Experiment 3: Determination of Lead in Anchovies by Cold Vapour Generation

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Objectives:
1 To determine Pb2+ content in anchovies through wet digestion method.
2 To use standard addition method in calibration procedure.

Introduction:
Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is an analytical technique that measures
the concentration on elements. Its very sensitive because it can measure down to parts
per billion of a gram (gdm -3) in a sample. Atomic absorption occurs when atom at
ground state absorb energy in the form of light of a specific wavelength and is elevated
to an excited state. The amount of energy absorb will increase as the number of atoms
selected element in the light path increases. The concentration unknown sample can be
determined by measuring the amount of light they absorb. The objective of this
experiment is to determine the Lead (Pb 2+) content in anchovies. This instrument was
used in determining the Pb 2+ content in anchovies. Lead is naturally occurring element
found in small amounts in earths crust. While it has some beneficial uses, it can be
toxic to human and animals causing of health effects. It can damage the nervous
system and causes brain disorders. Fish can accumulate substantial concentrations of
heavy metal in their tissues due to water that has been contaminated by chemicals.

Instrumentation:
1 Instrument model : Perkin Elmer-FIMS 400
2 Serial No: A 40158010802
3 Location: 305

Apparatus:

Beaker250ml, volumetric flask 250ml, filter paper, filter funnel, pipette, hot plate

Chemicals:
100ppm Pb2+ standard solution, HNO3, H2O2,

Procedures:
Sample preparation:
The anchovies was cut in small pieces and dried in oven at 110

for 24 hours.

Three portion of the sample was weigh ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 g and transfer into a
beaker. 7ml of concentrated HNO3 and 1ml of H2O2 was added into each beaker. The
beaker was put onto a hot plate for 20 minutes. After that, the solution was filtered using
a filter funnel equipped with filter paper and combining. The sample was run for three
times to obtained the calibration points. The calibration curve was plot and the
concentration of Pb2+ in the sample was determined.

Standard preparation:
1 Preparation of 100ppm Pb2+ standard solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(1000mg/L)(x) = (100mg/L)(0.25L)
X = 0.025 L
2+
25ml of 1000ppm of Pb stock solution was pipette into 250ml of volumetric flask. The
solution diluted by using deionized water.
2 Preparation of Pb2+ standard solution
a 2ppm standard solution
M1V1 = M2V2

(100mg/L)(x) = (2mg/L)(0.25L)
X = 0.005 L
b 4ppm standard solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L)(x) = (4mg/L)(0.25L)
X = 0.01 L
c

6ppm standard solution

M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L)(x) = (6mg/L)(0.25L)
X = 0.15 L

d 8ppm standard solution

M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L)(x) = (8mg/L)(0.25L)
X = 0.20 L
e 10ppm standard solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L)(x) = (10mg/L)(0.25L)
X = 0.25 L

Result and Discussion:

Based on the result from the experiment, the absorbance of light increased with
increasing concentration of Lead. The calibration curve clearly shows the linear
relationship between absorbance and concentration. From this curve the concentration
of lead in anchovies was determine is 4.169 ppm.
This experiment consist of preparing a series of standard solutions containing
element to be determined (lead) and preparing solution of lead sample (anchovies) and
then measuring the absorption of light by the atoms of the element when the solutions
are aspirated into flame. A lamp containing lead emits light from excited lead atoms that
produce the right mix wavelength to be absorbed by any lead atoms from the sample.

The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the number of lead atoms. A calibration
curve is constructed by running several sample of known lead concentration under the
same conditions as the unknown. The lead concentration was calculated by comparing
the amount the standard absorbs with the calibration curve. This technique makes use
of a flame to atomize the sample. There are three steps involved in turning a liquid
sample into an atomic gas which are desolvation, vaporations and volatilization. The
common source of light is a hollow cathode lamp. This contains a tungsten anode and a
cylindrical hollow cathode made of the element to be determined. When a high voltage
is applied across the anode and cathode, the metal atoms in the cathode are excited
into producing light with a certain emission spectra.
A monochromator is used to select the specific wavelength of light which is
absorbed by the sample and to exclude other wavelength. The selection of specific of
light allows the determination of the selected element in the presence of others. The
selected light by monochromator is directed onto a detector that is typically a
photomultiplier tube. This will produce an electrical signal proportional to the light
intensity.

