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GRAMMAR

ASSYRIAN

WITH

CHRESTOMATHY and GLOSSARY

BY

SAMUEL

A. B.

PH.

D., D.

MERCER
D.

PROFESSOR OF HEBREW AND OLD TESTAMENT IN THE WESTERN

THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, CHICAGO
RECTOR OF THE SOCIETY OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH
AND EDITOR OF ITS JOURNAL
EDITOR OF THE ANGLICAN THEOLOGICAL REVIEW

LONDON
LUZAC & CO.
46

GREAT RUSSELL STREET,

IQ2

W.C.

3551

M37

TO

FRITZ HOAA\EL
SCHOLAR TEACHER AND FRIEND
THIS LITTLE

BOOK

IS

DEDICATED

BY THE AUTHOR

PREFACE
Experience

me

in

teaching Semitic languages has taught

that the beginner needs a text-book

which

is

both simple

no such
any modern
language. There are books in English, French, German and
Italian for beginners, but none of them are provided with
The larger grammars are reference books and
exercises.
unsuited for the use of beginners. The book most generally
used in the study of the Assyrian language is Delitzsch's
But everyone complains of its difAssyrische Lesestucke.

and
book

also

well

supplied with exercises.

for the study of

Hitherto

Assyrian has appeared

in

ficulty for the beginner.

Assyrian is difficult. Nor have compilers of Assyrian

grammars done much to make it attractive to the student.
It is with this in mind that I have prepared this little book.
I have divided the grammar and syntax into chapters or

and supplied each chapter with copious exercises.

if the student works through these lessons
with care and diligence he will have no trouble with the
reading exercises which follow.
The beginner should first memorise the Simple Syllables.
These are fundamental and occur most frequently in all
cuneiform texts.
He should read chapter two with care,
and so acquaint himself with the Ideograms as to be able
easily to refer to them in his later work.
Chapter three
should also be read with care, looking up each sign in the
Sign Tist at the end of the book. Chapter four is for
further practice in the Sign Tist.
The aim thus far has
been to acquaint the student with his signs.
careful
lessons,
I

am

sure that

VI
reading of chapter five

is

all

that

is

necessar}^

But the

pronouns, verbs, nouns, adjectives, numerals, adverbs, pre-

and conjunctions, chapters six to twenty - seven,

to memory, and the exercises on each
lesson should by carefully read. Read the Syntax carefully
and do the exercises with diligence. After the Chrestomathy
positions

should be committed

is

some

finished the student should read

of the longer pas-

sages in Delitzsch's Lesestucke (which he should own), and

then he will be prepared, with the assistance of

Classified List, Leyden, 1889,

Brunnow,

and Delitzsch's Assyrisches

Hafidwdrterbuch, I.eipzig, 1896, for independent reading.

The
brief

thinking

Assyrian
tions are

the

book

add

make this book as

warns students against
that they can acquire an adequate knowledge of
without much memory-work. If the above direcfollowed, the author feels that the object for which
has been prepared will be attained
namely, to
author's

possible.

He

number

the

to

has been to

object

and concise as

of

students interested in the study of

Assyrian.
It

remains only to thank

my

pupil,

Mr. Keller, for

arranging the vocabulary, and to express

my

appreciation

work done by the Akademische Buchdruckerei

Munich. For many hints I have to thank my

of the excellent

F. Straub,

former teacher. Professor

Hommel, who

also

very kindly

read the proof.

Samuel R,
Hibbard Egyptian Library,
Western Theological Seminary,
Chicago.

May

10,

192

I.

B.

Mercer

VII

CONTENTS
GRKMMRR
CHAPTERS
Ch.

SECTIONS
1

I,

II,

24
59

PAGE
Introduction

Simple Syllables

Other

Ideograms

Syllables,

and

Deter

minatives

lo

HI,

IV,

12

,.

V,

,.

i6
20

VI,

VII,

VIII- -XII,

XIII,

25
3147

.,

XIV,

..

XV,

,.

XVI,

XIX XXI, 64-

Syllabaries

16

Phonology

18

Verbs with an

23

initial

Verbs with a weak

34
letter

initial

Verbs with a weak medial

Verbs with a weak

62

38

letter

40
41

The Verb with Suffixes

The Noun
Nouns with Suffixes
The Adjective

42

Numerals

51

XXIV,

XXV,

83
88

Adverbs

XXVI,'

97

Prepositions

XXVII,

Ch.

XXVIII,

,.

XXIX,

108

XXX,

112 115 The

..

XXXI,

ii

116

79

final

35

letter

Other irregular verbs

76

21

The Strong Verb

XXII,
XXIII,

20

Other Pronouns

5356
59

13

Personal Pronoun

50

XVII,
XVIII,

Sign List

44
49
50

53

56

Conjunctions

57

SYNTAX
103107 The Noun,
III

Adjective and Numerals

59

Verbal Nouns and the Finite Verb

61

Simple and Compound Sentence

Model Analysis

57-68)

(Asurb.,

Rassam

62

Cyl.

64

VIII
PAGE

CHRESTOMATHY
1

Titles

II

The

69

and deeds of Hammurabi

siege

of

69

.....

Damascus and

(Shalmanesser III)

Egyptian

the tribute of

Asurbanipal's

IV

Accession Prayer of Nebuchadrezzar II to

Cyl.

2, 27)

duk (Rassam

From

VI

Lstar's

Cyl. 53, Col. I

VII An Observation
VIII Assyrian Letters

GLOSS/IRY

CORRIGENDA

Mar

5572)

....

Descent into Hades (Rassam Cyl. 31

Lamentation (K 4931)

SIGN LIST

70

campaign (Rassam

III

first

Jehu

of the

Moon (K

716)'

78
79

80
81

81

84
.

16
.22

QR/\MM/IR
INTRODUCTION

I.

Assyrian belongs to the northern group of Semitic languages, and

is

closely

related to

the Hebrew.

ences from Babylonian are only dialectical.

Its differ-

The Assyro-

Babylonian language was used as early, at least, as 3000 B.C.

and continued in vogue until the first century before the

From that time until 1835 A-T>. when Sir

Rawlinson made the first partial translation of

Christian era.

Henry

C.

an Assyrian

text, the

Assyrian language was quite unknown.

Since then thousands of inscriptions on stone and clay have

been excavated from the buried

cities of

the Tigris-Euphrates

valley.

The

literature of the

voluminous, and

Assyro-Babylonian inscriptions

much more

All types of literature are represented.

chaeologist.

is

awaits the industry of the ar-

There

are poetry and prose, prayers and hymns, incantations and

magical charms, chronology and history, precepts and laws,

and legal and commercial transactions. Thousands of texts

have been translated, and there still remain thousands untranslated in

these texts

is

made, better

published or unpublished form.

still

in

Fuller sign lists must be

must be written, and new grambe investigated. All this must be

in its infancy.

dictionaries

matical points remain to

done

Work upon

order that the student of history, religion, morals,

politics, science,

and

social institutions

may have

the

means

of defining the

slow developement of Semitic ideas through-

out the centuries.

Every student
the decipherment

should read an account of

of Assyrian

and

of the script

the language, and no

more

of the reconstruction of

fascinating story of that great

achievement can be found than that in R. W. Roger's

Of
History of Babylonia and Assyria, Vol. I, pp. i
353.*)
translations of texts there are numerous volumes, but so far

no complete corpus of Assyro-Babylonian literature,

nor can there be such for many years to come. The most
complete at present is the Vorderasiatische Bibliothek, published by HiNRiCHS in Leipzig. It was begun in 1907 and

there

is

in progress.
There is nothing similar to this in any
modern language, although the Yale University Press
have in view a corpus which will be complete to date. Of
individual books in which translations of Assyro-Babylonian
texts are published there are many, which can be found in
any good university or seminary library.
is still

other

Hommel, Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens,

58134 and H. V. Hilprecht, Exploratiohs in Bible Lands

See also Fritz

*)

1885, p.

De

Pie Ausgrabungen

Sarzec's, Leipzig 1904).

in Assyrien

213 also in German trans577 (p. 3

und Babylonien, I., Bis zum Auftreten

the 19th century, Philadelphia 1903, p. 3

lation:

Berlin

during

CHAPTER

SIMPLE SYLLHBLES
2.

The name whereby the script of the Assyrian language

known is cuneiform. The word is derived from the Latin,
cuneus, a wedge and forma, a form, wedge-form. The script
was originally pictographic and was handed on by the Sumerians to the Semites who lived in the Tigris-Euphrates valley.
In later times it was used by many peoples other than the

is

Assyro-Babylonians, and was at

highly simplified and

last

used by the Persians.

The Assyro-Babylonians never developed an alphabet.

There are a few vowel signs, but the script is mostly syllabic.
The signs are written from left to right.
In this first lesson, about a hundred of the simplest
syllabic signs are arranged according to the order of the
Hebrew alphabet. This is the order in which the transliterated words occur in all Assyrian glossaries and dictionaries.
On the left-hand side syllables beginning with a consonant are arranged, those with a final a being placed in
the first column, those with i or e in the second and those
with u in the

On

third.

the right-hand side syllables be-

ginning with a vowel are recorded,

first

those with a, se-

or e and thirdly those with u

condly those with

important that

these signs with their values be thoroughly

committed

to

all

memory. In

section 4 these

are arranged in the order in which

are found in
studied.
until

The

all

sign

lists.

all

same

It is

very

syllabic signs

these and other signs

This exercise should be carefully

signs should be read and repeatedly written

they are as well

known

as an alphabet.

Final

3-

]}

Vcowe/

<3:

^
^\}

:j

1
t

n>

-^T

G ^TTT^
D ^11
Z

}}

:=

/^^

= ^a
= da
= za

=
=

-TTA
<I4=

==

<

AW^

bi

= be
= gi
= di

2/

--=

^^

bu

iT-^

= gu
=

^//

i:^!

-TT^

^^=

zi

-^TI

hi

-I<T

-=

^//

^^

H }H

^IT

--=

ha

ta

K --1^ =

-ET

r= la

ET

ka

ma

=
=
=
-^!I =

m
c:

^!

7ia

sa

i:

= pa ^I= ^a i^^TT
= ka MI

"^11
tilf

P
"1

U^

^1

K -T
R E-^TT
S

^TI

V
n

;^TTT

ki
li

mi

-=

me

= ni
= ne
=
= se
= pi
si

-=

si

--=

ki

-= ku

lEJ

In

WW

9^

nu

.>^!T

su

\pu
1.1

^-,;<I

<T-

-=

si

se

--

ti

-ElT

te

^d
^a

tu

te

^JU

=
=

bu

ti

ri

-TT<T

ta

-= ra

-=

=
=

=
=
=
=
=
=

su

ku
ru

Su
su
///

Initial

Vowel

ab

^^

HI

ib

ig

^V4-T
ud

^= az

=
=

>

A-HF-

aU

=
=

uz

iz

2/

=
=

ak
il

uk
/

el

im

an

<TIT

in

un

en

^j

is

^/
as

<Mr<i =

a^

ik

^;VfrT.

ar

ir

IH

dr

er

as
ds
at

is

<

IT

:s<T

=
=
=
=
=
=

us

up
^
i^

ur

eS
it

Read and

4-

write:

.^y .^yy .^yy ..f

^y ^]<
^y

w ^

-IIA

tt tt] t^yi tt]}

-<^yy

:^]

::;^y

t]} tyyyir i^yyy^

<

c:

-^y

-^y

^
i^

^SK

:^:^T

^:^

^^yy

^y

-yy^

<]]]
t^^i t^^]]
t]

;ri<y

^^y ^yy

^y ^y.

-!

-^

-y<y^

-y<y

^]]t^:^^^

-^. ^.y<y

^^

t]

^^yy^ ^4f

< T- HI
<h <MT<I <T*
MI I C-S C-^ ^TTI IH Tf. }} }}<

<t]^

^!T

-II

-II<T

s^yyy

^yy

^^h

CHAPTER

II

OTHER SYLLABLES, IDEOGRAMS AND

DETERMINATIVES
In addition to the simple syllables, illustrated in chap-

5.

ter I,

there were also

compound

(or better fullet) syllables,

^TTf dan\ i^B^, bar\ {\, man.

it was not easy to represent long and short
vowels. In open syllables, long vowels were represented
in one of two ways, namely, (i) By writing after a syllable

e.

g. t^TIIL

^^'^;

In Assyrian

a separate sign for the vowel of the syllable,

na-a

na\

^Ey

y{,

la-a

was not always written

the consonant,

e.

In closed syllables

g.
it

e.

Id.

g.

^^\

e.

"^y

g.

f f'

But such a separate sign

nd.

(2)

By

doubling

"^11 ^V-^T ^I^ ^, ru-uk-ku

e. ril^ti.
was practically impossible to represent
i.

a long vowel,
6.

Sometimes the Assyrians used one sign

complete word.
syllable,

This

we

call

an ideogram,

to represent a
e.

g.

^^,

as a

has the value of an, but as a word, or ideogram,

which means "god". Likewise, tEj, as a

an ideogram, equals abu, "father".
ideogram may consist of two or more signs, e. g.

has the value

ilu,

syllable, equals ad\ as

An
^i^II ^^y,
Many
as

"^t^

iu,

-J^^ Ej, suluppu, "date".

more than one

more than one ideographic

values ud,

7.

apsn, "abyss";

signs have

la^,

tarn, pir,

value,

J}is\

syllabic value, as well

e.

g.

^\ has the syllabic

and the ideographic values

umu, "day", SamHu, "sun", and pi^U, "white".

An ideogram may also be used as a determinative, that
a sign attached to a word to indicate the class of thing
to which the word belongs. Most of the determinatives are
is,

placed before the words to 'which they refer; and are not

pronounced, e.g. ^^T^, before names of

male proper nouns;

V^, before

names

deities,

of countries

J,

before

and moun-

tains.

Many

8.

ideograms have no determinatives.

In order to

help in identifying the correct ideographic value of a sign

a device was used by the Assyrians, which

netic

complement]

used for both

ilu,

we

call

a pho-

g. the sign ^*T~, as an ideogram, is

"god", and SamU, "heaven". In order to

e.

help the reader to decide which, the Assyrian would add

the sign

>-\\,

ens", thus,
g.

As an

e,

when he wished

to represent Same, "heav-

^>^ tjf
and write the following ideograms
so acquainted with them that
them may be made with ease.

exercise, read

and determinatives.
future reference to

Become

IDEOGRAMS
Ideogram

Pronunciation

Meaning

nakdsu

to cut off

^^

zeru

seed, descendant

iumu

name

ilu

god

^4

Ideogram

Pronunciation

Meaning

-K

balatu

life

^\

ardu

slave

^^I^

palu

reign, year of reign

--ITT

patru

dagger

^^11

^Iru

exalted

-E^IT

alu

city

--ai

tahazu

battle

^^]r

arhu

month

-m

rubu

noble

-IT^

napUtu

life,

-!<!

i^^Hru

bird

-T<I^

baSU

to

iumelu

left'

-n

belu

lord

JT

^atu

hand

-^IT

zumru

body

^TT^

reSu

beginning

-s^n

pu

mouth

-rrjH

liSanu

tongue

nakru

hostile

7^

^almu

image

t?^

epeSu

to

:r^

^T<

-T<T<T

soul

be

make

^arrdnu

road

>

Ukaru

strong drink

fi^<T

abnu

stone

fc^^

Sarru

king

Ideogram

Pronunciation

Meaning

s^4^

Sfru

flesh

t:^tT

imtu

fire

"^

^ihru

small

umntu

mother

babu

gate

kakkabu

star

dilru

wall

I?r^
I
1

^^V^

^^

^}
^\

nadanu

to give

alaku

to

X:^\^

imiru

ass

t^Il

karanu

wine

<m

duppu

tablet

tEl

abu

father

Uu

wood

A^

alpu

ox

^-^

kibratu

region, quarter of heaven

dannu

mighty

niSu

people

sukkallu

messenger

^m

bUu

house, temple

E^<

imnu

right

Ei?ff

amelu

man

a^u

brother

^T

idu

side

E<^^

kablu

midst, battle

El-

rabu

great

m
m
m<

go

lO
Ideogram

Pronunciation

Meaning

E^
V

parakku

shrine

matu

land

^-W<

^iru

serpent

^T

ilmu

day

^T-

UZ7tU

ear

^m

libbu

heart

^}

^abu

warrior

tabu

good

Mru

wind

<ttz

mtlSu

night

<<

kiiSatu

host, the

<^

^Spu

foot

<^fA

mur^u

sickness

<F

Inu

eye

<W]^
<T^

damku

favourable

^ardpu

to

<MH

lininu

evil

<I^

ir^itu

earth

<^}

ellu

bright

Sarru

king

^ubatu

garment

Et

im

to

t^=^^

libittu

brick

c-m

aSiaiu

wife

C-^T

beltu

lady

aplu

son

A
A4

world

burn

have

(spec, heir)

II

Ideogram

Pronunciation

Meaning

Sakanu

to set

}}<

nUnu

fish

COMPOUND IDEOGRAMS

-+

elil

high

apsil

abyss

eSeru

to

suluppu

date

hittu

dream

i^} ET-

abullu

city-gate

EK

ekallu

palace

<m s^m

Saplil

low

<^f

purussu

decision

T^-^f

zunnu

rain

T^ ^TTI

eklu

field

IMI-

dimtu

weeping

s^TIT

tM

-^TT
-^TT <Tf^

-tH^=
-T4i

:^im

EJ

<:r:r

be

straight, right

DETERMINATIVES THAT PRECEDE THE

WORD

>->^

//?/

god

^Xi\\

alu

city

V)

cities

-^^

^r^/^

month

months

U^>^

slru

flesh

before

names

of deities

parts of the

body

^^^->^

kakkabu

star

stars

and

planets

^y^

m^r

ass

some of the
larger ani-

mals

12

S^<T

abnu

stone

tT

Uu

wood

before names of stones

wooden

trees,

11

tT^^

karpatu vessel

r>

11

vessels

:^ITT^

iammu

plant

r>

11

plants

E3w

amelu

man

11

tribes

objects

and pro-

fessions

V
V

matu

country

Y)

11

countries

Sadn

mountain

11

11

mountains

male

VI

11

male proper

names
garment

^ubatu

lil

vt

V)

Yl

garments and
stuffs

immeru lamb, sheep

11

11

sheep

miB

Hpatu

fleece,

wool

11

wools and

]}m

nam

river

11

rivers

female

11

V)

female proper

woolen

stuffs

nouns

DETERMINATIVES THAT FOLLOW THE

k&m
kam

used after numbers

11

plural

->f

11

11

plurals

ta-a-an

numbers and measures

ki

names

aim

\\-^

a-an

^<

nUnu

fish

iffSru bird

of places (comp.

place)

plurals

numerals and measures

names

plural

-T<T

WORD

of fish
,,

birds

13

CHAPTER

III

SIGN LIST
The

lo.

sign

list

at the

fore the Glossary, should

end of the book, immediately benow be carefully studied. It can-

all at once, but will come with practice.

