Binary Systems: Sohag Sarker Anol 1

Chapter 1
Binary Systems
Sohag Sarker Anol
1-8 Binary Logic

Binary logic or Boolean algebra deals with variables
that take on two discrete values and with
operations. These two values are called by different
names
True or False
Yes or No
But it is convenient to think in terms of bits and

assign the values of 1 and 0.
Binary logic is used to describe the manipulation
and processing of binary information and
particularly suited for the analysis and design of
digital systems.
Sohag Sarker Anol
Definition of Binary Logic

Binary logic consists of binary variables and logical
operations.
These variables are designated by letters such as A,
B, C, x, y, z etc. that can have only two possible
values: 1 or 0. There are three basic logical
operations:
AND
OR
NOT
AND: This operation is represented by a dot or by

the absence of operator. For example, x.y = z or
xy = z is read x AND y is equal to z. For AND
operation, z = 1 iff x = 1 and y = 1; otherwise 0.
Sohag Sarker Anol
Definition of Binary Logic Cont

OR: This operation is represented by plus sign. For
example, x + y = z is read x OR y is equal to z.
For OR operation, z = 1 if x = 1 or if both x and y
equal to 1; otherwise 0.
NOT: This operation is represented by a prime(
sometimes by a bar). For example, = z is read x
NOT equal to z. For not operation, if x = 1 then
z = 0, but if x = 0 then z = 1.
Note: Binary logic is different from binary
arithmetic. For example in binary logic 1 + 1 =1
(1 OR 1) but in binary arithmetic 1 + 1 = 10 (1
PLUS 1)
Sohag Sarker Anol
Definition of Binary Logic Cont

For each combination of the values of x and y,
there is a value of z. These values may be listed in
a compact form using truth tables.
A truth table is a table of all possible combinations
of the variables showing the relation between the
values that variables may take and the result of the
operation.
For example, the truth tables for the operations
AND, OR and NOT with variables x and y and result
is given by
Sohag Sarker Anol
Switching Circuits and Binary Signals

The use of binary variables and the application of
binary logic are demonstrated by the simple
switching circuits of Figure 1-4.
Let the manual switches A and B represent two
binary variables with values equal to 0 when the
switch is open and 1 when the switch is closed.
Sohag Sarker Anol
Switching CKT and Binary Signals Cont

Let the lamp L represent a third binary variable
equal to 1 when the light is on and 0 when off.
For the switches in series(AND operation), the light
turns on A and B are closed. For switches in parallel
(OR operation) the light turns on if A or B is closed.
Electronic digital circuits are called

switching circuits because they
behave like a switch, with the active
element such as a transistor either conducting
(switch closed) or not conducting(switch open).
Sohag Sarker Anol

Electrical signals such as voltages or current exist
throughout a digital system in either one of two
recognizable values(except during transition) logic1 or logic-0.
For example, for voltage operated circuits, a
particular digital system may define logic-1 as a
signal with nominal value of 3 volts, and logic-0 as
a signal with nominal value of 0 volt as shown in
Figure 1-5.
Sohag Sarker Anol
Sohag Sarker Anol
Logic Gates
Electronic digital circuits are called logic circuits
because with proper input, they establish logical
manipulation paths.
Logic gates are electronic circuits that operate on
one or more input signals to produce an output
signal that is logic-0 or logic-1.
Logic circuits are switching circuits that consist of a
number of logic gates and perform logical
operations on data.
Logic circuits that perform the logical operations of
AND, OR and NOT are shown with their symbols in
Figure 1-6.
The NOT gate is sometimes called an inverter
circuit since it inverts a binary signal.
Sohag Sarker Anol
10
Logic Gates Cont
The input signals x and y in the two-input gates of

Figure 1-6 may exist in one of four possible states:
00, 10, 11 and 01. These input signals are shown in
Figure 1-7, together with the output signals for the
AND or OR gates.
Sohag Sarker Anol
11
Logic Gates Cont

The timing diagrams in Figure 1-7 illustrate the
response of each circuit to each of the four possible
input binary combinations.
Sohag Sarker Anol
12

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Chapter 1

Sohag Sarker Anol

1-8 Binary Logic

But it is convenient to think in terms of bits and

Sohag Sarker Anol

Definition of Binary Logic

AND: This operation is represented by a dot or by

Sohag Sarker Anol

Definition of Binary Logic Cont

Sohag Sarker Anol

Definition of Binary Logic Cont

Sohag Sarker Anol

Switching Circuits and Binary Signals

Sohag Sarker Anol

Switching CKT and Binary Signals Cont

Electronic digital circuits are called

Switching CKT and Binary Signals Cont

Sohag Sarker Anol

Switching CKT and Binary Signals Cont

Sohag Sarker Anol

Logic Gates Cont

The input signals x and y in the two-input gates of

Logic Gates Cont

Sohag Sarker Anol

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