsons' pocket.
"Just Ihink about it, guv'nor. There was a hur>dred and eight people killed,
about two hundred injured, and over fifty of tfiem lost their eyes. BIfnd as bats/ He
groped forward until his dirty hand rested against Mr. Parson$^ OOat, "I tall you $ir,
there wasn*t nothing worse than that m the war. If I had lost my eyes in the war, okay. I
would have been well took care of. But, I was just a worker, working tor what was In It.
And J got it. Ygu'n& damn right I got it, while the capitalists wi^re making thîr dough!
They was insured, don't woFry about tKal. They " ''Insured,'' repeated his listener.
Yes, that's what I sell, Tou want lo know how I lost my eyes?" cried the man.
"Weil, here it is!** His words fell with the bitter and studied drema of a story often told
and told for money. "I was there in C shop, last of all the folks rushin'out.
Out in the a ir there was a cha nee, eve n with build ings explod ing right and left. A
lot of guys made it safe out the door and got away. And just wh>en I was about tl^re,
crawling abng between those big vets, a guy behind me grabs my log. He seys, let
me past, you ! Maybe he was nuts. I dunno. I try to forgive him in my heart, guv'nor.
But he was bigger than mo. He htauia ma back and dimbs right over mel Trampl^^ me
into the diirt. And tie gets out, and Hie there with all that poison gas poufing down on all
sides of me, and flame and stuff , . / He swallowed a sEudied soband stood
durnbiyBxpaclant.
He could imagine the next word$: Tough fuck, mymsn. D&mned fough fuck.
Now i want to "That's the story, guv'nor." line spring wind shriHed past them, damp
and cfuiverlng. Not quite/ sakj Mr. Parsons. Thbe blind peddiar shivered crazity. "Not
quite? What do you mean, you ?"
Tho story la true," Mr. Parsons said, "except that it wa$

the other way around." ''Other way around?*" He croaked
unamiably "Say, guvnor' "I was in G shop/ said Mr.
Parsons, "It was tbe other way around. You were the fellow
who hauled back on me and climbed over me. You were bigger
tb&n I was, Markwardt."
15
reminiscenice
remembrance
trdiflple- walkover
quivering - jhoNing
fiendish - wicked
stare - look fixedly
The blind man stood for a long time, swallowing hoarsely. He gulped:
"Parsons. By heaven. By heaven! I thought you" And then he screamed fiendishly:
"Yes. Maybe so. Maybe so. But I'm blindl I'm blind, and you've been standing there
letting me spout to you, and laughing at me every minute of it!
I'm blindl" People in the street turned to stare at him. "You got
away but I'm blindl Do you hear? I'm" "Well," said Mr.
Parsons, don't make such a row about it, Markwardt. . . So am I ."
L Comprehension Questions.
1 . What do you think is the author's main purpose in writing this naâtive?
2. Compare and contrast the character sketch of Mr. Parsons and Markwardt.
3. The author uses a surprise ending. To what extent does this add to the
effectiveness of the narrative?
4. Which man originally seemed to deserve our sympathy? Why/How do our

sympathetic feelings towards this character change?
5. How do you view a differently - abled person seeking your sympathy?
II. Arrange the following Jumbled sentences In coherent order to make a

paragraph.
1 . The beggar wanted to extract more money using his handicap.

2.. M:r. Parsons purchased the article to help the beggar out.
3. A beggar came down the avenue to sell some article.
4. The beggar fumbled the article into Mr. Parsons' hand.
5. Mir. Parsons pitied the blind beggar.
III. Complete the sentences choosing the nght options.
1 . Mr. Parsons was standing in front of a .
a. house b. hotel c. park
2. The beggar tried to sell a to Mr. Parsons.
a. cigar packet b. ashtray c. cigarette lighter
3. Mr. Parsons paid dollars to the beggar.
a. two half b. two c. three half
4. Mr. Parsons wanted to give the article to .
a. his friend b. his servant c. the beggar
5. Mr. Parsons and Markwadt lost their vision in a
a. fire accident b. chemical explosion c. road mishap
d. theatre
d. match box
d. three
d. the elevator boy
d. bomb blast
16
IMftZ
Prose
Warming Up
fidki Tells Her Tale
W hjHtf^ someone
You ha^ heard the cH..,

ofhir^fe, Ypu Havo heard the
cry of anknafe. "Vbu fiave
hsanJIt) sounds of movingjf
buB^^/ tmin$ and otti^f
viDliicks. You hsft^ N
the sounds of ruffffng wind ,
and the running river^ Hhv^
you ever heanJ of a flower or
speaking? YpU only l&ef

theij presence In ofrier ways -$fgihl, Ecenlanid the fclkig.
tnfenflon of aw&êfi1ng yoyr
Senslbjiities. Her speech Is

not a lamefit and it iis not an
app^^l. Neither Is H a
" Ulaiqt. Actua ily she feels
[ Ibr you. She is ail
mcem for you. She offers
aii her bouniies with gre^l
generosity. Cen you 9UOSS

^0 she is? O^.youf re i|^t!
" e Is WoCher Earth - fine
iherof ali ilving crealufes!
'Lors iistan lo what '^ha.l^
hastosafv! ]
I'm Gara, th b pe rscrn ifi cation of thfl pri m nd lal mother Earth . I am known by
m any na m es in d ifTerent ia ng uages an d in d iffensnt piaces. Th e Greeks cai i me Ga ia ,
the indians caii me Bhoomi Matha and the English caii me Earth, i am a huge haii in
Kpace spinning at a rapid pace whiie revoiving round the Sun. Do you know hiow old I
am? I was a part of th sun, miiiions of year^ ago. Foilowlng the big bang that
oecumed in the cosmos, t W sp^tt
\t^ the cariyyo^rsof trvy llf^r lâs a land mass caiiod

Pangea and a big water mass caiied Panthalassa, which
covers two-thinds of my surface. Due to graivity, i am able to
ho id everything in its place! i am the oniy iife supporting
pianet in the universe. Sdentista are peering through their
fcei escapes even as i am speaking; checking to see whether
there is any other pianet with life in it. Research is stiil on! in
the beginning when there were just plants growing and
a n ima is wa ndering al i over me , i ife was ve ry peaceful . Th ero
esdsted a naturai rhythm that bound the entire species of iife.
There was peace and there was abundancs, assurjirgthe survivai of every creatui^.
I Whpl^Sfliî?
Z what arc iht athtr JvifKi gtvwi
to her?
3. What is Pw^gita and PonthaliaSK^
L1
17
obLmdaf^t* - pi tnty
Of asurse, [ was very happ^ when man arrived. I waa praud that a superior
OBatura had come to prutact ind cam fbr m. He not cnly admired me but also
worshipped nne with utmost reverence. Even when your tribe increased, ] had no
pix>i:êiri because the ecosystem was still woil-ba lanced and Intact. I ha'^^ a large
liearl- large snough to accommodate all of you. However when you became greedy
and under the pretext of development expioited all the naturai resources
indiscriminataiy, my troubie begen. I am deeply conc&med about !he way nrry
resou rces a re bai ng ravaged . You do not repien ish what you consume.
You aJJ Icnow \t Is getting hotter by the day and as a result my gJaciers are melting,,
my fei^îts bunding, my rivers drying up and my animals dying. You

are indiffierent to yourown adtkîe. Vou have aiaotumed a deaf ear to
the cfy of my creatures. Where have your warmth and your love for
nature disappaared?
You read ths n^wspap^r^ and journals and
watch (foctrmentaTfcs about environmental pollution. Many of the
rarest est spedes have become extinct and some are on the verge of
extinction! Who is to be held responsible for this pathetic state of
affairs? The ozone gas that acts like a Danopy^ protecting you all fpom
Iha hanmfui ultra-vioiat rays of th a sun is dapiatjng. Tha uaa of aarosoi
spfKys has led to the increase of CFC content in the atmosphere and has enDded the
QZDne T.ayeratthe paies. Aî a. neesuit, an expanding hole has been created in the ozone
3ay&r. Many deadly diseases such as cancer am caused diue to this damage.
IWy forests are very innporitant for your survival. The

tnaes bind the soil and pneserve it. They bring about rain filling
up iakes, ponds and riv&rs. You cut down trBSS mindlessiy to
meet your immediate needs. The act of deforestation has

red u ced the fio rest a rea la a cons i da rsbia exte nt. Th e ani mal s
which inhabited these forests have been rendered homeless.
How are you piannfng to address these probfams? Do ymj thm$c ât nature
wi II rege no rmt aJi by herse If? Are yo u g oi ng to tu m a bJind eye bo thas dangars? Ara
you goJng ID surrender to tho circumstances in
despair?
1, Hqw did &a\a fte1 wHe/i limn fitcppitcf
into thft sctni.?

Z, What was ^Jie foW out ol HWrt'i
d^vdApEtijent?
3. WhAft d'\d the. tnotfble be^mi^
4. Whflt is tKft rtsulf nf gbbol

wornuiigi?
id
pvHKTEnce - great rtipEct

jeplDh' i^Si ^nf curly and
flccomnwdtft* - fit f iinf [aFdiiB f af

ravage - to osme grtuf dfun^^
r^plchJih - ta f fll up oq^lfk
canopy - shtlter
awikiiffBMi - fdf*r toy
Don't you have the wrharawithal to bring b&ck Hie glorious pa$t? Nothing is
ImpoBsible for you, but the choice Is yours. As a mother tt is my duty to warn you of tho
Impending dangers of neglecting me. Euen your own scfsntlsts concur with my ulewfi.
How can I put up with the sight of my own children being poisoned and their safety
being threetened? You may be careless, byt how oan a mpther affofd to be
Indlflef&nt?
You have to put a stop to thte si We fbryour own welfare. To begin with, f slian
sug^fifit CHftain measures that ycu ca n easily implement In your everyday iifa .
^ Use eDO-fHendly vehicles suoh as bIcycJes and solar cars. Rrefier public transport
to private conveyance . Ado pt car poo li n g system .

** Fie nt sapl i ngs to commemorflte any ce le b rati on .
^ Choose b lo-deg reda b le pnaducts ove r synthetic ones.
^ MaxiJinlse the use of natural light. Consen/e power by switching off
aleotrioal and elactronicapplianc^s whan not in usa.

^ Do not wasta watar. Harvest ^n watar. Recyda bathioom water Tor
yourkltohangarda^n.
WFy dear Fittie dhlldron. I bve you so much as I iOH/ed youf paw>ts In the pasi
Thal Is the reason I'm here, narrating my tale. Also I remind you of your responsibility
of protecting your own sweet home - your only ahode in Ifie Immeime unlversel Seek
bo restore tiijehamnony of the bygone days.
Tm no! a mara ball of mud. watar aM mtnamls. \ too possass a bo<ly and
mhxl, a heart and soul -just like ymi. It is you who keep me alive, i live In you; I live
wi^yoki; iitveforyouj
and wdtcf at honw?
cunvncmoroti - to haiwur
tht mtmory pf somMnt
tk you know?
-ft ^ftfo-diveraity^ ConiwirTin^ m^ Nflture* - was the tkem*
far the year 2010,
^ How rfo pKif^k cdebrate that day?
AwflPftflftss walks Sci*ntiftc fonmis
flêyde parades * Sretn tahcertJ
JrtM plant Ingj Ckon-L^ campa^nc
Remember the 3 Wn:

Reduce, Recycle and
Reuê Resources.
11
Afiswrddn In d faantgraph of 100 worda:
1 . MighHg ht the imporlarice of forest cortservation .
2. L^st DUE the m^B^f^you Can implement in your daily lifa to protect your
environment.
VOCABULARY
A. There ars dfETerencee between BrtlJsh EngliBh and Afnerican English Tfiese
dHfvrnc could be grouped uncjar mo majar hsadlnê: Vocaducsry, Spelling end
pronunciation.
Differences
in Vocabulary
DUTerenoes in Spelling
British EngEi&h
American English
British English
American English
lift
elevator
favour
fevor
holiday
vacatbn
honour
honor
film
movie
Eientm
center
autumn
fiaif
Hieatre
Iheater
po^l
maEl
lealiBO
r^lzB
flat
itpBitment
visualise
vlsualê
purse
wallet
olTence
oflense
laid
oab
Irnvialbf
fmvclcr
tap
fiaucet
focussed
focused
sweels
candiB&
peddler
^ p^rldlar
B. Chaoee tha corrset synonym far rh undarfinsd word rrom Iha opEiorifi gJven.
1 . 1 am de^ly concerned about the way *
a) wounded bjinlefesled cj worried d] affected
2, The ozone gas acts like a c^npuy. p rotecting us,

a) galaxy b) cloud cjvacuunn d) shelter
3- it 1$ my duty tow/arn you of the Impending dangers,
a ) eminent b) dominant c) promi nent d) imminent

4. 1 shall suggest certain measures .......
a }ldessb)way$c:) problems d)arâ$

5. Seek to restore the hamiony of iMlfiQBdsvs.
a) previous b) present c) olden d) modem
C- Choose thecorrecl antonym for ttie underlined word from the options given.
1 . lam known by many names in differant langijaass.
a)^lranga b) similar o) diverse d) popular

2 my glaciers are rQelting .
a) moving b)bra3ksng c)freezmg d] vanishing
3. There existed a natural rhythm ,
a) artificial b)fake e J abnormal d) unpleasant
4. I a stusadQE creatu re had come to protect me.
ajgr^gter b)mediocfe c) minor d)infieirior
5. Don't you have \Hq wh^^ôwithal to bring back the glonpys pa&t?
a)wonclorfiil b) graceful o)shamelijl d) dreadful
We cams across the abbreviation CFC in Uie lesson. Abbreviations are shortened
forms of words. The expansion oF CFC is Chloro Ruom Carbons. Let's krtow Hie
oro&nizatiori$ dedicated la conaervatron pf Natui^ &f>d Wildlifa;
WWF-WDddWid^Fynd
ZSI - Zoptog ica i su rve^ of Ind ia
QPM -Green Pesoe Movement
Leam some more abbrevjationaand \h^\r expansions.
WHO Wortd HeaWh Organisation.

UNO Unlt^ Nations Organisation,
GWG Common Weaith G^m^S
WWW Worid Wide W#b
ROI R^^rve Bank of indla
NGO Non Governmental Organisation

IAS Indian Administrative S&rviM
BBC Britrgh Broadcasting CDrporallon

UPSC Union Public Service Commtssion
UGC Univofsity Granis Commission
Expand the following abbreviations:
1. FAO 2. UNO S. ISF 4. CPU 5. IPS 6, MBA 7.MLA B.INTERNET
E.ldlamft
[hiiams are expressFons tJiat give speciaf meanrngs to words. The iFterai meaning of
individual words should not be taken fdf consideration. For example, we came across
two idioms in the lesson: *tum a blind eye / deaf ear, meaning 'pretend to Ignore / to
pretond not to notice',] Now locate the following idioms in the dictionary and find out
th n mca n ings . Eg . Ôn co in ^ bl tio moo n' m oa ns ^v^ry rare VMmtch the foUowing Idioms with their appropriate meanlngK.
Q) eKagiQemte ^ pmblam / fnako &. big daal out of nottibng '
2. fool's orrand
b) ina)w a no^ boglnmr^g
^. iBJrring qb^ and ^jog&
c) de everyiJiing posgi-ble
4. lum Over a r^&w l&^f
d) a rVultlass undQrl^kjng
5. make a fnoLMitsh oijt of a molehill
e) In big Irmible
^, M Shp gr^55 gruw unifer one's feel
1) anywh*3rB qn earth
7. unt^ the sdfi
@)raihiri|^ heavily
fl. move heaven ard eajlh
h) to be Itiankfijl for one's Tuck
9. m deep waters
1) not Id waste time by delayifig doing sofnethin^
\t}, iha^k u[1b'6 lueky $tare
j3 gtop al tlw vary l>a^lfining
L _j
[Z]
Reading skill
A. Collect some information on 'Acid Rain' and the 'Big Bang Theory'. Read it out to
your classmates aloud .
B. Read the given passage that has been scanned for note - maki ng and
summarisation.
We need to use our energy sources wisely and economically and conserve
as much of our energy resources as we can. How can we do this?
Firstly, we must reduce our dependence on non-renewable resources. For

example, can we design or invent vehicles that do not use petrol or diesel as fuel? If
we can, then we reduce our consumption of petroleum. Many scientists and
engineers are working on this idea. Can we use water and wind power, rather than
diesel or petrol or coal power to generate electricity?
Secondly, we must look for and use alternative fuels and sources. Rather than
using coal, kerosene or cooking gas, can we use animal wastes or plant wastes? We
have learnt to extract energy from animal wastes such as cow dung or plant wastes.
One successful method is to ferment animal wastes inclosed containers and produce
a gas called biogas, which is just as good as cooking gas. The waste from the biogas
plant can be used as manure in fields and plantations. Asecond example is the use of
windmills, where wind is used to turn a paddle wheel and to produce electricity or to lift
water.
Thirdly, we must make greater and cleverer use of the sun. The sun is a
perennial source of light and heat for the earth, and it is absolutely free! If we could
devise methods for capturing the heat and light from the sun and transforming it into
electricity, mankind could benefit greatly.
Note-making: Conservation of Energy
A. How to conserve Energy?
1 . use energy resources wisely and economically
2. design vehicles not using diesel or petrol
3. using water & wind power to generate electricity
B. Alternative use of fuels
1 . use of animal and plant waste
2. production of biogas 3. windmills
C. Use of Solar Energy
1 . Sun - perennial source of light & heat
2. transform into electricity
Summaiy
ConMTvatlon of Enefgy
We have to use energy sources wisely ertd eoommiral^ to conserve ttiem.

Vahidds^ that do n Dt u$d petrol or di^sat can ba dasignad . Watar a nd wind powar can
be used to generate electiidty. Eneigy can be produced frnm plant and animal
waîtje. Blogas can ba ij$ed for cooking. Electricity can be produced using windmills.
The lliQht and heat of the sun can be converted into electridty.
Itles. I
n of hliitsL Ml
TI|U ftr BfTfHflBriEfrlg
j^ Ut^d the pdS5)gfi eorÂfultyr
j^ Identify the ky ûitenccs and key wordj.

^ Omit ^J!arr\p\eSr dnal^tl^ and iUufrmtfîis
j^ Write dufy main poinfs In the nocKrh d
i^ Write the fair capy cind give a title,
:^
Hpi far fufe - iimIi^

^ R&qcf the pq$S4g eai<fylly.
>? Undtrlinft the key paints.

^ Of|nnisc thfilti uildfcr SUbtl'
-f' fiifwe t Ke po inrts in the form
OHirt EXDlTiplEi amd LiSe nbbrftvi
Gnammain
Basic S &ntence Patterris
You have already learnt the basic sentence pattems In your previous class.
You ane familiar with the basic elements of a sentence - Subject, AAarb, Object,
Compteifnent@t&
Mow we are going to introduce a new eleiTient into these patfeitia. It is called
'Adjunct'. Adjunct is an adverts or an adverbial. It answers the questions 'When?
Wliare? How? Why? Ncrmally an adjunct can come anywhere in a senianca - in Iha
beg inning, at th c c nd or i n th c m idd Ic Adj u nets arc just additional u nits. Any number
of adjuncts can be added to a sentence. Even wittwut adjuncts, what remains will still
be a complete and meaningful sentence,
^. 1. Thestaf3/fwfn|i;le/lntl>esky/atnlght,
SVAA
2, Man/huntS/animai^/ mercilessly.
SVOA
3, TbeEaHh/la/aball/lntheapace.
SVC A
4r Trees / g i ve / us y f m its / year after yea r,
S V lO DO A
6, Sdance / hS^ made i ma n*s life / comfortabte / these day^.
SVOCA
Br Due to gravity, /the Earth f cou Id hold / everythi ng ,

ASVO
7. In this lessoRp/Gaia/ tells /man /her tale.
A S V 10 DO
8. Nowadays, /life /has become/ hectic.
ASVC
9. We /always /work/ hard.

SACA
lO.Anjn's answer /is /almost /right

S VAC
11. The Americans /have sent /a rocket /to Mars.
SVA
12. That day,/ Priya/quiciîy/finished/ her dinner.
ASAV
Make sentences with the fol lowing patterns:
1. S.V.O.A 2. A.S.V. 3. S.V.GA 4. A.S.V.I0.DO
5. S.V.O.C.A 6. S.A.V.C. 7. A.S.V.0.
Listening skill
What Is a map and how Is It made?
ListBn to thB t&aehBr and answer ths quBstions:
Maps are accurate representations of a part^ or sometimes the whole,

v"^' oflheearth's surface. They are made on a flat paper, parchment, doth
or any material. Maps have been made since ancient times because
they are a convenient way of sumn^rizlng information aboutanareaor
the world In which we live.
The eariiest known maps were made in ancient Babylon. The early Egyptians
and Greeks also knew the art of map making. Gerhard Mercator Is the father of
modem map making.
It takes a skilled mathematician and an artist to create a precise map. The first
step is to fix the latitudes and longitudes of the area to be napped. The land is
surveyed using specialized Instruments. Known fixed points are then plotted on
paper In a chosen scale and measured heights. The map maker then Alls In all the
details of the land. Today sophisticated methods of surveying, aerial photography,
satellite technology and computers make maps accurate and detailed,
1 . Why are maps made?
2. Who made the first map?
3. Name the father of modem map maklr>g.
4. How are maps created?
5. IHoware modem maps made accurate and detailed?
Speaking skill ^ ^
1. Group Activity
Form small teams. You can choose your team mates. Instruct your team to coilectthe
following details on their way back home from school.
<=> List the things that they see on the street that cause environmental pollution.
Of these, make out the things that can be recycled.

i=> What suggestions you would make to the residents to keep their street dean?
>=> What are the sources of help you would seek to keep you r vil lage/town clean?
^ Compile the details gathered in your respective teams. Prepare a report and
present it to the class.
2. Every one of us should play a part in protecting the environment. One way is by
reducing the amount of njbbish we generate at home and at school. Join your groups,
discuss and come out with suggestions on how we could implement the
environmental principles of 3R'sefTectiveiy. The group leaders will speak to the whole
class to create awareness.
3. Pal rand Share:
Choose a partner of your choice. Discuss with him/her about the advantages of rural
life over urban life.
Writing skill
1 . Rearrange the following sentences in logical ordertomakea

meaningful paragraph:
When pollution occurs the atmosphere becomes contaminated.
Pollution is the making of air, water or soil impure with harmful substances.
^ OthenAîse it will pose a serious threat to human health.
It is the result of the increase in population.
^ Measures should be taken to control pollution.
2. You have listened to Gala's story - her plight and concem. If s high time you wrote a
letter to your Mother Earth. In that letter, comfort her and assure her that you'll take
good care of her from now on.
Language Focus / Functions: \^
1 . Translate the passage you have aranged in logical order underwriting skill into
Tamil.
2. Make notes and summarise the following passage. You have seen a model of that
exercise under reading exercise.
I 25 I
Oils are of three main kinds -vegetable, animal and minerai oii. Vegetable oii
is obtained from squeezing oii seeds. Minerai oii is pumped out from deep under the
earth. Animai oil is got from the fat of animais. To extract vegetable oil, the dried oii
seeds are put in the crushing machine and oil is squeezed out and collected. We get
oil cake as residue. The oil cake is used as animal feed.
Mineral oil is pumped out by digging oil wells. These are found deep below the
ground, i-ioies are drilled and oil is pumped out or forced out. The cmde oil is a
source of many useful things. We get kerosene, petrol and diesel out of crude oil. We
also get oil from fishes like the whale shark. When we cut out their blubber and melt it,
we get these oils.
We use most of the vegetable oils for cooking. Mineral oils are mainly used as
fuel. Animal oils are used as medicine. We give shark liver oil to weak children.
Neem oil, lime oil and sandalwood oil also have medicinal value. They keep our skin
healthy. We make soaps out of these oils.
Weekend Activities: Project Work.
1 . A Poster is a notice or advertisement for display usually stuck on a

wall. It may have a simple picture or painting or photograph or
cartoon that brings out the idea in a visual way with catchy captions /
slogans. Prepare wall posters to promote the following. Display them
on school notice-boards:
a) Save Trees - Do not take hard copies, when not really needed.
b) Carbon footprints are road to environmental destruction.
c) Go the eco-friendly way: Avoid use of plastics
2. The Nature at times bursts out in fury. It results in Natural Disasters. Fill in the
empty boxes to name a few of them.
Fos
DOGT
TER
3. You may visit the following websites to leam more about bio-diversity.
[Recommended by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India]
* http://bsienvis.nic.in
^ http://zslenvls.nlc.ln , ,
*- http://www.nbaindia.org.
2fi
Edrth
li indy iiarrtfld lA fun I
Khsfil Gft3rann8&3 - 1931] bom m Lebanon, was a poflt, ptiifosopher and

artisl Hlg boo Kb have gained popularity in the western worW, with 'The Pmpiief as
pnabsbly tho best known wDrk of h\^. Mo8^ of his works convey the timoie^
Uhlvaraal truths , an d of man's Inhumanly Id man.
k:
The poem, 'Earth', a beautiful tribtfleto Ihe Earth, istaksn froma colEaction of
poems a<^ eâya omttted Ibe Eye of Eh& Prophet',
How beautiful you are, Earih, and how subllmef
How perfect your obediance to the tight and how noble is your s u b m issi on to th e Bun .
I have walked over your plains,
I have citmbed your stony mountains
I have descended into your valleys;
I have entered into your caves.
On the plains I have discovered your dreams.
On ê mountains I have admired ûr splendid presence
And in the valleys I have observed your tranquility^
In the caves I have touched vûr mysteries.
^^^K ij^^^
Yoy are the moulh and ffps of Etemrtyp

The strings and fingers of Time,
The mystery and soluUcn of life.
How generous you ana. Earth, and
How strong is your yearning for
Your children lost between

That which thpy have attainod
And that which thoy could not Obtain
VVe pieroe your bosom with swonds and speara^

And you dress our wounds with oil snd balsam
We plant your fields with skulls and bones.
And fnim them you rear cypress and willow trees,
VVe empty our wastes in your bosom, and ypu fiJJ
Our threshing floors with wheat sheaves,
And our winepresses with gtapes.
subUntc - grarud and great
sufamlssôn - hLmblftnass
splendid - magnificent
trafiqurilty^ ^ pcacefuFrvess
etcmrty - tm endJess trme
myffviY " difficult 15 cXpkl^^ gi*
uixtersta nd
^ri^rnin^ - Ipnging, qremi defir^-^
bourn. - chtst at iieort
baboiA - Q pln^DiTt-smelîngi Hqdd or
r3in-iikA sijbatance obtoiiwd from
Certain trees.
shMwes - a bundte of corn
dEscriiiTi4iTt - realisotion
Wb extract ycHjr elements to maite
Cannons and bombs but out oi
Our elements you create lilies arrd roses
How patient you arc Earth, and how merciful f
Are you an alom of dost rîs&d by
The fe&t of God whe-n He joumey&d from
The ast to the West of the Universe?
Who afe you. Earth, and what are you?
You are "I", Earth!
You are my sight and my discernment
You are my knowledge and my dream
You are my hunger and my thirst.
You are my sorrofw and my ioy^
You are the beauly that liv^ In my eyes
The longlnrg in my heart, uhe evertasting life in
nry souir
You are T Earth.
Had it not taeen for my being,
You would not have been I
FIgur&s dI Spiueh^
1. 'You are the n>outh and lips of Eternity.