For practice in finding signs in the Sign List the following words should be carefully read. In order to show
the close relationship between Assyrian and Hebrew, the
Hebrew equivalent of each Assyrian word is given.

not be learned

11,

ba-nu-u

to build

sa-ipa-pu

to

la-ba-su

to clothe

trj^

la-ma-du

to learn

-9^

la-ku-u

to take

np^

H-Sa-a-nu

tongue

IIBTJ

su-mu

name

-<t^i}m

m
-m
^TS^jn

be-e-lu

lord

^JJ3

^1

na-piS-ttc

life

a*?.?

na-aS-rn

eagle

It?.?

^i

^jn

na-a-ru

river

^??

tIII:r

ka-nu-u

reed

ka-as'tu

bow

-<l<ldlv^
-]& E^II ^-

ti-ib-nu

straw

ak-ra-bu

scorpion

-ii^'tif ^jn

zi-e-ru

seed

yit

-IKI -eei

dal-tu

door

nh

-IKI -]}

ri-e-su

head

xa\A-\

ab-nii

stone

-'^I'^i

^ }H

V--

-EI -^T

-El EI

^I

-EI 1-^^ <

-^11 ^
JI^^

-I

If

I^

-i^^i

--I t-

overwhelm

7\^

IDD

Dgf

".?R
nt?*!?.

Wi
=^RK

I3

tl^

^v

um-mu

mother

D^

i'fiu

eye

i-du

hand, side

i-lu

god

i-?u

wood

rv.

i-Sa-tu

fire

rrx

i-sa-ru

righteous

at-ta

thou

nnN

kak-ka-bu

star

n;l3

mal-ku

prince

^5?

ir-Su

couch

^?V.

ir-^i-t2i

earth

I^nx

am-tu

handmaid

HDN

bi-i-Ui

house

n:5

ku-u-lu

cry

^'P

zik-ru

name

n?t

al-pu

ox

e-niu

father-in-law

e-zi-bu

to leave

e-pi-ru

dust

^?

e-ii-ru

to protect

^m

e-lu-u

to

kal'bu

dog

ra-ka-bu

to ride

ta-a-bu

good

kar-nu

horn

ma-fya-su

to smite

^t^

t;

^m

be high

onT

"53?

^^.
T

31D
IPR-

FDD

15

gam-ma-lu camel

'V EJ ISDf

^^VT
^y i^

*7^

705

-8r-

ear

|tt<

-w*)

day

Dl'

pi-tu-u

to

nnO

open

-^T^-

>^g^y

^yyy

^^

Hb-bu

heart

^p[- >^
^^^\

im-nu

right

^^^

bir-ku

lightning

pij

-^^^ I^

bir-ku

knee

"^13

^y^^yy^y

^^y

^y^ ^^

15^-

^>->y- ^ ar'ba--u

I]f

nest

^-^/z

brother

a-ri-bu

raven

iDiy

a-na-ku

^:?:X

a-bu

father

a-ipa-zu

to seize

tn^

sa-al-mu

image

qSj:

ba-ta-nu

son-in-law

]nn

^yyyt

Ua-du-u

to rejoice

iTin

Sa-am-nu

oil

]^;^

'^^

|]r

T^f^

W\

^>]r]^^

^^TT

^lU

t^III

^i^ fc^y

V t^
*)

plement

Or

{^S-lX

kin-nu

y^ *"II^y

y^

four

]''P^

judgment

y} >-y<y

T{ '"^I

hand

di'i-nu

>5^

]^JJ

njj?

"5^
better u?nu(-mu)

(p. 7,

8) -mu.

i.

e.

iiww (comp.

p. lO, line 5)

]'''n

]p.

HK

:}

with phonetic com-

i6

CHAPTER

IV

SYLLABARIES
12.

For further

going on to the study of

the grammar proper, a small portion of each of the three
great syllabaries, S*, S^ and S*^, is given. These syllabaries
were composed by the Babylonians and Assyrians themselves,

and have been

practice, before

of inestimable value to

reconstructing the

and
13.

grammar and

modern students

lexicon

of the

in

Sumerian

of the Assyrian language.

In the second column is the syllable

Syllabary S"".
under consideration, in the first column the pronunciation
of the syllable, and in the third column the name of the
syllablic sign.

-TT<T

^^

Tt=:tE
}}<
^TI

14.

Syllabary S^. In the second column is the ideogram

under consideration, in the first column the Sumerian pronunciation, and in the third
of the ideographic sign.

column the Assyrian

translation

17

-+

T<Tt^ i^t^ --TTT

->f

tE

T^T

tt^

::t^

t:r^^

^T
:^^I

tun
i^t=

T^^

tt^]]

IH

]^

^]}

:=^T

^-^H
<Igf^^

!!5<T

<

J5^T

T^

::^JI

t^J]

^]

Tl fc=^T

]-^]l

-T<T

^I

-:rH

-ET

tE

tE

^T

TV

T^

^TTT

^TTT

Syllabary

15.

S^.

This

is

in

'^-

<TTT

^-

a sense a combination of S*

In the second column

is the ideogram under concolumn the pronunciation of the same,

the third column the name of the ideographic sign, and
the fourth column the Assyrian translation with synonyms.

and

S^.

sideration, in the first

in

in

-TTA

;^!T HT-

;TT!

-KI
-TKT -T<T tTTIt

]^]^^

<Tm

!T

f^

^-

--T I^I
e:tt :^^^

-ET

^ tint

fc^TTT

tETI
I

-^H

-ET

^m

^-

tITTt

c-^mi
1}

-TT<T t5<T

i8

<T^

A^ <^I

<y <:^

CHAPTER V
PHONOLOGY
Vowels.

i6.

The Assyrian language

possesses the vowels

and ^ as a variant sound

as a variant sound of n.

a,

i,

u,

a,

of

u,

t,

The vowels a and a change

to

e,

and

and

e,

a,

and

g.

i-ma-

e.

f,

a-ru into i-me-e-ru; mti-^a-ak'ni-iu into mu-si-ik-ni-Su.

Vocal contraction

common,

is

Vowels sometimes

off,

fall

g. ba-nu-ti for ba-ni-n.

e.

g. Hi-ub-tii for u-su-tib-tu.

e.

Consonants.

17.

The Assyrian consonants

,

J,

p,

^,

k{q),

cording to the

r,

S,

Hebrew

The consonant k
e.

g.

are:

^,

<^,

<3^,

^,

^,

/,

k,

w,

/,

These consonants are arranged

t.

ac-

order.

after

n or

sometimes becomes g,

Iu-u$-ku7n-ga for lu-u^-kum-ka.

Sometimes k

replaced by g,

is

Before a dental
iin-tu\ also

After

before
;2,

ta-ai-Hr\ after

f/^

becomes

e. g.

.?,

it

changes to

In some verbal forms

e.

e.

g.

gdtu for

>^a/?/.

g. sa-li-in-Ui for ^^-/z-

Su-un-Su for su-um-Su.

often changes to
/^

n,

^/

e.

<3^,

/,

and

e.

g.

un-da-aS-sir for

2/;;/-

g. ik-te-bi for ik-te-bi.

j/

become

j^

and

jj,

e.

g,

as'sa-kan for as-ta-kan\ as-sa-bat for as-ta-bat.

Sibilants

change

to / before a dental,

aS-tH-ur\ or before sibilants,

e.

e.

g. al-tu-tir for

g. /-j2 for ^j:-^J.

s becomes s, with
and sometimes the dental, as-

After a dental or another sibilant

which the preceding

sibilant,

similate, e. g. kdt-su, ka-as-su, or

ka-a-su for kdt-su.

19

Before certain consonants n changes to m,

for u-^an-kir\ but usually

kir'^)

it

assimilates,

e.

e,

g.

u-Sam-

g. id-din for

in-din.

Accent.

i8.

As

yet very

little is

known about Assyrian

Monosyllables are accented,

syllable

long

is

is

it

accented,

The accent recedes

e.

till

sAr matati.

e. g.
e.

g.

accentuation.

When

the last

sarrut mat AsSur,

finds a long or closed syllable,

it

innamir.

g. Sarrutu,

some forms a short penultima is accented, e. g. ikdSad.

The enclitics -md and -ni drive the accent back upon

In

the penultima,

e.

g. ibnurnd, iprusuni.

Exercises.

19.

m ^^ <m

^B

^,

t^i tm ^sk

^jn

^ ^. ^ ^IT - ^ M --T

r^ -7^ tTIT^,

Ji

^^ -mi

tTTTt tElT, ^ITIir C-

<T- tTTk.

tTTT^

^^ -mi

JJ, H<

^w
.ET,

::H
:r^,

t^,

t=^

::I<J

ttTTT :^^. -I<J

tiSL ^^iT. -T
*)

More

correct

is

T^

^TT

fc^
"^IT.

^^i

j^H.
-<,

-^T

^-t<t.

-^T.

<Igf

-T<T^ :=^5=T

HM

IH,
<-I^ -. JiTT ^^IT. -T
;iff

^]]p

t:I<J

-m- <^.

the transscription u-ldn-kir.

<Ii-

20

CHAPTER VI
PERSONAL PRONOUN
The personal pronouns

20.

in the nominative are:

Plural

Singular
c.

m. atta

f.

m. Su

f.

attunu

attl

$unu, Sun
Stna,

it

The

21.

amni, anlnu, mnu, nini

anaku

Sin

personal pronouns in the genitive and accusative are:

Plural

Singular

% 22.

idtu,

idti,

idSi,

kdti,

kdSa

c.

m. kdtu,

f.

m. Sdsu, sudSu

f.

kdti,

a-a-Si

nidsim, ndSi

nidti,

kdtunu, kdsunu

kdsi

SdSun

SdSunu,

SdSa, sdSi

Pronominal suffixes attached

meaning:

to

nouns with possessive

Plural

Singular

-ia,

-a

c.

m. -ka, -ku

-I,

f.

'ki

m.

-Sii,

f.

-Sa

-ni,

-kunil,

-kun

[-kind]
-s,

Sunu,

-Sa

-Sun, -Sunilti

-Sina, -Sin

Pronominal suffixes attached

23.

-nu

to verbs with

accusative

meaning:
Plural

Singular

-anni, -ifmi, -ni

c.

m. -ka, -akka, -ikka, -ak,

-akku

f.

-ki, -akki, -ikki

m.

-Su, -S, -aSSu,

f.

-Si,

-S,

-aSSi

-aS

-ndSi, -anndSi,

-anndSu

-kunuSi, -akkunuSu

-kindSi
-Sunu, -asSunu, -Sumltu, -Sunilti
-Sina, -Sindtu, -Sindti, -Sindsim,

-aSSindtu, -aSSinlti

21
Exercises.

^ 24.

^\ Igy.
<F -^T.

-<T<.

TH

-j^.

I^

<T- ^E,

Vi

"7^.

L -:^H

:= S?. ::EI

T^

-^<.

S?= ^ETf
T^

tEl :^TTT. tET

tTTIt,

V.

T]f

-m

-t^.

-tH W I
-^H T^ <K

-7^.

V> tETI -+<.

^. V, <Iei,
<T- tg:s, JI -5^, J! ::T]!f
-tH. tETf L <F> -+ ^I <!-. <T- -^T -<!<.
S,:,

9^ ^f<, Igf

S?:.

-^T

>?^

<

<rf

.<T-.

-ET ->^T

I.

^T

JT C:-

<T-.

jy -^H. -ET

EI

:;^T

<K -EI ;- < I ^ ^I<. EI ^^< C-^

^ <S
H< ^- <IEI ^I <I-, ^n -11^ ^-

^
^W

m^

W <F ^I

-<V ^I-

CHAPTER

-^I

<

I.

VII

OTHER PRONOUNS
Demonstrative Pronouns.

15.

There are

five

chief

demon-

strative pronouns:
I.

anntt, this
Plural

Singul ar

nom

masc.

fern.

masc.

fem.

annu

annltu

annutu

anndtu

an(n)ute

annate

anniu

annltu

2.

gen.

anne

annlti

ace.

anna

annlta

annlti

^uatu, that

suatunu

sudtina

Sudti(m)

Sdtunu

Satina

Suiu

$unilti

Suatu(m)

mu

Siati

Sindtina

Hndti

Plural

Singular

3.

4.

sil,

masc.

fern.

SI

fern.

that

ammil, that

ammu
5.

masc.

ullil,

ammetu

ammdte

that

nom.

ullu

gen.

ulli {ulle)

ullutu

Relative Pronouns.

26.
1.

2.

who, which.
man(n)u Sa, whoever.

sa,

minma

3.

mina,

4.

mal(a),

mim(m)a (sa), mimmU, whatever.

many as.

Sa,

ammar,

as

Interrogative Pronouns.

27.
1.

mannu, who?
masc.

neut.

mannu

2.

^-^-22

(i.

e.

iT;^'-/^),

nom.

;;^?;/?7

gen,

w/w^"

ace.

niina

who?; fem. a-a-ta; plural

aiiuiu, aiiuti.

Indefinite Pronouns.

28,
I.

Masculine:

manman, mamman, manuman, mam{m)ana,

mandma, manamma, manma,

memeni,

main(m)a,
Neuter:

Reflexive Pronoun.

29,

mdnu,
30.

mumma,

anyone.

minma, mim(m)a, minimu, aiiumma, aiiamma,

iaumma, anything.
This

is

expressed by the word ra-

self.

Exercises.

Vi

-<!< --^T.

-+

^. -*f

S^.'

-+

^ ^^T. -^-

23

-^y^,

^y<,

-HP

^1

<y^

-^

:^TIT'

^y,

^y<

"^

^K

y^

-HF-

^y^ ^y.y^ jgj^

^^l -^ ET ^T, ^TT,

c: ^ <, c: ^i
ET !^ EI,
eT -I<I^ EI, C: A4f El -^ V'
<y;.y^

T]^,

!rTTT:r,

T^

^,

ET ->f

tE tt

T^

t]]]^ -HP<,

V,

-^^

-^.

ET

ET -ET,

T^

C:

-t^^

ET -H^,

ET

^,

ET

:^

^ET^ <TTT ET, ET

^T ^h

ET -HF-.

CHAPTER

VIII

THE STRONG VERB

31-

The Assyrian verb

has ordinarily four primary, three secondary, and one tertiSkeleton of the Strong Verb.

T/ie

The model verb kasadu means

ary stem.

2.

I.

(or o,

II

i)

(or o, 2)

III

(or

IV

(or n,

Qal

ikdSad

Paal

iika^iad II 2 (or

I 2

Shafal usaksad III

s, i)

i)

to conquer.

Nifal

(or

i)

t,

(or

t,

2)

st, i)

Ifteal

iktdsad

Iftaal

ukta^Sad

Ishtafal uStakSad

ikkdSad
3-

I 3

(or tn,

i)

Iftaneal iktandSad

There are other stems which are not of very frequent

Such are: IV 2 (or nt, i), Ittafal; II 3 (or tn, 2),

occurrence.

Iftanaal; III 3 (or stn,

III/II

fal;

(or

s, 2),

i),

Ishtanafal;

Ishpaal;

and

IV

(or ntn,

III/II 2

(or st,

i),

Ittana-

2),

Ishta-

paal.
2.

or,

These stems are referred

more conveniently

as, Ij, 11^,

to as, Qal, Paal, Shafal, etc.,

III,,

IV,,

Ig,

Ilg,

etc.

24

The

3.

Qal

Ij,

is

Paal

IIj,

signification

and formation of the various stems:

the root stem, used transitively and intransitively.

and has

signifies intensity,

its

middle consonant

doubled.

Shafal has a causative signification, and

by prefixing the consonant i.

IIIj,

IVj, Nifal

passive in signification, and

is

prefixing the consonant

which

n,

is

is

formed

formed by
sometimes changed
is

to accord with the first consonant of the root.

Ifteal

Ig,

is

reflexive in signification.

It is

derived from

the Qal.
Iftaal has both active

Ilg,

and passive

signification.

It is

derived from the Paal.

Ishtafal

Illg,

a reflexive of the causative.

is

It is

derived

from the Shafal.

IVg, Ittafal has a passive signification,

Iftaneal\

is

derived from

Originally Intafal.

the Nifal.
I3,

and

Iftanaal;

II3,

III3,

Ishtanafal\ and IV3, Itta-

nafal are derived from \, Ilg, Illg, and IVg, respectively, and are similar in meaning.
III/IIi,

Ishpaal\ and Ill/IIg, Ishtapaal are similar in signifi-

cation to the Shafal

and

They

Ishtafal, respectively.

are a Paal-Shafal and a Paal-Ishtafal, respectively.

4.

The Assyrian verb

in

usually tri-consonantal,

e. g.

ka^adu, but there are also roots with two and sometimes
four consonants.
32.

called radicals.

