ITA 2012 Sir Alan Muir Wood Lecture

World Tunnel Congress 2012, Bangkok, Thailand, 20 23 May 2012
Tunnelling and Underground Space for a Global Society
Segmental Ring Design New Challenges with High Tunnel

Diameters
Fritz Gruebl1
1
PSP Consulting Engineers GmbH University of Applied Science Stuttgart
INTRODUCTION
Tunnel lining with segmental rings behind TBMs are reinforced concrete elements and
must be calculated and designed according to the standards of reinforced concrete
constructions. In tunnelling, however, specific circumstances must be taken in account,
which make design much more complicated:
The determination of loads during ring erection, advance of the TBM, earth
pressure and bedding of the articulated ring, is difficult. The ring model and the design
input values must be studied carefully according to the parameters of the surrounding
soil.
For utility tunnels and single rail track Metro tunnels, where the ring diameter is
smaller than about 8 m, the parameters may be chosen on the safe side, for example,
the full cover can be taken as external load. For bigger tunnel diameters more realistic
soil parameters must be found and inserted in the structural design, otherwise it may be
impossible to verify the tunnel lining.
Several tunnels with about 15 m external diameter were already built with success.
Tunnels and caverns with an diameter near 19 m, with primary shotcrete lining and
concrete inner lining, were executed on several projects. Now a new project, the
Orlovski-Tunnel in St. Petersburg, with an outer diameter of 18.65 m in a non-uniform
soft soil strata, is in the design phase. The diameter corresponds to the height of a six
floor building!
Figure 1 Orlovski Tunnel and a 6 Floor Apartment Building
Figure 2 Balance Bridge in St. Petersburg

The Orlovski-Tunnel would improve the traffic situation reasonably, and connect
the separated city areas around the clock. Bridges could be held open for longer periods
and improve the continuously growing ship traffic.
It is planned, to build the tunnel as a "Public-Private-Partnership" project. The
building costs of approximately 1,4 Billion should be refinanced by tolls.
Figure 3 Plan View of the Orlovski Tunnel
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2 PROJECT
The Neva river crosses St. Petersburg from the Baltic Sea to the harbour area east of the
city and the Ladoga lake. All balance bridges are opened at certain hours, mostly during
night time, to allow bigger ships coming over the Baltic Sea to reach the harbour. During
this periods, the Neva cannot be crossed.
The geology in the area of the Neva-crossing consists of quaternary soils, deposed
by rivers during melting of the nordic glaciers at the end of the last ice age. Caused by
several advances of the glaciers, the underground is partly over consolidated. The strata
is shown on the geological section (0).
Figure 4 Geology
3
DETERMINATION OF LOADS
3.1 Earth Pressure

If a tunnel has an overburden of less than two times the diameter, the full primary earth
load should be inserted in the calculations. A reduction of the earth pressure, e.g. by
using the Terzaghi theory, often is not allowed for the final state. Calculating the 22 m
overburden, the maximal vertical load would be near 440 kN/m. Finite Element
calculations show, that a load reduction of approximately 25% should be possible. This
corresponds with the Terzaghi reduction. This reduced vertical earth pressure was used
for the calculations. The full cover was calculated with reduced safety factors.
For huge diameter tunnels with segmental lining, a marginal change of side
pressure leads to notable changes of ring bending moments. The side pressure
in most of all projects is determined by the soil angle of internal friction (k0= 1sin '). Measurements to determine the side pressure factor k0 are quite difficult
and need elaborated instrumentation and interpretation. For the Orlovski project
k0 varies from 0.6 to 0.75. Because of possible over consolidation, a maximal k0
of 1.0 was calculated, too. Higher values are not realistic, as small soil
deformations already lower the k0-factor under 1.0.
For control calculations with a two dimensional Finite Element Method (FEM), the
release factor at the tunnel face was varied between 0.3 and 0.7. If ground
deformations must be limited, the small factor of 0.3 is used. This means, the
slurry pressure in the cutting chamber must be high, more than 0.5 bar over the
water pressure in the top area of the TBM. Only a small stress release in the
ground is possible, the load on the segments is high, ground deformations are
low. If higher ground settlements can be accepted, the slurry pressure can be
lowered up to water pressure at the face. Redistribution of loads around the
3.2 Loads during Ring Erection and Advance

Segments already get considerable loads already during transport and ring erection.
They are pulled out of the formwork when concrete hardening is in an early stage, and
the segments are manipulated during stocking, transport, ring erection and advance. For
the dimensioning of reinforcement, the loads during advance are often decisive.
Big tunnel diameters need big TBMs to excavate the tunnel. The foreseen slurry
TBM with an excavation diameter of 19.2 m will has 37 double rams with about 7000 kN
advance force, each. The pressure must be absorbed by the segments in a small
circumferential joint area. High tensile splitting forces must be taken by special
reinforcement.
The longitudinal joints between the segments of a ring react as articulations.
Because of the high normal forces, bending moments can be transferred over the joints,
but the stability of the ring depends on bedding reactions. The bedding parameters are
calculated from the Youngs modulus of the surrounding soil. Even if powerful calculation
methods exist, e.g. FEM-calculations, the determination of correct bedding parameters
may be difficult.
Geotechnical engineers often only provide the Young's Modulus. From this, the
stiffness modulus Es must be calculated with the Poison's ratio .
In the clayey loams with 0.4, the stiffness modulus Es is about two times higher
than the Young's modulus E!
From the Es modulus, the spring stiffness can be calculated:
[
(R = system radius of the segmental ring)
Geotechnical engineers often tend to provide a Young's modulus, which was