The strings and fingers of Time,"
The fvgureof speech used here is PBrsonificatlnn Person IfECsdon attributes life to
Inanimate objects or abstract qualities. The words 'Etemlty and Hlme' are
personified here. Usually Ihe personified words be^ in w^th ecapltal letter.
L Read !fie poem ancf then answer ni folio wing questloffs:
1 . What do the vark>us physical feafturesofthe Earth reveal to the poet?
Z. Why is the poel apologetic to the Earth? Pick out the lines that indicate this,
3. Why does the poel call the Earth 'mercifur?
4. In what ways does the Eartii repay man for all his ill- treatment?
5. Write the substance of Etie poem in aboul 100 words.
6. "You are "I" Earth." - Why does the poet conclude that Man and the Earth are
one and ê same entity? (100 words)
iupf>lcmefit<u7
Amrita Devi - The yardian Angel of Woods
Thahur Sum! Smgh, of Kharda Diikana, a small eslals in Jodhpur-Pargana,

was granted the estate of Khejarli \n the s^me pargana by Maharaja Abhai Singh of
Jodhpyr In 17ZB AD and he be[:3mft the first Thakur cf Khejardi". The name of tbe
village KhejaHl or KhejardI (26 Km Soyth East of the city of Jodhpur in Rajasthan) is
derived ftom the Khejri trees which wefe in abyndanoe In the villaise.
ft WiSs a Tuesday, black Tuesday in Khejarxli, the IQth day of the bright Ibrtnight
oi September in 1730 A.D. Amrita Devi, a mother of three -Asu, Ratni and Bhagubai was at h ama with her da ug hters . Suddenly she cama to know thai G Iridhar Bhandari,
the Minister in Abbî Singh's Court, had come to the villago, Hig mission was to Cut
down Khejji trees to burn lime for the construction of a new palace tior the king.
Amri ta Devi protested the felffng of Inees saying H was

against thei r rel ig io us bell ef . Sh e sal d , "If a tree is saved even
at the cost of one's head, it is worth it ". She hugged the tree.
5he meant what she ssid and ha did what she meant, The
axes rtfhich ware brought to cut the trc&s sovcrod her headTha three daughters stood undaunted. They offered their
heads a s wel I , a nd m et with the sa me en d .
Soon the news spread like wildfine. The king's mpn continLied
with their felling spree. Bishnoi cximmunlty's men, women and
ch i Id re n from 83 vil lages ca me to stdp cutti ng down the trees . They
he Id fast, hugged th & três an d g ot kj lied In all 363 vil lagers - young
and old, men and women, mamed and unmarried, rich and poor had already become martyrs. The king reproached the minigtef tbf
the slowness of work and declining load of wood everyday. The chief
or the wood cutters explained the ^tiange love of the people to tree$
and how smilingly they gave up their lives .He explained that their axe^ have been
tainted by human bloDd and they were weary of killing so many ^ a few treofi. He
explained thgt they could not go on making human sactificies Ibr fi^lling wood fbf the
ki ng 's palace . He asked the king to provi de a sol ution.
Hearing the courage of the B^hnoi Community, the king Immediatety oniered
to stop the felling of trees. He met the tribal chief in person ar>d 3pologb^ for the
mrsteke committed by his official s .The tribal chief casually told the king that his tribe
did its duty to th9 IH9- sustaining hofy traes. Apparentty moved by the uncomplaining
f^lure of Simple and kind-hearted people, the king issy<^ a royal decree, engraved In
a copperplate ordering the to II owing:
:>
tChfilHTrae
^ AN ftil'm^ af grefcn tre5 ond

huntit^ of ahjmals within tke
revenue boundaries af ii^hnoi
Vifhê wosstHttty prohibited.
^ If by mistake ^ny indjvidu^f

violoted this Qrdkr, he would be
prosecuted by the state and a severe
penaity mpt^se-6 on the offender*.
js Evefi the member's af ruJing f omfly
emust not ^hoot aniiTHils in or even

near tlie ifshnoi vJiloge.
Later the ''Klêja^^^ Massacre" found mention In the 'Annats and Antiquities qf
R8j&sth3n\ a famous 1 Sth century two volume work by Colonel James. Today the
anniversary of the ma&sacfe Is obsaved each year at the village which has now
become an important tourist spot.
What Amrite Devi bM her daughLerg did in Khejardli had beconne a movement
- the Chipko Movomont (Tnco-hugglng movcmont) in the 19^08 In the Garhwel

Himalayas and in 1 974 in Chamoli Diatrlotboth In Uttarkhand.
The Chipko Movement, though pn manly a livelihood movement na(ther than a

^rast conservation movement, went on to bacome e rallying point for many future
envirionnnntali$ts and environmental movements the world OV^r and C^dted B.
precedent for n on -vi ol e nt protests. This movement which I nsplred many eoo groups
hefped in slowing down the rapid defiarestalioa ekpos^ vested interests, Incfâod
ecological awareness, and demonstrated the viability of people power. Above all it
stirred up the existing civil society in India as never t^lbre. The society started taking
a look at the tribal and niarcinali^d people and their Issues or livîhood Itom a new
porspoctFve,
ShJwB. Putlith&d ty Z^d Book iM - l&BS 6a^m$$ p.6r. Kh^f^fi} MttSMAcm in i7mBtuinM^M Stmdan^, AiMndSmilmr^ NwwDmlM Mt- ^ 2IK)t.
I. Let's answer the following:
1. WhowasthefirstThakurofKhejardf?
2. WhereisthetribalvillageofKhejarlilocated?
3. What was that village named after?
4. Why didn'tAmrita Devi allowthe king's men to cut trees?
5. Whatwas the mission of GiridharBhandari?
6. What is a tree worthy of?
7. How did the people of Bish noi community try to save the trees?
8. What did the king"s men become tired of?
9. What did the king's royal decree proclaim?
10. Which incidenttriggered the Chipko Movement?
11. Now rearrange the following sentences to get the summary of the story of
Amrita Devi's sacrifice.
a. Her three daughters also gave their life.
b . The king of Jod hpur sent his men to cut down Khejari trees in the villages .
c. Amrita Devi lived in Khejarii with herthree daughters.
d. He wanted to build a new palace
e. Amrita Devi did not allow the men to cut trees
f. She hugged the tree and offered her head instead.
g. The king's men cut Amrita Devi's head.
III. Complete the sentences choosing the right options:
1 . The Khejri trees were cut down for the construction of .
a. fort b. hospital c. palace d. choultry
2. September 10, 1730 A.D was considered a black Tuesday because
a. Amrita Devi and her daughters lost their lives
b. the Khejri trees were destroyed in wild fire
c. the minister arrested the tribal chief
d. the village was hit by a tidal wave
3. Amrita Devi objected to the cutting of Khejri trees as it was against their
a. chiefs order b. king's order c. religious belief d. sentiments
4. Colonel James had made a mention of the in his book.
a. Chipko Movement b. Bishnoi community
c.Abhai Singh's decree d. Khejarii Massacre
5. The Chipko Movement was started in in Chamoll District.
a. 1970 b.1972 c.1974 d.1976
UMt3
Warming up
The Will to Wfn
5ww J+itfig^ insf i i^ffi*utt bvt tithing \s ItrôAsîh
Dtscus^ these questions in the ciass.
3 Are you in a girls' scIiddI / hays' school or in a mlKed schoal?
O Do you have , I n your vill age ] town , g iris ga ing to h ig h schools?
n Do you know girlfi who have stopped going to school?
3 Have you ever helped a giri continue herschooling?
O What do g irig in yc u r place do aft^ r dropping out of schoor?
Read tfjts inspiring sccxyunt of an mdividuaf
j-low pleasan>t ^ ifito aee girls in mups along the street carrying school hagschatting, giggling and pulling each other's plait, adjusting the flowers on their hair,
picking up the fallen flower though it is half dry to place it on the plait again and some
plaiting their hairon the way to schoaL^,
Some girl^ ane very serious looking. They won't talk Id others-even when in a
QrtMJpu II is hard to pull them out of their shells and involve them in conversation. Who
knows what ^Jls th em?
So m& will carry on with a smi Is unmindful of whatever burdens them. They get
along well with others. They keep the umbrella of prudence open and allow the rain of
crltlciGm to pass by. They are star performeral Here i& a real life story of one such
"^ri 9Ur" -Anita Khushwaha^
Anita lives in Bochacha village \n Muzaffarpur Distriet in Bihar She lives with
her pf3 rents and two younger brothers, LH^ Was not a bed of inses for Anita during her
Ghildhiood. How could it be? She was bom In a poor family in a village in Bihar which is
saddened both by Floods and drought. Moreover parents in villages did not send their
da uq ht&rs to school - And An Ita's pa rents we re n o differe nt f no m othe r pa rents .
irom thm mart ilmMitvMntMgad communitiaM icnua fhm Na/thvn alttma who.
thlfKH^t* *ttPrtJrtff C<fuC*1^rt, A^vtf HW#iT*fl* tO *rta*Jt (fr* *h*Cfc*M ftf tOC^
acGitamlc Gonttntnta ta maim 3 mussmM* of thmtr tt^ma MndtMcommamlfaufffciîrL
Thaaa young wumAn luva gnawm fa bmcoirw rata modais tn thaireommunMmM, wfui
^rwplrv yvufrgmi gIrfM to ga to vcAoo^ antt corrUnuB thoJr aduimfian. Tiny fWMi
Metectsd pnaf^MsmnM frum Ifm moai sorw^ntnutml au^ mm ^^^^^^^^^_
What dotA tHc Sentence
*Lif fi was fidt a bed uf ra jj

for^nrta'iiiian?
Mfuhmiy, tiMM-kfNtpfng, Mwmp mMnag&msnt. Dili - q\vei pain.
oftan tntafing what hit tmSitôtftity bam\ a
mMii'M doniMltL
32
car*, f ffr f trtyre.
Tlicxjsh Anita wa nted to go to school , it remai ned a dista nl dream . She oould r\l
have th^ luxury of attending even the ne^resi: vflkge school. Then what would $he do
the whole day? What else hut mindfng the goats that were grazing [ Day dreannlngi
Poor Anital Sho often thought, "Am I destined: to be like chjs rhroughout rny life?" This
was the rtagging question that imtibled her like a dragon darting oiJt of darkness.
"Won't I ever see freedom and the bright Ughtof the dawn?"
And the day dawned f It had tof One day Anita with all her Inqulslttveness
altered the village school. She sat behind (ha children in a class. She was ihrili&d.
Once she entered the school, there was no tooking back. Anita was determtned not to
follow the herd. She wanted to t>e different from the 'happy at home' girls who always
fan errands, did the daily chores and were resigned to their tate.
She gathered elf courage to speak her mind to her parents. In villages, it is
considered an unruly behaviour to speak against the parents. A gross disobediencef

Sin-ratherl Yet Anita begged, pleaded, and, per$4jaded her parents. One of the school
teachers convinced Anita's parents. Finally Anita won herparenl's approval.
Getting high marks was not An ita's a im' nor was it her goal . All that she wanted
waste get education. And she successfully completed hersEôoling and entered a
college. Her parents co-operated with her. They did not trouble her with grazing the
goats or with the household chores. She took evening dasses for the school children
and earned some money. This helped her to pay the college fees. Some older boys In
the viiiagedid what a(i they could do to stop the children from her evening classes. But
that did riot vtork for long. Children c^me running to their bvpng Anita Dhidhi's
classes.
The reat dimax in her story was on the day when she noticed the litchi trees in full
blODm prtd hundreds of honey bees hovehng around. An idea flashad. "Why cant I do
the bee - keeping. seFI honey and mâke money?". She attended the course run by the
government on bee - keeping. With the 5000 njpees she saved from tine evening
clas$ earnings, she w^s able to btiy two boês fat 4000 aipees fbr rearing the fc>ee$.
She spent the rest of the money on buying sugar to make synjp for the bees and
cleaning the bee hives. That was in a September. By December she had to double the
number of boxes because the winged visitors' doubled their numbers. She was
delighted, 1 ^^
distfiud - be fixed for a
jAqulît^vcfic^ - eo^r-Jy
5ekm9 knowled^
chortt- rûtlnAor bQf*lngtflsk
bhidtii-ddersistei- (Hindi)
!, Wlwtwflsthe nfflggfngipLJftstJfln \r\ Anitn'smlnd?
2. Do yeu think AniTQWos "unruly' m d*So bey [119 Ker parents?
3. Wiiq helped Anita ts wm tuer parent ' 5 o^prflval?
4. Vhdtw<uhergilmselioaJ7
5. Wtiich isttie tumiJTgp&int \n Af]ii^' s \if^7
6. Wlu one ?lie 'ringed vi3it-i7
53
She continued to leam the techniques of bee - keeping. Often ^^W

sfre got sturg by the bees. Her face and hands got swollen. She was W iJ
rid iCii led for trying her hand at bee - keeping , a doma i n pred omi na ntly
held by men. UndBtsrred by the pain and inconveniences, she
continu&d to perfect the art of bee - keeping. Now she wants to
be CO me a wholesa le trader of honey so that she can procu re honey frofn her villagers
for the corned price. She cycles her wey to attend many villega meetings. Because of
Anita, the endre village is pnDgressing. Isn^tAni^ really a 'Giri Star^? In fact sl^ is the
'Morning Star' leading the villagers from darlcness to light. Her
bTcycle moves on and on and on. . . and the entire village too.
Red Anitas story ^taFn and attswor these q wstlons :
1. DoesAnila use hereducation for earning for herself?
2. Do you thrn k An ita can do more for her vi I lege? If yes< what
mofecanahedo?
3. Imagine yoursetf to be Anita. Could you suggest some plans

lo help your village?
VOCABULARY
ridfculc - mAl< f Uft ttf.

tmcj^tttivcd - mi
topped fay ffllEtreSn
jetback^.
prtiCMre-cdliy::?, get
A. Choose the appropr^te syrronyms from the four aJtematives
1. inquisitive
(a) willing (b) curious (c) meek (d) submissive
2. procure
[a ) collect (b) d i spose (c) take (d ) sell
3. approval
(a) opinion (b) displeasure (c) denial (d) consent
4. chores
(a) song {b) hymn (c) lesson (d) routine
5. pFead
(a) request (b) argue (c) order (d) forgive
B. Choose the oppropnate Antonyms from tê four aJtematives

1. freedom
(b) bondage
{a] liberty
2. drought
(a) muddy
3. prudence
{a) JrLtelligence
4. unruly
(a) arrogant
5. success
{a) failure
{b) barren
(b) carelessness
{b) haughty
{b) dejection
(c) slavery
(c)dry
(c) pride
(d) empowerment
(d) flood
(d) wisdom
(c) disciplined (d) [ndiscrplined

(c) achievement (d) victory
Ai
C. What would the word a 'narrow', 'nlandar', Ittngttiin" and 'dtcriBata' uy, H
they could talk? Write sentenceK telling what each would say;
RÂdlitg Skill
His not always true that we irnderstand a new word wtth the help of a dlctJcsnary
ortTi^tc^h&r. Words and spntcncos hav<j 9 contoirt. And contexts always Qlv^ duCS.
It is possible to guess the meaning of a word fronni its position in a sentence. A known
Wond can give the meaning of an unkncwn word. 80 yOu need not teel helpless. You
can guess the meaning of even a difTicuit passage.
A. Re^d thB paragraph beiow. Use context clues to get the meting of each
underlined word^ Then write yefi ornotoansweraachqiiêstior.
Thfi Arctic TUndn
The Arctic Tu nd ra is a cold , dry reg 1 on covered by snow most of the year. The Ireeless
piains are vast. Tundra makes up nearly five mil lion û^no kilornetres Of the Earth's
surface. Because it is so cold there, few people inhabit the region. During winter, the
weather is so fnaid that those who do live in the Tundra, often weartwosets of clothing
to keep themselves warir . In the lundm, the glare of the sunlight reflected on the snow
is intense. Peop le must protect their eyes from the îrmg light to prevent any damage
to the eyes. Animals d tundra must be v#ry wild to survive. Only shrewd and clever
anifrials escape fnom their enemies and are able to capture their prey. Watdiing two
animalfi fighting fiacQg]^ for their lives can be a hon-ifvinQ eMwrianca. Making even the
bravest person tremble with fieareiid woftder.
Can an Qceflfi be vast?
Can a sharttiohatiil a bathtub?
Can fire be frigid 7
Can a hurricane tie lOiaMS?
Can a No n act fiercely ?
Can a sudden noise be horrifying ? Yes /No
Ves/No
Yes/ No
Yea J No
Yes /No
Yes /No
& . On a separate paper write a ae ntence fbr each word underilned In ttie paragra ph
Grammar
Ravi^bn of tense Ibniis
Do â krtaw? Jha wonf viltft nmrm ffun HIb vt teHmrm tit

t^bain^ wboSl Hmi t^ fifVWBr si ths end if tiia unii.
You have been learning sfmple and continuous tens^ In the present, the past
and the future for the past six years. This year let us consolidate what we have leamt
and use them freely in the activitieB given tsetow focussing on perfect end perfect
oontinunuG tenses
3i
The present perfect t&lls you Bhe resuH / effect of the past action. The action Is
over, perfect complete but the result of the aclion is. still Qresertl . So we express sudh
results using present perfect tense.
e.g^
When will you ask - * Who has switch ed ofTthe fa n?'
Whan yoiJ feel sullry and you wake up because sDmetiady Ka$ switched off the fan.
The result of the action switching off is given imponaoce here.
1 1 is not wmng to say - ' Who switched off the Tan?'
Here your focus is on the pefson who did the actk>n.

So the cfioêe of the tense depends en whicti pari you want to glue importance to.
Present perfect tense jsfonnedas -
SMbjevt * have i h&5 + Vwti

fil1iwputpartldpl1fonTt+ C
A preparatory (or dumnny) 'there' can also be used in the subjects position,
e ,g^ There ha$ b^n a sudden Increase in the pri ce of gold.
points afisma, ^^^^^
e.g. 1 . The train has Jeftat7.30 pm :- ZThe train left at 7. 30 pm E

3.Tt^trainhasleflS]
The indefinite pomts of time in the present perfect tertse sentences.
* I Bhink I heve seen you t>efpre . * I have never visiited a foreign ^
You have made the same feq uest country.
earllflf . *" H^ ve you ever &&$ n a ci nerna

*The child ren have not relumed shooting?
from school yet. * We hay en t heard of Ihe doctor's
*J have read this book ateSfljC- visit ti 1 1 Jifiw.
*Our Irain has just an-ived.
Complete the dialogue ustng the present perfiectt^ns^:
A teacher asked each of his students to draw a picture on a sheet of paper. He went
mufid the dass to look at their drawirvgs. One boy showed his work of art lo ihe
t^ch^r, The sheet w^s blank.
Teacher : What you^ (do)? n't you (draw)snything?
Boy : Sir, I {d raw) the picture of a cow gratingTeacher : Don't try to fod me! Where is the grass?
Boy : The cow ^(eat) allthe grass.
Teacher : Ok! Where is the cow then?
Boy : M It , [eat) all the g r^ss . It (go)
home, sir! I I
Th Pre&fln(parfctcontinuouains:
lias tie ch ild been sy ffering from cof our bli nd ness?
How long
{ever spnce he was born.

sinoj his birth,
fbr nearly six yesre.
Usê'sinee" toa past pdntof time, wond or plirase. Use 'evaralnce* toa past incident.
Use fot for Uie total period of time.
The pasi perfect tense :
>^ While the present perfect relates the pnesenteffect of a paslaction, the paftâiffect
relates the presence oi the effecl of a past acllon at another uast poh I of Uma .
e.g. Leela had a pet pan-ot in a beautify! cage. She loved IL She fed it with fnjils and
nuts. One day white hunying lo schopL she forgot to cbso the pamot's cage. And
when she returned from school, the cage was empty. We can express this using the
past perfect.
This can be eKpress^d using the past perfeot tense as follows:
Before Leeâ returned home, the parrot had flown away.

After the parrot h^d flowji awayr Led 3 retumod home.
When Leela return^ home, the parrot had already flown away.
Now what have you errfved at:
^"The two past actions did not take plaoeatthesame time.
^3^0rTB w^s earlier and the othsr was later,
>^The effect of the first action was present at the time of the secorid action.
Change ttie folfowlng uslnci the past perfect tense.
1 . Only after reaching ih e rai i way station, I realized that I did not bring the ticket
2 . The eccused was in jail for five yesrs before he had taeen released .
3. The monkeys ate all the bananas in the tree a nd so there were no
bananas !e^ for us [^
Think fif your

exorn halt
* a ef r e I
answered all
questioris, the
frnaJ bdl had
..rxing-"
P a5i pe rteci conii nuQus:
e.Q. 1r I had been waiting fof a long ttme before my bus came .
2 r People had been traveaim g on foot a nd by bullock carts for h u ndreds ol yea rs
before other kinds Gftrans|>orl arrived .

3. The building had been stand ing here for more than sixty years before it yras
d^ m pli&h^ .
TheformofthelenseSs Suyecl^lradbaen+V-mg^G |
E asi cal ly, th Is teose is used to look back fro m a point of time in Hie past and tal k about
scmettiing Ifiat was in progress uP to that fxant
Now try to do the following:
I. a. Raju (watch J TV for an hour before the
power (go) off.
b. The police ^ (try) to catch the thief several limes when
he (catch) finally last week.
II. Joint the pajfs of sentences using surLable time conjunclions (when ; after/ before}
and write single past perfect continuous sentences.
1 . a. The ONGC men were drilling for several months,

b. Ffnaily they struck oil.
2. a. The British were ruling us for more than a hundred years.

b.ThenwesDtfrBBdom,
3. a. Mr. Abdul hCaJam was working as a space scientisE for several years,
b- Thpon ho was etecled as the Pnssi(ionf of tndia.
4. a. The Negroes rn Amerfca were suFTering assEaves for many decades.

b. They were made free during Abraham Uncotn's preskiency.
What have you amved at:
Thi^s tense csnies two time expressions -
^ -" EKpr essmg the duratio n oF the Blnst past cortt^nuous actton .
^ EKpressmgtihe (past) terminating pointof the second action.