Vocabulary.

damaku
kaSadu

33.

These consonants are

=
=

be favourable
to conquer
to

rakdbu

--=

to ride

Sakanu

to place.

Exercises.

fc^m "^TT

t-t],

^VV t^m ^T ^TT

^t},

^W

25

:^mt ^TT -a "^TT

t^l -l<y^ ^:rH ^IT
::ET.

^iT t^m ^I

J^EI.

^T

t^I.

^T

-^
;^TTT -a

s^TTT

-I^ -^TT -Bl

CHAPTER

^T

IX

The Qaly or I^

PRESENT
Singul ar

Plural

m. ikaSad (ikaSSad)
takaSad
f.

ika$ada(ni)

m. takaiad

takaSadu

f.

taka^adl

takaSada

c.

akasad

nikasad

m. iklud

f.

m. taksud

f.

takludl

taksuda

c.

akSud

nikSud

m.

y^^j:^^

f.

/^^i?^^/f,

m. ka$dat(a)

f.

ka^dati

\kaSdatind\

c.

kasdak(u)

kasdani(-nu)

ikasadtl(nilu)

PRETERITE
iMudu(ni\u)
ikSudd(ni)

tak'sud

takSudil

PERMANSIVE
kaSdU(ni)
kaSdat(a)

kaSda(ni)

kasdatunu

IMPERATIVE
2

m. kuSud

f,

kuSudl

kuludn
ku$uda(ni)

PARTICIPLE

INFINITIVE

^^i?C^y^

kamdu

^IT
"^TT
El

Tl

2.^

The Assyrian verb has three tenses: Present, preterite

The present expresses incomplete action
in English by the present or future.
The

and permansive.
and is rendered

preterite expresses complete action

and

is

English imperfect, perfect or pluperfect.

rendered by the

The permansive

resembles a noun or participle, and takes suffixes.

It

presses a state or condition; thus, sa-ak-nu-u-ni, they are

36.

set.

Vocabulary.

draw near

palaUu
katamu =^
zakaru

to fear

karabu

to cover

kanasu -= to submit

speak

patdrii

--=

to release

^abatu

to grasp

labaru

to

labaSu

37.

ex-

=
=
=

to

to

be old

to clothe.

Exercises.

\}

fc^ITI

<T^,
t^TIT

-^H ^TT

:^ET.

-IS jy

^T.

m^

^\

-tH ^IT ^l t^TTI -a JT ^T. I^f B

-tH ^ ^TI t^ITT. t^TTT -^H ^11 <Te^.
--& ^ <It^. lil Ey -I, ^tH ^ ^TT

j:yyy<,

-^ <^, ^^

^yyf

s^yyy

<v

---

^yy ^ ^y, jr^ ^^

-^i a^^. :=ii^

^\\\

^^ -<.

27

CHAPTER X

The Paal, or 11^

PRRSENT
Singular

Plural

3 m. ukaSSad
tukas^ad
3 f.
2

ukaSSadu(iti)

uka$Sada(ni)

m. tuka^^ad

tukaSiadtJ

f.

tuka^Sadl

tukaSSada

c.

uka^^ad

nukaiSad

m. ukasHd

PRETERITE
ukaSHdU(ni)

tukassid

ukaSsida(ni)

f.

m, tukassid

f.

tukassidl

tukasHdu
tukaUida

c.

ukassid

nukaSUd

m. kuSSud

PERMANSIVE
kussudil{ni)

kusiuda

kussudat

f.

m. kuSSudat(a)

f,

kuUudati

c.

kuSsuddk(u)

m. kuSHd, kaSSid

kuSSudatunu
?

kuSSudani

IMPERATIVE
2

f.

kuSSidU

kuUida

>^2^jfj?2^?

PARTICIPLE

INFINITIVE

mukaihdu

kuSSudu

The Shafal, or

IIl^.

PRRSENT
3

m. uSakSad

f.

m. tulakSad

f.

tuMk$adf

tuSakSada

c.

uiakSad

nuHakSad

tuSakHad

uSakSadil(ni)

u$akSada(ni)

tuSakiadU

28

PRETERITE
Singular

Plural

m. usaksid

usaksidil{ni)

f.

tu^akhd
m. tusaksid

u^aksida{ni)

2
2

f.

tu^akHdl

tuSakHda

c.

uSaksid

nuSak$id

tusakHdu

PERMANSIVE
3

m. suksud

f.

m. Sukiudata

f.

SukSudati

c.

$ukSuddk(u)

Suksudat

iuksudu(ni)

Suksuda
suksudatunu
?

SukSudani

IMPERATIVE
2

m. Sukhd

f.

i/^jf/^^

^ukHdu
Sukhda
PARTICIPLE
muiakSidu
INFINITIVE

SukSudu

40.

PRESENT

m. ikkaSad
f.
takkaSad
m. takkaSad

f.

takkaSadl

takka^ada

c.

akkaSad

nikkaSad

m. ikkaHd

ikkaHdU{ni)

f.

ikkaHda(ni)

takkaHd
m. takkaHd

f.

takkaiidf

c.

akkaHd

3
3

ikkasadil(ni)

ikka^ada(ni)

takka^adu

PRETERITE

takkasidil

takkaHda
nikkaHd

29

PERMANSIVE
Singular

Plural

m. nakSud
f.

nakiudil(ni)

nakSuda
nakSuddtunu

naksudat

m. nakSuddta

f.

nakSudati

c.

nak$udak(u)

nak Sudani

IMPERATIVE
2

m. naklid

naksidtl

f.

nakHdi

nakHdd
PARTICIPLE

mukkaSidu
INFINITIVE
nakSudu, nakaSudu

4:

Exercises.

m ^I <T- ^T.

^
^11

ji

tEl,

^!,

lEj :ii5T

tlITt "^TT

<!- ^^I, J!

tT!!:r

^SS

^tl<j

ji ^i,

-I^ <T-

^1 ^I,

^ <V ^T-

m- -m -1&
^I.

^:ss

^ "^TT -& <T-

-^H ^TT ^l ^I -!& JT ^I. -T<!^ --H <I^T. ^ '^K -::H <I- ^I' -^T -]& <V
^I. tTTTt "^11 t^^L ::^ ^T. ^TIT- ^ -T<T^
Tf- ^T. tT }} -

30

be

-^

Q
Q
s

xo

<s

^Q

Q
^

<:

K*

r^

r^

is
xo

j3

xo

?5

B
(D

w
H
Ph
<

s
?s

^Q
^

^
^a
xo
xo
> XO
^
^
S

'>3

<2

^s
^

*5

-C^

^
C

o
o

31

Exercises.

43-

mm^iT
^

"^11 <It^.

t^TIT

^T
t^ITT JT

^T

-S.

^S^ ttITT <T- ^T.

t^T- -a t^TTT
^I "^TT -ET.
-T<T^ :^m -^T '^ITT -tl
-]& m\ ^T ^TT tET. lif s^m ^ JI :^T.

^K

^\\\

^!,

^ ^r

JT

^y.

-yy<y

-^y,

<y-

-^y

--H-HP-

t^TIT

j^yyy

-y<y,

^\

^TT

-S

-i^ jy

:i^y

^yyy

J^ET,

^T

<T-

^i

t^TII

:;^!>

-. <iy -^y,
x:^ -^y.

^^

--& ^TT

^I

t^ni

-^

t& hi
^y ^^ -yy<y
s^yyy

:i^yy

^v\ ^\

11

32
-^

-^

^ Q
M ^

xo

hJ

>-y

Q
s

<s

<S

H ^
Pn
1

^ ^S
**

kJ

^
^
w

^S

5Q 5Q
t^

^ ^

<:
xo

^S
1^
55

^
^ ^
1 S
^Q 1 5?Q
?2

>4

<o

s
g

"Vi

's
"?2

~Q

J^

51

^
iS

Q
v

^3
h-1

<i

<
T^
'^

?s

''S^

><o

^
^
1

"^

Q
sJ
S

^ ^ ^
S
a

A -^
< ^
H 3

^ ^
a

g
JS
^3

'^

j2

5i

^Q

s ^ .3
^ ^ ^

J^

Jh

'^

^
^
a

'o

^s
55

H
<

1
i ^
^ 1

Ph

1
1

fe
'tj

^3

S
xo

C/)

^
-^

?$

S
^

^4

-^

'<o

&
a

^
^s
>o

>

Si
S:

03

4->

55

m
o

+->

-t->

+J

xo

:!
'^

1Q

4-)

-^
.s

^ ^
< 1
< ^
PM

IS

S
"^

^ Q ^
*

kS^j

5S

;s

55

^^

*^

.2

^3

a1

55

2?

^s

^1

'?3

3
Vocabulav'

1
in

I
u
t
H

INFINITIVE

33

Exercises.

46.

-TA-ffi,

X:^\\

s^TIT ^?

^-

-E^T

^^

-^T -<V

^M

E-^II,

t:s^.

IH

-?^.

-^11 H<

II

-Jffi

^!-

^^.

^I

"^I

;:EI,

<IEJ t^III -^11 tEl,

<M

^T

^I

HI.

<M

^I ^I HI

-I4i-ffl,

tEl,

-^

:fIII

^M^

^^K

^I ^T.
EI. -^I

Igy

^T t^. -Ill

-s^.

j^ITI jrEl -I<I, 1:^11

-I<I^ t^IIT

^!^{

t^Ill "^11

t^III <T-

tiil,

-^H <I- ^T. :^III -a t^III

^I ^IT ^EI. j^III -& t^TII ^I "^11 HI.
-I<I^ j^III ^I -^11 irEi, ^i<i^ t^yyy ^y -^yy
^I.

S?:. Ei^ -I<I^

^I

^I-

34

CHAPTER
Verbs zviih an initial

47-

XIII

n.

QAL

SHAFEL

NIFAL

IFTEAL

ISHTAFAL

PRESENT

iddan

uSaddan

innadin

ittada Jt

ustaddan

PRETERITE

idditl

uSaddin

innadin

ittadin

7iStaddin

PERMANSIVE nadin

suddtin

naddun

tadin

IMPERATIVE

idin

suddin

naddin

PARTICIPLE

nddinu

muiaddinii munnadinu muttadinu

INFINITIVE

nadanu Suddunu

The remaining forms

riaddnnu
are comparatively regular.

Vocabulary.

48.

nadanu

na^dru =^ to guard

to give

Exercises.

40.

^,

t^TI

^I

m ^T

^TT

t^ITT

-HP.

^T ^T

^I,
^ET ^.

t^TTT ^t] <Tt^

T.

^]

J}

^T tET
tyyy

il<,

^y

i!<,

ttllT

tEy

^^y

<y^

:^,

^T

}} 1}

<T^

'7^'

^^T <T^

-^T ^ET <T^ S^. tE

-^T -ET
-^y, ::E

^y

IH- ^t

-Hh- ^T

^T
:^Tiy

mt-^tm- C-^

il<>

^ -^T

-^y

-^y, tt

::Ey

^1

^EI

<y^

^.

-^T-

tEy <yE^ '^.

35

<

t^

<
hH

<i

1
l*s

;^

t5

<3

*^

4
1

.^ -^

'%

;?

1
3
1 1
iS

^*

t
V.
l^4

'

'<!

g
-a

.v*

-kJ

;!;

*i

'H

>2

<2

<

-"^

!^

>
I

><
P^

W
H
Ph
<
X
u

l>5

^
^

-^

:<:

<^.

^
K^

IQ

"^
IQ

^
ig

K<,

>C^

>0)

^^

r^-

'"^

<ii

<> ^.
:

<:i
-S -^

r^-

xo

^ ^
>v,

x*,

^^ ^

r^

r^-

I
I

xo

'5

1
5 ^
a ^^

.^

xo
12

>

,^
s

w
-I

Ktij

^,

.-^
<S

<^.

>^

36
o3

d)

o u

0)

w. "S

r*^

r<^

to

r-

73 -3
J2

.S
5S

Si

;2

.^

OS

-^-^

.S^

'-^

0
Si

5i

>
OS

a;

^5
Itffi
t/i

Vh
a;

>
M-l

5S

'^a

'Q
>^

ri

1^ ^

fa
!^

'Q
to

c/}

5:

xo
fe

;;

Ol

><o

'^

;5i

>o

'o

<^.
"4-1

'?s
>o

>

^0
f^
4^

^
c
d

t^

en

'So

a;

^1

^ ^
15 *>

^
>

4J

-"

o
C/3

>o
03

^3

a;

OS

C
03

tn

o3

<D

U
Oj

C*

'

'^

'<S

r^.

"^

>^

>

'^
<J

:i
>o

^
S

<3

>i,

(D

^ ^

< S

T3

Xi TJ

>

-^ i^ ^^

00

bJO

i^

g
o

ti

0)

r^-^

0)
-:?

<^

be

:3

.1=1

t:

bio

0)

03
C/5

>

CD

j^ r^

X
'^

<S

03

37

Exercises.

-^\

x:^ x^:z%

^I

^T

-I<

lEj,

t^TII

-ET

-ttJ

If

<T-

IdJ-

^iT
.y<y

:^I<J

^T^

y-,
.^TI

^T

tT^ :^^^.

-^T

^TTI-.

^T

A-W H< t^^.

t^TIT

-^I

-^11

I^

A--W

^^<

T^

:ii^T

^^L,

If

-E^TI

^I.

-m

MI

T^

-a.

"^ ^T

t^III If -I<I ^-I<I.

^M

-^

^l

<V

^^TIT^ s^TTT

^S.

^I

41

tint

Illl<

-I< -I<T^.
JI tint

^M

^-.

tl,

tif

4i.-IIT -T<T ^-T<I.

^\

T^

^T

t:w, JT
-^11,

-E!

-^T ^ni^
MI ^\} M. Tl
^. n ^^< n -^11. t;

^I :^ITT 4i.-ffl
-T<T^.

I^

V ^-.

Tf

t^ITT -ET

:f ITT

:^E.

lEj,

^I

\}

38
hJ

<
w
^^
<
1

2i

^
S
"
S
v
-^

"^

^<S
"<3

5?

'S

55!

1 1

1 1

-^

V4
<3

"

>
X

'-i

-vk

^
'5i

>^

>^

<<t

-^

p^

W
S
<
u

<
r^

J2;

ffi

1
^^
S

(1

<
<

1^

5^

"^i

^
S
hJ

O^

.^
.?

'

-^

.=S.:'-

r^

.iJ^.

*^

r^

>2

'S

'r?

-iS

'^

'^

-S.

39

The

weak medial

other forms of verbs with a

are easily

identified.

The verb Sa \ilu has for a middle radical

Hebrew letter N\ and is called medial

the equivalent

of the
for

kanu has
and is
1,

N,;

a middle radical the equivalent of the letter

called medial

valent of \

have

K^.;

and

and tabu has

a middle radical

for

for a middle radical the equi-

called medial N,.

is

There are verbs which

the equivalent

Hebrew

of the

and of the Arabic letter c- They are called

medial Kg, Kg, K4, and K5, respectively. Examples of these
are, mdru to send, raimi to love, belu to rule, and ban to
seek. Their forms will occasion no difficulty.

letters n, n, y,

Vocabulary.

54.

tabu

=
=

mdtu

-= to die

sa'dlu

to ask

to

be good

kanu
ma^adu

=
=

be/u

=^ to rule

to stand
to

be many

Exercises.

55.

^ ^^ ^y, -^H
<i^

^^y, t]

M. -

t^]] ttyyy
:rl<j,

<IEy
\}

:r^

m^

v^y

iry^

^y M-

x^,

^yy

^yy

tit

-^yy

-y^

M.

t^TT! IE!

Ey

tyyy:=

^y<,

--y

I^

-^y

^T.

-< ^y^
]}

tu

^^yy. <y^ s^ni

y^

^yi^

:^TIT:^

:ry,

y^

y^

^'

<M ^y -^y
c-, <m ^e ^.

"7^.

\]

^,

tEy,

t:y}

^yyy-

<Iiy

;:i<y,

]}

Ey

-3^'

^y.
<m ^]
y^

40
CJ

IB

a s
JZ

Si

^^

-U

Ph

^
?,

<D

V.
<D

o
O

r.

^
a i

^
5*

t>j

Si

.2

0)

P^

o
o

o
o
o

-0

Si

^ g

.S

&

a
5i

o
^

Si

2S

-(-)

>

^
S

d s
< 2

at
"-Si

o o

s>

ci

o
+->

.2
'O

tn

T5
'a
s:

CD

c
O
Oh

^
t:

o
o

^a

Si

*^

<

Si

<i

'^i

Q)

U
tn

XI

u
>

<u

H H

o o

'S

'i

g
~

;s

2*

Oj

sT o

u
O

+-(

<t)

>
c3

TU

,c!

^ ^
o

S
^

C/3

5 1
r!
.t5

a
c

-^

Hi

0)

>

-t-T

be
Si

'-

41
s<

Exercises.

58,

^\< ^-, ^ET

^^y v^

^y<,

A4 ^^

!^yii:r,

Ey

--I

s!TT If -<!<

HI

Sh,

^I
^^

:^

Ey

^y
If

A>ff- EI

irEii,

i^y

::Eyy,

y{

^E

^I

-I<,

^ITI

J^III^,

^tyyy --y :^_ -e,

^y

^-s,
^^\ ^, ^.^y

iTEy,

^V -^T

X:X^

^- ::yyy:r,

^,

^y

->^I :^, ^IIIs^

^y

^yyy^,

-^y ^.^y

^y^

-t^ i^yyyir,

j^yyy

^11

A4f

fe^III J^ti :s:^

irEii,

J^tT

irj^y

txi\

:^III

s?:,

^i

^^Ey j^yyy
^, EI C-^
^xi\ ^-, Ey I^ ^-^ :ryyy:r,
^^ j^yyy v^, ^^\
Sf:. ^III <^ Sf:, ^ :??= 5rE, ^HI
ST !^E,
t^III <^ ^I If HI -^I If ^^ >^ <, ^III
-<I<,

-^I

:ryyy:r,

:^!^I

CHAPTER
ether irregular

59,

I.