Conclusion:
In this experiment, fish was used in determine the concentration of Lead. The
objective to determine the Lead in fish was achieved. The concentration of
Lead from the experiment is 4.169 ppm.

References:
1 http://www.galbraith.com/spectroscopy.htm
2 http://www.kau.edu.sa/files/130002/files/6785_aas.pdf

Experiment 4: Background and Correction Method for the Determination of

Caffeine in Tea Samples by using Ultraviolet Spectroscopy.

Objectives:
1. To quantify caffeine concentration in tea sample.
2. To familiarize with background correction method in UV Spectroscopy.
Introduction:
Caffeine is naturally occurring alkaloids which is found in the leaves, seeds or
fruits. The most common sources of caffeine are coffee, tea leaves, cocoa beans and
others. Caffeine is also added to many foods, drinks and particularly sodas for its
mental stimulating effect. Tea removes fatigue, tiredness and headache. It also

increases the capacity of thinking and also helps to lowering the body temperature. But
it can also cause a serious problem if taken in a large quantity. Caffeine absorbs
radiation with wavelength around 260 nm. If a series of caffeine standards are analyze
in this region of absorption and a Beers law is plot prepared, then the amount of
caffeine in another substance can be determined. Caffeine can be determined in foods
or drinks by variety of methods. In this experiment, the concentration of caffeine was
determined by using UV spectroscopy.

Structure of Caffeine

Instrumentation:
1. Instrumental model: Perkin Elmer-Lamba 3.5
2. Serial No:101 N 7070502
3. Location: 305
Apparatus:
Beaker 250ml, volumetric flask 100ppm, hot plate, pipette, filter paper, filter funnel
Chemicals:
100ppm caffeine stock solution, 0.005 M NaOH, standard caffeine solutions

Procedure:

10mL of the tea sample solution was transfer into a separating funnel. 20mL of CHCl 3
solution was added into the separating funnel and the mixture then shake. The mixture
will separate into two aqueous layer at the bottom and organic layer at the upper layer.
1 ml of the extract was pipette into 5 different of 10ml volumetric flask. 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8
and 1.0mL of NaOH added in respective flasks. The distilled water added to the mark.
Sample preparation:
2gm of dried tea sample was dissolved in 100ml of distilled water. After that, the solution
boiled using hot plate. After the sample cold, the sample transfer into volumetric flask
(100ppm) and diluted with distilled water. 5ml of the diluted solution was transfer into
another volumetric flask (100ml) and diluted again with distilled water.

Standard solution:
a) 2ppm of standard caffeine solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L) (x) = (2mg/L) (0.1L)
X = 0.002 L
b) 4ppm of standard caffeine solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L) (x) = (4mg/L) (0.1L)
X = 0.004 L
c) 6ppm of standard caffeine solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L) (x) = (6mg/L) (0.1L)
X = 0.006 L

d) 8ppm of standard caffeine solution

M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L) (x) = (8mg/L) (0.1L)
X = 0.008 L
e) 10ppm of standard caffeine solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L) (x) = (10mg/L) (0.1L)
X = 0.01 L

Preparation of 0.005 M of NaOH:

0.005 M
L

0.005mol
L

mass
molar mass
volume

mass
22.09 g/mol
0.25 L

Mass = 0.028 g
Dissolve about 0.028 g of NaoH in distilled water. Transfer the solution into 250 ml

of volumetric flask and fill up with distilled water.

Result and Discussion:

The standard linear calibration curve was obtained from standard solutions
analysis and it showed a good linear relationship between absorbance and
concentrations of the standard solutions. The caffeine content in the tea sample showed
a minimum caffeine level which range from 8.6 to 9.3 ppm. The average caffeine
quantity in the tea sample was found to be

ppm. Moderate caffeine consumption of

300 mg/day, is considered generally safe (Rogers and Dernoncourt, 1998; Smith, 2005).
This amount typically corresponds to 4 cans of energy drink. Caffeine content in
beverage drinks varies by brand from 10 to 60 mg of caffeine per serving (Violeta et al.,
2010); however the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2006) limits the maximum
amount in carbonated beverages to 6 mg/oz (200 ppm). Therefore caffeine content
allowed in soft drinks may be in the range between 30 and 72 mg/355 mL (12 oz) or
8.45-20.28 mg/100 mL (NSDA, 1999).