Futurv pîffict t&nfier
e.g. a ) By the end ot March , we will have learnt all the lessons in our books.
b) It IS already late. By the ti me we reach the stadium , the match wi II have started .
liodars
We have discussed action sentences in the present , pa-st and future times in their
different forms namely general, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous. These
expresskins are limited to time related concepts. At times we need to add ideas /
special meaning to the main verbs to express aspects like ability, necessity,
pemrîssion, wish etc. r^
Thene i& rro provision for this either in the main verbs or in the group of tje-\ 'have\ and
'do' helphg Verbs. So we need a special qraup of helping vertos la do the special
function. We have once soch band of helping verbs called 'Modal auxiliaiies' or
Madala^ They express add&d m^gning &nd f&gling tp the main verts. The fQHowing
Ghart shows Ihe listof modalsand their nomnal moods added to the main verbs.
S.NO
|to<lal$ ManlftB abided to the main vfb
Can
Ability, possibility, request, pemiisslon. capacity
Could
Request, atiilrty and po$sft^lity (past)
Will
Intention, surety, willingness, pi^ôtbn, pîm^sion

{seeking - in questtonsl
Would
prgbat^tlity. wisungne^, regular / habitual, i

past Bijtions, vwishes, request ( in questions)
Futuiity, suggestion, intention, insistence
Shall
Should
Obligation, advice, duty, reBponsibllity, neoessity, expeotatlofi -
May
Possihilfly, p^rmissianH wfshsSt conoessiions
Might
Pemr^fsslon, possibility, prnbabHity {lesser), concessMDn
Must
têcessity, obtrgiation, compulsion, certainty,

conclusion [deduction]
The words 'nead*p 'dare' and 'used to" are also used as medals at times. But they can
be used as main verbs also. So they are called "marginal modal s'.
Refer to the table and indicate the shades of meaning added to the main verb in each
sentence.
e,g. Can you count the stars? (possibility)
I can ride a bicyde. (abil%)
1 . How much oil can this conteinef hold? (
2, ffl! you give me your umbrella? (.
3. Shall we try a nother method to solve this problem?
4,Mjayhissoulrestinpeacel ( )
5. Do you see these fool marks? I think a tigef must have cmssed this place. (
6. You rnay do any job but you must not stea I . ( J ( )
7. The schod assembly starts at 6.3D . You should be here befona that. ( }
a. I have written a letter to my father. I may get a reply.
I might get a money order ( ) ( )
30
Read and rBJaxli? ^9^
A cariner c&n c^n anything that he c^n ^. But he c&nt ^/kM

carta can, can he? ^^^r
C&nn&r- e person whopr^sen/^^ ihfngs In con/t&fneFs tors&te

Can {mv} -prucBssofprosemng
Can (noun) - a contBfner ^^.
IP
Listening Skill
Your i^^ch^rÛ r&Bd ouf Iftte n^î^&p^r^ftlf:^^ twf Ci. Ctose your
tooksilsten^ diacussandihBn answorherQUBstio^s,
Chi una Pillaito unbaric on n major nuaslon: (Vnnl Domfsamy)
Chennai: The most recognizable face of Tamil Nadu's community banking

mctvement, China Pillal, leader of the Madural based - Kalanjiyam (yaldcamp will soon
be v]$ltlng Africa, 1ê Netherlands and MqkIco, spreading ^ message of Indian Elyie nj ral em powemienL
Tor a movement that slarted with Just R3.2Q eat^ from ten people, we now
have four lakh members spread across nine Indian Sates, Rs.100 crore In savings
and Rs . 2 era ra rn revolving loans. The mission now is to enlist mml poor from othef
countries and Inaplrelhem Istalce up community ban Icing," Xhlnna Filial, who counts
President AbdjI Kalam among heradmimrs, told The Hindu during a recent visit to
Chsnnai to receiva â Doordarshan Podhigsi award for mantoiious social service.
Working out of Azhagar KJoll, Madural, the B3-year - old ha& travelled all over thB
country speaking to mral women abojtcommunlty crîts and mlcmflnance.
"There have also be&fi eMpnessions of interest fnom South Africa aftief an
NGO delegation from Hiere visited us last year. We will scon be networtdng with
NGOs in Tanzania and Ethiopia too and Chinna PlUai will be our resoart;^ peiôn for
all these initiâtive", according to MP. \^$innalaj, rounder and execuiive director, Dhan
Fo u ndatic n . "Thi^s is a model that can Inspl re other developing oountriea too'', Chinna
Piiiai adds She will interact with NGOs in the African countries, using translator
services.
1 . Have you ever coma across any akIoHywoman san^ng tiie jseopla In your village /
town? Share your eKperience with the class.
2. What is an NGOand what does It normal ly do?
3. How does Ms. Chinna Pillai help people in rural Tamil nadu?
4r Do you think you can be of ^ little help to h^r? In what way?
5^ Which of these clwloes should lead peopla?
(a) Cnones of rupees (b) Love for the poor (c) IHelp from foreign countries,
40
apaaking Skill: . ^
Hem are a few detaits about thi-s famous Indian wHd 'flaw away^. CoUect more ciatailfip
DompQc and present an oral fiepoit.
'5/ia ;e# inî& 9S a &tud^nt but she wouJd see the naOan of her bfrth, &tf of it, fmm
hundreds ofmihs abovB\ - Georpe W.Bush, fofmBr PrBsId&nt of th& USAr
Nationality
Status
Bofn
Di^
Previous Occupation
Timlin epace
Sobctlo4i
Missions
fndian
Oecaa-sed
KarnaLHaryana, India
Fabmary 1 , 2003 {agad40)
OvarTe-xas.USA
Rasearch Scjentiat
31d14ti54m
1994NASA.GfT>Up
STS^7.STS-107
She wsa one of the ss^^n cfsw members kJDed \n the Space Shuttie CoJumbJa
dtsastec
^ SiartwfihantnfBFOsIiTtg39n^f:ca.
^ Sp9Bi(t:iBaffyand!Dudfy.
^ TJy fwf to^y mfrt!(^ fwn* "jwd- ctfnfifl or ifltf eltt*r jJiJf.
Wrmn^SldrT:
Do ycHi have dreams to goto Spa^?
I. WWts a ^tter to tfrs Dfrectorp tndfan Spacs Researdi Orânlsatfon , Srlharlkotta
expnssslng your desire to visit the Space Resfisrch Centra and Interview the spac^
ficientists of India.
Impress upon the Dlmctor that though you ana an ordinary person you want Eo
achieve ext-aordinarv things. Use this short poem by Christina Rosetti to
olaboratfi and emphasise your request.
An emerald is es green as grass;
A ruby red as blood ;
A sapphire shines as blue as heavens;
Aflintliesinthemud.
Adiarrwnd is a bnlliantstone
To catch the world's desire;
An opal holds a fiery spark
Buta flint holds fire.
II. Write an article for your school magazjne. The article should be on the need and
advantages of educating and empowering wonten.
You can work on the following points.
^ The present status of girls In villages.
^ The parental attitude towards educating girl children.
^ The hurdles theyface in their progress.
^ The social, economic, geographic, emotional aspects.
^ The possible strategies you suggest to improve their lot
Language Function
1. Debate
The topic for debate is 'Should girls be educated?* Gel into three small groups. One
group can be parents; the second boys and the third girls. Remember you shoukJ not
fight or quaniel. Here are a setofground rules for
^
^
participating in a debate.
Listen carefully to what others say.
Respect and accept Ideas that differ from your own .
Pay attention to the reaction of your listeners.
Avoid gesture / remarks that will hurt others' feelings.
Walt for yourtum patiently.
2. Project
Meet the Self Help Groups In your village. Collect infonrâtion on;
^ how they work
\ what are the areas of focus
"^ what assistance they get from the government
\ what plans they have to expand
'^ how to enroll as a member
\ what support do they get from the comm u n ity
Write a report and present It to the class.
42
Poem
bon't Qyit
H&m is 3 poom fhat cficoufsgc^s you b work towarids your go^f whatever be tf>e
WhenlfHngsgo Wfong, as they sometimea wfll^

When the road you are trudging seems all uphill,
When th c funds a re low a nd th c d cbt$ a re h ig h ,
And you wanLlD smile bui you have Id sigh,
When care is pressing down a bit,
Rest, if you must- but don't you quit.
[Mo i 3 q UQQ r with its twists a nd tu ms

Afi everyone Df us sometime I earn s^
And many a failure turns about
When he might hawe wan had he stuck it out
Dort^give up, though pa^ seems slow^
>bu FH ighl su cceed wilh a noth er bl cn^.
Success is failure turned inside out
The fli I ve r ti n L of the olo uds df doubt
And you can never tell how close you are;
It may he near when it seems afar;
So, stick to the fi g ht whe n you a re h a nd est hit.
It's when thi4Tgs gat wome that you mustn't quit
-EdgflrA.GtifiAt
walking sJly
mMtr - stmnger
pace -rcrte of
nvavcfrvcfit
Read the poem agafn^ discuss and answer the questfoiH:
1. I^ntffy the words / phrases that convey the tone of the poem.
2- Does 'Ophill' have more meaning?
3, We do not always learn fnom life'. Which line in the poem ex presses this?
4.Tho poet says, "Yixi might succeed with anothsr blow*. Does he moan that
you give the blow or rece ive the blow?

&r Which line sums up the whole th&me of the poem?
6. Which lines th* po&m &p^b] to you Iha most? Why?
43
Supplcfnentvy
A kacz in the Space
This is an extract from an interview "Working Woman - SunFta Wirîama'*

conducted by Nakasha Ahmed who fives fn Ohio. This Interview was published
on oct 1 , 2004 and posted iji "Caneef Tags."
Sunita WilfiamSp an Indian American settled In America,
is the first woman Astronaut who stayed in space fof the
J longest period -195 days and while slaying In the space
* shuttle 'Discovery she ran the Boston marathon for 4 hours &
^ 24 mi ns . Th i s is also the fi rst of its ki n d for a wom a n Astronaut
We are proud to have a person of Indian origin creating world
records in space. She has been awarded Fadma Bhushan by
the Government
Read the intefview :
Nakasha Ahmed: Wliat prompted you to Join tfie Navaf Aoadefny?
Sunita Williams: That's a good tûesHon, My brother went to the Naval Academy and
told me, 'This could be the place for you; because it is active, physically active. It's a
part of the cun^fculum there. We grew up as competitive swimmers and oiir whole
f am ily is pretty active, g re w u p cam pi ng,
Makasha Ahmed: De&crfbe a typJcaL workweek at MAS A.
Sunita Williams: It's never typical. We get our schedule every Friday and there are
so many things you need to learn about. Basically you need to learn about the basic
systems of the American side of the space station and the Russian side. You need to
learn a bout the heating system, all the energy, how to regulate thatp powef and motion
control and how the space station orients itself.
Kakasha Ahmncf: How do you think tMing a woman or boing South Asian has
affected either your oareer or how you handled
Nations?
Sunita WilUama: U's been pretty transparent- may be

I've been lucky or avoided acknowledging that I'm
different. If you don't acknowledge there is a difference
the people around you wont acknowledge there's a
difference. And I think that's beneficial. But I do think
that there's a little determmation and persistence that

ca me f ro m my dad . | I
Nakasha Ahmed: What advice can you offer

women / minorities (or anyone, reaily) if they
hope to have a career in the space
programme?
Sunita Wiiiiams: Don't let anyone tall you, 'You

can't do it". That's the biggest thinking. You do
the best you can do at what you are doing and
find out what you need do to get in this field.
NaiâshaAhmed: What would you be if you weren't in this career?
Sunita Wiiiiams: I'd always wanted to be a veterinarian -an influence from my father.
He did neuro science, and we grew up with sketch drawings of brains all over the
dining room. And I have always loved animals. I am very, very lucky- there are people
who have applied seven times. You can't waste your whole life away (waiting for a
spot). Enjoy what you're doing, you'll naturally do it well, and if this opportunity comes
up It's Justa bonus.
Naicasha Ahmed: How supportive was your family about going to the Navai
Academy and pursuing a career as a pilot? Did they have some other career in
mind for you?
Sunita Wiiiiams: They were, "Go for it". My parents are wonderful. You didn't come
home with bad grades, and you were going to go to college (were the basic rules). My
mom came down to my flight school graduation ceremony. Amazed, but always very
very supportive. My dad loves the space programme.
Naicasha Ahmed: What has been the best part of a NASA experience?
The worst?
Sunita Wiiiiams: I think the best part is

working with all the international partners. I've
done a bunch of different jobs, worked with the
Russians. I never thought I would be standing
in Red Square, communicating in Russian. I
also worked with Canadians. We have a
bunch of people from all over Europe, Japan
even Brazil. It breaks down any barriers people are working together for one very cool
project.
The only thing missing is-goingouttosea. I missthepeacefulnessof it.
45
Na has ha Ahmad: What^flthe NASAaalBctiDn process Ilka?
Surtit^ William*: You ju^t apply, and all of the sarviC6$ (Army. Navy. Air force) hava
their own sort of small selection and they send names in to NASA. The NASA takes a
k)okata bunch of applications and goes thn>ugh and chooBSB about 1 00 people of so.
They come dofwn foran Interview and the Int&rvfew la primarily a med tea I exam. They
want to know your personality, are you a team player?
E varythtng you do La tA^m - on ontad .
Reed the Interview agailn and do ttie rolTowfna:
1, What more quBsdons would you ask, Jfyou were to tntervlew Sunlta WllftamB?
Write at Jaastflv^ que&tlon^.
2. Write a report atiout Sunita William's axperionce tn NASA,

Present your report to the ola&e.
Hem are a few tips for writi ng a report
Sunita Williimis
headed for space
again in 2012
r*i Siujlhi aASHin-niii-i^HilUMui
r." : I. .1 ill ilMlw
;U|t i!r ; MiL^ tilli-i[3i-ri*n
Fî ii uniiijHiiij pirw3

jq "KiirlM. rMu
^Luuiu hi ti-îli
rr: liAJiî^r Ji^*.m
l1lDE Di :m Ha.whMi
H[iJL^ R-anifii,
V^TlLbinj sîm In
iBBixJ br nUe^^VJnariVir ViiiL fali-
iincfipni?* ark
JiCi .Ui' 1 11 ilPTrnîil
'I.Hilbj ILuEil^r^
^Likif I lli-4liJ Id Ibi ppiiF
lUii HI iri iiimtnit.
Mi-wi u * iii^hi ft-^nwr
Ol'iMrr^ ;lli Ijnlnmal K:4ibl

^ki^XMLVm ijib-e SHDULtlld
Vi^h ilil tsrw. fii ff\% 1 1^ lui
UOutBUIl Hf. JIXCu >.nirl^li!K

PTll*: -.ii- ih!;'iii rn
It.'i iJcniivr j! 11^

âHlMI- , -ii :ri-*fnllUi.'u.i/li!:r!ifhi-i|
* WfiGiiutHlH'rhFuJn jftUh f(i!.|
=f h>vine^l I'laJlu
Jljall-d-r,:- |^:t>v
W.-UIIVI:.
jaMw|i'if'-r-.
TiwBjti-jic^fjmwiHl c^j. Kkjiji ^ l(>;
W,y3tlrt*TnBIUMriliI-fcflf. Tlriii'^! , :..|i.
Hi-- îvr:* ^Klvfal ^^KP 1! EPpW KinurnuH m Eifih
11,-^r* i:i7]|.i> iM^t i^riAJIi-:i|i

tiJOTM tlM^l illiBl l if i il Itei
I EftrtriT! '--'- > ""Îff*
rrvir^rtr; . ii'-iar
UrohFr'^M^nriiiir, . . , , . -s
aiiib1iA.Lnrfe. /#:l:l^-.. rv
r^HW^KiT^T;''' - It -!*.
First talca ncst^ and mm-gnibfirtodd these :
1 . Wdte th e titi e of the i ntervie w and name
the interview^
2- Write what's this about.
3. Readforfacts. LciQktbrIhe main ideas.

WHt^ them dawn.
4. Add data i Is th at you wa nt to remembe r.
5. WTiat do yDu (reporterl think of the

Intorvlow ? (or t^ book m case of
Book naport)
i. Chedt your nates carefufly. Be aura

Ihey are coinpiete and Ifiat you
undarîand what ihay $ay.
MnsVHsr for Do you kn&w: ITm woref te
AS
Th One Minute Apokfff
Winning up:
^ DEscuss these questionsh the class:
j^ Di d you ever ignore a fri en d i n need?
> Did you reject his gerruine request for Kelp?
Did you fee I sorry for what you did?
Di d you ever express reg ret to you r fiiond?
During fhe Gtvlf War l^sfdent Abraham Liricoln waii vlsHed hy Cofonel Scott,
one of the commanders of the troops guaftUDfl the Gapitpl frDlfi attack by ttis
Confederate forces in Northern Vinginia. ScDtl^ vnfb had drowned in a steamship

CDlJisior^ while returning home after a journey to Wa$hington to nuf$a her sick
husband Soott had appealed to negimental command tbr \&Avb to attend her burial
and comfort his children. His request had been rejected as a battle seemed
imminant ^nd every officer was assantiBl. But Scott, as was his right, had pressed
his request up the chain of Gommand until it reached the Secretary of War, Edwin
Stanton Si n ce S tanton had aJeo denied ih n&quest, th^ oolong had taken his appeal
all the way to the top.
Scott went to hia Commander - in Chief In the pre&ldentlfll offtee late on a

Ssfturday night, as the last visitor vrtio
was bI lowed in . Lincoln I istened to the
story and as Scott reoa I led h|$
response, the President exploded, "Am
I to have no rest? Is there no hour or
spot when or where I may escape
these CDnttAnt requeftts? Why do you
follow ma here with such business as
this? Why do you not go to the War
Offica which is In charge of all mattera
of papers and tranaportatkan?'
apilDgy - on Axprcddioii of
regret
Itfoey - scmetKFng kaWid^
d<iwn tsy^cdplift who Irêd
btfflre I 47
i^>cted - not grdntAd

Aiwnfnefit- nôHng
CiHntFd - rmfwrtoift
um lull - repeated
Sootl tDfd Unodn of SlflnlDn's mTusal, and ihe Prasiderii replied, "Th&n yoy
p r^ba b ly ought not to g o down the river. Mr Stanton knows al I a bo ut the n ecess itjes
of the hour. He knows what mles are necessary, and the mies are made to ba
e nfbrcfld . 1 1 wo uld be wrong of nn e to o varrlda h is m les a nd d ecision & of th i lei
nd : it
mig lit work disaster to important movements. And then, you ought to remember tiiat I
have other duties to attend to-lieaven knows, enough for one man-and I can give no
thought to questions of this kind. Why do you come here to appeal to my humanity?
Don^tyou know that we are in the midstof a war? That suffering and death press upon
9 II of US? That works of humanity and affection, which we cheErfijIiy perfonn in days of
peace, are all trampled upon and outlawed by war? That there is no room left for
Ijiem? There is but one duty now - to fightr
"Every famify In the land is crushed with sorrow; buttheymuit not each coma
to me for help. I have all the burdens I can carry. Go to the War DepartmenL Your
business belongs there. If they cannot help you, then bear your burden, as we all
must, until this war is over. Everything must yield to tbe paramount duty of finishing
this war".
Cofonel Scott mlumed to hfs barradc, pondering ovar

Lihcolfi^s wands: 'Am I to have no rest? Why do you follow nY0
heji& with such business as this? You ought to nemembw
that I have other duties to attend tc^ heaven knofws, enough

Ibrone jnm.,* I have all the bunjen I can carry'.
Early the nesct morning, Colonef Scott hearef a

and ttiere stood the President. He took Scott's hands-^
dear Colonel, I was a bnjte last night. I have no
excuse to offer. I was weary to the last ejrtent, hut I
had no right to treat a man with rudeness who ha^
offered his life to his country, much more a man in
great affliction. I have had a regretful night an^
now come to beg you r fo rgi ven ess" .
He said he had amanged with Stanton for

ScoH to go to his wife's funeral. In his own carriage
the Commander-in-Chief took the Colonel to the
steamer wharf of the Potomac and wished hjm
Godspeed.
^re: An iXfriCt fmm lf btxk, "T^l \^

jfuan Vbtum^ III", S*f>gtmon Bdhkui fay Cwf
pêuir ^plAodm an Abrmhmm Urtcoin ^ dcltd
rap at the door. Ha opened !t

held theman^ t^rok^ out: "My
cnfoncsd - appNfcd
ovuTidt -iictatfbdc
tronplEd -crushed
yield - gw In
ôrafTiBti^rt - most i n^portairtit

brnkAoLTt :stE:rrfuddiily
affltetior - sorrow
regretful - f ttl i nq iorry
wlHrf ' & \ar\d\nQ Slogfi along fh^
Read the lesson again and answer the following questions.

I Say True or False:
1 . Lincoln was tense about the war.
2. The Colonel wanted to breal< the rule.
3. Edwin Stanton recommended the Colonel's request to Lincoln.
4. Lincoln felt that saving the Nation is more important than grieving over persona)
loss.
5 . No body except the amny was bothered about the battle.
6. Lincoln did not mean to hurt the Colonel.
7. The Presidentand Commander-in-Chief is one and the same person.
II. Read the third paragraph of the lesson and explain.
a) "It would be wrong of me to override his rules and decision ".

Who does 'me' refer to?
Who made rulesand decisions?
b) "That there is no room left for them "

What does 'them' refer to?
What does 'room' here mean?
III. Answer the following questions.
1 . What do you think is the purpose of apologizi ng?
2. Do you th ink that Lincoln was wrong i n being rude to the Colonel?
3. If you were President Lincoln, would you beg for forgiveness?
Learn some more words.
You know Homophones are words that sound similar but have different spellings and
mean ings. Here are a few from this lesson and a few more that are not in the lesson :
A.
1.
2.
3.
know - no
died - dyed
hour - our
lone - loan
there - their
steel - steal
bear - bare
break - brake
pair -pear
role - roll
Use the pairs of homophones to complete each sentence.
almirah to
The thief broke open the
jewels.
The old man couldn't
the
_the pain walking.
foot on the rugged road after the rains.

It's very hard to say
to a person who you
very well.
4d
B. Write the homophone pair that matches each meaning
'^ To indicate possession of third persons
^ To colour the hair or cloth .
^ A mixture of Iron and Zinc .
C. Read the iesson and compiete the exercise on the words you Ve leamt.
Circie the correct answer for the following underiined words.
1 . A battle seemed imminent
(a) important (b) immediate (c) imaginary
2 andthe mlesare madeto be enforced.
(a) compelied (b) made to follow (c) for the enemy
3. He took Scott's hands, held them and broke out
(a) broke his hands (b) went out of the room (c) started suddenly
4. I have had a regretful night
(a) Lincoln had full rest that night.
(b) Lincoln was feeling guilty that night.
(c) Lincoln wanted to forget that night
Reading Skill: \^^ Call Your President
Read the fbllowing passage anddothetaskglvenlntheend:
It was a hot summer day. Sonne sokjlers were hard at work nêrui Ing a
collapsed bridge. The wooden bridge was very old but rt was very
essential. It connected the cantonnient - the place where the soldiers
camped -and the main town. All the supply to the amiycanr>e only through
the bridge. The captain was shout' ng at the topofhisvoicetoqu icken the
woric. The soldiers, tired and wonvout, were still ,^-^^ ^^^
woricing. They cut heavy branches, carried heavier //f^j^.^^K^^^,î\
dried logs and ware sweating a lot. It was noon. The captain x^^^4^^^î!!$^^
stood on one of the logs and watched the soldiers doJng their / "^
work. His only work was to watch them and shout.
A man on a horse happened to pass by He saw the poor soldiers

sj struggling and the captain frowning at them. He got off his horse, went
near the soldiers and gave them a helping hand. The soldiers felt very
happy that they got at least a little support That was enough to bring
smile on their faces. The logs were in place. The work was over. The
captain came down and thanked the man. He asked him, "Where can I
meet you again?". The man turned to the soldiers, smiled and said, "Whenever you
need help call your President".
That was George Washington, the first President of Am erica.
I 50 I
1 . Pick out the words from the passage that express
a) the soldiers' difficulty b) the captain's Indifference
2. Say True or False:
a) The sold lera were putti ng u p tents.
b) The captain was of least help to thenn.
c) The captain did not show his authority.
d) The sold lers knew the man before .
e) George Washington scolded the captain,

e) The President can be called for^ny help.
Grammar
Active voice - Passive voice:
You have done Active voice - Passive voice last year. Here Is a quick recap
and a few more activities to strengthen your learning.
Locate the following sentences In the story The One minute Apology' and
complete the details in the brackets.
1 . His request had bean denied ( Para line ).
2. and the rules are made to be enforced. (Para line ).
3.That works of humanity and affection are all trampied upon and outiawed by
war?(Para line ).
4. Every family in the land Is crushed with son^w.(Para line ).
All these sentences are In the passive voice

t^ You know that Active voice can be used both with transitive and Intransitive verbs.
But passive can be used only with transitive verbs.
I. Underiine the verbs In the foiiowing sentences, in the biank on the right, write
whether the verb Is In the active voice or In the passive voice. The first one Is
done for you.
1 . Lots of things can be done on the intemeL Passive :
2. Some people send more e-mai I than paper mai I .
3. Free online edition have been offered by many newspapers.
4. Chess and card games are played across the net by people who live on
opposite sides of the world.
5. Radio station and recording clubs are playing music on the Internet
6. Websites are used for official government postings, information and forms.
7. Manufacturers offer their products to their customers through the net
II, My first fishif^f^-=^?''*^H='>f^
Pick out the verbs given In bold letters and put them In the appropriate boxes
as shown below the passage. The fishermen In our country catch fish In nets which
are made of string. The nets are carried In boats, which take them out to sea and then
drop them In. | 51 |
The nets do not sink to the bottom of the sea because they are held up by
pieces of cork They have pieces of metal at the bottom, so that they hang down
straight. Such nets have been used for hundreds of years and they will probably be
use d for h u nd reds of years to come.
Last night I was taken out by some of the fishermen. The

long net lay in the bottom of the boat. It had been fotded
carefully before the boat left the shore, so that it could be
thrown out into the sea slowly as the boat went forward. Two
men were rowing and two were standing at the back dropping
the net into the sea. A big lamp was fixed to the back of the boat. The f^sh were
attracted by the bright light and swam towards it. Some were caught in the net and
when It WBS polled up, there were lots In It. As the net was pulled Into the boat, the
fish were shaken out of it. They fell Into the bottom of the boat and were left there
until the boat returned to the shore Then the ftsh were put in baskets and were
taken to the viliage, where the fishermen's wives cleaned them. WhiJe the fish were
bei n g clea n ed the fis h erm e n we re w^sh ing their net
Now the net Is being folded again In a few minutes, It wfll have been got
ready for the next dropping. And so it will continue hour after hour and nighl after
night as long as there are fishes in the sea-.
Active
Passive
o^tch
are made
G roup Act Ivrtles
V>^kÂr A
Working in smaller groups makes your learning, active and permanent. Each
of you In your group can bring newspapers in English and Circle the headlines and
news reports, highlighting the passive sentences, Use dictionaries wherever
necessary to understand the meaning of new words. Passives mostly occur in crisp
form in the headlines- not in long full sentences. You should expand them into proper
sentences in you r note book.
For example,
a) ftAanstriJick by lightning in forest

becomes
A man was struck by lightning in a forest.
b)-"Demo banned" (= Demonstration is banned). You can read the fuJi report
under such headlines and easily make out the passive sentences.
(2) Decrtbir?g Chanoas
Yoy can discuss and wrrite sentences fn passive vofce about Che changes that
you see in your sctiooL your village/cfty of with a pair of pictures before and after Bhe
change,
e .g. Our dass room has been painted . New trees bave been planted.
(Village) - The marshy land has been CCTwgilELd into a paddy field. The laltes have
bean, doited.
(3) Pick out from tbe newsrpap^rs the promises made in the eleotiori campaign.
Write them in your note book.
Thay are invadabfy m Ihe passive - in firture tense,
e .g . More iobswill be provided for yoy rvg graduates.
Anew industry wJIIL>ggtUB,
The mal n nâd I n this town wiiltaewidened .
Overbrklges will be constmcted to ease traffic congestion.
(4) What Is being done passive En the present continuous. On your way to
Ecbooi, ycu can notice a few things that are being dona. VWita a few semtancas In
passive term.
e.g. Tfie road is.being rnen ded
The telephone jine is being taid,
(5) Resuftaofavants Passive in thepâttansa
Fill in the empty boxes in the folTowing chart using passive fonris of the verb in the past
tense.
An unusually
large n>u mber of |
people were
killed by the
Tsunami
i3
We ans gofr>gto discuss the imperative and interrogative sentences in this part.
Read the gecond paragraph of Ltie story. The One MinuleApoEagy/
Locate these
Am I to h^v& 110 rest?"
|s there no hour or spot when or where I may escape these constant requests?"
These are questions or interrogative sentences.
Read p^va 4
Locate Ehis : "Go to the War Depanment". This is an imperative sentence.
The Imperatives:
Choose a verb from tlie verb bojc to com plete each command.
m:
1 . Find a phone.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
e.
9.
10.
aphony.
loa.
.dearly.
your nsrme.
the address .
tiie problem.
.any question.
oar^hjlly.
, any instruction.
.forheip.
Verb box:
EKpEain
Give
Dial
LiSiten
Answer
Speak
Find
State
Follow
Wait
AMvlty
Directtons for making a book mark.
Mgtcjriais: Pengil, marker^, crayons, paper, sdssors and som^ p^ste.