XVII

verbs.

Verbs with four radicals.

PAAL

SHAFEL

NIFAL

PRESENT

iiskalal

7isabalkat

ibbalakit ustaklal iiUabalkat

PRETERITE

iiskalil

PERMANSIVE sukalul
IMPERATIVE Suka HI

IFTAAL ISHTAFAL
ustaklil

ibbalkit

nabalkiU

sutabalkut

subalkit

n aba Ikit

^utabalkit

PARTICIPLE

muskalilu nnisbalkitu mubbalkitii

INFINITIVE

lukalulu

2.

subalkutu

final X^.

radicals.

mtiUabalkitu
iutabalkutu

Such verbs ex-

both classes of weak verbs to which

Thus the verb idu to know is both initial X^

hibit the pecularities of

and

nabalkutu

Doubly weak verbs.

verbs have two weak

Some

they belong.

tiHabalkit

tisabalkit

subalkiit

4^
Verbs in which the second

3.

and

third letters are the

satne.

These are

mediae geminatae, and are in the main

In a few forms contraction of the second and third letters takes place. Thus saIdlu to plunder, in the 3. m. s. perm, of the Qal has Sal
called

conjugated like the regular verb.

for Salil.

Vocabulary.

60.

=
=

sukaluhi
zdj2

61.

to

swing

balkatn

to

know

Salalu

=
=

to tear

down

to plunder

Exercises.

M,

"^TT -ET
^T

^^

tE ^ir

<.

^y

<y^, ^y<
::yyy ^y,

^yy

^y

<,

\l

tE

tEy,

jy

-a

j^yyy

^vl
^!! ^^^

!5^T

m^^m

m
^iT B
m
J!

^yy, -y<y^ t^yyy

^y

^T.

tB HI --T^

^yy
^l

<y:^, -t<i^

-T<^ s^TIT

^y,

"^yy

m -!< L -:^H

-^v

t^yyy

-^T.

^y< ^yy yf

<,

^y< <y^, ^y< <y:^

^.^y^ tyyy,

t^yyy -^yy

^T

^iT -E^ii

-T<T^ t^TTT

^T

"^TI

m ^i

^i

mmCHAPTER
62.

The verb with

A
din-iu,

suffixes.

verbal suffix

al-ha-iii-nu-ic-ti,

may

express:

removed them;

gave him; or

bat-su, she sits

XVIII

with him.

(3)

(i)
(2)

the accusative, e.g.,

the dative, e.g., ad-

a prepositional phrase,

e.g., ai-

43
Forms ending in Fonns ending

in

Consonant with Consonant with

simple suffix augmented suffix

Singula r3 m.

Plural

, I\

Forms

in

with

augmented

suffix

iSkunaUil

iSkunmil

iSkunUniiSu

zskunSl

iShinaSsf

iSkuniin

i$kunil7tiiSl

iskunakka

iHkimUka

iskunilnikkd

f-

m. iskunk

f.

iskimkt

iskiLuakkl

Ukunukl

iSkunilJtikkf

C.

Ukunnl

iskunannl

iikunUnl

iSkunUinni

m. iskunSunil iSkunaSstinn

f.

iskunsind

iSkunaSHnd
iikunuHnd iskunilninind
m. iskunkiinu iskunakhinU iskunukunU iSkuntlnikkunil

f.

iskunkina

iskmiakkina

UkunUkina

iSkuntlnikkind

c.

iskuitna

iSkunanna

iskunilna

iSkuniCinnd

^
torms m

augmented
'^

-.u
with

suffix

UkunuSunil iikunUniiSunU

Fonns

in
.

/,

'

Y^

.
smiple suiiix
.

Forms

in

sukmsjl

Suknissu

ibniSu

ibnami

f.

suknlsz

suknim

ibnisi

ibnaSSl

ibnikd

ibnakkd

f.

ibnikl

ibnakki

c.

Sukmril

ibnini

ibnanni

siiknUunu SuknisSunu

Sukniiini

/,

e with

augmented

Singulars

Plural

in

with
simple suffix

i'skuniu

P'orms in i
with
simple suffix

Forms

ibftisunfl

ibnaSSuml

suffix

f.

ibnisind

ibnasHnd

ibnikiind

ibnakkunil

f.

ibnikind

ibnakkind

ibnind

ibnannd

sukriisina

suknlna

c.

suknUsina

sukinna

Exercises.

|^63.

-W ^
^T

^TT -4-

^^H. ^'^

t;4

^ <h

Es=,

--I
L

-^H ^^IIT ^

tllT;^

^IT s?Sl X:X

-^^

< L -T<T^

-W ^ ^T

^T >-^M

JI

<I^'

-T<!^

44

^y

jj

^ ^,
^,

^Hf-

^I

<!-.

^lT l^
JT

-I<T^

>/-

^IT

^!TT!^

I.

E?!!

tU ^T -+

<V

-^I

JI

E?^, -T<I^

-B <h ^T

--I<-

CHAPTER XIX
THE NOUN
Formation of nouns.

64.

Some nouns

1.

to the root consonants,

be

by merely adding vowels

are formed
e. g.,

sulinu, peace,

from ialamu,

to

at peace.

Some nouns

2.

Some nouns
may be

3.

The

take a feminine termination,

from palahu,

fear,

luiptii,

pu-

e. g.,

to fear.

are formed

by the

addition of prefixes.

prefix
(a)

(b)

a vowel,
in

or

n,

e. g.,

rdimi, love,
(c)

.y,

(d)

/,

4.

to bless.

ntalaku, way, from aldku, to go;

from rainu, to

e. g.,

Surbu, great, from

e. g.,

tamharu,

few nouns

from karabu,

ikribu, prayer,

e. g.,

fight,

insert

;/:-

love.

to

;'rt:^/7,

be great.

from ma^aru, to oppose,

after

the

first

radical,

e.

g.,

ritpaM, wide, from rapd^u, to be wide.

5.

Some nouns have special terminations,

(a)

dnu,

e.

homage
(b)

//,

(c)

iltii,

e. g.,

kurbdnu,

g.,

chief of

which

from karabu,

offering,

to

are:

pay

to.

mahru, former, from

e. g.,

beliltu,

lordship,

inaj^dru, to oppose.

from

belu, lord.

These are

abstract nouns.

e. g.,

few nouns drop the initial weak

^ubtu, dwelling, from asdbu, to dwell.

6.

letter of the root,

45
Exercises.

65.

Determine the meaning

nouns

of the following

In Assyrian dictionaries words are arranged not necessarily according to the consonants or vowels

from the glossary.

with which they happen to begin, but under their root.

word

The

form of the infinitive. For

convenience, all nouns in this book are arranged in the
glossary according to the consonants or vowels with which
they begin. Verbs are arranged according to their infinitives.
root

of a

The

given

is

student's attention

changes place with

^-, ^TT

^I<J -.^I

^^iT

<,

with

>^^

J^TTI^

^-^

jy, :rE

^\\

M,

called to the fact that

is

b,

-a

^, ^jn
-^T

in the

d,

k with

<^v ^,
E! fe

M
^-

and

-^H

-^T^

with

^i

<i^

^^

^-

often
s.

^jn,

^ '^\

^jn ^-T<T

-m^ ^\v -^H

^yTi<

CHAPTER XX
Gender, number

66.

and

case.

Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine.

A few nouns are of common gender. Nouns of feminine
gender are: (a) Most names of parts of the body; (b) Nouns
1.

that

end

e,

u,

preceeding.

2.

The

i,

in tu,

ti,

ta with or without

plural of masculine

nouns ends

fiti\
the plural of feminine nouns
nouns have more than one form of

a,

sadanL mountains.

one of the vowels,

in e (or

in ati (or
plural,

eti).

e. g.,

i),

a,

dni,

Many

Sade and

46

The nominative

3.

ing

u,

are

many

is usually marked by the endand the accusative by a. There

case

by

the genitive

exceptions to the rule, the case endings being

employed indiscriminately.

often

4.

The ending u{m)

force as a preposition,

following genitive,

e.

g.,

With

the midst of B.

noun sometimes has the same

of a

bltum, in the house, or v^ith a

e, g.,

kirbum Babili

suffixes the in

ina kiidb

B.,

in

assimilated to the

is

suffix, e. g.,

katila (for katil-yd), with

my

hand

kaiukka,

thy

katu^^u,

his

etc.

Mimation.

67.

To nouns
is

the particle

called mimation.

It

or significance of the

ma

or

;;/

is

often appended.

This

does not seem to affect the meaning

word

to

which

it

attached.

is

Declension of a noun.

FEMININE

MASCULINE
Sing,

Early form Late form

Early form

nom

kalbum kalbu

kalbatum kalbatu

gen.

kalbhn

kalbatirn

ace.

Plu.

nom.

kalbi

kalbam kalba

ka Ibatam kalbata

kalbanu\t, kalbe

kalbatum

kalbdtiljl

kalbdn

gen. ace. kalben

69.

kalbati

kalbu

gen. ace. kalbl

Du. nom.

Late foi-m

kalbanf, kalbe

kalbatim

kalbati

kalban, kalben

kalbdn

kalbdn, kalbdje

kalba, kalbe

kalben

kalbdn, kalbdje

Vocabulary.

sadn

expedition

ilu

-= god

peace
speech

^umu
maru

heart

belu

kalbu

'= dog

girru

Suhnu

=
=

lisanu

--=

libbu

abu

== father

=
=
=

ajnelu ^^

mountain

name
son
lord

man

47
beltu

'-=

mdrtu

-^^

dimtu

^= tears

kibratit

-- region

iarru

=
=

^nalpazu

kalmatu

lad}'

king

daughter
city

insect

Exercises.

70.

V
-I<,

<y^ -M

\}Vm<

m ^ ^^m
^I<,

^11^, EI

e:tt

^. -

-E^I!

^I^

^11^ EI I^ -I<,

i^sr,

e|H

<WT<I

^H

^K

T^

^H

-E^I, ET }^< ->^TI,

}}

-^I,

:^IN EI

-TT<T i^Tf

-^!, E!

iTvTTT

m HI

^;?S !--,

^^<

S^, ^}}<

-^l

-u

^^y, <i^ EI

^\\\

K-

E^IT, -<

-I<, EI ^T^

:^I^

^^iii -ig,

EI

-U

^11} EI

^III.

CHAPTER XXI
T^e construct

71.

When

1.

is

itself

it

is

in the absolute

in the genitive, is joined to

another

in the construct state.

2.

ace,

a noun stands by

when one noun,

state;
it

state.

noun

in construct state,

if

it

is

is

in the genitive,

In

some words a

the

nom. or

singular,

generally drops the case-ending u or

a.

If

the noun

of the genitive does not disappear.

short vowel of the stem has already dropped

out before the case-ending and this in the construct reappears,

e. g.,

The
ally

zikru, "mention", zi-kir $ii-mi-Su,

terminations, ani,

become
3.

an,

at,

et

Another way

ati,

eti

and

Ut.

of

and

uti,

expressing

"mention of his name".

of plural

the

nouns usu-

genitive

relation

48

between two nouns

is

by the

pronoun

relative

sa,

c.

g.,

ildni ^a same.

Apposition.

72.

When

two substantives are

in apposition

it is

not essen-

Thus, a noun in the

number.

that they should agree in

tial

singular sometimes stands in apposition to one in the plural,

aldni

e. g.,

bit sarni-ti,

royal dwellings

"cities,

The same

'.

applies to participles used as nouns.

Construct of ilu

73.

and

beltu.

MASCULINE
Sing. nom. gen. acc

belit

nom.

ilu

bilat

gen. ace.

ill

bilat

nom.

tla

bilta

gen. ace.

He

bilte

Plu.

Du.

FEMININE

i/

Vocabulary.

74.

=
=
=
=

tubbu

babu
^am?7
bztu

joy

kiSddu

gate

apsil

=
=

heaven
house

ir^itu

^=^

Salatu

== to pierce

bank

of a river

ocean, abyss

earth

Exercises.

75.

^i x^ A}

-mw

<m

^w

EI tET,

^II<I,

V,

^III

II

m ^^

-^i ttl ttl >A\

->f I--i^

ti!

^ii.

V -f

^i<, ^tii

^iii -^i-

I--

j=ii

tiiii

<

^w

ET

^\ ^H.
^iii CI,

EI }}<

<lgf

tE, -^ T^III

m
^1^

-<v
-i<,

tEi,

<T^
^:w,

V ^I II
-+ I--,
V tE -EI

tiiiir

<:

40

CHAPTER
Nouns with suffixes.
SINGULAR

76.

PLURAL
nouns
/-,

be

J,

in u,

nouas

in

nouns

am

ati,

atUy

in

etu^

eti

indrSu,

belitsu

VidruSil

sarrdnihl.

hitdtim

mar^d.

btlitsd

sarrdniSa

hitdtem

marka.

beliikd

Sa?rdnikd

hitdtekd

iarrdnikl

bitdteki

Sarrdniia

hitdteid

f.

f.

markl.

belitkt

mdruSd
mdrukd
maruki

c.

mart,

belitiid

indru a

marSmiil,

be lit sunn

mdrulunfi

iarrdniiunti

hitate^unu

marsind,

belitsind

mdrusind

sarrdniUnd

hitdtHind

indvkunil,

belitkunil

indrukunil ^arrdnikunil hitdteknnn

mdrkind,

belitkina

mdrilkind

^arrdnikind

hitdtekind

mdrnf,

belitnl

mdruni

sarrdnini

hitdtenl

2.

XXII

f.

f.

c.

Notice: In Genitive a/ways 7nari- (instead of jnar)\\

Vocabulary

77.

hilftu

^^

sin

idti

hand, side

Exercises.

7^^.

<tt

-TT<T

^tU

^l<

tt%

<^^

JI

m ^> -mil tu ^-

^TII

tH

S] <TIT

-E^II

tu

^, -m]]

E! E-^IT tET t?f ET <T--IT<I -^!<

E"^!! T^ :^ET "^IT

>

^T. <I^

tn

e:TI

!^ --T<

5^

CHAPTER

XXIII

THE ADJECTIVE
Declension of Adjectives.

79.

way as
The

Adjectives are declined in precisely the same

nouns, and are of two genders, masculine and feminine.

masculine plural of adjectives

fiti,

or

gamru,

eti,

e. g.,

b}^ means of the

by the termination dti,

formed

is

the feminine plural

termination

dannu, plu. fem. danndti',

plu. gamrilti',

limnu, plu. fem. limneti.

80,

Comparison of Adjectives.

The degree

1.

comparison

of

an adjective with a long

malpru, former;

is

usually expressed

vowel,

final

Sometimes

elenu, upper.

means of the preposition eli or

more than in the native place

^ir,

over,

(lit.,

saplu,

e. g.,

by

lower;

is

expressed by

e. g.,

^ir Sa abburti,

it

more over

(that) of

the

native place).
2.

ina, in,

The superlative
among; or sa,

is

of,

expressed by means of

usually
e.

g.,

rabil ina (or ^d) Hani, the

greatest of the gods.

81.

Vocabulary.

gamru

complete

dannu ^= strong

limnii

-=

evil

rabu

favourable

saplu

former

eleml

damku
maiprU
82.

=
=

=
=
=

great

lower

upper

Exercises.

^^l

X:^n

jrjirt ^I<,

-T<.

:^TT^

<T- R?: ^Vi -<V t?TT

<r^ >^

-^I

T^

K.|<,

^I.

^^\

^W -t-

^y

:^

If ^y<,

-TTT:^. :^TT^

X:^\

<y^

^^

^,

^W

^h tm^

tm

Enu i^m \

^jii

-m^

m ^m, m^ tm

-t<-

e-^tt

-Eii.

-^11 ^jn

<,

CHAPTER XXIV
NUMERALS
83.

Cardinals.

NUMBER

SIGN

PRONUNCIATION

iSten

TT

Una

TIT

ialaSu

arbciii

hamiu

Hnu

siba

samanu

mu

10

<

e'sru

II

<T

iiten-eSru

12

<TT

Hna-eiru

20

esra

<

salam

40

irba

50

^^

IpanSa

60

suHsu

70

T<

siba

30

4*

52

NUMBER

SIGN

BO

T^

90

I<

tisa

100

T*-

me

200

yy y>^

^ina-ine

600

ner

1000

\y*^

Ifmu

2000

yf

3600

Hv

PROXUNCIATIOX

\(*^

the decimal system

S3^stem,

84.

192

it

(orig. Itimi)

sina-llmii

sar

In the sexagesimal system

in

samand

%\

is

would be \\\yy

is

the mathematical unit;

\.

Thus, by the sexagesimal

y,

and by the decimal system,

Ordinals.

The

ordinals

are formed

by using the

cardinals with

^^,

'

85-

kam, following, e. g., y .A^, ma^ru, first. Second is

and fourth, ;v^7. The others were usually
pronounced like the ordinals.
Sajul; third, SalSit;

fractions.

NUMBER

SIGN

PRONUNCIATION

vii^lu

IT

TJ

lunanu

III

sinipii

5
6

parap

86.

Distributives.

These are formed

siten-^u, twice,

"time"

is

adn,

either

or sanianu.
e. g.,

by adding

-su or -ami,

ddi sina, times two ^= twice.

expressed by killallen,

e. g.,

e. g.,

In earlier texts the word for

"Both"

killalle-iu7m, both of tliem.

is

53
Exercises.

87.

V,

V. <T- ^T.

^EI

mT

<

JI X^^

-ET

^,

JI

<

-^I

<

-II

^jn,

<

}}<

ss

-IL

^jn.

^^A

T-.