Conclusion:
The methods develop on UV-vis spectroscopy is relatively easy, cheap and
highly sensitive for determination of caffeine content in tea sample. The objective to

determine the caffeine content in tea sample was achieved. The caffeine content in tea
sample obtain from the experiment is range from 8.6 to 9.3 ppm.

References:
1. Journal of Food Chemistry 108 (2008), 310-315
2. Journal of Food Science and Technology 6(2): 155-158, 2014

Experiment 5: Determination of Riboflavin (vitamin B2) in Energy Drink.

Objectives:
1) To quantify Riboflavin concentration in energy drink sample.
2) To familiarize with fluorescence spectroscopy.
Introduction:
Vitamin B2 also known as Riboflavin is a vital component of cofactors that
support a flavoproteints. This vitamin is very important to our heart because it play a
main role in allowing aerobic energy production to occur. Riboflavin is a highly
fluorescent molecule and it can be investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy.
Fluorescent is the emission of light by a compound after it has absorbed a particular
wavelength of light. Under most circumstances, the emission of light will accur at longer
wavelength than the light used to excite it. Riboflavin is strongly flurescent at pH 4-8.
Excitation and fluorescence spectra will be obtained in 5% acetic acid solution to
determine the wavelength of excitation and emission.

Instrumentation:
1) Instrumentation model: Perkin Elmer-LS 55
2) Serial No: 85258
3) Location:305
Apparatus:
Beaker 250 ml, volumetric flask, 100ml (amber) and pipette
Solutions to prepare:
1) Riboflavin standard solution (100ppm)
2) 500 ml 5% acetic acid
Sample:
Energy drink
Procedure:
A series of 5 standard solutions was prepared ranging from 0.02ppm- 0.1 ppm by using
the stock Riboflavin solution containing 100ppm of Riboflavin. After that, the solution
was diluted with 1% (v/v) acetic acid solution. A calibration Curve was plotted using the
standard concentrations (x-axis) and their fluorescence values (y-axis). From this curve,
the amount of riboflavin was determined in sample.

I.

Preparation of 1% acetic acid

M1V1 = M2V2
(10) V1 = (1) (100ml)
V1 = 10 ml

II.

Preparation of 10ppm Riboflavin stock solution

x
100ppm = 0.1 L
X = 10 mg
10 mg of weigh riboflavin was dissolve with 1% of acetic acid. The
solution was diluted in 100 ml volumetric flask with 1% acetic acid.

III.

Preparation of riboflavin standard solutions

a) 2ppm standard solution

M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L)(x) = (2mg/L)(0.25L)
X = 0.005 L
b) 4ppm standard solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L)(x) = (4mg/L)(0.25L)
X = 0.01 L

c) 6ppm standard solution

M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L)(x) = (6mg/L)(0.25L)
X = 0.15 L

d) 8ppm standard solution

M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L)(x) = (8mg/L)(0.25L)
X = 0.20 L

e) 10ppm standard solution

M1V1 = M2V2
(100mg/L)(x) = (10mg/L)(0.25L)
X = 0.25 L

Result and Discussion:

Fluorescence spectroscopy is a type of optical spectroscopy which analyzes

fluorescence from a sample. Analysis of riboflavin by fluorometric method is made
possible for the reason that riboflavin fluoresces strongly when exposed to light of
wavelength in the range of 440 to 500 nm and the intensity of the fluorescence is
proportional to the concentration of riboflavin in the solution examined. The riboflavin
was extracted into solution first and followed by the assessment of its fluorescence. This
method is fairly straightforward in the absence of interference from fluorescing
impurities. Some precautions step should be taken during conducting the experiment.
One of the methods to cancel the effects of interfering substance involves the use of
aluminum foil to cover the flask that used to prepare standards and samples.

The fluorometers and spectrofluorometers are composed of a light source, filters

and monochromators, tranducers, cells and cell compartment and a computer or
electronic data system. The sources provide the excitation radiation for the sample. The
magnitude of the output signal in fluorescence measurement and for that matter the
sensitivity of the method is directly proportional to the radiant power of the source.
There are many types of sources such as low-mercury lamp, high-pressure xenon arc
lamp, Blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and lasers.