One of you can give these directions in your group:
1. Draw -the head of a bookworm on a paper and cyt it out.
2. Draw two eyes and a mouth on the he^d .
3. Draw drcieson the paper and cut neaUy.
4. Pa$tE the circi^s nrm beiow the oth ftr to rt>a ke the book worm's body,
5. Fix the head of the book worm to the body.
G. Each ti me you read a new book, add another cinde to the book worm.
7h Watcli your hook vuormgrow-
Etancfl
While dofng aasanaas in your yoga ciass or exerrases in the Physicai

Education dass^ the teacher give^ you instoctions to move the limbs and body in
particuiar directions and k&ep postures. iHere we us only impsratives Write some of
tbese directions.
1^ _u^_ 2, ^^_i^^ .u. : '3, __i_^ -^
4,
S4
Proverbs are always imperative sentences - list out a few proverbs.
LMakehay 3.
2. 4.
Directing a person Write the direction in two or three imperative sentences.
e.g. To go to a marriage hall in your town

To go to the VAO'S office / Taluk office.
The interrogative sentences
Let's learn more about the interrogatives There are two types of questions.
1 ) 'Wh' question or information question.
2) Verb questions or "Yes / No' questions. They begin with the helping verb 'beV'do'/
'have' or modal auxiliaries.
For making a Wh' question you need the correct question word and the correct
word order.
Here are a few tips for making Wh' questions.

The pattern - Question word + helping verb + subject + main verb + complement.
(qw + hv+ s + mv + complement)
e.g. The students can wait for ten minutes.
How long can the student wait?

IIII
q w h V s mv
Read this:
We shall meet again on Tuesday.
When shall we meet again?
\\\\
qw hv s mv
What shall we do if there is no helping verb in the sentence?
For example, a sentence I ike th is (a) We met last week, (b) We meet twice a week.
The simple way is to insert the helping verbs 'do' / 'does' / 'did' and apply the structure
qw+hv + s+mv+c.
a) We met last week b). We meet twice a week
AA
did meet do meet
qw+hv+s+mv qw+hv+s+mv
When did we meet? How often do we meet?
(and not use *How marvy limes do we meet?')
55
This rule is not applicable to questions for which the answer is the subject in the
sentence. For example.
Jaganbrol<e the window Question: Who broke the window?
The British gave us English. Question: Who gave us English?

But the same sentences can get the frame QW+ hv+ S + mv appi ied, if the answer we
want is the object.
Forexampie:
SVo
Jagan broke the window The British gaveusEngiish.
AA
did break. did give
What did Jagan breal<? What did the British give us?
QW hv S mv
You cannotapplythisfonmuia to 'be' sentence..

e.g. The cat is on the wali. Question - Where is the cat?
Lincoln was the president of the USA.
The question should be, 'What was Lin coin?' {and not 'Who was Lincoln?')
Activity:
Find someone with the answer:
Prepare slips of Wh' questions one in each slip. Get help from your teacher.
You can make use of facts from science, mathematics, history and geography.
Prepare the con-esponding answer in slips.
There should be more pairs of slips than the number of students in class to
have reserve pile of slips. Each one of you can take a slip and search for your partner
with the correct answer/ question.
Verb questions start with a helping verb or modal auxiliaries as mentioned eariier
and they require only 'Yes or No' as answer.
For Example:
1. Are you in class IX? 4. Is it handy?
2. Do you go to school by bicycle? 5. Can you find out the meaning of any
difficult word?
3. Have you got a dictionary? 6. Willyou help your friend use the
dictionary?
Activity
You can have a set of questions about persons "What are you iike?"
Andl ask your friends to answer. You can work in pairs or in groups and get to know
your classmates.
56
I.AreyoLi-
- sure of yourself
- interested in other people?
- usualty happy?
- a hard wortcing person?

2. Do you often helpothera?
3. Do you fee^ sorry if people don't likft you?
4. Have you gota lot of ffisncts?
5. Can you be patient wiOi all Ihe people?
QumllonT^fS
Let's do a quick revision of wtiat you have leamt In ead^r classes. The negative tags
are used in positive statement and the positive tags are used wilti negative
^tato>ant&.
e.g. ChiEdren like fee cream, don't they? [The statement Is positive so the tag is
negativÔ
Children doo'Lleke sitt^r^ tdfe, do they? (Negative statemenL, posE^ve tag)
^ Tags always begin after a comma, wiflh a smslNetterand end wilti a question mark.
^ Tags always end wttfi a pronoun naprBsentIng the subje^ct in the main sentence.
e.g.We cant lifê without water, cari we?

You wNI oome In time, wont yoij?
How to f ram e p roper questi d n tags
ItisassimpKe as framing questions which you have just learnt
jt^ Usattie tielping verb if one issvaiiaWe in the sentence
^ Introd uce do, does, and ijse it I n the question tag.
j^ For 'be' sentences use the 'be g rou p' vefbs as they are.
The only exception to the last mte is 'am\ It has a drfferecit tag In the positive
sentence.
I am your teacher, arent I /ainll?
I am not your enemy, am I?
' ThB Q[/es/rdn tags for imper^tivB sentBnc&s sfs diff&mntr TTie/ 1
n&ffect tê mood of the speaJfe^r
BStop crying, witfyou? ^WafklBster, canfyouf
Actlvfty
Pick out 10 sentences each ftofn Ihe four units you have learnt. Rewrite the
sontences with proper question targs. Remember to use ^^le con-ect punduatiori
marks.
wr\
Listening Skill
Listen to this simple poem carefliliy.
I cried 1000 tears
On the day you left me
i cried 1000 tears.
For each tear i cried,
There was a word to be said.
No tears were enough
To malce you see what you were doing.
No words were enough
To stop this pain.
As the teardrops feii,
So you waiked out the door.
As the hurt increased^
i faded more into the misery pit.
On the day you ieft me
i cried 1000 fears.
These tears were not good enough foryou -
Now you are gone.
-Anon
We do not know whom this poem was written for. i-iowever, you maythinkofthisinthe
context of Lincoin and his Colonei. Between them who do you think could have
expressed this grief?
Lincoln to the Colonel? (or) Coionei to his wife? Discuss and give reasons for your
choice. II
Speaking Skill rt^
Read the iesson again. Debate on thefoilowing points.
One group may justify the colonei's requesL
One group may justify Lincoln's stand.
Each member in the group can contribute an idea.
Groups can pose questions to each other as the following:
- Is it not proper to ask for leave, especially
when the Colonel lost his wife?

The other group can argue In defence of Lincoln.
Writing Skill
In the story, The One Minute Apology' Lincoln felt sorry for the Colonel and
sent him to attend to the funeral of his wife.
I 58 I
Imagine a situation wherein Lincoln were very fimn and would not allow the
Colonel to go on leave.
Write a letter The letter should be from the Colonel to his children. What
would be his feelings? Express his feelings in at least ten sentences. You can
make use of the following ideas:
-feeling sorry for the mother, for the children
- yet putting duty above the "works of humanity and affection".
- consoling the children
- promising to see them after the battle.
Language Functfons
Project:
Pay a visit to the nearest Army/Naval/Air force base. Or search the proper
website for collecting information on:
1. The Organizational Chart.

(Who reports to whom)
2. The Working cond itions for the different categories of Officers.
3 . The procedure followed in case a person wants to go on leave, during

normal/routine working days.
4. The procedure for granting leave on days of emergency (war, floods, and other
natural calamities).
5. The facilities provided for the person going on leave.After collecting the
information, write a report on your project.
Write your report and present It to your class.
5d
The Apology
v_
In tils poem the poef seeks apdbgy from Ihe people worfcEr>g hard h the ê\d,
Does ha feel guilty or does he jostily himself? Read and find oui from Wm
poem.
Th^nk me not unkfnd arrd rude

That I walk alone in gnsve find glen;
I go to the god of the wood
To fetoh his word to men.
Tax not my Bfoth that i

FoSd my arms beside the braoJt;
Each cloud that floated in the&Ny
Writes a fatter in my book.
Chide me not, laborious band^

For the Idle flowers I brought;
Every aster in my hand
Goes home loaded with a thought
^K^xk * a neuTDW strcflin

le^fiffiut - he^ wericlttg
There was never mystery

But tis figured in the flowers:
Was never secret history
But birds tell It in the bowers.
One harvest from thy field

Homewand brought the oxen strong;
A second crop thine acres yield,
Which I gather in a song.
Elai|ih Waldo Emervon

I AnswEf the fDlfawf ng:
1 . Why does the poet apologiz?
2. Who is ho gpoiogiiing to?
3. Do you think it is right on the partof Ihe poello be idling away wh^n the
people are at work?
4. How does he Justify his action?
5. Which IJnes in the poem do you like the most? Why?
IL (k>tlct poems^short vrw3 in your traiguags thai have t^llartheme&.

Share It with others Ln the c\a$^
I 49 I
The Tears of the desert
- hcsuJo CoeJho
A friend of mi n a r^lumad frtm Morocco witi a boaoti-
flil story about a missionary wlô, ae soon as he arrived in

Ma/nakesh, decided tin at he wouJd go for a walk every
morning in tine desert that lay just outside the city. The trat
tfme hB did this, he noticed a man lying down, with his ear
pr^êd totho ground and stroking the sand with onohand^
IHe'fi obviously Tnad\ the missionary said to hfmseif. But the scene was
repeated ev&ry day, and after a month, intrigued by this strange behaviour, he
dedded to speak to the stranger With great difficuity, since he was not yet fluent in
Arabic, he knelt down by NIb sJde,
What ane you doing?'
"Tm keepifig IJw deseri coirtpany and ofliarir>d M oon-
soiation for its ioneiiness and its tears.'"

"i didn't know the desect was capable of teafs*.
"itweopsevoryday because it dreams of being use-
^ fuJ to peopie, and of being iran^fbrmed into a vast garden
wtiere Ifiey ociild grow cereal cmps and flowers and graze
sheep".
"Weii, teii the daeert that it fa perfonninfl an important duty^, said the
miasionaty. "Whenever i waik in the doaert, \ undoratand man's true size, beoauae its
vast open space reminds me of how smaii we ar^, compared with God. When i iook at
its sands, i imagine aii the miiiions of peopie in the world wtio were bom equal, even if
the world has not always been fair to aii of them. Its mountains help me to meditate,
and when i see the sun coming up ovef the 'hortzon^ my aouJ^ fiJIs with Joy and i feet
dosertotheCreaEof."
The missionary left the man and retymed to hrs daity tasks. Imagine hs
surpnae wtien, nex! morning, he found the man in the same place and in the samê
position.
"Did y ou te i i th s desert everything that I said?'
The man nodded.
"And it IS stjii weeping?"
1 can hear every sob. How it's weeping because it has spent thousands of
years thinking that it was completely useless and wasted all that time bLasphemlng
against God and its own fate.''
"Weil, teii the d&aert that even though we human beings have a mudi shorter
frfespan, we ai^so spend much of our time thinking we'na useiess. We rareiy discover
our tnje destiny." i n \
1 don't know if the desert will hear that,' said the man.
"He's accustomed to pain, and can't see things any other way."
"Lef s do what i aiways do when i sense that peopie have

iostaii hope. Let us pray."
The two men kneit down and prayed. One tumed towards Mecca because he
was a l\ûslim, and the other put his hands together in prayer because he was a
Cathoiic. They each prayed to their own God, who has aiways been the same God,
even though peopie insist on cailing Him by different names.
The fbliowing day, when the missionary went for his usuai morning walk, the
man was no ionger there, in the piece where he used to embrace the earth, the sand
seemed wet, for a smaii spring had started bubbiing up there, in the months that
foiiowed, the spring grew, and the inhabitants of the city buiit a weii there.
The* Bedouin caii the piace The Weii of the Desert's Tears'.
They say that anyone who drinks from its waters wiii find a way of
transforming the reason for his suffering Into the reason for his Joy,
and wili end up finding his true destiny.
* Bedouin - locals in tlie desert
Activity 1
Do the story mapping using the foliowing broad outlines.
(OlAIN CHARACTERS
SETTING
PROBLEM
EVENT 1
EVENT 2
EVENTS
SOLUTION
Activity 2
Based on the details above write the summary of the story in about 200 words.
62
Units
fosc
The Marvellous Machine
Warming up
^^^
1. 1 hava efiDiigh electrical circuits in pmvide phone service for a fDod-slzed cHy.
1 am also a kjnd of ^litomaliJc piloE, keeping you from toppling over. Who am I?
2. I am a one and a half ktlo muohrDQin d grey and whto tlague of gefetinoup
KMisistency. Whoan^l? .
3. I am the IM& hiW Wiî lisss fnxn ths centra of youi fnce. Who am 17
HI! Pm Kaavya, from ciâs^ (X. Do you know who made thai funny noise? It
was my brothe r Kaus h i k, who jg i n dass III. H e is vary ^^ns i ti v ixi d ost ^ n d d e^JU8t
than my mother entened the bed room and foundKaushik daubed with talcum powder
all over his body.
That's it- Now I kncsfw the reason for your snooze," said my mother. As soof^
AS he heard my molher's voice, my inquisitive brother started asking a lot of question^
like 'Why do we s neeze? I s it be cause of d ust and dew? Are the re a ny other reason s
that ma4^ a person sneeze ,7,'
"H el lor Can we join you?" My cousins Prithi and Vino had just hopped in. Thay
usually spen d the weeke nds with us . Prith i , bei n g a m ed i cal stu d en t, offened to
daiHy
Ka ush i k's doubts . All of us sat around hier with keen eyes and willing ears-
She ilartodi If you juatsneaize, something is probably irritating orlJokringttiQ

inside of your nose. Sneezing, also called sternutation, is your bod/s way of
rBmovUiflan InitationfrDm your nose/
When the inside of your nose gets a ^cklc, 3 mossagc fs Sent to a spedal part
of your brain c^Wed the sneeze centre. The sneeze centre in turn sends a message toall the muscles that have to work together to create ttie amazingly complJcated
process th at we ca 1 1 the s neezc," Pri th i we nt on.
*Some of the myscloB

tivolved aiB that of the abdomen^
the chest, the diaphragm, the vocal
old& and the throat.
T>lft word 'ACHOO..' ftapidf f^r

^ÛtMomal-DemmaiTt ^'ninpeiiing: .Hdio^jDp4>thja(micOulturat'
i. Wât made Ksuahik a/êtze sa toud^

S. Hava you stti\ o/ii mals jne2t?
3, Whfft du4 'ftcrityrotmn' nma^
selliftiw'- nffccted bf slight changes
Dc?n't for^get tJie ey&lid muscles I Have you notrcect that yoy always ck>se your
eyes wh&n you $neeze? When some people are exposed to bright light, they sneeze.
This condition is called photic sneezing.'' she added. She smiled at our eager faces
and saw that we wo r? I istensng I ntently, waiting for l^rto go on ,
"Anythir^ Ihat irritate the [nsrde of your nose can triggef a sneeze. Some
oommofi things inciude dust, coid air of pepper powder. When you catch a cold, a
vims has occupied a place Lemporarriy there and is caustng a lot of irritation, which
resuits in sweiiing at times. Some people have ailergles, and they sneeze when they
^re Exposed U> certain things, such as poiien and animî dander. Have you ever had
the feeling that you am about to sneeze, butit Just gets stuck? Next time that happens,
try looking toward a bright light briefly," she chuckled.
'Gome on. iunch is warting," came my mother's voice.
We aii jumped yp but Vino coyidn't. "Ouch! Tm unable to stand. Someone

please grve mea handT pleaded Vino, squirming in discomfort.
Vino had been listening very keenly for almost 1 5 minutes, sitting ffth one leg
tucked under him. Wbe-n mother calted us, he jumped upand one of his l^gsfeit funny,
"Your leg has falien asteep." said my mofther. If this happens, you know that
for a short white you might have fosl fee! rng in your foot. You might have fei t your fool
a littie heavy and numb or you might i^ve feita pncking sensation."
'Many peopie say this is because the blood suppiy to your foot is cut off, but
your nerves are more to blame. Nerves are like tiny tireads or w^res that mn through
your entire body They fbmi an astoundi ngly intricate network th^t canies n>e$sage&
back and forth t>etween your brain and the various other parts of your body,"
proccodedmom.
'When we sit on our foot, we temporariiy compress the nerves in that area.
Thasa naive$ can't send mas^^ge^ back to tha bnah normatiy, and so for the
moment, the connection is cut off and that part becomes numb. It's like a phone oaii
where our friend hangs up and we haven*t yet: You r bratn is saying '"heilQ," but your
foot ian*t able lo respond " mother ooncluded . | glaaani^y
phÊ^ of light
trigi9*r: cousk saintthing to iuppen
ddiKkr: în^ri peai-lciôr Scafeôf

hair* fir ffeflfloer
duuddcd? iau^lê^ shyfy
Sqgdrmilig- wnggling
firtrfcate: eompiicated
'Hid iHicr Ati our ^#ntlon turtved towards

Kaushik, who was eating his food hastily.
2. What arE. Sonne peopie aiierg-ic to?
a. Hff* do ytkU f&ml whtJi ftrn sn&&2t7 J rjjn
"Don 't eat in a h u rry. Take it ^low." instructed iriom.
'Why d&GS it happen to me ahAmiy&p mom? Rrst sneezing and nofw hiccjpe.
Whatdid I dbr cried Kaushik.
^May b dad ifi Ui inking of you," I commented.
Ît's y DLir fault, d&ar. You are eating too fast. You sliouM always chew your rood
and Bt patiently/ mother advised.
"Aa a matter of fact, hicxups arise from the musde caiied the diaphragmp"
began Ptlttil. 'This muscle separalea your ciiesil from your tummy. The diaphragm
hei^pe you to breathe. Sometimes, the diaphragm becomes irritated and moves JediLlly
cauaing your breath to come out funnliy creating the ali iy sou nd . Eating loo much too
swiftly or nenôysness oouid bring about hiccups. Usualiy hiccups iast oniy a fw
minuteSp but in some medical conditions, they may last for days and even weeks.''
aaiî Prithi.
'AAHHI KaushikI There's a cockroach on your chairl^ I ywlled. He instantly
heaped oft his chair and landed on the floor with a thud.
'It's gone J I squealed teîngiy.
What's flone?" Kaushika^ked,
'Yburhkicupsraaidl.
Only then did he iâii^ that hia hiccups had topped . 'How did this happen,
ata?" fiB q uestioned .
The mo^ popular th^r^py ^r getting hd of hkxups Is to have someone to

scara you when you're ieast expecting it. Holding your breath and counting from 1 to
1 D is another way. Sugar under your tongue hoips loo. Quite fascinalirtg, isnt itT I
said.
By thk time, we had ffnished our lunch. Thera wa$ a huge bciwl of ice ^^m,
Wtîng to plunge us all in delight. As we were all eyeing rt^ my mother caught Kau^hik
tooki ng at it io ng i ng iy. She than put equal scoops of paradi^ into OU r Trailing bowls .
*l acraamp you screa m, yê aW acream lor . . Wcwi" axdaimed my brother
Just then Frith i gave my knuckios a sharp rap. "Ouch! What was that fbr?^ I
asked irhtabiy and i raalisad that I had been biting my nails. "Whafs wror^ with naii-
L Hbv^ H^dLj Knu^Kik rd iVEd from his
hiccups^
3. Whd >iappnf vMsr\ a person b1ti^ KI5
d%)lngni: muscular
wqlf below rib cage
cuticles: the skin at
the base of thendl
"When yQu bite yiaur nails, you ^re breaking tine skin and inviting genns inio
ttieê openings, Kn fact, seme people bite Lheir nail-s and cuticieA down so Tar thet
lihey bleed ! Whe n ge rms In vad e, thiey catch an i nfiecti on . Speaking csf genns, tKene
are
gsrms and grime under our fingernails and when we bit& them, boih can go into our
mouth,' s^Jd Pnthl. On hearing this, Kaushik looked repulsed and gave a wdggleof
disgust. Piflhi grinned and went on. ^Nall biting is a habit; you may nolr&aliseyou are
dolnf It. Vbu should ask your parents, other family mam bens and frfarKls to tail you
whenever thsfy notice you brling your nails. If sheer wfllpcwer isnt getting you
ariywhera, you might want to ask your mom or dad to buy you a special coburiess nail
polish that makes your nails taste awful. This can help you learn to stop biting them. It
also helps, if you keep your nails short and dean. Th^n you have nothing to bite onfJ
Look at my mafi icursd nai ie. Aj^n't they lovely?' con eluded Pnth i wtth pride.
Ae we wane diatterrng and g f g g n ng , we saw Wio yawnlr^.