^, .^
S^ -^T

^T. -T<

^T

fK

JI <
-T< V, V

X:^\\

ss -^I

:^

JI, ^II

ET

till::,

i^III^

JI
-^I

<
<

--^I If "^11 -.^I,

^
<

tin.

m
^
EI

EI -^I, <I- S?: ^-, <tt :::^II M. Jf

^, <I- ^< L I^ <I^- <I- ^I. <JI

^I 7
-E^II

<V -^T

-E! JI, C^T

^I

<

^jn,

-^TI ::^TI

-^11

JI,

::^II

JI

--I<

^T <

<I-

*jra,

< ^\l ^W

-HP T.

}}<

-I^ I

CHAPTER XXV
TIDVERBS
Adverbs of manner.

88.

ki-a-am,

so, thus,

e. g.,

sarru ki-a-am i-kab-bi, thus saith

the king.

ma, umma,

thus,

ma-a, they brought

>:

Adverbs of

89.

adil,

do

now,

as follows,

me news

e.

g.,

ti-e-mu

ut-te-ru-m

as follows.

time.
e.

g a-du-u u-mu-us-su u-sal-la,

now

daily

pray.

Other adverbs of time are: uma, now; eninnu, now

(opposed to ''formerly"); matlma, matema, whensoever, at

any time; with negative, never.

^

Interrogative adverbs.

90.

menu, mznu, mini, how?

bi,

how

shall I

speak?

e. g.,

a-na-ku-ma mi-i-nu a-kab-

54

Other interrogatives are: ana meni, ammeni, ammini,

why?; adi mati, how long?
Negative and prohibitive adverbs.

91.

la,

not,

?//,

sa la ik-nn-sn a-na ni-ri-ia,

e. g.,

not submitted to

my

yoke; ul a-kul,

in prohibitions,

la,

have not

followed by the present,

is

who had

eaten.
e. g.,

la

do not go.

tal-lak,

particle of prohibition,

not,

ai,

followed by the pre-

is

terite.

of prohibition,

particle

not,

used with the second

is

person singular of the preterite.

Adverbs of emphasis.

92.

verily, is

Ill,

and
It

and the

plu.,

placed before the third person masc. sing,

first

person, sing, and plu. of the preterite.

usually emphasises the verb, but not always,

and lu'U
vowel ti,

al-lik,

When

went.

may combine

lu

with

to

it

a-Sar-Sti-nu lu-maS-Se-ru (for

e. g.,

e. g.,

al-lik

the verb begins with the

form a single word,

umaSsiru), their place

/?7

they deserted.
as a precative particle

Ill,

terite

and the permansive

li$kun,
I,

I.

s.

to

is

employed with the pre-

express a wish;

e.

g.,

3.

s.

luSkun.

come!, cohortative particle,

is

used with the

first

per-

son plural of the preterite.

e,

up!,

I,

cohortative particle,

is

used with the second

person singular of the imperative.

Adverbs appended

93-

enclitically

ma is appended for emphasis to pronouns, nouns, verbs

and adverbs, e. g., at-ta-ma klma ^^""SamaS, since thou art
like

Sam as.
mi

is

appended

for

emphasis to verbs, especially in

lative clauses.

is

appended as an interrogative

particle.

re-

55

r?5

The adverbial ending

94-

The ending
above;

ly; eliiy

daily

{iS

or

2$

iS.

is x'er}'

^j^

he\ow\

SapliS,

ma

with reduplicated

The ending

rabis, great-

e. g..

peacefully

umiSainma,

for strengthening).

means

dnis

common,

j^/;<?jf,

many

in

cases "like",

e.

g.,

abilbani^, storm-like, flood-like.

Vocabulary,

95

kibn

kabtl,

umussn
kanaiu

=
=

to

speak

daily

^= to submit

akdlu

Sip^u

^^ incantation

te&fl

inaMru

=^ to leave

Saimii

aradu

=
=

mdrtu

^= daughter

to eat

to

--=

salu

go down

understanding, news

ntru

to pray
'= yoke

aldku

to

mar^ii

--=

sick

--^

place

draw near airu

battle
to

timu

go

epiSti

=^ to do,

ana

to

kiStu

-=

wood

make

Exercises.

96.

m
::IIIC

1}

i^^

EI Tf

El If tl^ S?:

<ITT Bl

i^^

-^l
<i^

]}

^T tin-

t] ^]< El, <tt

tt

tlllt.
EI --i<.
^, If ^i V tE s?:, If
::
I ^11 -II<I ::Elf ^^-ffi< ti:?S <IEI If t^
t^ ti, t]}
^I ^I ^JII S^ EI If If t^l tint

^I

^-I<I -^11

<tt tE -^

^ ^IM
A,

-M^

tl<l

^ ?- M HP ^ m
-^i m tint
tif

<ti^

tJ.II

If

^ ^tl

If

-EI -I<I^

-.s -EI
-^I,

-II<I

IH.

1^.

tElf, <tl^ If

<IEI If If

tEl

If

tlllir

tint
tE :?^

lEI EI

-v^ I If

-^I

<V <T

-ii<i ^jn,

til- tElI tif ttyyy

IH,
S^I

tJ<J

y-

tl ^xffff, ::EI s^III El

til- --i<

^I

-+

If

V^

01

tiu

<ti^^

EI,

-HF- ^I-

tin r-

56

CHAPTER XXVI
PREPOSITIONS
In Assyrian prepositions are sometimes written phonetic-

97

and sometimes ideographic ally. The following are the

prmci pal prepositions, tog etner witn tneir ideograms ana tne
forms they most commonl}^ assume when written phonetically.
ally

'

PREPOSITION

GRAPmCALLY PHONETICALO MEANING

ina

tE-^T

in

ana

!^-^!

to

iUu

t^TIT

ultu

;^IIT

'

-m
<-v -m

from

^T^I<

with

'^W

eli

m
<-tH

^ir

tr-!^^^

^^\\

adi

-II

I^

itti

^w

-mw

<I^-

from

upon

on,

on, against

up

to,

to,

to-

gether with

gadu

m^ ^\

'

arki

^I^}

balu
kl

kfma

<^T

aSsu(m), orig.

m
-Am
<T-TT<T

up

to,

to,

gether with
after,

behind

without

<IEISE

Hke, as

<^ET

like

^I

concerning, be-

cause of

a7ia iuni
kilrn

m <!n

kirib

xi^y :^m

libbi

^in

pani

<T-

to-

instead of
in,

within

^m::^

in,

within

before

t?^

57

PREPOSITION

IDEO-

PHONETICALLY

GRAPHICALLY

mah^y

MEANING

A^

Ej

before

^I ^^1-^

in the

midst of

*^I *^^I^ ^T<

^" the

midst of

birit

X^

^TTT

between

put

"^^

"^I

opposite

kabal

E<3s:^

kabalti

eC<

;f

^i<

There are compound prepositions:

g8.

ina iniiUbi

^^^^^if

^E

-^

^^^J <^^]y

on, concern-

ing

ana mukhi

^^^^tJ

^*"^tl

Tt *"^I

ing

^^

ina biri
afia tar^i

ina tarsi

99.
eli,

J^

^^\ ^^ ^^H

against

^^

opposite

^E] J

^TI *"^I

istu tar^i

against

between

Jl^ ^yi<I

^"^J

against

o"' concern-

*^^ ^^11 ^rom,

There are other compound prepositions, such

ana eli, upon; ina kirib, ina kirbi, in; etc.

CHAPTER

since.

as:

ina

XXVII

CONJUNCTIONS
The

v^ioo.

following

is

list

of the principal Assyrian con-

junctions:
?/

and (connecting words

kl

kl Sa

as,

as well as sentences)

and (connecting two

verbs; appended to the first)

via

enuma
inuma
inu

innm

adi

when

a.s

while, so long as,

until

till,

akl sa

when

istu

ultu

arki $a

smcc

after

58

Summa

assu sa

aSsu

\
)

/?/....

if

=^ either

Itc

=
=
=

because
In ....

ft

lu

>

u in

lu....ulu

or

either

or

or

or

whether

or

either

or

or

'-=

^= whether

IOI.

whether

Vocabulary,

-= to be

bam
pitn

aviatu

nakaru

mama

mam
I02

=
=
=
=
=

baml

to

rr=z

make

word

- gate
nasaru := to keep

open

to

babic

foe

ahfi

any

sanu

son

martu

--=

hostile

=
=

daughter

other

Exercises.

<Mai,

EI,

V,
tE

M<.
<IEI

tE

<,

ET,

>^

tTl

^l,

<.

I.

-]&

^-

<-

Tl

-%

M
I.

EI EI

-^I

m
^I -^ ^, t^

<I*

II

^^ ^^

ET.

^ M. <vm M. M <MgI
^ <m -HP <:^^I ^I <Tf^ ^I.

.^y JI tmt, :i^IT -^T fcH

EI -EI ^III <V :^III II ->^I
V -^
-EI ti i5^^ ^jn,

IK

tE *^

If

If

-HF-

^-.

<MgII

^ V

^i -^H

< :^^

II

e:ii

II

<

59

SYNTAX
CHAPTER

XXVIII

The noun.

103.

Nouns

are found in three states,

emphatic, absolute,

and construct.

The emphatic

(i)

e. g.,

{2)

2.

state

is

marked by a

The absolute and

75The accusative, as

construct are illustrated in 64

well as indicating the object, ex-

presses the direction towards which,

it

also expresses time,

3.

suffixed vowel,

sarru, king.

e. g.,

AsSur, to Assyria;

e. g.,

U7n 13 kan,

on the thirteenth day.

double accusative follows such verbs as epe^u, na-

ddnii, etc.

The

4.

genitive relationship

is

the construct state of the

(i)

expressed by:
first

of

two nouns,

e. g.,

sar sarrani, king of kings,

sa, e. g.,

(2)

^angu ^a

Bel, priest of Bel,

sa and a pronominal suffix,

(3)

e. g.,

aldnUu ia Assur^^,

the cities of Assyria.

5.

Two

nouns

may

stand in apposition,

e.

g.,

zunnu

nuhsu, fain, flood.

The

104.

I,

press

adjective.

The words
"all",

kaltsina,

kalfi, giniru,

gimirtu, with a suffix to ex-

stand in apposition to their nouns,

e. g.,

the lands, their totality; Hani gimraSun,

all

ntatQti

gods.

6o
2.
e. g.,

The word gabbu,

matati gabbu,
3.

The

follows

all,

its

noun without a

suffix,

lands.

all

adjective regularly follows

its

noun,

e. g.,

iarrit

dannu, the mighty king.

4.

If

the noun has a suffix and

is qualified by an adcomes between the noun and the adjective,

jective, the suffix

e. g.,

mulmulleia

my

zaktuti,

sharp arrows.

5. When an adjective qualifies more than one noun, it

comes after the last, e. g. maldti u UurMni danmlti, the
mighty lands and mountains.
,

6.

An

adjective with a collective

singular or plural,
suti,

Same

noun may be in the

muttapH-

rnuttaprisu, or

the winged birds of heaven.

7.

e. g.,

i^^t7r

e. g.,

An

adjective with a gentilic

Maddia

rUkfiti,

noun

is

put in the plural,

the district Medes.

Numerals.

105,

1.

The

fore their
e. g.,

cardinal numerals, 3

nouns

sibiiti

(in

.genitive),

10,

are either placed be-

or after

them

in apposition,

uml, seven days; Sar kibrdtim ar bairn, king of

the four quarters.

2.

Usually the noun with a number above 10

in the singular,
3.

The

e. g.,

10 000 aritu,

distributive

numeral

cardinal with the suffix

4.

-$u,

is

e. g.,

is

placed

formed by means

of the

10 000 shields.

siniSu, twice.

Ordinal numerals are treated as adjectives,

e. g.,

Satti Saluiti, in the third year.

106.

Vocabulary.

tdbii

=
=
=

ruk?t

-= distant

tiikultu

^= help

mitiku
sisil

course

giri'u

horse

eptstu

good

asm
sem?7

=
=
=
=

expedition

deed
place
to

hear

ina

6i
Exercises.

107.

^I
^V

x-^

y^^-

iryjiir

^IT^

tlT^ >^.

EI-

^}}i

1^^

-n<I. :::^T^

^ ^^ E^li ^^
- -^I

e:TT

tllTir

I,

^ITT ->f K-,

^^

^^M

I- ^T< -T<T^ t}\< -TI<T

j^;?^

-<^ -<I< -HF-

I.
CHAPTER XXIX

Verbal nouns.

108.

1.

emid

The

participle

takes

object in the genitive,

its

e. g.,

sarrdniy the subduer of kings.

2.

The

infinitive

is

used as a noun,

restoration of the gods; or as a verb,

e. g.,

nadan

ildni,

suttu paSaru, to

e. g.,

interpret a dream.

77^^ finite verb.

109.

An

e. g.,

2.
e. g.,

independent pronoun

uSanna

ia-a-ti,

noun

he told

Some

10.

replace a verbal suffix,

me.

he entrusted

introduced by ana,
to

me.

verbs govern two accusatives,

give some one to drink,

may

to

in the indirect object is

^;/^ ga-ti-ia umallii,

3.

it

e. g.,

sakil, to

etc.

Vocabulary.

Sepu

kand^u

^= to prostrate

=
=
mandattu =

foot

sabdtu

nazdzu

ummdnu

troops

nardru

ezebu

to save

biltu

gift

=
=
=

to take

present

to set forth

help

up

62

111.

Exercises.

K-

<^
<T^

t-t]}

t]}

IH,

<VM

JTA^]]}

A^^^

tT

t]

-^]

-m^

<^yT

^^

^IT

^I <^

]}

-<!<

T^

tE

!TII

T^

^^]

^I <-^H

Igf t:]]l

CHAPTER XXX
The Simple Sentence.

112.

god

1.

Declaratory seyitences are common,

is

gracious.

The gender and number

(i)

e. g.,

damku,

ilu

of the predicate

are de-

termined by the gender and number of the subject.

There

The

(2)

follow
2.

many

however,
of

exceptions.

may

a transitive verb

precede or

it.

Negative declaratory sentences take the particle

emuk

e. g.,

are,

object

la nzbi, a covmtless

army;

?//

is

Id,

also used,

e. g.,

by

e. g.,

nl i^emmil, they hear not.

3.

Prohibitive sentences are

Id tasakip,

bi-ra a-a
tassahrl,
4.
lit,

not down;

(2)

by

the king fear not at

irSi,

burial shall

lu Id,
all;

(3)

he not receive;

(i)
e. g.,

by
(4)

la,

.y^;r?/

a-a,

by

lu la

e. g.,
?,

ki-

e. g.,

do not turn around.

Optative

e. g.,

iblut),

cast

let

i-pa-lal},

expressed,

let

//7

and

baltdtd,

him

live;

cohortative sentences are expressed,

mayest thou be well;

(2)

us fight with each other.

by

f{e),

e. g.,

^'

(i)

li-ib-lu-ut (for

ni-pu-nS SaSma,

by
//7

let

^3

Emphatic sentences are expressed by

5-

Interrogative sentences are

6.
?7,

ina libbi iatrat,

i-zir-tU'fi

e, g.,

The negative
ending

is

ul, e. g.,

a vowel,

in

Sometimes the ia
which I built.

e.

is

g.,

a curse written thereon?

am

not?

by
who had

itbalu,

if^

omitted,

ultu

emedu

particle

summa,

clauses

are

e. g.,

carried

epuSu,

off.

the house

introduced by a

had subdued

indtasu, after I

Conditional clauses

9.

g.,

bltu

e.

the verb

i^,

the verb ending in a vowel,

conjunction (or preposition),

e. g.,

is

w/ a-na-kn-U,

Conjunctional relative

8.

allik,

expressed by an enclitic

Relative clauses are usually introduced

7.

g In

c,

//?,

went.

I certainly

are

summa

usually

his land.

introduced by the

aSSata mussu izlrma,

if

a wife

takes a dislike towards her husband.

But the

particle

may

be omitted, e. g., sarru ana dfni la

not obey the laws.

Jgul, should the

king

The Compound Sentence.

^113.

1.

Copulative sentences

placed side by side

But when they are joined
u in nominal sentences, and ma
sunu liktuma anaku luniid, let
are

often

without any connecting particle.

by a
in

copula, the particle

verbal sentences,

them

e. g,,

me

perish, but let

2.

is

increase.

Circumstantial clauses are expressed

the principal verb having an

ibakam ziknahi, he
^114.

fled,

enclitic

ma,

by the

present,

innabitma

e. g.,

tearing his beard.

Vocabulary.
baldiu

^apdru

makdtu
pa^dru
kibttu

amilu
agdru
epistu

^^ to live

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Sakclnu

^= to set

to annul

tal^u

command
man

ardu

to hire

mdtu

=
=
=
=
=
=

sfru

^= flesh

to
to

magdru

send
fall,

deed

to

overthrow iUaritum

maM

be favourable
a goddess
to approach
to

to forget

slave
to die
(heart)

64
Exercises.

115.

-mw

m ^^

<^TT

-T<I^

jy
yn,

-IT<I

^I

-tH

A4f

EI

-^I JI

II

^11

<:z:^l

^.

I^I

:^III-

-ir<.

1:^11

:!TT -TT<T

IH. -ET

^IIT^ tI<J

^U

^^

tU

-eet,

II II

<^ tllll -^H

<K -^ <^ T II ^I tE^w II

H^

^t IH

m^

m "^
m ^\w

tvf,

i^ii.

-^

< ET

^\\\^

i::^!!

^.

t^

-eEI ^jn,

^i

EI Ml< -ET

T^

^l<l irlll^

<tl^

^11

:;?I,

;^Ig <^T^

^i

Ei -T<

\}

^T

fcn

ty^ ^ll<i

EI

IH.

^I- ^ti. <Kii<i

II

A4f

-eEI

^I

<I-

^i,

^11

t.^

ti^ ^11 HI ^11

-HP ^I <MgI -f

-^i.

CHAPTER XXXI
Modi I Analysis.

116.