determined by the lowest measured values. The experts may not realize, that small
layers of soft soil have no influence on the real bedding situation of the lining.
Additionally, the face support pressure and the ring grouting pressure pre-stress the
surrounding soil and equalises the bedding situation.
Another problem is the determination of the loading, unloading and reloading
modulus for the calculation of the segmental ring.
All given soil parameters should be discussed between designer and geotechnical
expert to determine realistic values for the final calculations.
4
RING DESIGN
More segments per ring make the ring more flexible, the deformations are lower, the
bending moments are higher. Fewer segments give a more rigid ring with smaller
deformations but higher bending moments.
For the Orlovski-Tunnel, the influence of different numbers of segments per ring
was optimized by calculating the deformations and bending moments for several ring
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tunnel are possible, the release factor of 0.7 was chosen to calculate the maximal
settlements. The earth loads on the lining lowers down to a minimum. For this
case, the grouting pressure around the segmental lining may give the maximal
load on the ring. Because of uncertain input values, the parameter studies are
necessary to find a realistic load determination and to understand the specific
interaction between surrounding soil and segmental lining.
geometries. A 9 + 1 ring (9 normal segments, one key) has about 20% higher bending
moments and about 10% smaller deformations than a 12+1 ring. As the rotation in the
longitudinal joints for a ring with 13 segments is about 20% higher than in the 9+1 ring,
the allowed transverse forces in the joints are lowered by about 40%.
But for the big scale rings, the weight of each segment may lead to more segments
per ring because of transport limits.
The Orlovski ring with an external diameter of 18.65 m, a segment thickness of
70 cm and a ring width of 2.2 m, weights 215 to. As the maximum payload of a truck is
limited to 18 to, a ring with 12 segments plus a small key was designed.
Figure 5 Segmental Ring for the Orlovski-Tunnel

For the segment design, only tapered ring should be used. Even for a straight
tunnel, the TBM is driving curves and the rings must follow the TBM drive. The tapered
side should be on the tunnel back side of the ring (in direction of advance). It should be
big enough to allow a ring erection back to the axis of the TBM tail. So, deformations of
the new built ring when passing the tail sealing, will be avoided. If the key segment
should always be situated above tunnel spring line, left and right rings are favourable.
Figure 6 Tapered Rings

Flat circumferential/longitudinal joints are state of the art. If connectors between
rings and segments are used, they should be flexible and the coupling should not be
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assured by groove and tongue or pot and cam design. If pot and cams are installed for
security reasons, the clearance between both rings should be 10 to 15 mm.
Coupling between two rings is possible by friction under the high longitudinal forces
induced by advance pressure and must be calculated.
Figure 7 Geometry of Joints

The explicit wish of the client was, that a double sealing gasket inside and outside
should be used. This is unusual, one sealing gasket near the extrados generally is
enough.
For tolerance reasons, interlayers of hardboards are clued between the rings. On
several other projects, interlayers were not installed and the contact in the circumferential
joints was concrete to concrete. Operating experiences show, that the amount of cracks
and broken parts of the segments did not increase if production accuracy and exact ring
build was achieved.
5
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
The segmental ring usually is calculated as a coupled double ring. In a FEM program,
only a single ring can be calculated, as coupling of two rings is not possible or very time
consuming for most of all calculation programs.
To check extremes, a single ring with articulations and a single rigid ring is
calculated, as well as rigid ring with a reduced area-wise moment according to Sir Allen
Muir Wood's formula:
I
Is
In
m
=
reduced area-wise moment
=
area-wise moment of the force transmission zone
=
area-wise moment of complete section
=
number of segments (small key-segment not counted)
For the Orlovski ring, "I" was calculated to 1'067'000 cm4. This is a reduction of the
area-wise moment In of 60%.
The calculated bending moments with this Muir Wood reduction only differ
approximately 10% from the moments, calculated for an articulated ring.
Figure 8 Coupled Double Ring

Calculation results:
Figure 9 Internal Forces N [kN/m], M [kNm/m] and Deformations [mm]

Extensive effort is necessary, to verify the longitudinal and circumferential joints:
Verification of partial loaded transverse areas
Design of reinforcement for splitting forces
For segments, the allowed concrete stress in the partial loaded joints can be set to
three times the allowed strength for dimensioning.
Table 1 Allowed Stresses in Partial Loaded Zones