"Ant i bori n g you Vino?" asked Pn thi .
"Not really. I jyst couldn't control thai yawn. Could you explain this
phenomenon of a yawn?" replied Vino.
For Hiat well first have to understand what happens when wa breathe,
formally, when we breathe In, wa fnhale oxygen and our body uses It up. The body
makes a wa^te prod uct called oarban d loxl d e th at Ls exhaled fmm the lungs when wo
breathe out. When are we sleepy, bored or tired, we breathe mora eiowiy. Our body
requlngs oxygen and needs to discard the oarbon dioxide. Se, our brain makes us take
an extra b reat h , which Is d eep and lo ng thus a yawn Is bom . H enca we ob-tai n mora of
oKyên ar^d py rue ouraalves of che excess cait of^ dJoMJde/ a^ PrtthI,
"IVe read iti booka that a ywrt Is corrtaglous. fn the sense that It can easily
spread to the person who Is observfr^tha other person yawnlr^. A common belief is
that one should always screen hia mouth while yawning; othen^Hse the aoul may
escape from the body. These beliefs may have originated to discourage public
yawning, and also to malntalri public health, as yawning might facilitate the apread of
diseases. So, n art tl me we feel the urg e to ya wn , we s he u Id make sure that we cove r
our mouth effectively" 1 ended.
fiuflicurvii connetiic treatment

of the hor^ and the nails
orl^lhorttd: ftartd / come
from
rMpJtLbr4k
staxte: ia sleep for a aiuort
wKNc
ITMihf.lltiii: Editing great
wander / surprise
"Now that boyi our Stomach and brain ara fulE

we owe ourselves some well-eamed reipite. Time
. for a short
)ileita;sald
my motiar
smiling.
1. Hfl# are fingtr iwlls helpjf trf to ii*>

3L What doei th* term 'pcdJcUre'
dtiwte?
^. Do yon bJt* yfior nfllll? When? Why?
4. What da we yawn?
EL Ityonmrng oor^tsfiou^
Ah ^
Our body is undoubtedly by far the grandest, the most complex and the most
marvellous machine ever built by God. We are also more familiar with this piece of
Ingenuity than with any other- each one of us spends every moment of our lives with
this exquisite masterpiece of nature. However, the truth Is that we take our bodies far
too much for granted. Let's vow solemnly now to prize It as one of our most treasured
possessions!
RECALL
1 . What are the muscles Involved while sneezing?
2. What makes your leg fall asleep? What term do use we use to denote this
numbness?
3. How can you prevent biting your nails?
4. What are the myths you come across In this lesson? Do you believe In
superstitions?
5. Write a paragraph about the 'marvellous machine' we have read about.
6. Can you guess the name of a man-made machine competing with the human
brain? Write a few lines about Its use In this modem world.
7. The following are the topics dealt with in this lesson. Now write two sentences of
your own about each topic.
Hiccup
Vocabulary
I. Choose the most appropriate synonyms of the Italicised words from the four
alternatives given with each sentence.
1 . Sheela glanced at the books in the library.
a. bewildered b. looked c. blinked d. pondered
2. Rajesh Gauged his face with water colours.
a. smeared b. wiped c. washed d. clouded
67
3. The buzzing mosqu'iioes irritated the child.
a. annoyed b. scared c. confused d. enthused
4 . No one could notice the error in my essay.
aJnfomnation b.spot c. ignore d.read
5. Shaicespeare is an exquisite playwright
a. refined b. mediocre c. ordinary d. average
II. Choose the most appropriate antonyms of the italicised words from the
1 . We inhale oxygen when we breathe in.
a. yawn b. exhale c. hiccup d. burp
2. The human body is a compiicated machine.
a. simple b. complex c. intricate d. extraordinary
3. Traffic police are posted at all main roads to discourage drunken driving.
a. forbid b. encourage c. establish d. avoid
4. The students read the story hastily .
a. temporarily b. quickly c. huniedly d. leisurely
5. Rahul was inQuisitive to know the secret.
a. curious b. incurious c. notorious d. eager
I I I . You come across the idiom 'on my toes' i n the lesson . Now look at the following
idioms. They are all associated with the parts of the body. Let's understand their
meanings:
see eye to eye - agree
put one's foot In one's mouth - to say something embarrassing and then
realize it was bad
stay on one's toes - be ready or prepared for something
keep an eye on - watch something to make sure it is okay
lend/give someone a hand - to help with something
be in over one's head - be in a situation that is very difficult
keep one's fingers crossed - to hope that something good will happen
get cold feet - get nervous
have one's heart set on something - really want something
III. Rewrite the given sentences choosing the correct idiom from above
instead of the words underlined.
1 . Firefig hters have to be prepared as they have to fig ht a fire at anytime.
2. Could you tafre care of my bike wh ile I go to the store?
3. Ku mar was in a very difficult situation when he missed his flight to London.
4. I'm /lop/ng that I'll get the I rank this term.
5. My son Theo realiv wants thatbitce , Maybe I will buy itfor his next birthday.
6d
IV. Abbreviations and Acronyms
''Abbreviations are shortened forms of a word or phrase.
1 . etc. - etcetera 4. tsp - teaspoonful
2. Ltd. - Limited 5. pg - page
3. Mt.- Mount 6. Vs- versus
One style of abbreviation combines the initial letters of each word in a series.
Example : extra sensory perception, which is ESP.
Aero ny ms are wo rds d eh ved fro m th e i n itj al s of se vera I word s .
Example: National Aeronautics and Space Agency - NASA
You would have come across the word "ACHOO" in your lesson. WHO', 'SAARC,
and 'AIR' are also acronyms.
Use your dictionary and write five abbreviations and five acronyms in the space
provided.
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
V. You come across the word 'dentist' in this Unit. Somebody trained and
licensed to practise general dentistry is called a DENTIST. Find out what these
people are called.
One who specialises in
4 Heart disease
4 Nervous disorder
4 Skin disease
4 Mental disorder
4 Bones
4 Kidneys
Reading Skill
Read the newspaper article given below. Form groups and put down the ideas
conveyed in it in five points.
CHENNAI : When Hakim, a 43-year-old lav/yer from Egypt, flew down to

Chennai on June 9 to treat his ailing heart, he never thought that he would be flying
back to his native land with an Indian heart.
6d
Through one of the rare heart transplants into a farEigner, doctors at Fmntier
Lifeline gave a new lease of life to the Egyptian on June 30, thanks to the magnanimity
of the ralfltives of a 52-y ear-aid man who had died In a mad traJTic accident.
The Egyptian's heart was failing despite tha cci no-nary artery bypass ha had
Undergone in 2007. He came to the cicy on June 9 hoping to havo another surgery, but
In the last week of June he was wait listed for a transplant. On Friday, he was smiling
from the intensive care unit of the hospital, with a new heart beating in hia chest,
The heart was harvestfid at Stanley Medical College and brought to Frofitier
Lifeline in a record 19 minutes in peakhour traffiGasthe traffic police amanged a green
corridor at 7.20 pm. Ateam of doctors led by Dr Frasanth Vaijayanth did the transplant
at 7.30 pm on Wednesday. Acoording to rules, an organ can be transplanted into a
toreigneronly if there is no Indian recipient available during the window period after
Ih a organ fs harvested.
While it was tha absence of an Tndian recipient that cam a as a boofi !o lh

Egyptian, the state's cadaver transplant progf^m me has come under scvcnc criticism
as hospitals licensed to do transplants have failed to prepare and update waiting lists
of patients requiring transplants. Though nearly a dozen hospitals in the city are
licensed to do heart tra nspla nts , the number of patien ts wait I isted before th e cadaver
p rog ra mme for heart tra nspla nts was less than twenty. (Courtesy TO 1 , 3"" July, 2D 1 Q)
1.
2,
a. .
4, . .
5.
A. Direct and Indirect Spi^
You woui^d have Jeamt in f:tass Vlil rn detaif about the rylea ydu have to remembef
whe n you ch an g e a d i rect speech l indirect s peech ( reported s peech ).
Now let us recall a few pQinta:
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (Bometimes called
q UQted apeech) . It ap pears withi n q u ptatio n m a rks f^m")
'Why doe& It always happen to me, m om?" q uesti on ad Kaus h ik. ( I ntefrogati vs)
Q 'Aran'tthey beautiful?" asked Prithl. [Intemogative)
Q "AAHH! The vanilla fudge has done it again!" exclaimed itlom. fE-xcfamatory)
The above sentenccK could be reporifid as
kaushik asked his mom why it should always happen to him.
Prithi asked if they w&re beautiful.
^ Mom axdafmed that the vanilla fudge had done !t ag^ln.
When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
^ Pronouns
^ Place and time of expression
^ Tenses
v^ Use a question word / if / wliether
With a question word
With an auxiliary
Direct speech: "How did it happen,
sis?^'
Reported speech: He asked his
sister how it happened.
Direct speech: "Am 1 boring. Vino?"
Reported speech: Prithi asked Vino

ifAvhether she was boring
Exclamatory sentences express a sudden outburst of some emotions such as Joy,

sorrow, contempt, regret and surprise. An exclamatory sentence has an
exclamation mark after it which changes into a full slop in the indirect speech.
In indirect speech, the exclamatory phrase or word (interjection) is replaced by

exclaimed with joy, sorrow, regret, surprise and contempt.
The connective 'that' has to be supplied in the indirect speech.
Rewrite the given sentences In the reported form. Use appropriate subjects.
Oneisdoneforyou.
1. "Hurrah! We have won the match!"
He exclaimed that they had won the match
2. "Where did you get this interesting novel from?"
3. "Were you in town yesterday?"
4. "What a pity you didn't come for the field trip!"
5. "When do you intend paying me back?"
B. Gerunds and Infinitives
Look at these sentences:
CQ Walkino is a qood exercise.
Q Tom enjoved walkina.
Q Buildina model aerooianes is a ooouiar hobbv.
Q Kaushik is fond of eating ice cream.
The words that are underlined are formed by the 'verb + ing'. We can see that these
words are used as subject of a verb, the object or complement of a verb. It is a verb noun, and is called a gerund. A gerund will alwaysend in -Ing.
71
Now let* s see these sentences:
Ca I love to WQlk-
3 I like fo build model aeroplanes.
C3 Kaushik loves to eat loe cream.

The words that are underlined also do the same work as the gerund. It also does
the work of a noun. It Is in the 'to be' fbmi and Is called the Infinitive. The
Infinitive Is not limited by person or number and only does its work as a verb.
Read the following sentences. Identity the gerunds and infinitives and write them
In the space provided.
Example:
a The time to think is now. to think
1 . i regret missing the first scene.
2. The class wanted to paint.
3. Grammar Is easy to understand.
4. Repairing the remote should not be difficult
5. Ram has an interest In reading.
6. Indira's hobby was growing roses.
7. To sing was Sheeba's hobby.
fl. Jackson came to help Jerry.
Listening Skill ^ ^ ^ ^
(Listening to and following instmctions)
IHave you come across people with unruly and indecent behaviour? if so, narrate
some incidents, where people behave so.
Imagine you are all invited to dine with a WiP. Your teacher will give you some
instructions on how to dine on such occasions. Listen carefully and mime
appropriately.
Speaking Skill jp^
(Read the following Inten/lew with the 'Kalpana Chawla' Awardee, Dr. A.
Pushpanjall, m/o the 15yrold Hithendran - the organ donor.)
Interviewer: Good evening, Madam. We are very happy to have you
here with us. Have you ever thought that this Incident would bring such
awareness among the public?
Dr. A. Pushpanjaii: No, we never thought that this Incident would bring
such awareness among the public.
Interviewer: Doctor, what made you both take such a decision?
Dr. A. Pufthpnjaii: Being doctors ourselves we have handled many critical
situations. It was my husband's decision to donate our son's organs.
Interviewer: As a mother, was it easy taking such a decision for you?
Dr. A. Pushpanjall: As a mother, I hoped for a miracle to happen. Our education In
thisfieid piayed a major roie. So, it was easy to accept it.
Interviewer: What impact did it create on the pubiic?
Dr. A. Pushpanjall: The peopie were eniightened about organ donation. More
peopie are coming forward to donate the organs of their loved ones once they are
deciared 'brain dead'.
Interviewer: i-iow many peopie have benefitted from this incident? if so how?
Dr. A. Pushpanjall: From 2008 tili date 86 peopie have donated their organs and 476
peopie have benefitted. Our decision has created a great awareness on organ
donation among peopie. You oouid cali itthe'Hithendran Effect'.
Interviewer: Are you happy about the award you have received?
Dr. A. Pushpanjall: i am very thanidtil to the IN Govt, for recognizing our act. This
has triggered a chain reaction among the common people. The Govt, has aiso
started an Organ donation Committee. Donation means ' jhf . Generaiiy, by doing
this act we don't expect anything in return. But after donating our son's organs and 70
peopie benefitting out of it, it is iiiêwehavewon innumerable awards.
fi Every one of us should donate blood once in six months.

8 Every one should pledge to donate his eyes after his natural death.
A Every one should pledge to donate all his vital organs in case he dies
of brain death.
Interviewer: Thani< you, Madam. We are indeed honoured having you here with us
today. Organ Donors are Heroes! In the simplest of terms, heroes save lives and
so do Organ Donors. They differ from the other donors. They live forever in
those persons who receive the transplant of the donated organs.
Form pairs. Imagine yourselves to be the inten/iewer and the interviewee. Prepare for
an imaginary interview with the following personalities. Read it aloud for the others to
listen.
KalpanaChawla
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
A.R. Rahman
Spidenman
Writing Skill
A. Letter Writing - Informal
Your fi-jend is very fond of junic food. He /She Iceeps eating anything anywhere
anytime. Write a letter to him / her asldng him / her to change his / her habit of eating
JUNK FOOD and to become more health conscious.
B. News Paper Writing - IHere are a few tips on how to write an articlefor a newspaper.
I 73 I
The b&gmmng of eadi nw$pap&r artiole (tha fri^t p^ragrapti) is called tha lead (one
or two sentences ion^); the lead should summeriz^ the main facts of th a article, tellfnf
the 5 Ws fwho, what, when, where, and why) and how. The first paragraph sheuld
also oontain a hook, something that grabs the reader's attenlkan arbd makes the
raader want to read the nest of the article.
Write an article to the newspaper about the awarefie programme on aye

donation you attanded racantty. Followth tlpa given abova.
Languaga F4in<rflon< V ^^
A. One of your friends needa your help to fllf In this admission form,
needful.
Please do the
PuUflf#iMgffm
A0I I
Sw
CentHct Ndl
Alnait
AAiAlAdc4l
MîFiffiBl*
B. Hare ara a bwvvorda assodatad wi^ hospitals. Translate the fblowng inb yoir
mother ^ngue.
OPERATION THEATRE
INTENSIVE CARE UNT
CHEMISTS SHOP
OtJT PATIENTS
VISITING HOyRS
BLOOD BANK
EMERGENCY CARE UNIT
AMBULANCE
74
Poem
Be Siad Vour Nose Is On Your Face
J&^Pmtift&kyw&s bomfriBfUi^kfyn, New York in 1940. Ha i& the authorof more

than 50 pa&try cofl&ctions. H& has also $Gt Ns po^ms to music on th& audio
VQfîunsofhfs ^nthoiugios. Ho often stngs andp^ysguitsrof^mostQfthciff,
-^
Be glad ^m nose ts cft your l^cSp

net pasted on some other ptacs,
for rf it were where it \^ nnt,
you migî disJik^ your m^ a loi
Imagine if yoLPr pracloim nose
were sandwiched in between your toes,
thai deariy would not be a treatp

for you'd be Jwced to sêll your fleet
Ybur nose woukJ be a soyn^ ef drJ

were it attadied alop your head,
It soon would driw& you to despair,
fomvef UckFsd hy your ha^r.
WHN n your ear, your noae wmid be

an absolute cataslrophe,
for whon you woFio obliged to aneeio,
youf bmin would rattle fmrn the bmaze.
Yournose. instead, througJi thick and thin,

remains between your eyes and chin,
not parted on some other placebe gEsd y&ur nose Is on your facel
- Jack Pmeluttlty
'Our nas Is aur personal air^
conditioning sy^tei^- it iwormsr coW air,

tfHiis hat ojr cmd filters EmpuritJes^'
7S
paxid- mick
pricloui - valuable
Mndnielwd - ^rfid bc.twn fiiM
thiF^
<frvad - f cor
dkspalir - Jflxe hap
catofftTflphc - Juddcfi ^nurt dfJotter
Appreciation
(Rhyme svheme}
You have learnt what "rhym scheirw* l In Unit - 1.
fsc^ - a nose - a
place - a 10^ - a
not - b traat - b
krt - b fed - b
Wark the rhyme scheme for the other three stanzas.
LÛS understand
1 . What is tie rhyme scheme fodowed in this poem?
Pick out five pairs of rhyming words from the poem.

Be glad your nose is on your face,
not pasted on some other place,'
a) Why does the poet a^k us to be giad?
b) What would have happened if tl>e nose was pasted or your head?
Wrthin your ear, your no&e vûld be an absolute catastrophe,'
a) Wh^ro would th^ noso be an absoiute catastrophe?
b) Why wouJd il be a catastrophe?

Imag ine tliat your nos& i^s placed on yoy r forehead. How would you react Id it?
2.
3.
4.
5.
Projfttt
You wou^ have ieiamt about 'dnquain' poems in cl&ss VI. Heve you heard about
'DiarfHjnte* Poems? ADiemonte Poem is ananged in a diamond pattern using seven
lines in Ihe foiiowing manner:
i'ii^ v^) (-ipq yg^) (-ing vgrtj)

^deagnbing) (deggibing) (-EJegcJifring) (<)wgf^ngj
StFict, paiiAfii
Teaching, heiping, rnotivatlng
Mnnopaprêr, guiao, playful, naughty
Reading, writing, ta^lîng
Ciaver, sbudiuja
StudenL
iHere Fs an example of a diamonte

fmem about a teacher and a student.
Try lo flTHJ some more htere&tlr\g 'diamonf e' poems and write them In your note.
Supf^Jementary
Visit to the Dentist
- B^ Eric - FrankB
LeTs Laugh and Think as Weill
^ "Open wkJer.*' requests tfie dentist, as he began his examinabor of the
paUent "Good God I'' he said startled. "You've got Ihe biggest cavity IVe
sversefln - the biggest cavity I've ever seen ."'OK Dot !" replied the patient.
"i'm scared enough without you saying something \ike thattwpce." "f didn't i'
said me dentist . "That w^% IUg echo . "

^ A ilttle boy was taken to the dentist It was discovered Ihat he had a cavity
thatwouid have to be filled.
TlQW, young man,' asked the denUsI, "what kind offlllfng would you Ifke far
that tooth?'
Xhocqiate, ptease," rspNedthe yo^jfigstar,

^ Young lady to father Daddy, when i g-row up shaii i t>eoonie a heart-doctor
or a tooth doctor,"
Dentist" "Why father?" "We have on[y one heartj but 32 teeth!"
f was just entering tl^ door when Beena said, "The dentist's office caiied lo
refnind you of your appointment tor lomorriow," "Weii thank you for bringing me that
pjece of happy news," i replied /'i am so excited about seeing Dr.'Pain' again." "OhI
Don't be such child," Beena replied. Dr. Mary fe part qf the group of nredioai
pfofessionais that tend to your health and your weli tjeing." "Maybe so,'* i said "but
sometimes I reaiiy think I envy people with false teeth. They can just mail them in lo
gatthaititakancareof,"
As I stepped off the elevator en the sixth floor of the Professioriaf buHding that
famiiiaf scent hit ma. It was that same unique scent that aii dentists' offices have.
Good morning Mr Frankel And how are you today?" chirped the happy receptiofiist.
Let ma tali you . " I said. " i was doing OK until I atappad off the aievator and got a whiff
of that smeii. It always brings back memories of pain and suffering," "Oh, come on
now Mr. Franke, we am not that mean, are we?" i chose to ignore her comment and
^ttled down to rcfad a magaasne. But the happy recepttonist kept chattering about a
variety of unimportant matters. "Oh, by the way, Mr Franke, for our records we need
to know if you have a mid die iniliaf 'No, I do not/ 1 replied, "i come from a very poor
family and we couldn't affonJ middle names." "Oh! How cute! You are a reai comedian,
amnt you Mr. franke?" she repiied. After that enoounler she stopped bothering me
with her trivialities.,
A roly-poly dentai hygienist appeared In the doorway and pointed to me, Toii
are next, sir. Please foiiow me.'' We waiked atong a hallway with rooms on both sides.
There were sounds of whiizzing driiis and moans oF pain from patents in obvious
agony, r^
Mundane devetor imisb fofiTTad the a-cKimpaniment for a SDene

rafn[nisoenE: ol a hQnY>r film. "Hem we b\'^, pleasa ba seated," sakt the hygienist end
poir^ted tc the chafr. A bib iâs placed und&r my ohln and I assumed It was intended to
k^gp blood from mining my clothes. Sfm began to don all kinds of pratective gear. Her
ha ir was totally covered aEYd s he wore a mssk and e connplete face s hiel d . She put on
rubber gloves and ssaindd b be ready bo begin. I tried to figure out if she was
pnotedJng herself or me. Parhaps she had QOrne borrlbFo disease that she didnl want
me tQ catch. But I didnt think It was fair for her to be equipped as the ugh she was going
Into apace and ail I had was a paîêr bb,
'1^ not hurting you, am 17" Ehamymbledlhym behind Ihefao&fna&k. Qoth of

her hands warn h my mouth bo how did she expact me to a nswer? Why don t denti sts
wofk out seme hand algnaM foi the patient to yse tc respond? Lice one fin ger for 'yes'
and twollngere for'no', ^^
Afler scraping and diisaling tc refnove the taitarbfikJup 1 wis tokJ:to&it up to

rins*, GattFF^ up from the prone position in the chair is riOtsn easy task. My lags w*ra
^tailing wildly and \ afmoet rippe-d off the ennr^sts while trying to gat my big body to a
sitting position. I was sura that this was a wondarful way to tighten your stomai^h
musdas but that wasn't the raasooforitia being hare, ^ ^ ^ ^
"Now." said my bundJad-up friend. *! &n going to TMthbrysK^ sHouki ^ fceirt

b^njsh your leeth to make tham shinlrrg-whfta and ^^^ *"V f '*"i ^^* iQwatary.
today wa are featuring grape-flavored pasta." "Oh tJse speeini efosd mtdners
no^" I thought. T hate the flavour of gr^pe." tAJtoretHuninflMftrwoy.
Aflerfhe hygfenlsthad fTnfehed her part of the torture she rang a beFf to notify
Dr. Mafy to oorrie In to do the final examination. My friend had removed her protective
garb and I finally got a look at her face. I couldn't heFp wondering why anybody l<n thotr
right m[nd would spend their day groping in peoples mouths. There Is absolutely
nothing attradive about wide open, gaping Jaws. No wonder they cover up iho way
they do.
Or. Mary came Irttofhe naom anctgnseted me warmTy. "Weil, iefs see what we
msy ffrid today," she said. I waa pnaying that she wouldn't find something that would
cause me some more pain. She probed and picked at each tooth and mumbled
informatJon tc the assistant who was with her. ''Lefs keep an &/& on this one," I heard
her say. The assistant made some notes and I assumed it woutdn't be long before I'd
have some work done in that area. "Oh," she said suddenly to the assistant. "Have
you ever seen a mulberry molar?" She mentioned an elaborate medical tenm fiar this
kind cf tooth. ^No,' aakj the assistant, "but r

* Prolonged us of Mp*tick remem be r lea mi ng about it ]n denta I school . " "Wei I ,
couses imaiJ damagta of ôoth take a look, " sa id D r. IVi ary.
enamti iearfirtg to f ormcitiofi of
Eovtties.
Suddenly the assistant was in my moutli poking around and obviously

excited to finaily get to see a genuine mulben^ moiar i was now a one man freak
SfiOw. Hey, why not cail in the oilier members of Ih^ $tafF and pefhap$ the paUenfca in
tlie wafting room wouid iike to take a peek. At the next neigliborlrood cocKtail party I
musl remember to show off lliis much priced possession. I would undciJbtediy he liie
hit of the party with everyone wanting to poke around in my mouth, "He may have had
some chiidhood disease UNat caused this," said Dr Mary to the assistant, acting as
tlûgii i w^SflH 8ven thana, Wsii anyway i w^^. gtsd tinÊ I could a;>ntribuE, to th^
furthering of their education. Perhaps i should get some consideration when it came
topeylrigmybilL
ThSs was oertalnfy one of the most expensive torture SKsions f have ever
ejcpfifi^nc^," I sîd to the happy reC^tionist when f got ihs b\\\. 'Ôh, onm& on now
jyr. Franlên' she responded. "Why don't you siiow me a b^ smile so 1 can see your
sh iny whi te teeth? There, now you are ready to go cut to chamn the en tire world . Have
anioddayr
'Teii m^, howit went on at Uha dentist?" BeenEi ^sked wiien i got home. "Well,
i just learned that I iiave a mulberry moiar which is evidently sometiiing that is
extremely rare, i have decided to sign on with tlie next sideshow that comes to town
because I think I can make 3 lot of money with it,* "Oh boy, you are ^ real comedian,
ariBnlyo4J?' "Funny, thaf s what the happy receptionist thinks too.
whlzztng: a humming / buzzing noise

bib: a pair of overalls that covers the cheat
Rning: moving unoontrollably
garb: apparel
groping: examining
mumbled: muttered
Th In k ing About Th Story
1 . Why d Id Mr. Fra n ke hale going to the dentist .
2. Which part otthe story did you enjoy the most? Why?
3. Have you ever been to a dentist? If 'yes' share yoyr experience with your
friends.
Project
Visit yotirfamfiy dentist and collect some [mportant tips on dental heatih and hygione.
Collect some rane photographic from him and make a ^crap bogk. Dtspl^y it in, your
cles$raom Of cIrcuEate it among friends.
7*
A. Fit in the sentences given toelow in ttie correct sequential order:
Dr. Mary came in afT^rtha h(ygienist finished
her wqi1<. D-r. M^ry wa$ surprised to see a

mulbefry molar in his moulh.
When he raached the alsth floor, tie was

greeted wamily by the receptionist.
Ha was then called in by a riDly-paly
hygleni&t and asked Lo tie a bib under his

chin.
Bocna snfonned Mr. Franks about his

appointment with the dentist, Dr, K/lary
She Immediately called her assistant and

shewed her this strange tooth. This niade
the author feal vary amban^s&ad.
She scraped and chiselied to remove the

tan^rfnom his teeth and asked him to rinse
his mouth withgrapa-flavaured pasta.
K-
t\ Unit 6
Here ts an irvterestirvg DOfiv&rsation bstween Rohrt and hia mother
Ma(haf : Rohil t Rohtl! Come fi! Your brBakfasl la rBsdyl Wliem are you?
Rohft : Moffl! rm comjng wait. .
Wothar : Dh! You are with your cafl phonal
RohJt : I havQ an lntcncs.tjng mcssagoE Cqmc and read iU
{Mother reads the message)

MotfMT : Oh\ I csn't make head or tall Df itJ
RohU : The messiige \5 "kd u pis join 2nidrrcni for 4a b'day party"
Mother : You have the ^vorld in your palnni
Rcihit : Cartainly mom I Wa dn not hava time art &II.
Mothar : (NDstalgically) In dut days, wo used to he waiting tbr tho postman's
arrival. H>a M^ ta rsad to tho wivi c^HJldnt need and wriia
ledm.
Rehit : In today's fiat tfiack WDrtd, we are hard prm^^ fbr tlm&l Plfta30
undcrstandl
Mother : tetters are like mEasBngera. The^ carry perBohal, -eaaual and
sentimental measaees. Today's MS is more mechanical. The
SMS has only evolved from tho agu old practice of witting lotlor^,
Rxuhtt H Mom! If you dont adopt modenn technology^ you will only be 3
Spectator in the march ofdvilEfattDn.