TEXT
<IEI

<

^i
^V

^11

II II

e:?S <IEI

tlllir
II <iEi

^ <:^

till til

-tii I-

V-^

:rll|

til <iEi

x^\

^^ K-

-^11

til

^ <^
IH

:zi^II

II

^I

-.^i II

^E^ii

S^

tEl --^I

^i

<vm

-tH

f:^^l

^jn <iii EI tint I- <iEi tin

^fli ^i- -tii

tEi -.^i

tint

-^i <tt ^-iii< V -H^

<iEi tint ^tiiii ^jn ti<i -EI
IK ^HF- <^ tin ^"^
EI tnit
t^w IH
-i<i^

^i

fc^i

EI

6f,

-^T

-HF-

-<T<

I^

m A--m -^H
-]]]t Sf-

<

^EI

^n

^1}

^ <^

^I V

A^

e:ii

!^iiii

<m

<TTT

<

<

^SK

C-.-

-<i<

-E^II -HP

W -^A<->^
I^

ti tt

^III

-+

EI t]

}}

^TT ^t]}
--T ^t ^T
E^II I^ ^I

<i<\V

^t]} JTEII

^y ISK Jlyy < T^

V IEI< ^11 ^I ^I < ^
^yyy^

E^II ^.

TRANSLITERATION
sarrani

e-/i

ki-du

abu

(^'"'^^^iki-pa-a-iti

ba-nu-u-a

matuMu-^ur il'li-ka

a-na

sa ki-rib ^atuMu-^itr u-pa-

da-a-ki ka-ba-a-te

^Ir-ii^-hi-un

ii

e-ki-mu

e-ru-uni-ma u-Hb ki~rib

ahiMe-im-pi alu sa abu ba-mi-u-a ik-Sii-du-ma a-na mi-^ir

iluAsurki

matte

ji-tir-ru

lib-bi

al-la-ku J^a-an-tic ina ki-rib Nina^i

u-ia-an-na-a

il-lik-ain-ma

ia-a-ti

i-gU'Ug-ma i^-^a-ru-uh
u

'^^^Asur

il^^Istar

Assur-i-iii

eli

ip-se-e-ti

an-na-a-ti

ka-bit-ti ds-si kdtall-ia u-sai-ii

ad-ki-e e-mu-ki-ia si-ra-a-te Ha

^^Asur u ili^htar u-mal-lu-u katu^^-u-a a-na "^^ttiMtt-stir

21

mattiKu-ti-si u-te-e$-se-ra hdr-ra-mi.

TRANSLATION
Against the kings (and) governors,
father
to

who begat me had

installed,

whom

to slay,

in

Egypt, the

to plunder

and

Egypt he marched. Against them he went in and

himself in Memphis, a city which the father who

seize

settled

begat

me had

conquered, and to the border of Assyria had

Nineveh came, and informed me concerning these matters. My heart was wroth
and stirred was my spirit. I raised my hands; I prayed
unto Asur and Istar of Assyria; I summoned my supreme
forces, which Asur and Istar had filled in my hands, (and)
to Egypt and Ethiopia I directed the way.
annexed.

swift

messenger

into

66

ANALYSIS
eli preposition, against, on,

upon, concerning.

Sarrani noun, plu. masc. of

sarrii,

king, gov.

by

eli.

ainelu determinative for male persons.

kipani noun, plu. masc. of kipu, governor, gov. by

$a

rel.

eli.

pron. referring to sarrani and kipani.

kirib preposition, in, within.

mdtu determinative

for countries.

Musur Egypt.
upakidu third masc. sing. Pret. Paal,

from the verb pakddii, to

variant of iipakkid,

entrust, II, to install.

abii father.

bantla participle Qal, from the verb banfi, to create, to beget,

with

first per.

ana preposition,
daki

infinitive,

sing, suff.,

my

begetter.

to.

governed by ana, from the verb

habate infinitive,

ddkii, to slay.

governed by ana, from the verb

Ijabdlii,

to plunder.

n conjunction.
eklmii (for eketnu) infinitive, governed

by ana, from the verb

eke inn, to seize.

illika

third
p. 68)

masc. sing, Pret. Qal, with overhanging a (see

from the verb aldku, to go,

ject of the

verb

sTriiUun preposition

nSib

eri'ib

ana

erebu, to go;

The

abn.

subject

is

sub-

^iri-sun, see 66, 4.

+ ma. Third

from the verb

third

The

on, upon, against, phonetic us, pron.

suffix ^un, them, for

erilmma variant for

march.

really abji.

is

sir,

to

masc. sing. Pret. Qal,

with the conjunction

masc. sing. Pret. Qal from the verb asdbu,

dwell, to settle.

The

subject

is

abn.

via.

to

67
alu

determinative for

is

gram, meaning

sing, Pret.

The

conquer.

subject

upon the foUov^ing noun

name

Assyrian

the "land of the

ki

an ideo-

is

Qal from the verb kaMdu,

is

ma

abu.

is

mi^ir construct of the noun inisni, border.

iit^A^ur is the

alu

city,

iksuduma third masc.

to

The next

cities.

a conjunction.

It is

dependent

matii.

of Assyria,

meaning, with matu,

god Asur".

a determinative suffixed to names of places,

is

third masc. sing. Pret. Paal

uifrru

turn, IIj to

noun

allakii

in the absolute,

adjective following

l^antu

from the verb

tarn,

to

annex.

its

messenger.
noun, swift, originally kamtii.

compound

ina kirib

preposition, into.

iliikamma, see above; the

first rn is

tisanna third masc. sing. Pret. Paal

a phonetic complement.

from the verb Mnu, to

repeat, IIj to inform.

iati

accusative of the pers. pron.

ipseti plu. of the

noun

first pers.

ipiUti, matter, thing,

annati fem. plu. of the dem. pron. anml,

libbi

noun from

libbii,

sing.

heart,

this.

with pron.

suff. of first pers.

sing.

igugrna third masc. sing. Pret. Qal from the verb agagu,
to

be angr3^

i^saruh third masc. sing. Pret. Nifal from

to cry aloud, IVj to
kabitti

noun

sing, with

be

the verb ^arahu,

stirred.

first pers.

pron. suffix, from the noun

kabittu, spirit.

asH

first sing.

Pret.

Qal from the verb

noun dual with

noun katu, hand.

kataii-ia

US alii

first sing.

Pret. Paal

first pers.

7iasri,

to left up.

pron. suffix;

from the verb

from the

salu, IIj to
5=^

pray

to.

68
ASsurftu, the ending zUc indicates a gentilic noun,

ad^e

sing. Pret.

first

emukia noun

pKi.

Qal from the verb

dik?7,

from emilku, might, with

to

summon.

first pers.

pron.

suffix.

adjective plu.

pirate

following

its

noun, from ^tru

high,

supreme.
umallti

third

to

masc.

plu.

7iUeUera

first sing.

Paal from

the

verb main,

way

in

which

consonant
or u

as

from the verb eseru, Illg

a is an example of the
forms of the verb which end in a

Pret. Ishtafal

to direct (the way).

i,

Pret.

fill.

may

all

The

final

take one of the three short vowels

an overhanging

letter;

a,

[but originally the

in a dire the modus of continuation (-a

from -an, ct)mp. illikam-ma for illikan-md). F. H.]

forms ending

my

katua "in
Jjarramt

hand", see 66, 4; for ana katla.

noun, direct object of the preceeding verb, mean-

ing way.
This text
I,

57 68;

is

taken from Asurbanipal's Rassam-Cylinder,

repeated in

p. 7

69

CHRESTOMATHY
I

AND DEEDS OF HflMMURHBI

TITLES

^11
19)

(11)

HI

<KM
^iB

-+ a^T

'"

m<m

^h -!I<T
^4f '" -iT<i
'-'

'^'

MJ

-^I M)

-^IT

<igf

'^"

Ml

ti:?S

Ss --f
1 1^1

'''

'"'

1}

J}

m <]-m

E-^II

;^

""

^I
ET

^11 HI ^11 -^I ^I

^I
'^"

'^''

<hm -+

^i t^}

-}m

'-^'

<m

-m]i

-M
^m ^i

^I 1^1
'^''

'^''

If

<;::^I t?IT
'''

^j}

E-^TT :::

<^v^

<III

-.^l

^m

'"

m <hm

-*f ^T

^T

T^

-m <m

-!fTf

}h'i=^

S??

'"'

SIT -^!

B ^I :^l
m A^m -iM
''^'

^I <h

4s -^I A4f

ET

<T-

<^y^ <tt 4i4f

'"'

If

^i t^}

II
"'

'"'

<hm

<-

->J^TI

ET

-<-^

^T

--T

<I""'

1}

^^} -h^

70

^T

'^''

T^

'^"

IdJ

-f
''"'

'-'

:^

E-^IT

t;^

-f

::^TT

-^!

^T

<IIT

tiss tiSS

^y

.4^ ^y

'"'

-^TI

j^

m <hm

''''

E-^II

^T

tg:?s

-^^V "'

1}

-^T

''''

y^

-^TT

i^

}}<

^IT

u.
*'"

^TI

<tt

<h

WTA

Sff

''

<:=J^T

'"

-^

^EIT

;:Ey^

-iT"^

TI

S? <T-M

-EI fcU
.

-^T :^

T?

^^yy

:^yy

^^^

^I

-!^ 'i?^I <!II (Br.Mus., No. 122 15 and

comp. L. W, King, The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi,

III, p.

177

179;

line 42

king for the kings",

in Sar-rl "a

be transcribed

to

is

iarrii

var. iarrn in iarrl-iti).

II

THE SIEGE OF DAMASCUS AND THE TRIBUTE

OF JEHU

<m

^^^

^T^

V 4f

^I

-^T

^TT^

^T

^T<

^jn

-!4i-fF <^ <r-

T--

T--

tlTI:^

\}

^T

^T

t^

^^I!!:^

I T{

-^TI

A
T

:^!TT

^il

t^TIT

C^IT

^-

XA

-<T<

<T-

Igy

^T

-^I ^I -^11

T-

I T^

ET

^T

-T^-W

<I^ <T-

::T

-\v

}\

^I^

^Tf

-s^ --I< I

^vv
^^

-4I

iif

<i^

:^TT]^

f- T< ^ITII

^W <^I

-tw

A-+

}}

^^A

-^T -ITA EH<

T^

-^v

^T

^!

^\

EI

I
-<T<

^^ ^Y^

^m]J

t]}

<T^

y_

^0

.^y^

mil

t:""^}

<2<i

If

-I<

^T

.^TT '^

Tl

-^IT^ ^T

<y^

IH

<^TT

?^

!^

t^

and

tElT

::^T

T^

<T^

- ^^TIT
TV

--I< I^

^^

-E
-I<T <!IT
Salm. Ill; see also Del., Ass.

114/;,

E-^TT

C- -ET

IgJ -ET

IHf

t^

-TM

tmt

^^

-tTT

fcEH

tT

t?n -E^T

ET

-^T

}}<

<I^

-El ET s.:

T^

t|^

t^^t^J^^Jhlt]
E-^IT i^ i^

^1} ^-ffl

<T^

^ -^^T

^yy

y^

--JJ

<W-

<T-TT<I ^^T

T :^ET^ s^TIT^

(B. M.,

Nos. n4<z

Les., 5. ed., p. 60).

Ill

flSURBANIPflL'S FIRST

^T

::E

:r^ <

"pIIT

t:!^

<

!- tTIT< ^^<

V ^ <^ < V
-^A ^ - V -^A
<^ <^
^yy igy ^ ET
T

l,^

.>^n <T-M JI

-fx^--+ <W
ttj}
E"^!!

A4

<

cy^

<

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HSSYRIflN LETTERS
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s.

v.

mahatu.

^ -E

82

2.

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SIGN LIST*)
SYLLABIC

SIGN

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES
as,

I'll

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in;

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Assur, the land of As-

used also

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it

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plural

>^,

barii,

^,

T^ ]& ^
the Tigris.

'^f-

niuk,

milk

as
g.

^"', sumati, lines);

^Jjppf

3.

(e.

seer;

Idiklat,

buk.

puk
4.

-^T

ba

^j, kasu. to give.

5.

-.^TT

zu

^II,

idil,

u'ise;

abyss.
*)

The numbers

are those to be found in

Delitzsch.

to

^^11

know;

Itfi,

^t^i, ^/5?7,

85

SYLLABIC

SIGN
6.

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

maSkii, skin

su, kus, kjlS

eribu, to in-

^^^S\

crease;
Ipuialpn

"^^IsT'

fpii$al}l}u

fa-

mine.
Hit, inn, rug, ink,

ruk
bal,

palU, year of reign; na-

pal

balkutu, to cross over;

eiul,

make

to

void;

kn, to pour out

ita-

(a li-

bation), to offer (a sacrifice);

^upilu,

to

con-

quer;

>-^V

<IS'

the city ASSnr,

:.

TIT

ad,

at,

at,

gir

patru, dagger; ^*^!n ^'

akrabu

scorpion

lightning.
bul,
11.

^^

pul

tar, kilt,

(paSarji, to loosen.)

kud,

kitt,

kut, HI, ^as, h^iz

nakasu, to cut

off;

rasu, to decide;

pasilkii,

street.
12.

^f

an

////,

god; ^amil, heaven;

f- ^T, anahi, lead;

^A^

>^, parzillu,

^^

t^TTl

^^?7,

iron;

high;

>-A^ ^S^, ^/^//7, eclipse;

^>^ ^^,
(orig.

Gir

the god

^eni,

or
of

field

Sumug,

the

field).

86

SYLLABIC

SIGN
13-

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

.^

(-HP)

^'^,

the

-^,

^^.

god; ^::yy

^^^/^r,

i/^;-,

V ^>^

the city;

A^iur, the coun-

I^),
tr}^
14-

-tH

ka

/^/7,

mouth; sinmi, tooth;

amatu,

word;

^IIIA
kibitu

/^/<^/7,

^tJ,

wi/ii,

15.

y^/^r//,

battahon.

pronounce a

jiad?!,

spell.

breath; E^ttt '"^]3T

^1^1

kaS^apu, sorc-

!,

erer; -1^

..-

*^t-]^

incantation;

^2////,

to

(EI),

date;

/?///;^

-rfi^^TTT

to speak;

command

-^H ^^

\a.

^^tl

^Xi^ ^^yy,

kassaptu, sorceress.
17-

-m

tahdzii

No.
18.

-ti^

//j^7;/?/,

battle

(comp.

71).

tongue; (V) ^^^JfcJ

IeJ, Sumer.
19.

^m

20.

-^I2l

21.

-^TI

er

23-

-tM

ukkin

nag, nak. nak

to drink.

Satil,

akdlu, to eat.
{ri,

see p. 70)

rt/^^,

cit}^

ptilpru, unkeniiu,
full

strength.

totality,

87

SYLLABIC

SIGX
4.

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

^>-

-::y^?Tjy,

(::y)
.

pasm-n,

dish.

TttI

south

the

comp.

wind,

and

185.

zikaru, male; ardit, slave;

-*f -t^T E^TI,

Ura,

plague-god;

the

-tty

^n~

t>;=yy ty-,

the

god Ura-gaL
28.

^'iZZj

^r^//,

month;

^^,
sahil,

31.

-EI

e. g.,

^^

Kislev.

wild boar.

la
i.yw

{pin)

foundation

^^
mah

,
I

E^f^

ikkaru, gardener.

^>^ *^HI'

^iru, exalted;

htai\
34.

-m

erebu, to enter;

til

^gE[

*^| <|

suinmatu, dove.
35-

^I *"^j

-E^II

I,

burasu, pine-

tree.

36.

>v

bab, pap, kiir,

^ur nakdru

to

be

hostile

nakru, hostile; nakiru,

enemy; nap^ar, total;

in
proper names it
brother,
means al}u
and nasdrUy to protect.
,

7.

>^, ^<^

/^///,

^/^/, /ml, zir

zeni, seed.

88

SYLLABIC

SIGN
37-

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

mu

name; zakdru, to
name; zikni, name; -ia,

siiinu,

pron.;

pers.

first

in

proper names, nadaini,

give;

to

(-HF"

^-^\), satin, year;

^I^, musaru, inscription.

39.

43

kad, kat, kat

I

kil

gil,

40.
41.

ka, a measure.

ka

-III

^jn

kad

kat,

ru, Sub,

Sup

Sumkutu,

cast;

to

nadil,

to conquest.

44.

^<

be,

bat, bat, bad,

bit,

mit,

til,

ziz

na

init,

mid,

inatu, to die;

corpse

^A- ^,
(t?f-1I)

inltii,

pagru,

da t/i u, blood

En-lil,

'^^T

Ea.

"^ Tf nam,

inscribed stone tablet.

4b.

'^<^

Sir

-<^ ET

<,

-ET

Lagas\ ^>\- ^I >^<^,

SamaS; Slh<T

*"^>^

El>^, parutu, alabaster.

48.

My<, >^]<

tt

laku,

Ijkfi,

(-ET),

to take;

*^<y<

to

live.

balatu,

89
SYr.LABIC

SIGN
49-

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

4-

^^)

a^aridu, chief;

mas

^>^ A^

Ninib;

Nergal;

f^

Hp,

>^,

^ ^

\}

^^,

Idiklat,

Diktat, Tigris.
.

-^

mi

not; ^almu, image;

Id, ul,

^?;/(f/

dim-mud

^]A

sibtu,

-TA-W

kun, gun

54.

-VI

hu, pag, pak, bag, i^^uru, bird.

zibbatu,

*^\^ ^^^>

dream.

53.

-!I

{Ea).

revenue;

j?w//?/,

^>7-

gardener;

52.

nukaribbu,

2/;-^^',

tail.

bak
55.

-T<^^' -11^^ nan, nam, sim

Umtu,

fate;

hatu

pa^dtu, pi-

district

Elffi

^I<I'^, pahdtu,

gov-

ernor; >^I<I^ *^I<T,

nuntu, swallow.
56.