Conclusion:
The objective to determine the concentration of riboflavin in energy drink was
achieved. The regression line was found to follow the equation: Y=359.89x + 0.0, and
with a correlation coefficient of 0.9982.

References:
1. http://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3352&context=etd
2. http://www.vernier.com/innovate/monitoring-vitamin-b2-in-energy-drinks/

Experiment 1: Analysis of Aspirin in Commercial APC Tablet FTIR Spectroscopy

Objectives:
1. To determine aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), phenacetin and caffeine content in
APC tablet.
2. To understand and compare spectrum obtained from FTIR

Introduction:
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) is most useful for identifying chemicals that are
either organic or inorganic. It can be utilize to quantitate some components of an
unknown mixture and can be applied to the analysis of solid, liquid and gases. FTIR is
instrument to identifying types of chemical bond or functional groups. The wavelength of
light absorbed is show the characteristic of the chemical bond. The chemical bonds can
ce determine by interpreting the infrared absorption spectrum. For most common
materials, the spectrum of an unknown can be identified by comparison to the library of
known compound. Samples for FTIR can be prepared in number of ways. For this
experiment we use solid sample. Solid samples can be milled with potassium bromide
(KBr) to form fine powder. This powder is then compressed into a thin pellet which can
be analyzed. KBr is transparent to infrared light.
Acetylsalicylic acid is one of the oldest analgesics substances. Aspirin is used to
relieve pain, reduce fever, redness and swelling. Besides, it also can prevent blood from
clotting, relieve discomfort caused by medical problem including headaches, infection
and arthritis. It is also used to prevent the risk of second heart attack or stroke.

Instrumentation:

1. Instrument model:
a) Pelkin Elmer- Spectrum One (FTIR)
b) Bruker 300 UltraShelid (NMR)
2. Serial No: 55705 / ZH042703
3. Location: 306 / 307
Apparatus:
Mortar and pestle,
Chemicals:
KBr, sample,
Method:
1) Mixture of sample and KBr
The agate mortar and pestle was removed from desiccators. About 0.010 g of
sample was grind in agate mortar using pestle. 0.8 g of KBr was added into the
sample powder and mix them using a pestle. The mixture was scrap and heap in
the center of the mortar and grind again for 1 minute.
2) KB pellets
One fourth of the KBr mixture was taking into the collar of the hand press. The
anvil placed along with the loger die pin to make sure it comes into contact with
samples. The die set lift carefully by holding the lower anvil. The collar must stay
in place. The handle of the hand press slowly open and the die set insert into the
hand press. After the handle closed, the dial pressure rotated until the upper ram
of the hand press slightly touches the upper anvil on the die assembly. The unit
tilt back in order to hold the die set from falling off. After the handle open, the
pressure dial rotated clockwise in one half turn. The mixture compress slowly
while closing the handle in 2 minutes. The unit tilt back, the handle open and the
die set remove from the unit carefully.
Result and discussion:

Based on the spectrum obtained from the experiment, there is no

significant difference in the fingerprinting between spectra obtained from
prepared KBr disk and the standard. Since an IR spectrum is a plot of %
transmittance vs. wavenumber, the bond vibration energies vary as moved
horizontally on the graph. The IR spectra contain information about the
structures of compounds. The absorption peak at 3600 cm -1 2500 cm-1
arises from the stretching of carboxylic acids group of acetylsalicylic acid. In
the structure of acetylsalicylic acid, there is aromatic compound. The
aromatic compound gives absorption peak at 870 cm-1 and 735 cm-1. The
peaks in 2800- 3000 cm-1 region suggest stretching of the C-H bonds of alkyl
group either CH2 or CH3. The strong, broad absorbance in the 2500-3600 cm -1
region suggests a hydroxyl group arising from a carboxylic acid. The strong
peak around 1710-1780 cm-1 is consistent with this since it could arise from
the carbonyl group of carboxylic acid.