Mofher 1 1 would like to be a spectator pnly. TN& love, the warmth and tha
perianal touE^h are laoKJng. mmmm... Do you writB Jefttem ta ynur
dear ones?
The story we am going to read is about a Letter* - a father waiting

letter from his daughter.
In the grey sky of early dawn starm still glowed. An old man
wsa walking through the town, drsrwing his tAtlet^ doak do3rto
shield his body from the cold and biting wind. Eôcept for the
cccaaional bark of a dog, or the screedi of a bird disturbed bafora its
tiê, tho whole town was wrapp&d \n deathly siiorice. Mo8t of Its
inhabitants were still in the amns of sleep. The old man, slilvened at
times hut plodded on till he came out of the to wngate on to a straight road. On one side of the road
wa^ a row of trees, on the otJier side the town's
public garden. At the end of the garden stood 3
handsome building of the newest style, and the
light giaamad th^ cravicaa of its dc^&d dOOt^ and
windows.
for a
WHch port of the day E5 f he Story SBt>
Why mer* the strE^ts desert?.(f?
at
flossary
tattcTBd- r-o^g^
MubKtinti- reîdoiKt,
dweller
nrciîng- gently touching

ploddiecf" ttiitiked heaviiy
gleomd- gioiA/ed
Afi aoDfT as he saw the wcxxden arch of this building,

the old man WQS filled with hope and joy. Onttie arch hung an
oWt>oartl with the newly paints letter* "Poel Office", The old
man went in quietly and squatted on the veranda. The voIo&b
of two or thnee people busy with their rouiino woric could bo
faintiv heard through the wall.
Toffee suparintendenTp a voice called sharply. The

old man stared at Itie sound, but composed himself again to
watt. But fbr the faith end love, that warmed him, he could not
ha va borne the bitter odd.
Name after name rang o\^ from wtthin as the derk read out the English
addnssses in the letters and flung them to the waiting postmen. From long practice he
had acqurred great speed at reading out the tides -Commissioner, Superintendent.
Dlwan Sahib, and Librarian - fn flinging the letters out
Air
Jn the midst of thfs procedure a jesting voice from inside called, 'Coachman
Tê oFd FTân go! Uf^, reused h]s eye$ b heaven In gratitude and stepping
forward put his hands to the door.
-GokulBhair
*Yqu cailed out Coadvnan All's name, didnt you? Here I am, I hz'm come for
rnyleUer."
*re3. Who is there?"
Ît*s an oW man, sir, who wnmes us by calling everyday for lettera that never
0Q*ne,'said Lhecteil^ to the postmaster.
The old man went baok slowly to the trench on which he had been
accustomed to sit for five long years.
Ali had been a clever hunter once. As his skill

increased so did his love for the hunt. Soon it became an
obaBssion. Nat a day passed without Ali setting out with his
gun. People said that when Ali sighted the earth-brown

partridge, almost invisible to other eyes, the poor bind, was as
good as in his bag.
What WOS ^SacllJflflfT A)Vs f flTOtn-[tt JfkM-y?

How good was hSrOt huntjng^?
JLt
fdnrHy - Jttdiffrrncrly
iisedtfl
dbifiulfli ~ on [du
for feciFh9 tfwt
cfiinpktftly ouupru
the mjrtd
The Eoift Iridia fjimpany

opsfied Q p3t boK in
Bombay m !68S. This wos

thft beginnrng of the
Postoj System in tndia
His sharp eyes saw the hare crouching even when the dogs
faHed to see the creature cunningly hidden in tlie yellow
brown scrub. All's eyes would w^tch t\0 sight of his e^rs;
and In another moment it was dead. Besides thls^ he would
often go out wi(h his. friends, the flshemnen.
But whE^n the evening nf his Elfe was drawiifig near, hg left hEs old ways and
suddenly took a new turn. Hisonly child ^ Miriam mamed and left him. She went off with
a soldier to his regiment in the Punjab, and for the last five years he had no news of
this daughtef, for whosd sake alone h^ dragged algng a oheeiless exjst^noa^ Now he
understood the meaning of love and separation. He could no longer enjoy She
sportsman's pleasure and laughter at the bewildered terror of the young partridges
bereft of their parents.
He gave up hunting aind Spent all his tinia raflecting upon his life and admiring
the beauty of the lush green fields. He reflected deeply, and came to the oonclusiofi
that the whole universe ts built up through Ihe love and that the grfef of separation is
inescapable. And seeipg this, he S^t down und^r a Enee and wept brttf^rly. Ffom that
day he rose at fouro' clock each morning to walk to the post office. In his whole life All
had never received a letter, but with a devout sfirftnity bom of hope and faith he
persevered end wes always the first to arrive .
As. Alf waited, peons would come for their firms' letters - these smart young
peons in their spotless turbans and creaking stioes were always eager to express
themselves. With great enthusiasm they would exchange news from their various
offices. One day, All was there as usual and did not move from his seat when th^ door
was opened.
"Police Commisskjnerr the clerk called out and a young fellow stepped
forward briskJy for the letters.'Superintendent!" Another voice called. Another peon
camo- And so the derit, like a worshipper of Vishnu, repeated his customary thousand
names.
At last they had a[l gone. AfS got up too and saluting the post-office as though it
housed some precious rel^c, went off^ a pittable figure, a
century behind his time.
That fellow", asked the post-master, "is he mad?"
1. ^hat mode CcKichman Ali r^lf ze

thu pdhgfi of sefwrati on?
2. Why did lie give up hunting?
3. Why did Coochimirt AW cry

bPtteply?
B3
bcwitdcred - conf ujfd

bereft - Tal^Jy/
clixandonfid
serenity - ailmiKSS
nlEc - an object kepifor rts oS*ciation. wifti
the poat fl ifveJTiemo,
PIM Code- Postof Index

hkJinber is the past office
numbering or po^ cade syêm
Msed by Indian Post, PIN Ccjde
has SIX (figit? and was
introdiicedonlS'^ Aiiûst 1S?2.
"Who sir? Oh, yes" answered ttie cterk, 'He

has been here every day for the lestftve years. But he
doesnlgeianyletlera"
y\/ha doe^ he think wtll h^ve lime do write ^

tetter every day?"
'But he Is a bit mad, sir. In the old days he

committed many sJna; and maybe he shed some blood within some sacred pfclncis
and IS paylrig for it now," the postman added In support of his statemont,
"Madman are strange peopio," the postmaster said,
Fof several days Ali had not oome to ihe post office. Everyone wDnrfereri why,
but no one cared enough to find out the neeson. At last he came again; but it was a
struggle for him to breathe and on hfs face were clear sJgna of approaching end. That
day ho could not contain hj& impatience,
"Master Sahib." He begged the po^ maeler, "Have you a letter ti-ofii my
Miriam?"
The postmaster wanted to get out to the country, and was in a hurry.
'What a pest you are, Bhall" heescdaimed haughtily.
"My name fs AN," answered Alf absent-mindedly.
1 know? I knowl But do you fehint^ we've got your Miriam's name registered?"
Th^n please note it down, brother it will be useful if a letter should come
when 1 fim not hero." For how should tho villager who had spont three-quarter^ of his
life hunting know that Miriam's name was not vrarth a pie Ua anyone tiyt her father?
The postmaster was beginning tg losfi his temper. "Have you no sense?" he
cried, "Get awayl Do you think weVe going to eat your letter when it ccmes?" and he
walked off hastiiy.
All came out veî^Mrty, turning after every few $tep3 to gaze at Ihe poat offlce.
H3s eyes were filled with tears of helplessness, for his patience was exliausted, even
though hestiEl had fa^th. Yet how could he still hope to hear From Miriam?
All heard one of the clerks coming up behind him, and turned to him. 'Brother!'
he said. The derk was surprised, but being a decent fellow he saldj "Welir
I. Why did the rrien at post af f ite
mock at ^fi?
Z Why did the Post Master cdii AN 'a
ptsT
prwcinrf - a bmjrutary
Houqhtiiy - omogarvlty
ZIP coded arc a jyrhcm af

Pastar Cdd Liffcd by the
United States Postal Service
(USPS), ZIP isanqtronym for
ZcrWr Improvement Plan. The
basic f oftnot consists of 9
"Mefe, look at thisfand All produced an old tin box

and empEJed five golden guineas into the surprised
dark's hand5. "Do not took so $t^rt[Bd," he cDnMntf&d"They will be useful to you. and têy can never be to me.
But will you do one Ifiing?"
"What?" "Wh^t do you s^ up there?" âid Ali,

pointing to ttie sky. "Heaven."
"Allah is there, and in His presence I am giving you this money. When it comes,
yoy must forward Miriam's letter to ms/
"But wtiere - where am I supposed to send it?" asked the utterly bewildered
cierk/Tomygj-ave."
What?"
ês. It is true. Today Is my last day. my vei^ lasl^ ai^sl And I have noi seen
Miriam. I hav& had no letter from her." Tliefe w^r& beafis In Ali's ey^s as the derit.
slowly left him and went on his way with the five golden guineas in hiB pocket.
Ali was never seen again, and no one troubled to inquire after him.
One day, however, trouble came to the postmaster. His daughter lâ;y ill in
another town , and he was anxiously waiting for news of her. The post was brought in,
and the l^ttî^ piled on the tsibi-e. S^tîng an envelope of the cobur and shapE h^
expected , the postmaster eagerly snatched lt.lt was addressed to Coachman Ail and
he dropped it as though it had given him an electric shock. He knew at or>ce ihat this
was the ksttor trie dd man had bosn waiting lor; it must be from hisdaughtor Miriam.
"Lakshmi Dasf calltd the poaimaal^r, Itor &uch was the name of the cteii^ to
whom Aii had given his money "VeB sir?"
Th is is for you r old coa chma n , Al i . Where is he now?"

1 will find outp sir."
The postmaster did not receive hiB own letter aH that day. He worried all night, and
getting up at three^ went to sit in the offit^. "When All comes at four o' ctock," he
m used "I will give hi rn the letter myself-"
After spending a single nfcght 'm suspense, anxiously waiting for news of his
daughter, his heart was biimming wilfi sympathy for the poor
7~~~~~~; ~ ~r~~ ~ ôld man who h^
^J? ^^ spenthSs nights
2. Can money alone get what we need in

life?
01^sgi*
^kmos- M British
Cflifis
imoed- thought
Spvi6 >Pojt Ported in Auguft
cxp-nul dcHvcry af fitters. It

tf^hertd in fl n*i* ftna wHw
"One. India Ont Rutft" scheme
m Jounthed INR 25 for oil
desttfurtlons acnss India.
in tha same ûspanse for the last fiva years. At the
stroke of Hve he heard a Bof! knook on the door h& telt

sura It W9S AJI. He rc$& quickly from hia dialr^ hts
sufTaiing father's heart

recognizing another, and
flung file door wid& open.
Come 'm, Snother

All," he Giied, handing
the letter to the meek dki man, bene double with age,
who was standing outstda. All was leaning ot\ a stick,
and the tears were wet on his faoe as they had been
when the cf&rk left him. He lifted hie eyea and in them
was a light so unearthly that the postmaster shrar^k
b&ck Infeaf ajid aatonlshmeni
Hearing the postmaBter*s votoe, the clerk cairie oui
The poacmaster did not answer. He Just stood

ttiefa staring at tha door from wtiich Ah had
disappeared. At last he turned to Lakshmi DaE. 1 was

apaakln^toAirhesald
*Okl All ks dead, air But glwa ma hia tatte r'

lA/hat! But when? Are youaure, Lakshmi Daa?
"YesK (ât Es so/ broke In a posffnan wtio had just arrln/ed- "AJI died three
moriths ago.'
MHam's letter was stiFf lVfnfl= nearthfl door^ AIFb Irnag^ was &l]\\ berore hFs eyes.
He ristened to Lakshmi Das' red ta I of the last Interwfew, but he could still not doubt the
reality of the knock on the door and teai^ in All's eyes. He was perplexed. Had he
really seen AU? Had his JmaiAatIon deoajvad him? Or had it perhaps been Laicshml
Daa?
Tl^ d^By routine boflsn. The ctefl< read out (he addressea - Police
Com missionary Supartntendant, Ltorafian pnd flung the letters deftly.
L What ^TiadE thft potrria?tcr
understand the f tafings of AJi7

Z, CoF!ilTicnt on the behaviour of
Lakshmi Das.
3, What i:ajused the change of
attitude of the Pfl.stfTiaster towards
Alf?
/irfspted^rym 'MtnBm'& Letter' by DhumkBtti
About the Author
Dhufnketu (1 892-1 965) is Ihe pen name of GownsJiankar Govardhancfas

JDsfif, a prolific writer, who is considered one of Uie pioneers of the Gujanati
sliort story. He publ^sihed twenty four collecEJons of sinort stories, thirty two
novels, pfeys and travelogues. His style Is very poetic and romantJo in
dapJcttng powerful human emotions.
'Miriam's Letter" was translated by Mrs Naik. II was first published in

Gontemporafy Indian Short Stories Series I by Sahitya Acadeniy in 1S59
Complete Uie table by ^Kptaining the follOfwing phrsses/aenience* in your own words:
Phrase/ Sentence Meaning
With a serenity bom of hope end faHh
he welted
When the evening of his life was

drawing in, he left his otd weys and
suddenly took a new turn
The whofie universe Es built up through i

love and that the grief or separation 1^
inescapable.
The haughty tamper of the official had
quiia feft hlrn in hJs son-ow and anxiety
end had laid bare hia human heerL
Answer the following questions In atuMJt 1 CHI ward!i each:
1, What impressions do you form of the P<}stmaster after reading the story?
2, Coachman Ali and Itie Postmaster have under^gone similar experiences,

Compane thctr feelings as a father,
3, As tl^ Postrnasfcer sat waiting for his daughter's letter, he wrote his diary.
Iniagtne yourself as the Postmaster and write b dtary entry in about 150
words outlining your feelings of anxiety and expectation.
VOCABULARY
A) Matdi the meaning of the following idioms and Phrases and use them in
sentences of your own.
8f7
1 ) on acooynt of
2)lobparwJlh
3) in the midst of
4)tobaaocu3toritadtci
5) 1)0 take a new turn

beraôf
Ml
Mianlngs ^
to begin b new cjourî

deprived of
tD put up with
owing ID
to get used to
V in the middled
B) Choose the mosi accu rate of Uie four given wcn3s whicn equates witn inal of th o
higtiligfi ted word/phra se:
1 r The derk had acquired great speed in reading out the titles,
a. Inquired b, evolved c obtained d. earned
2, The otd man h^rf been ^pcuStamGd to ît on th^ bench for five long years,
a. ingrained b. trained c, habituated d. fix&d
3, The Postmaster stared at the letter for a moment
a. gezed b. gtared c tor^ d. peeped
4. The PQStme$tef spent one nighl Anxiousfy waiting for the news.
3. eageriy b. happily e. calmfy d. u$du%
5. The hunlei's instinci was stitl there En AIL
a. behaviour b. aptltyde o. wit d. Intultkon
CJ Chnasn thn rnnsi ^ni^jrîli? f>f thfl Jniir jjlvi^n wnfdi; f^ppositR tn the hirjhIlghtRd
wonj/phrase:
1 . The worlonert went to work eariy in Ihe morning
a. later b. last c. latter d. fate
2. The m habitants were in a profound sleep.
a. superficial b. external c. shallow d. insincere
3. The okJ man rose quic*/y from hts seat.
a. hurriedly b. rapidiy c. fast d. stowly
4. All went in quiBtly and sat on tJie verandah.
a. excitedly b. nohsity c, actively d. alertly
5. All weited in the post office witti a serenity bom of hope and faith
a. unaasiness b. anxiety c. alami d. discontent
D) Look up a dSctionafv and Rnd out the mesnina for (he rollowina words
a- caressing b, squat o, composed d, partridges e, exhausted
E) Enrich yoor vocabulary
ANTIGRAftj^S- Transposed lettefs in a word or words Itiat produoe a

reversal of meaning is called an Aittigram. It is aJeo calted antonym anagram. It is
like 'Satan' in ttie antigram of 'Santa'
fUneral - real fun, festival - evil fast, infection - fine tonic

enonnity - more tiny rm semolina - is no meal
Reading Skill
Nem [s a letter from a parent to a teacher requesting the teacher to teac:h hie Eon haw
to Imbibe gôad qualities. Dc you know who the parent was? It waa none other ttian
AbrBhem IJnooln, The President of !he USA. This letter eîows tiis oonoemlbr tiis eon.
The IbUbt neadfi thy b :
Teach him that for every enemv there
Is a friend.
Teacti tilm to learn, to lo and also
enjoy winnirtg.
5teerKljn awayfrennenvv^
Tea ct^hrm the secret of quiet laughter. ,
Teacli him the wonder of bocks^-liut <
al50 g"ive him quiet time to ponder.^
over die eternal mystery of bFrds in "
sky. beats Fn the sun and flowers on a
green htti side
Teach hiin to have faith Ln h^s own.
kjeas, even II everyone tells him they
arewroflg. ._ __
ffj
^Teich him to listen to all men but

^ jâch him ta fitter all he hears an his
screen of ti^th, and take only good
that cdmes ttirDugh.
Let, him have the cauraEe to he
Innpatient, let him haii^ the patience to
be brave.
Teath him b Iway^ to have sy bllme fafth

ln the Creator and faith in himself tDo,
because only then he will always have
faKhinman.
This \S'^ tall order but please &ee what

i _ r^ YQîaii do.
He Is such a fine I Ittle feilow, my son.
Abraham Uncoln
Undefstand what Abraham Lincoln would haMa meant while writing such a
maanlnfLil tetter 10 hja son's taacher
A) Ride out sentences and phr&ses Imm the passage which mean the same as the
fbliawing
a_ Lead him away fnam Jealousy ,
b. Give him time to think about and enjoy thesecieta of nature
c. Teach him to alft the truth fn>m lies
d. Teach him to have self-confldenoe
a ) F I II I n the blanks I n the tab le g I van below with the comect word-class:
Noun
Vifli
enjoy
tiQi>ght
fal
knmviedlge
Noun
wonderful
honour
tniin
bfZVB
Gnuunar ^^d^_-^ Tran&JbfmationarfSenftencBS
Simple, Gompound and Complex
Here are a few Jumbled sentencss. Match the two parts to form meanlngfUil
sentencafi:
remained Indoors on a hot day ^^

He asked me ^^-.^ avb"**^^
^^ G^t under a tiea
Yeel You have picked the mesningfljl sentences. Let us lockatlfilssenterioe
e.g Th a boy sat under a tree.
Wfrlch fs the verts in the sentence? sat
is there any other verb in this sentence?.... No. There is no other veit. So this
senteni^ has Only one vart. Such a fientence which has only one finite verb la
called a SIMPLE SENTENCE.
Ndw let us understand what a finite verb is
Look at this example
I flfit He/ She/ It goea. We go.
In the given example the verb 'go hgs dianged according to the tenê of the verb and
n u m be r a nd peraDn of the subjectp
A fin lie verb thaws tense, perBCn and numtêr of Itie subject
In îte nfi despite, being, on account ot^

having, besides and ttie lika- th^sA are
phraseaused in simple senlanfiaa.
ao
Lei U5 go babk to tie firet sentence. Tlie boy sat under a tree. Even if we add
many woitjs and extend the sentence like
A boy wearing a blue cap and dirty dothes, sal under a ima, not noticing ttie
chtidr^ ground him or tfre goats grazing fn ihe fieJd.
The sentence is bng. Still it has oniy one finite verb- ^jt. Other vert>s like
Swearing, noticing and grazing" do not indk^ce tense, person or number. So they
are MoivFlnilfi verbs.
Campotind SnlefiG#
New let ys consider this sentence
The t}oy took ttie tag and sai under a trae
In tills sentence tin ere are two finite verts took and went
This sentence can also t>e yvritten as
1. Tbe boy took the tjag 2. He sat under the {fee.