Concrete strength class
C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
fck
Compressive strength
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
[N/mm]
fcd
Strength for dimensioning
22,0
25,2
28,3
31,5
[N/mm]
Rd
Max. strength for partial loaded zones
66
76
85
95
[N/mm]
For the calculation, the loaded zone width is reduced by two times the eccentricity:
b1 = h1 2 e.
Than the stress can be calculated with:
< Rd
according to 0
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Figure 10 Calculation of Stresses in Partial Loaded Joints

The splitting forces are calculated with the maximal normal force max Nd and the
corresponding eccentricity e as well as for maximal eccentricity max e with
corresponding normal force N.
FSd = 0,25 Nd (1 h1 / hs)
Then, the necessary reinforcement results from the formula:
aS = FSd / (fyk S) [cm/m]
The splitting forces in circumferential direction, resulting from ram loads, generally
are calculated with a FEM model (0).
Figure 11 Splitting forces resulting from ram loads

At the end of all structural calculations and verifications, the dimensions of the
segmental ring are finally defined and the reinforcement cage is designed.
Figure 12 Segment Reinforcement
STEEL FIBRE SEGMENTS
Concrete has a high compressive strength, but the tensile strength is low and must be
disregarded in the verifications.
By adding steel fibers, a new homogenous material with certain material properties
is created. Fibers are not oriented within the concrete and take tensile strength in each
direction. The concrete gets a high ductility. Spalling and cracking during transport, ring
erection and advance is reduced distinctly compared with segments with normal
reinforcement.
Figure 13 Steel Fibre Concrete after Breaking

Segments can be produced with steel fibres only, or with a combination "fibres and
conventional steel bar reinforcement". Steel fibres for segmental rings are normally 40 to
60 mm long with a diameter of appr. 1 mm and are bended up at the ends for anchoring.
A minimal fibre content of 25 kg/m is necessary to reach an effect, 30 to 50 kg/m are
used for most of all projects. For verification, generally are done.
Segments with steel fibre reinforcement only are suitable for rings with lows
bending moments and normal forces. High ram forces and partial loaded joints often
demand additional bar reinforcement, which make the production more costly.
To use steel fibres in addition or as only reinforcement, may be an option to reduce
spalling and broken edges of the segments. Structural analysis for steel fibre
reinforcement is not state of the art and needs a close cooperation with other consultants
and independent checkers.
The use of steel fibre concrete for the Orlovski rings was examined but for the
highly loaded big rings with high bending moments and normal forces, a high amount of
bar reinforcement is necessary.
7
RESUME
Segmental ring design for huge tunnels needs a tight cooperation between all involved
experts. Soil parameters and loads must be determined in cooperation with the ground
expert, the ring concept together with the TBM manufacturer and the logistic experts.
And during the design phase, the concept must be adopted to new findings. As Sir Alan
Muir Wood said in his book Civil Engineering in Context:
The most essential element of design to be taught, therefore, is that it constitutes
a system, conceptually represented as a series of iterative loops, the loops normally
entailing communication between people or between people and computers.
10
Deutsche Bahn AG: Richtlinie Eisenbahntunnel planen, bauen und in Stand halten, Ril
853, 01.03.2011
Eurocode 1: Loads on Concrete Constructions EN 1991-1-2:2002.
A.M. Muir-Wood: The circular tunnel in elastic ground; Gotechnique, Volume 25, Issue
1, 01.03.1975, pages 115-127, ISSN: 0016-8505
Leca, E.; New, B.: Settlements induced by tunneling in Soft Ground. Tunnelling and
Underground Space Technology 22 (2007) 119149
Maidl, B.; Herrenknecht, M.; Maidl, U.; Wehrmeyer, G.: Mechanized Tunnelling. 2nd
Edition. Verlag Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 2011
Peck, R. B.: Deep excavation and tunnelling in soft ground. State of the Art Report.
Proceedings of the 7th ICSMFE, Mexico (1969) 255-284.
11
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Wood
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World Tunnel Congress 2012, Bangkok, Thailand, 20 23 May 2012

Tunnelling and Underground Space for a Global Society

Segmental Ring Design New Challenges with High Tunnel

PSP Consulting Engineers GmbH University of Applied Science Stuttgart

Figure 1 Orlovski Tunnel and a 6 Floor Apartment Building

Figure 2 Balance Bridge in St. Petersburg

Figure 3 Plan View of the Orlovski Tunnel

3.1 Earth Pressure

3.2 Loads during Ring Erection and Advance

(R = system radius of the segmental ring)

Geotechnical engineers often tend to provide a Young's modulus, which was

Figure 5 Segmental Ring for the Orlovski-Tunnel

Figure 6 Tapered Rings

Figure 7 Geometry of Joints

Figure 8 Coupled Double Ring

Figure 9 Internal Forces N [kN/m], M [kNm/m] and Deformations [mm]

Table 1 Allowed Stresses in Partial Loaded Zones

Figure 10 Calculation of Stresses in Partial Loaded Joints

Figure 11 Splitting forces resulting from ram loads

Figure 12 Segment Reinforcement

STEEL FIBRE SEGMENTS

Figure 13 Steel Fibre Concrete after Breaking

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