An infrared spectrometer operates by passing a beam of IR radiation

through a sample and comparing the radiation transmitted through the
sample with that transmitted in the absence of the sample. Any frequencies
absorbed by the spectrum will be appear by the different. The position of a
absorption band (peak) in an spectrum is specified in unit of wavenumbers
(). Wavenumbers are reciprocal of wavelength when wavelength is
expressed in centimeters and therefore gives the number of wave cycles per
centimeters. The larger the wavenumbers, the higher is frequency of the
bond absorption.

Molecules can vibrate in a variety of ways. There bonds can vibrate

with stretch motion or bend motion. The movement of each ball toward or
aways from the other ball along the line of the spring represents a stretching

vibration. Stretching can either be symmetric or asymmetric. While a

molecule with three or more atoms can experience a bendind vibration.
Conclusion:
In the experiment, FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine the spectrum of
acetylsalicylic acid in KBr. The objective of this experiment was achieved. By
comparing to the standard spectrum, it shows that there is no significant
difference.

References:
1. http://www.wcaslab.com/tech/tbftir.htm
2. http://www.chem.ucla.edu/harding/notes/notes_14C_IR.pdf

Experiment 2: Determination of Cr2+ and Cd2+ in plant tissue samples using Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)
Objectives:
1. To determine Cr2+ and Cd2+ content in plant tissue samples
2. To compare data obtain from AAS and ICP
3. To familiarize with spiking technique in unknown concentration determination

Introduction:
Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is an analytical technique that measures
the concentration on elements. Its very sensitive because it can measure down to parts
per billion of a gram (gdm -3) in a sample. Atomic absorption occurs when atom at
ground state absorb energy in the form of light of a specific wavelength and is elevated
to an excited state. The amount of energy absorb will increase as the number of atoms
selected element in the light path increases. The relationship between the amount of
light absorbed and the concentration of analytes present in known standards was used
to determine unknown sample concentration by measuring the amount of light they
absorb. This instrument requires a primary light source, an atom source which is a
manochromator. This function to isolate the specific wavelength of light to be measured,
a detector to measure the light accurately, electronics to process data signal and data
display. The light source used is hollow cathode lamp (HCL) or electrodelless discharge
lamp (EDL). The concentration unknown sample can be determined by measuring the
amount of light they absorb. The objective of this experiment is to determine the
Chromiun (Cr2+) and Cadminum (Cd2+) content in plant tissue. Cadmium is non essential
metal that effects plants growth and development. Small amounts of Cadmium
concentration is soil will shortening the shoot axis and intensive yellowing of the older
leaves. Chromiun has immense health benefits and must taken in right quantity. It helps
metabolize carbohydrates, monitoring blood sugar levels and helps to stabilize blood
sugar.

Instrumentation:
1. Instrument model : Perkin Elmer-FIMS 400
2. Serial No: A 40158010802
3. Location: 305
Apparatus:
Beaker250ml, volumetric flask 250ml, filter paper, filter funnel, pipette
Chemicals:
100ppm Cd2+ and Cr2+ standard solution, HNO3, H2O2,
Procedures:
1. Sample
The plant sample was cut into small pieces and about 50 g of the sample put in
oven to dry for 24 hours. Three portions of the samples weigh ranging from 0.5 g
to 1.0 g accurately. 7 ml of concentrated HNO3 added into each vessel. The
samples were heat on a hot plate about 20 minutes. the solution was added with
1 ml of H2O2 drop by drop and the precipitate formed. The solution was filtered
using a filter funnel equipped with filter paper. The solution was diluted into 100
ml of volumetric flask and make up with deionised water.
2. Standard preparation
I.

Preparation of Cr2+ standard solution

a) 1ppm standard solution

M1V1 = M2V2
(1000mg/L)(x) = (1mg/L) (0.1L)
X = 0.0001 L
b) 2ppm standard solution
M1V1 = M2V2

(1000mg/L)(x) = (2mg/L) (0.1L)

X = 0.0002 L
c) 3ppm standard solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(1000mg/L)(x) = (3mg/L) (0.1L)
X = 0.0003 L
d) 4ppm standard solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(1000mg/L)(x) = (4mg/L) (0.1L)
X = 0.0004 L
e) 5ppm standard solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(1000mg/L)(x) = (5mg/L) (0.1L)
X = 0.0005 L
II.