Both the sentences convey complete meaning. So tiiey are calfed independent
clauses. They are also called Principal Clauses. The two sentences are combined
using *'and". The meening hes not changed even after synthesis.
To tran$fanrrr a santenc^ 1$ to change ft fnom ont

gr^mmalii;;^! structure to anotiher wiJtIiout altering bhe
meaning of the sentence. Such a pTOcess 1$ called
tr^nsformartJDn of sentences.
A simple sentence can be convened into a compound

sentence and a compound sentence can be converted into
simple sentence. To combine two simple sentences into
compound senienoea certain conjunctions are used. Thtise
conjunctions are calFed co-or d in a ti ng con yu n c tions. Compound ^
Simple
complex
Conjunctions - end, but, still, yet,

nevertheless, wtiereas^ only, thoneffDne
j^ The following examples will help us understand the conversion.
On seeing my friend, I greeted him (Simple)

II saw my friend and I greeted him. (Compound)
j^ We have converted "seeing" (present participle) into "saw" (past tense)
In spite of being old, he walks quickly. (Simple)

He is old but he walks quickly (compound)
^ The word "being'* is converted to "be" verb - is
In the event of practising well, you will win the match (simple)
You practice well and then you will win the match (Compound)
^ We have changed ''practising" to "practise" (verb)
The ceiling is too high for me to touch (simple)
The ceiling is very high and I cannot touch it (compound)
^ We have removed "too... to" and conjunction ''and" is added
Having boiled the water, he put some tea in it(simple)

He boiled water and then put some tea in it.( compound)
j^ We have removed "having" and "and" is added.
Besides beating ttie boy, the policeman booked a case, (simple)
The policeman not only beat the boy but also booked a case (compound)
>^ We have removed "besides" and used "not only ....but also"
Activity 1 Identify the following type of sentences
1 . The villagers moved out of their village.
2. The sky was darker and the cold was more intense.
3. He sat down under a tree and wept bitterly.
4. In spite of being hot we managed to work.
5. No one had any sympathy for him but all were curious about his absence.
6. Miriam mamed and left her father
Activity 2 - Convert the following simple sentences into compound.
1 . Seeing the earth brown partridge. All shot at the birds.
2. In spite of his disappointment, All went to the Post office daily.
I 92 I
3. Forgetting his sport, he admired the green fields.
4. All emptied an old tin box, taking out five guineas from it.
5. The climate was too cold for All to bear.
Activity 3 - Convert the following Compound sentences into Simple sentences.
1 . He was worried all night and got up at three.
2. All committed many sins but he repented for them.
3. All didn't get any letter nevertheless he didn't lose hope.
4. The old man went in quickly and squatted on the verandah.
5. AN got up and saluted the postmaster.
Conditional Clause
Some of the complex sentences will have a conditional clause. The subordinate
clause having the subordinate conjunctions such as 'if , 'unless' are termed as
conditional clauses or 'If clauses. The term condition is applied to clauses in which
one situation is dependent on the other situation .
There are th ree types of If clauses:-
a) Type I - Open condition
This condition shows the cause and effect of actions. The condition may or may
not be fulfilled but there is a possibility.
e.g. If you come late, you will be punished
If the conditional clause is in the present tense the main clause will be in future
tense. Modals like"shall, may, might and can" are also used.
e.g. 1 . If you practise regularlv, your handwriting will improve
2. If you use less fuel, you can minimize global warming.
b) Type II - Improbable condition/imaginary condition

Here the conditions are unreal or imaginary.
e.g. 1 . If I were a butterfly, I would fly happily
2. If I had ten hands. I would perform ten activities at a time.
c) Type III - Impossible/unfulfilled condition.
Here we talk about the condition that was not fulfilled or satisfied in the past.
e.g. 1 . If we had practised well, we would have won the match(it means we did not
practice well and so we lost the match)
e.g. 2. If the driver had driven carefully, he would have avoided the accident
If the conditional clause is in past perfect, the main clause will be in future perfect.
"Unless" conditional clause.
This type is similar to 'IP clause Type I - open condition. But the main clause
will have
a negative word like 'not' and 'never"
e.g. 1 . Unless we practise well, we cannot win the match.
2. Unless it rains heavily, we cannot solve the water problem.
I 93 I
Activity
Combine the foliowing sentences using 'if or 'uniess':
1 . Take this medicine ragulerly. You wiil recover soon.
2. I am not king. I cannot live In a palace.
3. iHarl entered the exam hall iate. i-ie could not finish his exam In time.
4. Take vegetables raw. You will remain healthy.
5. Read news papers dally. You wlli develop your knowledge.
Listening Siiili
Listen to fbilowing information regarding the postal system that existed in ancient
India. After listening to the passage flli in the blanks
(The teacher wiittehu thep&sâge twice. You dose your books)
in ancient times Kings, Emperors, rulers, Zamlndars or the feudal lords

protected their land through the intelligence service of specially trained police or
military agencies and courier services to convey and obtain information through
runners, messengers, and even through pigeons. The chief of the secret service,
known as the post master, maintained the lines of communication. The people used to
send letters to their distant relatives through their friends or neighbours. For centuries
It was rare for messages to be carried by any means other than by a relay of runners
on foot.
1. In ancient times. emperors, rulers ,zamindars or protected their
land through the of specially trained or military agencies
and to convey and obtain through runners and
.The chief of secret service known as the maintained the lines of
. For centuries It was rare for to be carried by any means
other then of runners on
2. List out the verbs in the given passage.
Spealcing skill
Activity 1
Speak for a minute about your relationship with your parents/ your closeness with
your brothers and sisters as an adolescent child?
Activity 2
Imagine, you are planning to shift your residence. Speak about the role you would
play in the process of shifting- packing the fragile things like TV, computer, crockery,
refrigerator, your clothes and kitohenware.
I 94 I
Writing Skill
Writing an e-maii:
-^ e-maii (Electronic i\âil) has repiaced tiie conventional iettaras a means of
communication.
-^ e-maii is precise and siiort. it saves time for the writer and the receiver .
^^ Messages are transmitted instantly.
^ Whiie writing an e-maii, we use short fomns, symbois and abbreviations that are
reoognizabie.
Compose an e-maii to your friend. You are attending an interview at Coimbatore on

Juiy 15^ 2010 for admission in an engineering coiiege. i nstruct your friend to picic you
up from the Raiiway station on 1 3^ July at 6 a.m.
Asampiee-Maii
From : bbbbbbmailxom
To : [email protected]
Subject: Interview for College Admission
bear Sarathy,
I am attending an interview for admission on
15'' July.
Reaching CBE station on 13^ at 6 a.m.
Pick me up from the railwoy station.
With love,
Activity 1
Create an e-maii id of your own
Activity 2
Letter Writing
imagine that you are a student volunteer. You visit an old age home and find that an
old lady wants to write a letter to her son who is a soldier in hCashmir. Help her write a
letter expressing her longing to hear from her son. Write in the traditional way of
writing letters.
95
Language Function
Activity 1
Project:
Interview a postman who has been working for many years in a village. Your
questions may be related to the following:
y his feeling of joy and sonow while delivering letters
^ happiness seen on the faces of old people on receiving pension/ Money Orders
^ how he has become a member of the family
Come back to your school and write a paragraph on your experience using the
tips given below:
y A paragraph is one whole
y Write coherently, interestingly and imaginatively
y Use connectives to achieve coherence ( words like firstly, second ly however
can be used as connectives)

y Develop the central idea given to vou
y Use variety to add beauty to your writing and avoid repetition
Activity 2
Write a paragrapli in about 100 words:
1 . Strike the iron when it is hot,
2. Too many cooks spoil the broth
Activity 3
Every year the Postal Department conducts a philately competition at Chennai. Write
an advertisement for the competition giving the details about the day, date, venue and
the prizes to be won.
LifeSitiils
Activity 1 :
Find out equivalent words in your mother tongue for the following words:
Speed Post, Money Order. Telegram, Stamp, PIN Code &Philately, message,
communication, Quick Mail Service, Registered post, e-mail, mobile phone, internet,
web. technology
Activity 2;
Let us learn to fill a Railway reservation form, a ticket cancellation fomn, a bank
deposit form and withdrawal form with the assistance of the teacher.
96
Pem
*A Sonnet for My Incofn|Hirable Mottier
')
About th Poflin: Mothaf is the daarsst urm on earth. Her unfathomable fove Ka
hexp^lcable. In this mc^dern poem, the poet portrays the h airships a mcsther
undergoes in bringing up herchildnen. In the story *Mi ham's Letter" we understand

fitial love and in the following poem, the poet portrays the daughter's aftectlon and
admiration for her mother. The poem shows that woman am very affectionate and
caring.
About Ihe Poet: F Joanna (1932-) ib a pnsfaBsionel wrflar. Sfia has written dvll
sflrvice tests materials for go^êrnment agencies, a newspaper column, a national

nawsl attar, public ralations and marketing materials, Web site content, award winnjng children's stories, and more. CymentJy, she writes gnaetjng cand poems for
h a r We bsHOp poeir sourcsvDorDp
I often contempfatfi my chfrrfhood, Mom^

I am a mother now, and so I know
Hard worit is mixed together with the fiin;
You learned that wheri you raised ma img bqo
\ think of all Iha things you gave to ma:

Sacrifica, devotion, love and tears,
r^Your heart, yeur mind, your energy and soulAll these you spent on me throu ghoul the years ^^'
You loved me with a never-failing love ,'
You gave me strength and sweet security, i

Arvd than yoy did th handast thin^ of all:
You let me separata and set me free.
Every day, I try my best to be
A mother like the mom you were to me.
ByF JoMmm
L What qijflfitits hoi tHe dauyhter
imbitDed -froiti her fnothftr^

Z.. *VcHj let me pariite and Icl me
f ree^ - whnt i;^ the meonî^ of the
Ijhe?
i. Pick out the pairs of rhyming
word frotfk tht. pioem.

4. What dots the poet wolir to
emphosSzE in the (oJt tin linei?
cstrNin^crtt - think ot^wit
devution - f neat bve and
loyaKy
onict - a f DurtACf) /fne poem
wHh f JMed rhyme scheme.
wi
AcUvftf ; Affbc a photograph of your
fnoEfier [n your note book and write

a few linea aba Jt her
Supftltmurriry
Th Stroke of ^cfi^'us ^^j^
lmag[na liow messages would have been $&nt In days when facflTtF&$ Ulca
e-mail or S^S or Islaphone were not available. Man ran from one place to another
carrying the messages. Letters were tied to the pigeon's legs and were trained to
râch the destination and dalivar tha latter^. Lat's imagine a situation ilka that whan
Akbar had to announce to his e mpi ro abou t the b irth of h is son? l-fe was confused as to
tiow to solve the problem. IHe appnaa&têd Birbal and asked for the solution. What do
you ttiink would have been the solution given by Birba] to him?
The Emperor Akbar was long due for a mala issue. There was no heir to
ascend the thnone after him. He was so worried who would rule the empire after him.
He married mariy princessea to begel a male l$aue! But d^^^l ATI his hopea ended In
vain.
At last he mannad Jodha, a Rajput Princess of Ameer. HIa dream of begetting a

male child was about to be fulfilledl J od ha Akbar was pregnant and the happiness cf
tha amparor knaw no boundsl Tha paiaca was dacoratad with all faatoons and thara
was celebration everywhere. IHe distributed clothes and gold coins generously to
people to celebrate the ajrlvai of the heir-apparent. But unfortunately he had to visit a
place a 150 miles away from the pîace for adininistrative reasona! H^ wife was
aboulto deiivara baby that day I
What would he do! How could he get the long awaited news of the birth of a
child? Would it be a male chWd or a female child? There were no ceH phones! No land
lines I No telegrama, nor ennafls to ocnvay the good news to him immediately. Alcbar
approached Brrbat who was the minister of the Mughal court for his timely counseling!
Aftar soma thought, Birba^ asked tha Shshanâh to post ona hundrad and fifty
soldiers fro^ the paface tiH the place where Akbar had to stay. Each soldier was gfven
a drum and was asked to stand at a distance of one kilo meter. The soldiers were
instnjctad to beat once if it were a mala child and twice to indicate that it was a famala
chiidi All were eageriy waiting to hear the drum beati The aJr was thick wtth anxiety and
aKpaciatton.
I ii I
Tlie idea of the drum heat was a STROKE OF GENIUS.

So on Ih & appoi nted da^ 1 50 sold iers wene posted with a d mm
at a dfsLane& of ons km. The Emp&rof grew mere anxious to

hear the ncws-the drum bcatf At last he heard a single drum
heat] The moment the flrsl soldier beat the dnjm Ihe entire
place was resounding with the noise. This reached the next
post, the next post and finally to the place where Akbar
was waiting! The smperor was overwhelmed with joy I He

njshcd back to tho palace to soo tho new born babe and his
favorite queen! The wisdom of Birbal wcriced! The message
r&ached Akbar so fast that he galloped on his horê to the
palace. Birtal who was not only AkbaTs minister and jester,
wished him well always! Thai's how Birbal stole Akbar's heart
and îTs good WlFf. Only geniuses could do it! The wit and wisdom of Birbal had
endeared him not only to Akbar but also to a vast majority of the subjects of the
Mughal empire. The stories of Akbar and Birbal have been handed down from
generation to generation making him without doubtone of the best loved figures in the
folklore of Indla^
Do you know?
Akksar could not read and write but he loved bookn and huflt a magnificenii
library with 34Q0Q manuscript^. He also had his autabiography written. Akbar'a
llary gIVM aetoar pldunof tiw iflfutist*dlhoMdi(y,
ActMî
fmagine you-rseH as Birbaf and nan^te the story in first person.
Acthrity 2
What Birbal was to Akbar, Ten all Raman was to Krishna Deva Raya. Read rfWJre
Stories of Ten all Raman and shared them, with your classmates.
Aftrvtty 3i
Develop ttie fblfowrng hinte into a sEcjy:
Emperar Akbar-had no hejrtp the throne- worried- married many princesses- at last
manied Jodha, a Rajput Princess- Jodha became pregnant- Akbar very happy but
had to go one hundred and fifty miies away- administrative purpose- Akbar
approach&d Birbal- counseling- Birbal instructed on^ hundred and fifty soldiers- to
stand- with a drum- one beat for a male baby- two beats for a female baby- Akb^r
hârd one beat- overwhelmed wilh Joy- rushed back- saw his new born baby ^nd htt
aff edi ona tfi queen- a i rba I , the most fa vou r i te cha racEer- In Ihe in d i a n fol k tore
Unit?
Prose
Warming up
When certastrophe strikes
m Do you kndvy w^D invented Kê aeroplane?
t= Have you ever tlovWi If* 1 plane?
^. Have you ever Mm& ecmss any daring advenlune In your life?
^ What would you de ifthere is an emargency situaiien wh&n you srs in a
p]ine? Hera is a r&al life incident that happened at 120DD feel |( throws
on the courage and oonvidion shown by Mr. White
If over there was a pilot who made his passengers feeJ they were in good
hands, \i was Joa Cabuk. Around 1 :3Q p.m. last Eastar Sunday, Cabuk was at the
OQntnnls of a six-seater BebcM craft King Air 200. Keeping him company in Ihe copilot's^
seat was the plane's owner, a lanky construction entrepreneur named Doug White.
VVhite's wife, Tani, and their twe Teen ago daughters finuggled under blankets in Lhe
passenger arcs, hoping to read and nap during the thrcc-hourflighttiomc.
"GoFrhQ ID et a M^ bumpy as wo d^mb through this doud layer," Cabuk
warned. He began a routine call to air traffic controllers in Miami using the plane's FAA
identification number, NSS9DW: "Miami Center, King Air FivB-Five-Niner-DeltaWhiskey ..." But suddenly his voice trailed off, and his chin fell to his chesL
White lapped him on the shoulder and called his name.

Raising his head. Cabuk gave a long moan. Then his eyes [^
foiled hack in their aocketa, and he was still. White turned

amund and shouted to his wife, "Come up here, Teri. WeVe
got a problem." When she saw Cabuk slumpad in his seat,
&he grabbed his arm and tried shaking him awake. "Leave
him alone," White said after several seconds, grasping the
terrible truth. "He's dead."
In the cabin, IB-year-old Maggie, and her

Sletefr Sal ley, 16, a high school sophomore,
began to tremble. The plane was a mile above the
earth, ascending at a rate of 2,Q00 faet per
nifnule- And no one on board knew how to get it
safely to the gnsund.
1. What hfl^pcmd to Cnb^M
tr If Wîê able to revive Cah[^7
I. Whowns Bailey?
lanky^ tall and thin
tju^lcd : pressed cioseta
jfDPnea-ne
buRipy: fâiisiriig jobs iand if rtgtdor
movements
tnail off: hang bad^Py
lUimp : fall heavily ar suddenly
7^4spln^ : unriem-ond
lephainoF^ : secdnd yur unrvera'ty
jtudEftt in US
The plane was currently flying on aulDpiloL, a devioa WhrLa had never us&d. IL
was set to 10,000 f^t, but beoauao CabJk hadnt had 8 chance to push all the
necessary buttonSp the aircraft kept climblrig after reaching that aHJtude. White knew
enough to wcrn^ that If the plane roae much beyotid 35,000 feet. It would fttall In the
thin air and go into a spin. A mone urgent fiear that Cabuk might slump onto the
contro Is . "G et h i nn out of h ene r Wh ite screamed at Tern. She hollered for Maggie, Ijut
thara wa&nt room rn the cramped co^^Kpit Ibr both oF tham to get a handhold. Tanî
atnjggled to llf^ Cabuk'e body herfielf, thon gae up and tightened his flight hamesmto
kaep him Irr plar^.ôu ail g o back there and pray hand , " White tnkj her
Terrl kissed him on the cheek, telling him, 'Yon can do thIs.'Then she returned
to IÊ cabin and wrapped her amis around the girls. After oDrrrfbrtihg Maggie wtiq,
overcome with ten-or and nausea, threw up in an air-sickness bag Teni did as her
husband had requested. She'd survived a bouL of cancer four yaars earlier if it's my
lime todi-s, Lord, she thought, it's my time.
Whiê goi on the radio. ''Mrami,' ha said, "I've
got to declare an emergency. My pilot's unconscious.

I need help up bene. Low-time, ^ngle-engin^. I need
a King Air pilot to talk to . "
"f'm here," Kenkefs repffed, fighting his own

fear TJon^ wony. I'm trying td find a solution.' Just
then, a supervisor arrived with Lisa Grimm, who knell
ne)d to Henkelfi and plugged her headset Into his radar panel- Grimmn 31 , had flown
iearjets and worked as a flight instructor befoi^ becoming a controller though ^he'd
flown a King Arr only once for two hours, she was able to tell White how to disengage
the auta pilot. The plane had reached 1 7,SQDtEet before heoduld switch it off,
"We're going to start a alow, shallow descent," Grimm siid in a soothing tone.
"Pull backslowiy onthe throttle and ease the yoke overgentiy."
The task of easing the yoke proved quite challenging. Even under normal conditions,
ch a n g i ng a Ki n g Ai r's d irecti on ma n ua lly was a tough task. At ths Miami centre,
Grimm
continued advising White. "I want to get you

down to 1 1 ,DQQ," she said. He tried to keep his
descent gradual, but his speed and angle
fluctuated wJJdLy.
2. At what altif udt was f he piapw f lyfn^
3. Who mis the hM\rx for tKt Whitef?
tQi
hnrT\is *- A it^furt comliitln^ of on
dTimri^cmem of ^naps for holding your
body
descent : A movernent downHord
ypte i Ckf^ btwW1 tnnei things iff^d
to steer a plane
f Juctucrl^cd : move Jn a wn/Ellk pottcim
As White'^ cmH raachdd ttie proper crulfiing aititudd. Grimm began thinking
atiead ta the landing. She knew rt would be drfTlcult end that meking the attempt In
l^faml was n^t an option; FAA regu[at]ons re<;iulra a distressed plane to be guided lo
the dofiast airport. A supervisor had already contacted conliDlters at Southwest
Florktfl international AljpoftJn FortMyeiB.
You're gdng to be taFkfn^ lo Fort Myera apprt^ch In Just a minute," Grimm

&akf. Tliey're going to get you down safe." She told White to turn left, over tlie Gulf of
Mexico , beginning a cinsular manoaiivra that would êt him on the proper t^Mjrsa
ûVe doing weil/' said G+I^m. Th&n she told him how to swit^ tl^ radio to Fort
Myers's frequency. White hated to cul off contact with Grimm; her calm voice had
become his life iin e. Sh e promised to stand by in case he wanted to tal k to heragai n .
Norton radioed to White: "We're getting some help ftcm another pilot who'B
fam iliar wi Eh th e aerppi an e. Are y^ u usi ng tlie autopilot or ha nd-fl^ng the plane?"
"Me and the good Lord am hand-flyflng this plane," White replied, relieved at
the promise of additionai baokup. Ln the cabin behind him, Teni and the girls were still
ttuddld, holding hands,
When the King Air was dowrr to 2,0D0 feet, Whila spied a gray stripe in Ihe
distaricc. "I think I sec the runway at twelve o'dod?/
he said. The plane was 15 miles from (he airport,

lined up for the final approach. Sorenann sent WOltj
that White should slow the plane to 160 knoti, then
drop tha landing gear and flaps.
"When t toych down if l touch down do I iust kill
the throttle?" asked White "That's correct/ hJorton
said. "Kill the throttle and rnaximum braking/
The aftimBtar read 1,800 feet, then
ambtifances and fire trucks was lined up along

prayed harder, "it looks good rram here," _
Norton toid White. "The mnway \s all yours.'
In ftâmf, a supervisor called out to Lisa
G r ! m m : "He's d o w n [ "
'What does that mean?" she yelled. The
plane Is down aafiely oron fine?"
1,000, Itien 500. An armajds of

the landing atrip. Tern and the giria
1 Wher* woJ Fort Myer^
2, WKflt ihauid Whrtt da whtM hft f PUch
the plane?
X Wos the p^tmt dav^n safi\^'7
1(B
manouivre : skilful inwancrTt of a
huddled: curf oiw's bac^ in a sfriaii
plum
knotSL a unJT of itngth uttd In
kril the throttle, rcdijcc the jpced

iiltimtter: irrftniment indicating the
height reached
In Fc ft My er^, Favio rushed out of th^ building to see wtiat had happened. The
Kfrig Air was sittirtg on thte mnway, gleaming in the Ftortda sun aftera peilecl landing.
Inside thd tow^r arxt th$ Miami control centre, Khe ohê^ns and bscks^sp^ had alreadybegun.
"My dad is my hero," says Bailey White
After White received instructions from a

ground controller oft how to shut off hSs en^gines, he
and his family staggered from the plane.
Paramedics, meanwhile, carried Joe Cabulc from
the cockpit and tried to revive him, but ihay were
unsuccessful. The autopsy later deterrnined he had
died of a h^rt aKaclt.
gleami^ : Sh'me. brv^hîif
Eto^^cfcd : WQ\k unsteadily

(BOTfil^dJc^ : a per$Qn framed
to assist medtcai prof essisnab
dutfifisy : tin cixdmlml'ian and
dissection of a dead body to
Ajnnwer the following qunjitjans In ^ bout Iflfl wcirrlK f>ai=h:
1 . If you had been rn While's place, how would you have handfed 9ie situaljon?
2. Explain in a few sentences the courage and determination showed by Mr White?
3. Mr. White t>e3ieved in himself that he could land the plane. What is your view?
4. "Uy Dad Is my hero," says Bailey White. Justify hef comment.
VOCABLH_ARY
After several seconds White grasped the tenible truth.
a. comprehended b. understood c^ inferred d. raad
The planes angle and speed fluctuated widely,
a, osctllated b. waved c. moved d, fell
Teni and the gids were still huddlecf, hddirig hands.
e. curled b. swooned c. closed d, fainted
Pull back slowly on this throttle md eaê Hie yoke ovar gently .
a, confina b. restrain c accelfirator d, limit
She hart aurvivad a bout of oancar four years eerlier.
a. succumbed b- outlived c supported d. nestled
Antonyms (ctioose 3 wonl eepnoprttfte oppoaiites]

Whtte wsf$ a lanky constructton entrepreneur.
a. Iliin b. fat c. bold d. courage
White turned around and shoutftd lo his wife.
a. loud b. high t. whisper d. harsh
Lisa has to engage the Whites till she gets some help.
a. absoft b. engross c. enlist d. disengage
We are going to starta slow, shallow descent
a. decEine b. ascent c. fall d. steady
Grimm's calm voice had beconw his lifeline.
a. agitale b. composure , , c. ood
103
d. qutit
Let's know the part of an aircraft.
II I II I iB"
Cross wort PiiJLd^
The Puzzle fn whfeh words cornss ponding to numbef du^g ana 1o b tound and
written in the squares in the puzzle
Complete tho cross worid choosing the appropriate words given
in the box:
'iri
rr
4. Uwd 10 Incraasq ItTt d^ ekiw Iha plane fpr

Bind Ins
5. TLmi tha pôpelJor
7. GdrbBrBtffii; the thruEl ta move ths pane
Fofwam
1 . Pmper word for b. p b ne witti wi ngs
1 3. Ms In part of the pâne Qiat QBn1<sa people
18.. WhfrfA th craw wa^ k whAn on. ncani
Phrasal Varfo
AEROPLANE
WINGS
COCKPIT
TAIUIN
RUDDER
ELEVATOR
AERIAL
WHEEL
ENGINE
SPINNER
AIU=R0NS
FLAPS
FUSKljyBE
TAILPLANE
COWLING
1.
2.
3.
e.
Down
This rolls along Itis grourid
This is the turizurilBl sbbllizAr alttK back
ThHfl cortrol lliii rol of tha asnoplBrw
this ksaps tfw plana itatilA

B. Thia covars the sn^ne
S. ThoBD prwicle thg lift fbn wtien (he piano Is
moving
ll.Thii tielpi to fftHf tha plarK up and dowr
IZ.RBdhj Blgnala roech or Ihvq thmugh Ihis
IS.ThiB points tt plana noea lelt or right
A phraî vrb is a cofrHbinati^^n of a verb and a preposition, a varb and an adverts, or

a vart with both an adverb and a prapo&ition, any of which ara part of tha syntax of Iha
aantanca^ and so am a complata seFiiantic u n rt
Pidioytan appmpnsle phrase veils for each orf the iolJowing picîrB.
lOt
otff flti Iff (mfbnn}, look up (a ft^^, grT3twup{(nN&
Reading skill
I. BNcfa hoc
Black Box or Flight data recorders are actually painted a bright red or
orange for easier location after a crash. The FDR is encased in heavy
steel and su mounded by multiple layers of insulation to provide
protection against a crash, fire, and extreme climiatic conditions. The
dr^vice records actual flight conditions, including altitude, airspeed,
hgading, vertical acceleration and aircraft pitch. A second device, the
cockpit voice recorder (CVR). keeps tabs on cockpit conversations and
engine noise. Both am JnstaJleflin the rear of the aircraft
f . What is the passage about?
2. What is the use of Black Box ?
3_ What is the colour of the Black Box?
4-. Where do you find the Black Box In a plane?
5. Gather additional infbrnnation about the Black Bo.
tt TMi î m 4mtM ^bîit Ac4d49nt9 tht happen with different tyj;^ of alfâft
Acddort Kite pHr/y rrnifl Typo. 2(TO ^
'ws!
1 . What do&s this data stand 1bf7
2. How many types of aircraft are sliowri in the diagram?
3. Which type cf aircr^ has the highest rate of latel acxtdentsT
4. Mf.White wes flying a plane. Which plane was hbs flying?
5. What Is the accident rate- ibr turtxiprDp aeroplane?
Grmmnftr
L^^ft npylAQ the compound scmaneiw wd havo teorfit In the arlTar unit
^ Cabuk's voice trailed off and his chin fell to his chesL
^Tern grabbed hia arm and tried shaking him awske.
^ She returned to the csbin and v^rapped her arms around the girts.
Compound sentences are made up of more than one Independent clause Joint
together w^ the oo-ordinatJng conjunction.
GoordlmlTng Conjunctions
The most oooimon co-ordinating oonjunctjons ar^ for, and, nor, but, or, yet*
so. Some peopla remamtier the$a with the acronym FAN BOYS: They glue
together sentence elements that ane equal.
Look at ibpBfi axamplei from tha prase paiftag:

Titty if coiYipleit eenten ces
^ If the plajie nose beyond 35,000 feet, it would stall.
^ The plane had reached 1 7,500 feet before he could switch it off.
A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent
dauses or ûb- oînating dauses.
fiubord InatlTi g Co nju noil o na
These conjunctions join subordinate clauses to independent dau&osAsytK3Fdlnatc clause Is a clause that cannot stand on Its own. (Roiticmbor that a
clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb.) It Is alwaye Introduced by a
Subordinating conjunction.
Examples^ ........unless you are allergk^
........whenever I sec your cat
. . , ..... silica you are coming
hM"l
These are not complete sentences. They all have subjects {you, I, you) and verbs
{are, see, are coming), but since they cannot stand alone, they are subordinate
clauses. An independent clause is also a group of words with a subject and a verb.
But, unlike a subordinate clause, an independent clause can stand on its own and
give complete meaning.
Independent Clause Examples:
I will bring my cat

I sneeze.
I won't bring my cat.
These are all complete sentences. They all have subjects (/), verbs {will bring,
sneeze, won't bring), and they can stand alone.
Subordinating conjunctionsjoin subordinate clauses with independent clauses:
Examples: I will bhng my cat unless you are allergic.