-!<!<-,

-11^

bam,

ig, ik, ik

to be;

(^J)

.y/-

>^H^

daltu, door.
58.

-MA,

7nud, milt,

59-

^TV

rad, rat, rat

60.

-11^

zi

mui

^//j?/^, life;

'^TI'^

^TI'

/w;/, right; ktnu, true.

96

SYLLABIC

SIGN
6

1.

^2 (comp. 182)

-I!

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

^^Jji^ ^^\
kdnu, to stand; kinn,

kanil, reccl;

firm-IIx^:r^::ir,
dipdru, torch.
6..

-M

63.

-ITTI. -TTT.

-Til

;7,

ia'^/,

nun,

/(tz/,

zil,

fa/

sil

rubu, noble; ^^UII

kallu

wise

ab-

I^,

master

^IIII<IEJ,^r/^^.;^HF-

^\V[\^^\^'^Jgigi\
comp. too ^yyyi <yT,

womb,

tarbasu,

kap

65.

-Ill

kab,

66.

-IHI

hub, l}up

67.

Hh

kat, kadygat, kuni,

kuin,
68.

-C'V

tiin,

69.

-IT^

mun

70.

-I^

ag, ak,

^umelu,

(I^J)

left.

/^to, kindness.

ak

make;

to

epesii,

tahazu

-II

en

cloth.

dim

No.
72.

kitil,

gum

be/u,

<^//?7,

battle

(compare

17).

lord;

^<//,

up

-II -Tin (-^i).

^artn,
I,

II

to

^Ar "^^ and

build;

71

hurdle.

watch; ^JJ
ku^^u, cold;

--II.

to;

-'i?'!

^n~

^11

Qi

SYLLABIC

SIGN

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

-^yy,

Sin; -HF-

41

/^/;

^^IN

i^yyy

"-IL

<ig[,

gov-

Ipazajtrm,

ernor.
73.
747576.

-IMI

>WM
^I

dar

(rare)

i//r,

5//r

SUj}

78,

>4s

sa

79-

5sT

kar,

80.

>^

tik,

kan

field.

^i^/?/,

hk, {gu)

kiSadu, neck, bank;

Ey^,

gi'g^llit, director;

Kiltil,

81.

>^^^^

tiir,

diir,

85.

-A!
-^TI

Cuthah.

tu7'

tribute, talent.

biltu,

83.

f^^

dispu,

honey

to turn; a measure.

gur, kur

tdrii,

St

karnu, horn;

^\\ y^^^
be straight;

eSeru,

to

A4y.

>pyy

nu,

iltami,

Wind;

gam,

si

c^y)

<y^,

,,,..

the North^

"^yy

lock, cage.

92

SYLLABIC

SIGN
86.

^^TAT

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES
(and

far

comp. burriimu, brightly coloured; birnin, brightly col-

241)

oured
87.

"^TT^

iak, sak, sag,

riS,

'^||^

head;

riSu,

ris

cloth.

kakkadu, head; *^| [t^

aSaridu

^JlY,

E>^
rii,

pTTI

"==TTT^

md

dir, tir, tii\

tf^, sakfi, ruler

sikku-

bolt.

*^In

elippu,

E^

"^IIT

la^ii,

sailor.

lif

ship;

ina-

mal

tap, dap, tab

tab,

90.

chief;

ty "^ITt^ ^^,

88.

J^|,

arbau,

irbitti,

four; (^^|

|)

tt ^HP
ilu,

92.

^^

tak, tak, tag,

Sun
ab, ap, eS

94.

nab,

:f-+

96.
97-

Vi^T

g^^

^um, lapatu, to turn, to overthrow.

93-

95-

(<Pf), ArbdArbela.

nap

mul

kakkabu,

tig,

uk,

az,

as,

star.

uk
a^
erU, copper.

93

SYLLABIC

SIGN
oo.

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

^^l

gate;

/^^/^//,

t-X^

Ej*^,

abullu, city-gate; ^tf^y

Babylon.

^//?/,

lOI.

tjilj,

.03.

<Tm

Ninua, Nina, Nineveh.

dup

duppu
to

tablet

pour

out;

tabaku

^>^|il|

>^y<y^, dup-Hmti, tablet

destiny;

of

(EJffl)

^arru, scribe.
104.

t^ITT

ta

istu, ultu,

^^,
ter

from;

t^J JI

IT

determinative af-

numbers and meas-

ures.

105.

naidu,

.-:r

nadu,

kuppu

exalted;

askuppatu

threshold.
107.

-;

kan,

gan

determinative after
bers

(see

^pK,
dance.
see

^^<

231);

num

^^

h^gallu, abun-

94

SYLLABIC

SIGN

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES
tur

:o8.

maru,

$a}}ru, sitru, small;

son;

^^

(^phi,

Cif^Tl

maru, son;

^gf:

martu,

daughter;

bintii,

V?^?

X^,

marUtu,

Sarru, king; *"n

t^Iffi'

(>-y<y4^)

sonship.
ad,

109.
1

abii, father.

10.

106.
1 1

at

at,

1.

ia

:>m

rab,

12.

114.

in

rap

t^>^m

Marduk.
IIS.

sar,

sar,

Sir,

^j

^ir Satdru, to write;

/^m7, plantation

^^ tl

^1^'

^I^

kuta^suru

'

to

collect, to rally.
16.

mttu, dead.
17

se,

Slim

nadanu,

^I^,
kas, ras, ras

}}arrdnu,

sfimiL,

way;

campaign
biru,

120.

gab, gap, kab, daJj,

duj},

ta^, tu}p

irt2i,

give;

to

^y

onion.

{^

gtrru,
'i?'>^j

space of two hours.

breast;

Jr'i^

>^yT<T (!!)'

gabru, mahiru,

rival.

95

SYLLABIC

SIGN
121.

^^}

123-

i^

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

??ru, field; sir, against.

am

rimu, wild ox;

t^

"^IJ,

pfni, elephant.
124.

>::^^

125.

t^^]

$fru, flesh; oracle.

ne,

te,

de, bil, pil,

kum, kum,

bi

iSatu, fire; eSiu,

t^]

new;

>^>7-

-yy^i,, Gibtl,

fire-god.
126.

t:^^]

bil,

127.

::<^

zik, zik, sip

128.

^<3s:T

129.

t^i

ku,

130.

tx^ ^

gaz, gas, ga^, kas ddku, to slay.

132.

t<^^]

rain

131.

-<3i<I

133.

^>^TI

pil

eiiu,

new.

^<5Sy <M, Uruk, Erech.

kum

rainu, to love.

Ninua, Nina, Nineveh.

ur

stlnu, loins;

^>^ JZ^yy*

isid Same, the horizon.

134.

t^M

135.

^^11

il

136.

fc^T

du, gup, kup, ^up, alaku, to go;

iSdu, foundation.

gub,

kub,

kub,

kin

stand;

klnu,

nazazu, to

kanu, to stand;
true;

^y

^y>

italluku, to go.
138.

turn,

dum,

{ib)

96

SYLLABIC

SIGN

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES
iineni,

39-

measure;

ass,

Cl^i^

horse;

I^^-T

*~^\,parn, mule; C^lt^

'V

Spf-j,

gamma lu,

ca-

mel.
arkil, situated

behind; fu-

ture; arki, behind, after.

.4..

^11

^1

142.

Ifl^T

zikaru, male; suSsu, sixty.

.43.

:::^TT

epiru, eprii, dust.

144-

>

d!\

-ii_, kardnu, wine.

kaS, gas, kas Sikaru

date - wine

^Iitp,

>^

kurunrnt

se-

same-wine.
45-

TT

Hm,

rik, rik,

a sweet -smelling

rig rikkii,

wood

>^Cl^I

fcy )

^^^yy.

burasu, pine-

tree.

146.

t:^}

kib, kip, kit,

dak

^<5;?,

stone.

kak, kak, da

z^rtw??,

to build;

tak, iak,

148.

kip

make;
149-

S?=

ni,

zaly
li

sal,

^al,

samnu,
/<?/??,

epeSii,

to

kalii, all.

oil;

EhPFF HFf-

porter.

Sf^,

^'

Comp. too

/-/?,

my

god.

97

SYLLABIC

SIGN
150.

151-

^
^I

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

mal
rapdSu, to be broad; rapSu,

broad; rupSu, breadth;

ummu, mother.
153.

CS^' i^^]

Samnu,

kisallu, platform;
oil.

154-

!!

^^^^^

^^^SS]

guStlru

beam.

IT

:50-

milku, counsel.

157-

Kfflf

dak, dak, tak,

.58.

pa,

Ipat,

hat

par
^I

hattu,

R-,

sceptre;

"^yy, i^^akku,

"i^y

ruler; >->^ t^, Nabii,

elat Same, the zenith.

59- t^'^'^
160.

:^tll

.6..

^m

.62.

:^M

par^u,
^ab, sap,

sap

^HP
sib,

command.

^I^'

Niisku,

(E^) ^IHI,

sip

reu, shep-

herd.
63.

-!

iz,

is,

i^,

gis

i^u,

wood;

SuteSuru,

to

direct (other wise *^I

^y^);

::y

weapon;

jgy, kakku,

iukultu, help;

see]^;::y^^,?/wtu,

boundary, end, sculp-

ture;

^y

^^^,

^illu.

SYLLABIC

SIGN

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

shadow

t\

"^IT^

*^'^, sikkfiru, bolt;

tukumtii,

tukmatii

battle;

opposition

^I

>-HP

fire -god;

Gibil,

^j

tukuntu,

HP'
isatii,

fire.

164.

165.

alpu, ox.

t^I^

al

166.

t-J^

u5, up,

.67.

^TT-

mar

ar

kibratu, quarter of heaven.

tiv -^l M).

mat amujri,
ernland;

^^^

the West-

i^^f

^IT'^

amurrfi, the west-

wind; see 4^Tr168.

t]}

IEJ)'

Babilu,

Ba-

bylon.
169.

-T^^

170.

tlli^

.71.

^]}}

duk, lud, lut lut karpatu, pot, vessel.

inbu, fruit.

un

ni$u,
!

people;

>
,

Hgreti,

of the palace

172.

tm

kid,

kit,

git, sal},

kid, kit,
sih,

lil

"^

^iTT

women

(^ J^

F. H.),

1;

99

SYLLABIC

SIGN

^jn

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES
rid,

rit,

lak,

Hd,

lak,

Sit,

mis,

number; (E^^)

minilUi,

^U,

Sangu,

^^^
seal;

.74.

^m:^

?/,

Sam, San

.76.
.77.
.78.

^IIT^

g^

m<

^ffl, i^/^r-

->f-

ammatu, an
Sammu, plant.

milk.

Sizbii,

m^m

kiimikku,

^211,

fodder;

ritti,

ell;

.75.

priest;

nasU, to raise.
lalp.

Hi},

luh,

rij}

kal, rib, lab, lap,

lib, lip,

dan, tan.

sukkallu, minister.

dannu, mighty;

dannis,

exceedingly ^7^ ^Ilr

;

lamassu, sacred colossal

^y ^llf

bull;

uSU,

precious wood; (EhPHf)

idlu,

Hlf,
1-9.

JrlM

^>^ ^TT*^f

man,

^^du, sacred

bull

colossal

lord.

KJeJ

Hl^^T' karasu, camp.

.80.

tniT

bit, bit, pit] e (rare)

bltu,

house;

j^^?7

E ^
I

^iT IT
pie;

^inl n

priest

ekalhi
''^^

tITII

tm^

^J J

palace

ekurru, tem-

^\X

ru, wall.

8..

'

mr
7*

iga-

lOO

SYLLABIC

SIGN
82.

^TI^

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES
comp. bi

^/(rare),

^W^

tar.,

{]]),

to

turn.
83.

185.

E^II

ra

man; E^fp^ ^^ITTl

amelii,

^HHPF

JEIJ, amelu,
186.

t:^i

SIS,

Sis,

StS,

SIS

protect
^J.^{

6^;7,

E^<

(^^<)

zak, zak

>^>7-

^Iffl^

Nannaru

Sin

<!!,

:^<3<iy

e:?s^

87.

nasaru, to

brother;

^^?/,

man.

the city Ur.

imnu, right;

pcltu,

ary; putii,

boundface.

front,

see fc^fcj

188.
189.

^
^I

see {jf Y

^'^,

//,

it

naSru

*^|<|-^,

190.

E<^<

191.

E<^|

192.

^yy

^^T

hand;

idu,

eagle

kablu, midst, battle.

da, ta

t^I

*^^il,

daril,

^11

nu, mighty.

p^xl

liu, strong.

HI

lasting;

'93

-y<I,

as

'ife^,

ever-

dan-

lOl

SYLLABIC

SIGN
194,

EI

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

ma

ET ?II, matu,

land;

Ej

Ef*^, adannii, exceed-

ingly; Ej

>"^I, maun,

maneh.
195

EI-

gal, kal

rabil,

great; Ej*^ ^^^ITT"^'

nsumgallu

monster-

E;?SET--::H

viper;

rab-ki^ir,

cap-

tC^ t]-

>^,

fc^tJ,
tain;

an officer
bakers);

(chief of the

E^

El*^ tij

^tq^, rab-saki, an

of-

ficer (cup-bearer?) EtfflF

;

K >^I<, rab-esrechief over ten, de-

ET*"
ti,

E^

curio;

^^||,

Ej-^

rab-ase,

T^

chief-

astrologer.
196.
197.
.98.

'99

200.

EI^

m
tWl

bar

parakku, shrine.

bis, pis,

mir

gir
agu, crown; tzzu, angry,
terrible.

m
EV

kir,

(Elffi)

EjII^,

commander.
bur,

pur
see

^T

(136)

nagiru,

102

SIGN
201.

'^,

202.

^L

IDEOGRAMS

^viLUK

\i^

lady.

<5<f//w,

\AT*

ar^u, yellow, green.

dud, tup

203.
204.

^TT

-5.

S]

Su,

kat,

kat

>^J^?/,

^]

hand;

nu,

finger;

*^j

I,

?//^^-

^'>\-

,]

'-^\ I^), Babylon;

CLT

>ET

E:?S

total;

^11^,
207

jit

//// ,

lib

'

napharu,

JI

^T

siitsake, officer.

E>^ >E 1^, zainmeru, male

lip,
I

lup, i)aU,

nar

musician

'V?'

p|^

zammeriu, ndrtu, female

musician; ^[>^

|Y,

-f^-

libu, fox.

-6.

^^tW?

damdku,

sa (rare)

^'/z,

to

be favourable;

date-palm.

208.

J^/C:-^

^almii, image.

209.

"M^W

V ^"^V IEJ),

Akkad

(sometimes Urartu, Armenia).

210.

gatn, kain,gur

see

202

20

and

103

SYLLABIC

SIGN
II.

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES
kur,

mad, mdtu,

mat,

iad, Sa/, sat, lat,

nat, nad,

kin

land, country;

$a-

mountain; kaSadu,
to conquer; napaku, to
dil,

shine forth;

iadil,

the

east-wind.

212

'^
.

"^ (^TII^)^
magaru, to be obedient
grain;

^eu,

se

" ^i E^, SamaiSaminu, sesame-seed.

to;

bu,

213-

pu,

sir,

{Ht),

^^ (^11),

arku, long.

git, kit

2 14.

t-V]

uz, us, us

2X5.

^-ffi

Sud, hit, sir

ruku, distant.

2,6.

^-^fl<

inuL sir

^iru

serpent

^*"tTT^

4i,\t^, muSrushl, red

dragon (comp. Revel.
12, 3).

-7.

-^-m

tzr

kiStu,

2.8.

-i^I

te

temenu, foundation-stone;

wood.

tahU.

^1

teiptl,

r '^h
219

kar

lis,

be near;

gallu,

devil;

see 293.

karu, wall; eteru, to protect.

220

'

to

lis

104

SYLLABIC

SIGN

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

a sign used for marking

221,

the division

^T

ud,

ui,

lit,

u,

tu,

ilmii,

day; uimi, dragon;

ta m, bir, par, pir,

samsu, sun;

la}}, li^, ^is, (pis

pi^U,

^>^ ^\
>^\,

go

forth;

^>^|

^It

asil,

>^>^ ^J

saniH, sun-

-^

rise;

exit;

^Itu,

white;

Samas] ^\
to

words

for equation).

(orig.

222

of

^T

ereb samsi, sun- set;

^^-JilJ

bronze;

Tf
T

n~'

siparru,

^J

^<3<lT

^IeJ, Lars am-, ^\ Jl^f

<M,

-TUT
T^

&

^T :^^ -TTTT

(^IeJ), Purdtu,
tes;

-3.

^T'

pi, /rt:/(rare),babyl.

z^2^2^,

^^z/^'^;

Euphra-

^TT urru, light.

ear.

also ya, yi, wa,

wi (later ma, mi)

224.

^!TT

lib

libbu, heart; "^TTT

^^T^'

"""^T^

^^P^^ph descen-

dant;(^:ryT)^TTT-^ir.
the city Assur.
225.

^ICmT

rti'tii,

rutu, spittle.

;;

105

SYLLABIC

SIGN
22 6.

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

^?

^ab, ^ap, zab, bir,

(Ehfw)

^abu, warrior;

pir, lah, lib

umma?iu,

\4^It),

^} t^,

host;

niraru,

helper.

pir
227.

i^

offspring.

u,

zib, zip, ^ip

i

^A

hi.

sar

ii.

ki^satu,

host,

(-Ilk),

^,

^^'T"

sur;

>

A-HF-

rt,

ab,
231.

A"^

>

2,

ib,

.>

u,

tabu,

the

good;

god As-

A <M

-HF-

Assyria;

229.

the world;

i^

'-^JJ

ub

kam, ^^w

determinative after

num-

(= '^^, comp.

bers
107).

232.