Preparation of Cd2+ standard solution

a) 0.2ppm standard solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(1000mg/mL)(x) = (0.2mg/L) (100mL)
X = 0.02 ml
b) 0.4ppm standard solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(1000mg/mL)(x) = (0.4mg/L) (100L)
X = 0.04 mL
c) 0.6ppm standard solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(1000mg/L)(x) = (0.6mg/L) (100L)
X = 0.06 mL
d) 0.8ppm standard solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(1000mg/L)(x) = (0.8mg/L) (100mL)
X = 0.08 mL
e) 1.0ppm standard solution

M1V1 = M2V2
(1000mgm/L)(x) = (1.0mg/L) (100mL)
X = 0.10 mL

Result and discussion:

Based on the result from the experiment, the absorbance of light increased with
increasing concentration of Cadmium and Chromium. The calibration curve clearly
shows the linear relationship between absorbance and concentration. From this curve
the concentration of Cadmium in plant tissue was determine is 1.261 ppm while for
Chromium was 1.623 ppm.
In this experiment, wet digestion method was used for sample preparation. The
various acid and flux treatment was carried out in high temperature to help to minimize
contamination of sample with substance in the air, environment and vessel wall. The
use of closed system is completely isolated from the surroundings may help to prevent
both contamination and sample loss. The sample was covered with aluminium foil in this
experiment.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in analytical is a technique for determining the
concentration of particular metal element within a sample. The technique makes use of
a flame to atomize the sample but other atomizers such as graphite furnace are also
used. There are three steps involved in turning a liquid sample into atomic gas which

are desolvation, vaporation and volatilization. The common source of light is a hollow
cathode lamp. This contains a tungsten anode and a cylindrical hollow cathode made of
the element to be determined. When a high voltage is applied across the anode and
cathode, the metal atoms in the cathode are excited into producing light with a certain
emission spectra. A monochromator is used to select the specific wavelength of light
which is absorbed by the sample and to exclude other wavelength. The selection of
specific of light allows the determination of the selected element in the presence of
others. The selected light by monochromator is directed onto a detector that is typically
a photomultiplier tube. This will produce an electrical signal proportional to the light
intensity.

Conclusion:
In this experiment, spinach was used in determination of Cadmiun and
Chromiun in plant tissue. The objective to determine the Cadmium and
Chromiun in plant tissue was achieved. The concentration of Cadmium in
spinach is 261 ppm while for Chromium was 1.623 ppm.

References:
1. http://www.scribd.com/doc/88715301/CHM-580-EXP-AAS
2. http://www.galbraith.com/spectroscopy.htm

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERLIS

ARAU CAMPUS
FACULTY OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY
CHM 580
SPECTROCHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT 1:

Analysis of Aspirin in Commercial APC Tablet FTIR

Spectroscopy

Name: Nur Farah Hanani Binti Mamat

Group: ASB4Bg
Matric no: 2012221848
Due date: 2 April 2014

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERLIS

ARAU CAMPUS
FACULTY OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY
CHM 580
SPECTROCHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

EXPERIMENT 2:
Determination of Cr2+ and Cd2+ in plant tissue samples
using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)

Name: Nur Farah Hanani Binti Mamat

Group: ASB4Bg
Matric no: 2012221848
Due date: 2 April 2014

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERLIS

ARAU CAMPUS
FACULTY OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY
CHM 580
SPECTROCHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT 3:

Determination of Lead in Anchovies by Cold Vapors

Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Name: Nur Farah Hanani Binti Mamat

Group: ASB4Bg
Matric no: 2012221848
Due date: 2 April 2014

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERLIS

ARAU CAMPUS
FACULTY OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY
CHM 580
SPECTROCHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT 4:

Background and Correction Method for the Determination

of Caffeine in Tea Samples by using Ultraviolet
Spectroscopy

Name: Nur Farah Hanani Binti Mamat

Group: ASB4Bg
Matric no: 2012221848
Due date: 2 April 2014

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERLIS

ARAU CAMPUS
FACULTY OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY
CHM 580
SPECTROCHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

EXPERIMENT 5:
Determination of Riboflavin (vitamin B2) in Energy Drink

Name: Nur Farah Hanani Binti Mamat

Group: ASB4Bg
Matric no: 2012221848
Due date: 2 April 2014