Whenever I see your cat, I sneeze.
Since you are coming, I won't bring my cat.
Identify the following sentences as compound or complex and mark the sentence.
1 . As the horizon vanished into the blur of blue, he could not stay oriented.
compound / complex
2. Favio sat beside him and pulled out his cell phone.
compound/ complex
3. White asked for control settings that would get him to the proper speed.
compound / complex
4. The plane landed at the runway and Mr.White and his family got down from
the plane
compound / complex
5. Ryan wrote a poem after he had finished a cricket game.

compound/ complex
Transformation of sentences:
Here are a few examples of how simple sentences are transformed into complex
and compound sentences.
1 . a) Insplte of / Despite her poverty Anuja stood first in the examination.
(simple)
b) Although / Eventhough / Though Anuja was poor she stood first in the
examination, (complex)
c) Anuja was poor yet /but /still she stood first in the examination, (compound)
2. a) On hearing the good news Agnel felt happy. (Simple)
b. When Agnel heard the good news he felt happy. (Complex)
c. Agnel heard the good news and he felt happy. (Com pound)
107
3. a) In the event of ru n n mg firet y oy wH 1 wi n the race , [sf mpis)
b) If you run fast you will win the fBê. -[cornpteJ^J
c) Unlsss you run fast you will not win the race, ^complex)
d) Run fast oryou wiil not win the raoe (coni pound)
4. a ) On aooautft of I BMfliis of / Due to / Omng to /Asa res ult of bad weatief
the match was postponed, (simpiel

b} As/ SIfice/ Because Lhe weather was bad the match was postponed.
(complex)
cJThe weather was bad and so the match was postponed, (compound)
5. a ) Being busy, Jeba could not attend the wedcf i ng . (simple )
b) As / Since / Because Jeba was busy she could not attend Hie wedding.
(oornplex) 1
c] Jeba was busy and ao she could not aitetid Ehe weddingn
e. a) The coffee Is too hoi to drink [simple)
b) The coffee is so hot that 1 can not drink . fcomptex)
c] The coftee js very hot and so 1 can not drink it. (compou nd )
The following column will help you to understand and transform the sentences.
^^m
Simple
Complax
CdfnpDund
4;
DaspllB + noun
hlhafivnt6f
Pn case of
On+Vertj+Tig
As a result of
On Aocouni o(7 Because of
Due to / Owing to
too... to
Besidea... +v*ins
Wllhout .... + V + Ing
TurDugh/AI though
Evemlwugh
If tian^wHl^coLid/
woutd
Unaesg....CBnrKrt
Whan /As soon as
Sinot t As / Becauee
gfli- that... Mn/ssouid ncrt
solhfilt
not only... biitalsD
aftsr
buE/yei
still
or. not
and
1 snd/ertDfics
anddo
ana / aniJ 50 / uienebne
very,., and so
snd w
and f as well as
iob|
Activity
1 . The box is too heavy to carry, (chango into complax aantence)
2. Eventhough he is poor he donates generously, (chango Into compound sontonco)
3. IRahul did not Icnow German, so he was disqualified, (change Into complex fientenca)
4. Owing to his Illness Rajan did not appear for the examination, (change into
compound santenca)
5. As soon as I heard the good news i congratulated her. (changa into simple aentanco)
Relative Pronouns
Read the following sentences and understand how ttie relative pronouns are
used.
1 . Do not put off tili tomorrow what you can do today.
2. The present moment is a gift that has been bestowed upon you.
3. This is the planet wMch beiongs to you.
4. Those who utiiise their time wisely will succeed in life.
5. Most of the friends whom Geetha had Invited, came for her wedding.
6. Chandra whose house I live In, Is a good friend of mine.
Read the following sentences and fill In the bianks with the appropriate
reiatlve pnsnouns. (who, whose, whom, that, which, where, what)
1 . We met the lady chiid won the chess championship.
2. Time is lost is lost forever.
3. Where Is the book i gave you?
4. We are all ieaves of a majestic tree trunk cannot be shaken off Its
roots.
5. Children are hard working by nature wili come out with flying
colours.
6. The lady car was stolen Is my reiatlve.
7. We love those are kind to others.
fl. All should remember the martyrs lives are sacrificed.
9. Listed to i say.
10. Robbin is the famous player my son likes very much.
Listening skiii
Announcement at an Airport
Indian Airfines IC-830 is now . ^^^j. for boarding at Gate 1 1 .
Please have your ID cards and boarding passes ready.
Ladies and gentlemen, welcome aboard Indian Airlines Flight IC- 830 to Delhi
via Goa, We'll be a little late for taking off because of bad weather in Goa.
Please keep your seatbelts ^stened. We stop briery in Goa before
arriving in Delhi
109
tD board IC^SO.
Chocfte Che oofTBd aniwen
1 .The passengers shoufd proceed to gate
a. 5 b. 7 c. 11 d. 9
2. The flight is deiayed due to
a. bad weathe r b. tedi n ica1 snag c. air traffic

3 fC^^fliglitgciesto Odhl via
a. Mumbai b. Goa c.CtAcu^
4. Passengers sin Du id be ready with
a . ki d B b. hand i ugg age c. boarding pass
5. The passengers have to fasten
a. ties h. siioeJaoGS
d. security reasons
d. Chennal
_ to board the flight.
d. perfumfflt
c. scarfs
d.seatbeitB
AnficAjncam^nt al hft railway fttaU on,
, Your kind stt^niJonpSBasQi
^ Jr&in numbBf 5635, K&nyskuritBri Bfpm^ /rom Ch0nnm' ^rnor$ to
Hanyskufrmri wifi ieav^ shorHy from plat^^nn fwnter 9. Pf^s& k^^ your
b^Qngtng^ ^Bfefy andhav^ a happyjoumsy.
SpeaMng Skill
i4
the worid. She h^d se^ many flfght racofrfs, fiydudfng becoming ^m
ftfst mimBii id ti/^cik} across i>otfi the Aiiantki Ocean &nd the Pacflfe
Saria Thakrî was the fifsf woman h India toffy a piana. She wba
harxiiy2l whon sho ccnquemd the skyr TheyBar 1936 when ffyfng
was like a dreBm, flying an aeroplane was iike a mirada. This
dashing young woman made e\jafy Indian proud
1 . Discuss In a gnsup thedarfngcounage and determination shown by these women?
2. What simiiahties do you find: between Mr. White and these women?
Studsy tho w^y people uk far tnformatLiîi on the tulephooo ancl praotlu It
witii youj pair.
RlBospHonist : Goad moming, Indian Airiines. May I help youT
Cofller : Good morning. Could you please tell me the fligtits to Delhi?
ReceptJonist : There are two flights daily. One leaves at 8.30 a.m. and the other Is
m the evening at 7 o'dock.
Cal ler : The n k You very muc^l
Recepcionfst : You are welcome.
ff^
Writing Skill
Stycfythenottev
English Literary Association
ilocution competition
We Ofie ortKoiiinig m\ erocution competitjoii for the ftudeftti
df^7^ and B on id lanuarv ÔH at 43d p^m. In
diB idi5ol ouditDriLni. lh last dote ftir m^lUiuL ion li
the fOth of hmuafy- IrrtjeiieitBd itudmb may 0m
their noms to the dcss teacher
Ydu are Ihe secretary of Adventure Club in your schwoL Wrtte a notice to Infonn
Gty dents about a trek the dub Is ofganlBlng nearKJodalkanal.
RomemberlD mention the fo-l lowing details*
/^ Mame af the organ isinfi body ^^ Whan and where ^-^ For hpw long
^ Last ciate for Fegiitrotion ^ Coat per person j^ Whom to asntaot
Looic 91 th PeUo^rtfi #yrtisiMiit rtlalvd to 1 8ook xlill)lllDfi
i^ Firrt rimE in chtFWfli
/^TOEFL. +5MAT, +XELTS, J^
+AIMSET, +TANCET ^^
Books Qt neêr before price
Aood advertisement should have;
* a catchy phrase / abgarh an appropnata logo
* daiity and brevity * ^n attractive background
* addm&s, e-mail id and contact number
PlK^K^WaflE
Prepare a picture album or adventurB sports In India and display It In your class.
The Flying Wondei*
Stephen Vincent Ben^t (July 22, 1 S9B - Marc^ 1 3,

1943) was an Amefican auQior, poel, short story
writer, and novelist. B&net is bes( known for his booktangth nan^ttva poem of thta Americian Civil War, John
Bmwn's Body (lB2fl)p fer wWch he won a Pulit^ler
Primli 19(29.
Sa id Orvill e Wright to Witts u r VWlght,
"These birds are very trying.
I'm sick of hearing them cheep-cheep
About the fun of flying,
A biFid has feathers, it ie true.
That much I frocly grant.
Sut musl that stop us, W?"*
Said Wilbur Wnght. nt shan't."
And SD they built a glider, first,
And then they built anolher.
' There never were Iwg brDthei^ more
Devated to each other*
They ran a dusty little sbop
For b icy cla-repai ring,
And bought each other goda-pop
And praised each other's daring.
They glided here, they glided there, ^^
They sometimes skinned their nrosea. /^
For learning how to njle the air ^
Was not a bed of rosea
But each would murniur, aflenvard.
While patching up his bra.
"Are we discouraged, W?"
*0f ooufse we are not, 0!"
And finally, at Kitty Hawk
In Ninotccn-ThnGC (let's cheer Wi),
The fir^ real acnopianc nealiy flewV
With Orvllle there to steer It!
-^nd kingdoms may forget thîr kiriQS
And dogs fonget their bites.
But not till Man forgets his wings
Will men forget the Wright^,
-8mpêf} vmcBfit t^net
11 a-
Answer the following questions
1 . What was the aspiration of Wright brothers?
2. Were they successfui in reaiizing their cherished dream?
3. When did the first piane tal<e off?
4. What kind of relationship the brothers share between themselves?
5. What do you think about their achievement?
6. What is the meaning of the phrase "skinned their noses"?
Pick out the words in atliteration in the given iines
About the fun of flying.
-And kingdoms may forget their kings
Answer the following questions in about 100 words each
1 . Identify the qualities of the Wright brothers, their abilities and talents.
2. Critically appreciate the poem The Flying Wonder'
Project
Collect pictures of different aeroplanes and paste them in the given space below.
113
Sup |ikiiujitiY
Leihti
The Thief
YamiukocHildn'tl>dl^vd his aare.
You m^t ba foHng * ha said "You mean to say tFât itians is aduafly a pfar^
where thene Is no dime and hence It has no policsmen.''
Mai kin nodded. *\ heanJ about ttfnom an extremefv reliable source. 01 course,
!he focatlon of the planet Is a secnat and Its conandinatea are known only to a handful of
peo pie- all of th em sworn to secrecy,
Varniuk, one of the top thieves of the solar
system decided that it wouid not be wise to show too

much Entereat. Though Mallcin waa an old friencf
wiiom he was meetlnfl after many yeara, Yannuk
never tmated anybody, on principle. He deftly
steered the conversation into other channels andr
after mora than half-an-hour of making small talk, feft.
A few days later Yarmuk bumpetf into Mafkfn 'accidentf/ and frtvtted km fHend
for a meal. Ovier drinks In his bachelor apartment, Yamiuk harped on the sad stale of
their crime-ridden society and how nrce it would be if every planet in the LinleFBe
couid be like Planet X - the orime-frae globe. While doing so, he quiedy tnfKed a
tranquillizer in Malkin's second drink. Wiien the iatter lost oonsdous oontrol over
himself due to its effect, Yarmuk asked for and obtained the addness of the man wtio
knew the co-ordinates of Planet X. Mai kin negalned his senses with absolutely no
recollection of what had taken place, finished his ddîks and dlfknar and went home
wflthfbnd memories of an old friendship renewed.
Tfte next night, Yannuk rf rove over to the address tie trad got from MaPkhi.
Private residences were navara problam for a thiaf of his calibre. Using a gas-gun to
sedate the occupants of the house, he used a hallucinogen to get the Infomnatlon he
wanted from the head of the household and returned to iiis apartment In an excited
and expectant frame of mind. He fooked forward to stealing on a royal scaie.
The next item on his list was the procurement of a suitable spacecraft. He
therafore visited some dealers and picked up their catalogues. Pouring over these,
Yamiuk graduaily formulated the charactepistios of the ship ha had in mind. What he
wanted was a single or two-saater model, capable of travelling long distances. Finally
he decided that a Mini Inter-Galactic ship. Model 31 (MJG-31} would be ideal for hLa
p u rpose. It w^ tJie type used by rich tounsts.
Yarmuk went back to one of the dealers, pretended he had yet to make up his
mind and purchased a few operating manuals, the MIG-31's among them. He spent
several hours going through the manual In detail, till he was confident that the new
knowledge, superimposed on his existing vast piloting experience, was more than
sufTicientto allow him to handle a MIG-31 with ease.
For the next few days Yarmuk roamed the local

space-port, looking over new arrivals. On his third day
there, he saw what he wanted - an almost brand-new
MIG-31 , brought In by a well-dressed young couple who
were obviously on their honeymoon. He trailed them to
their hotel and noted the number of the suite given to
them. Going back to his apartment he picked up his
essential requirements then went back and checked In at the same hotel.
LafB that night, after making sure that the corridor was clear, he broke Into the
couple's suite. The pair of them, tired after their day's exertions no doubt, were fast
asleep, but Yarmuk was ta kl ng no chances . He gassed both of them, then q u Ickly and
expertly went through their belongings. He took the space-port parklng-lot pass, the
electronic card which opened their spaceship's airlock and controlled Its engines, and
the hyper-wave radio key. He did not touch their money or other belongings. Locking
the suite behind him, he went to his room, picked up his luggage and checked out,
explaining to the surprised clerk that he had Just received a video-text message that
h Is wife was seriously III .
Taking a hell-taxi to the space-port, he had no trouble In entering the parking

area or the ship, thanks to the pass and card he had stolen. Using his ^vife's illness'
as an excuse again, he obtained almost immediate permission to blastoff. So far his
luck had held out but now, without waming. It changed. As he gained the
stratosphere, a wandering patrol-boat challenged him. He Identified his ship
successfully but fumbled when asked for the pilot's personal particulars. He was
ordered to return to the space-port for investigation.
Yarmuk smiled grimly. He had not come so far to give up that easily. He
acknowledged the order and pretended to comply with It, turning his ship around. The
overdrive motor, which he had switched on the moment he was challenged, had
warmed up by then, so punching in the required co-ordinates, he activated the jump
switch. The shift into hyperspace so near a planetary mass, caused him to black out
temporarily and gave the ship an awful Jerk, as he knew It would, but that was a risk he
had to take. Regaining consciousness a few minutes later, he found himself In deep
space and chortled gleefully 'Planet X, here I come- whether you like it or not."
115
With his heart si nging, he headed for a king's ransom. Planet X lay at the edge
of the Galaxy, a remote corner with thinly scattered stars, almost devoid of inhabited
worlds. Probably that was the reason. Yarmuk thought that it had not 'developed'
sufficiently for crime to take root. Landing unchallenged at the Planetary Capital's
space-port, he parked, paid the surprisingly low entry fees and caught a taxi to a
nearby hotel. Finding the rates extremely cheap by Central Galaxy standards, he
booked himself into a luxury suite. 'Mig ht as wel I be comfortable and enjoy myself/ he
thought.
Over the next couple of days, as Yarmuk reconnoitred the Capital City, he grew
more and more surprised. He found that the citizens of Planet X were an extremely
disciplined and honest lot-in fact, he had never encountered any other race I ike theirs.
Not only did they have no policemen but they also appeared to have no guards or
watchmen anywhere. To cap it all, most of their stores and shops did not have any
assistants in them either. People walked in; picked up the items they wanted,
punched out the required code on the unattended cashier's computer, put in their
credit card so that their account could be debited and walked out. Yarmuk thought
that an alarm would be raised or a barrier would come up at the exit if somebody did
not follow the procedure but when he picked up a pair of socks and pretended to
absent-mindedlyforgettopunchthecomputerwhilewalkingout, nothing happened.
Yarmuk was delighted, but at the same time there was a nagging doubt at the
back of his mind. Something was wrong somewhere, he thought. It was really
surprising to find that there were no local telephones, anywhere in the Capital City of
Planet X. When he asked how they communicated internally on the planet, he
received vague and unsatisfactory replies.
However, putting aside all apprehensions, Yarmuk laid his plans. He had
located three posh jewellery shops in the Main Market, all of which were generally
devoid of customers during the lunch hour None of them had any attendant or
assistant either. He would walk into one the next afternoon, fill a suitcase with the
choicest pieces, come back to his hotel, check out and be gone from the planet before
anyone realised what had happened. It was as simple as that.
Making his way to the mari<et, he entered the largest of the jewel lery shops. Its
only occupant was a lone customer, an elderiy lady. So Yamnuk browsed around,
mentally selecting the most valuable pieces and waited till the lady left. He then
rapidly filled his suitcase with the items he had chosen, discarding the presentation
cases so that more jewellery could be fitted in. Within ten minutes his suitcase was full
and he estimated that it was now worth 50 million credits at the very least -enough for
several lifetimes of luxurious living. Satisfied, he crossed the suitcase, locked it and
sauntered casually out.
116
He took a taxi to his hotel and , arriving there, asked the driver to wait while he
collected his luggage priorto proceeding to the space-port.
Yarmuk smiled to himself as he entered the lobby. It had been too easy almost like taking candy from a child. Suddenly, however, two grey-clad men came
out from behind a pillar. One of them held a steadily-pointed sten-gun while the other
snapped handcuffs on to Yarmuk before the latter could realise what was happening.
The second man then flashed an ID-Card in front of Yarmuk's startled eyes.
"We are from the National Guard/' he intoned in a heavy, official voice. " You
areunderarrest.sir."
"What.... whatever for?" Yarmuk could only stammer. It was all too sudden for
him. He was almost in a state of shock.
Tor theft, stealing and grand larceny. You can count on spending at least 10
years in ourAliens' jail."
"How.... How did you find out?" Yarmuk was flabbergasted.
The guardsman told him and now everything was clear to Yamiuk. He cursed
himself for the fool he had been as he was led away. No wonder Planet X had no
policemen, Guards, Shop assistants, red-lights or telephones. It did not need them
with the type of population it had for Planet X was a world of telepathists, mindreaders and clairvoyants.
Answerthe following questions
1 . What was unique about Planet X?
2. What was the plan of Yarmuk?
3. Planet X was a worid of mysteries. Elucidate?
Choose the correct answer
1 . Yarmuk was a
a) astronaut b) scientist c) thief d) police
2. The spacecraft that Yarmuk used was
a) MIG-15 b) MIG-31 c) MIG-30 d) F16
3. The citizens of Planet X were extremely-
a) disciplined b) notorious c) cunning d) brave

4. Yarmuk's fiend design was to loo a
a) bank b) super market c) house d) jewellery shop

5. Planet X was a world of
a) telepathists and mindreaders b) thieves c) supernatural beings d) demons
Rewrite the jumbled sentences in a meaningful cogent order.
1 . He stole a spacecraft.
2. Yarmuk was a ttiiel
3. Planet X was a world of telepathists and mind-readers.
4. Yarmuk stole jewels from a jewellery shop.
5. Yarmuk was flabbergasted.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Late that night, after making sure that the corridor was clear^ he broke into the couple's
su ite . Th e pa i r of th em , ti red afte r thei r day's exerti ons n o dou bt, we re fast aslee p ,
b ut Yarm u k
was taking no chances. He gassed both of them, then quickly and expertly went through
their
belongings. He took the space-port parking-lot pass, the electronic card which opened their
spaceship's airlock and controlled its engines, and the hyper-wave radio key He did not
touch their money or other belongings. Locking the suite behind him, he went to his room,
picked up his luggage and checked out, explaining to the surprised clerk that he had just
received a video-text message that his wife was seriously ill. Taking a heli-taxi to the spaceport, he had no trouble in entering the parking area or the ship, thanks to the pass and card
he
had stolen. Using his 'wife's illness' as an excuse again, he obtained almost immediate
permission to blast off.
Questions.
1 . When did Yannuk break into the couple's suite?
2. Why werethe couple fast asleep?
3 . What we re th e th i ngs Ya rm u k stole f rem th e cou p le?
4. What excuse wasusedbyYarmuktoobtainpemnission?
5. HowdidYannukenterthe parking area?
118
Acknowledgements
wwwJreeshortstones,com, www,motivationalstones,com
41 Source:
The women of Chipko staying alive : Women ecology and development by

Vandana Shiva, Published by Zed Book 1988 - ISBN 0862328233 p. 67. Khejarli
Massacre in 1 730 - Business Standard, Anand Sankar, New Delhi Mar - 9, 2008,
* The Girt Star- a UNICEF project
* An extract from the interview "forking woman - Sunita Wiliiams" conducted by

Naikasha Ahmed -published on oct 1, 2004 and posted in ''Career Tags"
* Source: An extract from the book, "The War years Volume III", Sangamon Edition
by Carl Sandburg, copyright 1939/ Harcourt Inc. This particular episode on
Abraham Lincoln Is titled- 'The Legacy you leave is the one you live. '
* Dr. Ashokan and Dr Pushpanjanii - parents ofHithendran for an interview on organ

donation
* An adaptation from "Mariam's Letter" by Dhumketu
* An adaption from Readers Digest - special edition, oct 2009, for When catastrophe
strikes....
Ôur very special thanks to Thiru T Jaganathan, Director - Uniform System of

School Education his invaluable suggestions.
11Q

Let Me Not To The Marriage of True Minds

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Let me not to the marriage of true minds

Admit impediments. Love is not love

Let me not to the marriage of true minds

Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,

O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,

O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;

An 1887 handwritten draft of Whitman's 1865 poem "O Captain! My Captain!

O Captain! My Captain! our fearful trip is done;

It is some dream that on the deck,

Laugh and be Merry Summary

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Full text of "English (Std09)"

Department of School Education

Distribution of Free Textbook Programme

(NOT FOR SALE)

(This Book published under Uniform System of School Education scheme)

Text Book Team:

MrsMA, Padmavathy, RG,Asst,, Muthaiyalpet (B) Hr.Sec. School, Chennai,

Mr. J. fnbaraj, Sr Lecturer, D,LE.T, Thiair, Thiruvallur District

Dr.Meenakshi Hariharan, Associate Prof, of English, Queen Mary's College, Chennai.

DrM Rajagopatan, Prof, of English (Retd>,), M,C-CThambaram, Chennai.

Loser Typeset A Layout i M. Vijaycsarathy, T.Raghu R. Anandhan.

Illustrations : M.Vijoyasarathy, Karunakaran, K.ftavf.

Book Wrapper : M. Vijayasarathy

This book has been printed on 80 G.S.M Maplitho Paper

Printed by Web Offset at:

THE NATtONAL ANTHEM

ggorr Sjsm iA68r ^^hrsniudB ^lu Qem

umr^ Liroiu tiiSl^rr^

^AJ SHJ {Brr(SLJO ggrKSffi

gg6irr 6ism ui\fkiam ^nuia gguj (S^

gguj (dSUD gguj (d^ 3giu (S^

Java Subha asisa mage,

Gahe tava jaya-gatha>

Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he

Jaya jaya, jaya, jaya he.

AUTHENTIC ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF

Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people.

Thou dispenser of India's destiny.

Gujarat and Maratha, of Dravid, Orissa and Bengal,

It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas,

mingles in the music of the Yamuna and Ganges

and is chanted by the waves of the India Sea.

Q^a6fl56wr(y]ijb ^^fb^pji^ ^i}Tro!ilL.j5W ^(rjifirrglijb

Qe=uj6ixj)rDj5^ fiunrij^gl^m 1 fiiJrriJ^gl^GLii ! eiiri^^gigiCSu) !

INVOCATION TO GODDESS TAMIL

Bharat is like the face beauteous of Earth clad in wavy seas;

Deccan is her brow crescent-like on which the fragrant 'Tilak' is the

Praise unto 'You, Goddess Tamil, whose majestic youthfulness. inspires

THE NATIONAL INTEGRATION PLEDGE

A STUDENTS VOW BEFORE MOTHER INDIA

1 . Buds to Blossoms [Prose]

* Laugh and be Merry [Poem]

A Man Who Had no Eyes [Supplementary]

2. Gaia Tells her Tale [Prose]

Amrita Devi - The Guardian Angel of Woods [Supplementary]

3. The Will to Win [Prose]

Don't Quit [Poem]

A Race in the Space [Supplementary]