Outcome1 T2

Unit 2:
Engineering Science
Unit code:
L/601/1404
QCF Level:
Credit value:
15
OUTCOME 1 - TUTORIAL 2
SHEAR FORCE IN BEAMS
1.
Be able to determine the behavioural characteristics of elements of static engineering

systems
Simply supported beams: determination of shear force; bending moment and stress due to
bending; radius of curvature in simply supported beams subjected to concentrated and
uniformly distributed loads; eccentric loading of columns; stress distribution; middle third rule
Beams and columns: elastic section modulus for beams; standard section tables for rolled steel
beams; selection of standard sections e.g. slenderness ratio for compression member, standard
section and allowable stress tables for rolled steel columns, selection of standard sections
Torsion in circular shafts: theory of torsion and its assumptions e.g. determination of shear
stress, shear strain, shear modulus; distribution of shear stress and angle of twist in solid and
hollow circular section shafts
You should judge your progress by completing the self assessment exercises.
You may have already covered this material at national level in which case you may
skip to the next tutorial. It is assumed that students doing this tutorial already
understand the basic principles of moments, shear force and how to calculate the
reaction forces for simply supported beams. This information is contained in the
preliminary level tutorials.
CONTENTS
1.
SHEAR FORCE
1.1
1.2
2.
Shear
Shear Force Diagrams
SHEAR STRESS
D.J.DUNN
1.
SHEAR FORCE
1.1
SHEAR
The forces on a beam produce shearing at all sections along the length. The sign convention for
shear force is such that if the total force on the left section is up then the shear is positive. If it is
down, the shear is negative. Positive shear tends to make the section slide up on the left.
Figure 1
DEFINITION
The shear force is the sum of all the force acting to the left of the section.
Since the beam is in equilibrium, it must also be the sum of all the forces acting to the right
1.2
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAMS
A shear force diagram is simply a graph of shear force plotted against distance x from the left end.
This is best demonstrated with several worked examples. Note that in this module you are only
required to study simply supported beams so cantilevers have been omitted.
WORKED EXAMPLE No.1

Draw the shear force diagram for the simply supported beam shown and determine the
maximum shear force.
Figure 2
SOLUTION
First calculate the reaction forces by balancing the moments about the left end.
Rb x 1.0 = 20 x 0.4 Rb = 8 N
Repeat the process about the right end.
Ra x 1.0 = 20 x 0.6 Rb = 12 N
Check Ra + Rb = 20 N so the upwards and downwards forces are the same.
D.J.DUNN
Consider the balance of forces on a section x metres from the left end. If the section is detached
as shown but held in equilibrium, then a force F must placed on the end to keep it in balance.
Figure 3
Balancing vertical forces for the left section we get the following.
Ra + F = 0
12 + F = 0
F = -12 N (Down as shown)
Balancing forces for the right section we get the following.

Rb + F 20 = 0
8 + F 20 = 0
F = 12 N (Up as shown)
These are the internal forces on the beam that balance the external force. However the external
force is 12 N up to the left so the shear Force is positive.
Now consider the section on the right side of the force.
Figure 4
Balancing vertical forces for the left section we get the following.
Ra 20 + F = 0 12 20 + F = 0
F = 8 N (Up as shown)
Balancing forces for the right section we get the following.
Rb + F = 0
8+ F = 0
F = -8 N (Down as shown)
The total external force to the left is 8N down so the shear force is negative.
It is clear that the shear force is constant for any value of x between the point loads. A shear
force diagram is simply a graph of shear force plotted against x. For the above case the SF
diagram would look like this. The maximum shear force is 12 N
Figure 5
D.J.DUNN
WORKED EXAMPLE No.2

Draw the shear force diagram for the simply supported beam shown.
Figure 6
SOLUTION
It is necessary to first calculate the beam reactions.
Total downwards load due the u.d.l.= w x length = (50 x 5) = 250 N This will act at the middle
2.5m from the end.
Total load down = 250 + 100 = 350 N.
Balance moments about left end.
(R2)(5) (50)(5)(5/2) (100)(1) = 0
R2= 145 N
R1= 350 145 = 205 N
Now calculate the shear force at 1 m intervals.

At x = 0, the shear force suddenly changes from zero to 205 N up F = 205 N
At x = 1, F = 205 wx = 205 50 x 1 = 155 N
At this point the shear force suddenly changes as the 100 N acts down so there is a sudden
change from 155 to 55 N.
At x = 2, F = 205 100 wx = 105 50 x 2 = 105 100 = 5 N
At x = 3, F = 205 100 wx = 105 50 x 3 = 105 150 = -45 N
At x = 4, F = 205 100 wx = 105 50 x 4 = 105 200 = -95 N
At x = 5, F = 205 100 wx = 105 50 x 5 = 105 250 = -145 N
At the left end, the reaction force is 145 N up to balance the shear force of 1455 N down. The
diagram looks like this.
Figure 7
D.J.DUNN
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 1

1.
A beam is loaded as shown below. Calculate the reactions and draw the shear force diagram.
(Answers 310 N and 210 N)
Figure 8
2.
A beam is loaded as shown below. Calculate the reactions and draw the shear force diagram.
(Answers 600 N and 600 N)
Figure 9
D.J.DUNN
2.
SHEAR STRESS
A shear force at any section on the beam will produce a mean shear stress on that section of F/A. It
must be stressed that this is a mean shear stress and that further studies will show that the shear
stress varies from zero at the surface to a maximum somewhere around the neutral axis.
mean = F/A
WORKED EXAMPLE No.3

If the mean shear stress in a beam must not exceed 60 MPa. The maximum shear force is 210
kN. Determine the cross sectional area required and select a suitable I section beam from the
table for universal columns to(BS4). (Found in tutorial 1)
SOLUTION
F = 210000N = 60 x 106 N/m2
mean = F/A
A = F/ mean = 210000/(60 x 106) =3.5 10-3 m2 or 35 cm2
From the table, a suitable beam would be 254 x 102 x 28 which has a cross sectional area of
36.1 cm2
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 2

1.
An I section universal beam (BS4) size 152 x 89 x 16 must withstand a shear force of 12 kN.
Determine the mean shear stress. (Answers 5.9 MPa)
2.
An I section universal beam (BS4) must withstand a shear force of 280 kN and the mean
shear stress must not exceed 60 MPa. What would be a suitable size?
(Answers A = 4.67 x 10-3 m2 so a suitable size would be 305 x 127 x 37)
D.J.DUNN

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Unit 2:

Be able to determine the behavioural characteristics of elements of static engineering

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAMS

WORKED EXAMPLE No.1

F = -12 N (Down as shown)

Balancing forces for the right section we get the following.

WORKED EXAMPLE No.2

R1= 350 145 = 205 N

Now calculate the shear force at 1 m intervals.

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 1

WORKED EXAMPLE No.3

A = F/ mean = 210000/(60 x 106) =3.5 10-3 m2 or 35 cm2

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 2

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