^^

im

mru, wind;

i^^f

*^^ITTT

^E|[. j^//^, south-wind;

tanu, iltdnu, north-wind

^W

A4f
amurru

east

west

wind

\[^^r

I,

-EiT.
-

wind

-oi.Tr

imbullu, evil

I06

SYLLABIC

SIGN

TDEOdRAMS

VALUES

wind; ^HF~

god Adad

^4f'

the

Ram-

(babyl.

^^

^]]]l

irpitu, urpatu,

cloude;

man);

-oi,^ it, naidu, nadu, exalted.

233.

J$ktiB

234-

A^

dir,

pir

sapdlpn, to bring to naught.

Ipar, ^ir, J^ur,

mui\

235-

4<^

^^

'^IT^,

$adt7,

mountain-range.

kin
huS, ruS

ruSSu,

red;

izzu,

angry

(and comp. 216).

237-

ATI

ma ddn

^un

mddu,

many;

sign of phiral.
'3^-

<

(>^HP")

or
239.

<--H

240.

<^^TT

24..

<^]A]

muh

eli,

^'

the god

Adad

Rammdn.

over, upon.

^Hh <^!l NergaL

^Hh ^*>^T^L

(comp. 86)

^^i(^r,

god-

dess; htar.
242.

"(^

lid^

243.

<^M

kir

244.

<2s

kiS, kis,

245.

K^^

mi

246.

rf

gul, kul, kul, SU71

Hi,

lit,

rim

kis

kiSiatu,

host,

the world.

mU^u, night; ^almu, dark.

I07

SYLLABIC

SIGN

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES
^I

mim\

nim,

turn

^^^^4^,

couch.

irSu,

(V) <::^I ET <IgI, Elam.

(rare)

turn

lam, limQ)
zur, ^ur

-Hf-

^],

Marduk.

(IHIX^, ?^^M offering,

^54.

<^

ban,

-'55.

<^I

kirn, gini,

357.

<^

pan

t^l

dim

^^

It

kima,

like,

j'^///,

foot;

^^I

bow.

kastu,
as.

<^

(Et^)

^akkanakku, sak-

kanaku, governor;

^"^

y^^, bones;

fc:<y

^HP

\^

^^

-y^^^,

field;

NergaL
258.

<E^

259.

<m}A

^^V,

260.

-(!-

$i,

kabtu, heavy.
^^/^

lim

marsu,
fnu,

sick.

eye;

ma^rUy
to see;
r?^,

to

panu,
front;

\l*^
see;

face;

am am,
,

\I*^

^w^\|^>

abiktu, defeat; -HF" ^T*"

^y,

M;///^,

NergaL

io8

SYLLABIC

SIGN
^6..

<MT<T

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES
ar

tukultu, help;

264.

<h^}

damaku,

to

dam kit

sign.

ittu,

be favourable;
favourable

diunku, dunku, favour;

^)

^I'^^f daimktu,

mercy, favour.
265.

<ym

and;

<I-M

tj

JEJ,

a^uhu, a tree.
266.

KKItT

k^) \r itj'

limnii, evil;

Ihnuttu, evil.

267.

<I^,

I^

di,

ti

ialamu, to be complete;
Sulmu, prosperity
^*^,

daianu

judge;

\|H- ^^tJ,

\ Pp

sattukkii,

regular offering; \f>+^

11,

sananu, to equal;

-H^ <I:^ El

>^, sui.

manu, the god Sulmdn.

^68.
269.

<m <m

till,

ki

til

tilu,

mound.

ir^itu, earth;

aSru, place;

with;

^JEJ ::yyf

///^

damiatu, distress; \J|

t^lll,

Saplu,

part, low;

^JEJ

under

t^^


tog

SYLLABIC

SIGN

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

(or >-II) >-yy4l,

<IB[ !['

Sumer;
dwell-

Subtil,

ing;

^I^y f", ^ukultu,

weight (?).

270.

^TTT

271.

sign of repetition,
din, tin

balatu, to live

ditto.

i^^l^]^

\1eJ, Babilu, Babylon.

272.

<yi

hk,

Sik,

pik,

273.

<}-}}}}

274.

<}}

sik,

zik,

var. of' JJ.

pik

dun, sul, sul

ellu, bright;

hurasu,

<^}

gold;

^Jl^,

^J,

kaspu, sarpu, silver.

275.

<y

pad, pat, pat, suk, kurummatu

Suk

*-]

Vh

food

nindabii, free-

will offering.

276.

<w

imnu, right;
2.?/;'

^f-
goddess
,

(number
277.

man,

278<

es,

nis

sin

^j|,
Istar

fifteen).

Same, king; SainaS (number twenty).

(^*1^) \\\, Sin
thirty);

(number

^^^H^, purus-

su, decision.

278^

^*^*^)

fifty).

^nl^l (number

no
SYLLABIC

SIGN
79.

IDItOGRAMS

VALUES
tis,

cits,

tis,

tis,

ana, to; iUen, one;

ana

enu-

ma, when; determinative before proper na-

mes.
280.

^akdlu, to weigh; ^imittu,

la

lal,

yoke; kamu, to bind, to

Comp.

catch.

282.

kil, kil, gil,

rin

J}ab

no. 269.

rim,

hap,

kir
283.

284.

285.

t3^

IT

]05 ndru,

river.

^I J^y, fiarkabtu, chariot.

IT T >H-^T

iddil,

bitumen;

TB2f ^T !5<T If
knpru, bitumen.

286.

zar,

287.

m^

sar

M^ M A

If

mu,

sheep.
288.

117

pu,

289.

bul,

290.

291.

ca

till

bUru, well, spring.

pul

zuk, ziik, suk

puUhurii, to collect; >Hl

JLhL-T, naplparu,

whole,

total.

292.

m]<<

annanna, "so and

so".

SYLLABIC

SIGN
293

me, Hb, hp^ sip

T'

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES
1*^ is

sometimes used for

r^*^

r ^1,

simtu,

ornament (simat worthy

of).

mes, mis

sign of the pluraL

294-

I"^^.

.95.

HI

ib,

296.

ku, dnr, tuk (rare), tukultu, help; subatu, gar-

I'

ip

tus

ment; ambu, to dwell;

IeJ I^IIE, ulinnu, a

garment; ^y JEJ, kakku,

weapon

7irkarinnu

box-tree;

^J JEJ "^^^

mittu, club(?).
17.

lu, dib, tibj tib

^abdtu,

to

sheep;

take;

senu,

^Tf ^>^,

im-

meru, lamb, sheep.

299.

MI

ki,

kin, kin

Sipru,

letter;

mu

uru,

to

send, to rule.
300.

MIE

301.

mw-w

Hpdiu, wool; sdrtu, hair.

sik

^T I^II^TTT'

^rinu, ce-

dar.

302

Su

kissatu,

^HF"

303-

1'^'^

i^

the world;

L Marduk.

$iptu, incantation.
dij

ti

Salamu, to be complete,
etc.;

1^:.^^-

host,

see

see \I^^, no. 267

::^I^.

112

SYLLABIC

SIGN

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

304.

I^

sardpu, to burn.

305.

lEinH

^1 l^ill^S'

306.

vmi

^idiltu, joy.

307-

'

sal, sal, rag, rak,

miuj mini

siimis

'^i^i'u,

sinnistu

V"

wife;

yoke.

female,

>\-,

nukurtu,

^T*^-^^'

hostility;

see<KK-<T-IH.
iimuttu,

mimma

evil;

Comp. too
308.

^^

su,

309.

^t]

nin

"^

E[,

anything.

171.

rik
^^//2/,

lady;

-Hh

^I^ -EV,
goddess
tjyy,

I^ET

Allatti,

>^^ l^El

M-/?7 (wife of

En-lil).

310.

311.

^^T
^^

dam,

tarn

gu

a^Satu, wife.

^I "i?"^

^^

YY, kiissil,

V{

I*"'

throne;

guzaln,

shepherd (?), messenger;

^>{313.

^v

-El, Bau.

naggaru, nangaru, a work-

1^

man
312.

^^

amat

(only in Ti-

am at)

(smith?).

amtu, maid.

113

SYLLABIC

SIGN

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

3.4.

t-Itl

mkf

3.5.

^m

el

3.6.

T^t

luvi, Ifuin-, kt/s{?)

3.7.

^-4ii

Ilik

brick;

libittu,

en-

lipittu,

closure.

II
3US.

TT

319-

Ifc

see 272 <II

number
fuk, t7ik

isii

two.

to

have;

used

proper names for

sil,

20.

Ifc!

ui%

Ilk,

Itk,

taS,

tas, das, das, tis,

tiz,

^r

to create.
*^^j[j[,

in

^iib-

IH HP

E -IL

ru, wolf;

IH

tis

lion;

7ie$u,

barba-

"^IT^'

kardii, karradu, strong;

Ijy ]^, ^^/^, dog;

y^l ^, Hdimmu^),
raging hound (name of
a
3-'.

TK

star).

Sumelu, left (number hundred

323.

]}

mil,

fifty).

water;

mdru,

aplu,

son;

son;

^n~'

if

zananu, to rain; |T^n~

t^III Tl

-+,

deter-

minatives after numbers

and measures;

jy

^t|

114

SYLLABIC

SIGN

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

^^I

tiamatu

tanidu,
?f/,

sea;

[y

^HT'

flood;

lY

^rsc^,

land;

?^^^r//,

Jf ^JJI,

field;

^/^/?/,

bakil, to

J^

y]r

weep;

^T*^*
bikttu,

|Y

0,

]^

J^f

weeping;
river;

tamiu^

w^;7/,
-JI'-,

Puratu, Euphrates;

[y

]^,

1^

see

ISST;

I^^[::;^TTf

see

EJ^

J^

seer;

asi2,

*"^^|-^,

tor;

ndk-ine, irriga-

E^ H I^H, w^r-

Hpri, messenger.
at

^*T~

za, ^a

S^<^

IT

^]r

lazuli;

f--^,

a goddess.

^h

if

V,

ukntl,

:^^]f
j//>;'?/,

lapis

]]

a kind of

lapis lazuli.

32 6.

If<

ba

m'lnu,
-^//,

327.

^^<e=;Ty

g^g

II

sik, sik, sik, zik,

pik^ piJ?

fish;

to

}}<

[f,

^^Z^-

be destroyed.

see no. 272 (var. \\<\).

115

SYLLABIC

SIGN

IDEOGRAMS

VALUES

hammamu,

lib

quarter of

heaven.

^
3.9.

!TT<

330.

Hklu, shekel.
Sarru, king.

^a,

gar

Sakanu,

to

set;

Hknu,

image; akalu, food;

^111^, makkilru, pro-

perty;

boundary, service;

^\<\t, bum, pro-

perty;

v^ealth;

(E>?5)

;z?^,

VPy
332

ia

(number

five)

'^'^

TTT

ai

it,

meSril,

>

governor; ^J

-f^^-

hattu, sceptre.

II

spirits of

333-

>^|, kudur-

ru,

number

six.

Ig^gi^

heaven.

the

ii6

QLOSSHRY
aplutti, sonship

Abdlu, to bring, Illg

ahatti,

ztssibil

do thoroughly, IV,

to

apparu, swamp
to flee

abii,

ar^w, slave

command

arjiu,

father

adi,

alabu, to dwell

together with, as far as

alar, where

compact

asdru, to besiege (comp.

admanu, house
agdgu,

to

agdru,

to hire

aUuritu, the Assyrian

a^u,

aliu,

ahi,

go

out, to

go up

ataru, to increase (and comp. iutttru)

afidzu, to hold

cs'eru)

airu, place

be enraged

afiamii, each other

a]}inna

month

arkdnu, afterwards

adannil, greatly
adi,

set out

arbau, four

abiktu, defeat
abltu, will,

arddu, to go down,

side,

and anna,

attMii, as for us
this

side

aim, hostile
akdlu, to
alaktu,

food

eat,

way

aldku, to go
aldlu, to

elenu, upper

hang up

ali-ma, where

eberu, to cross, III2 to extend over

edu, alone, one

allaku, courier

eli,

elu,

more than
to

be high, to depart,

IIIj to bring

IIj

to raise,

up

allu, a chain

emldu,

amdru,

emukii, force, army (comp. imulfu)

amdtu,
af7ielu,

a,

to see
affair,

man

to

word

IIj

to erect

epelu, to do,

make (comp.

ipiltu)

epiru, dust, earth (comp. ipru)

epiitu, plu. iplatu,

deed

annulim, now

erebtt,

to enter (comp.

a//, son

eserti,

to

irub)

besiege (comp. asdru)

117
dent,

to ^uidc, Tllg direct,

make

straight

ellutUy newness

ete^u, to march (and comp.

ezebu,

to leave, to deliver,

make

ezezu, to

metiku)
TIIj

to save

tiimanu, camj)

ia'w, II J to seek
Ja^M, gate

know

idu, to

herb

urruhii, quickly

uzmi, ear

strong

side

idti,

road

ur}iit,

urk'ttu, green

to

weep

ihzu, hilt

^a-^M,

ikimu, seize

balatu, live, spare

///,

balkatn, IIIj to tear

against

banat, mother

god

ihi,

5aw, to found, to build, to make

divinity

ilutzt,

iinu^u, power, force (comp. emeku)

ina,

behc,

mil, eye

deed (comp. epiltu)

ipru, dust (comp. epiru)

iruhvia, irtimnia, comp. erebu

ilatti,

to take possession of, see belu

between us

birinni,

bond
(stuffs)

bitiiallu, saddle-horse

fire

ilhatu,

biltu, present

birmi, variegated

^Jf?rz<

to rule; lord

lady

biritu,

straight

iiarti,

ilaru, III2 see

neighbourhood

to take possession of,

beltu,

bilu,

earth

irsitu,

balu, to be, to happen, IIIi place

battibatti, in the

with

in,

ipilUi,

down

alive

baltti,

ship

ilippit,

bltM,

fetter

house

bubutu, bread

is^uru, bird

iltaritum, a goddess
intent* in,

I3

to devise (of JlUli^)

gafnru, complete

wood

z^zf,

gappu, feather

with

z'/^z^,

gdiilu, stake

darkness

//,

gibiUf multitude

gimru,
uba

ny^>

of

i,

iillanu,

to seek (see 5a' z7)

without

tiltii,

out of

z^za,

so

dabdbuy to device

lunmanu, people,

i)lu.

troops

nmnni, mother
uDiii,

all

girru, expedition

day

dababtu, device

dagalu, to see

dagalu pan,

to

umi{, ina nmeitima, at that time

daku, to muster

umussn,

daku, to

daily

kill

be subject

to

ii8
dalht, door

dama^u,

to

be favourable

ta}}U,

to

approach

tehu,

to

draw

near, to approach

damiktM, favour

timii, understanding,

dam^arzi, name of a profession

tittu,

dam^u, favourable

tubbu, joy, health

news

clay

dandnu, might

dannu, mighty, strong

dannutu,

kabattit, liver

fortress

ddru, ana ddrdtim, continuously, for ever

kabittu,

diku^ assemble

kakku, weapon, arms

dimtu,
dtJiii,

kaldlu,

tears

mind
to fulfil

kalbu, dog

judgement

duni^u, mercy

kalmatti, insect

dunltu, favour

kam,

duru, wall

kamdsu, kamdru,

numbers

after ordinal

to take one's stand

kamii, to conquer, to take

kanaiu, to prostrate, to submit

kdnu, to stand

za^anM, to adorn (see a7m)

za^dpzi, to set

up (and

kardbu, be propitious,

11^)

zakdrti, to address, to speak

kdru, wall

zananu,

kaiddu,

zikaru,
zikrti,

send rain

to

man
name

katdfnu, cover
kibratu^ plu. ktbrati, region
protection

kidinii,

//

khna, according

kiru, park, plantation

hamat, aid

kiiddu,

liamtUy }iantuy swift

kiiiaiu,

fiaradu, be victorious

}iatu,

hifitu,

way

i&/Jf/,

bank

of a river

hosts

wood

(?)

(and Jiardmi)

kitru, assistance, aid

kurmatu, nourishment

to dig out

ktder, becoming

to sin
sin

^ubiUf plunder
labdru, to be old

hurasu, gold

to clothe

labdlti,

lapan, before
tdbtti,

the

good

tabu, to be pleasant, to be

tabuy

good

like

kirbu, midst

to rejoice

halabu, cover

liarii,

to,

ktpu, governor

fiabahi, plunder

Jiarrdnu, path,

approach,

capture,

be gracious

conquer;

ik-lu-us-su-mc-ti for ik-iu-ud-su-nu-ti

zufnmii, deprived

liadu,

bless,

libbu, heart

good

limnu.

evil

Ihmittu,

evil

IIQ
tongue, si^ccch

liiami,

tnigru, darling

tnilammu.

hibultUy clothing

lustre

7nilku, counsel

M
tna'adii,

ana ma* adil,

ma'adii,

much

wm/, how ?
in

great

numbers

mitiku, progress (comp. metiktt)

ma'ad7i, to swarm, to be

mtiu, the dead

many

WM

much

ma'dii,

to

be favourable,

to

to

favour,

obey

mahdru,

plu.

w?, water

muhliu, top part

mada(t)t7i, tribute

magaru,

mi^ru, territory

to receive

ma^asu,

to smite, I2 itndah^is,

mahazu,

city,

to fight

midarkis, doer (from rakasu)

Ttiulpalu,

depth

mu^u, an

exit

m.ulu, night

mutu, death

fortified-city

ma/j^ur, forward
inajiru,

former

first,

?nakatUf to

Ij {i-tu-]ziit for imtal^tit)

fall,

mala, as

many

nabalu, dry land, island

nabdlu, to destroy

idem, IIIj to overthrow

nahmtu, creation

as

maldkti, to counsel

a3^7,

malii, to

nadanu,

fill

name

to call,

to give

mama, any

nadu, cast down

mamttti, oath

nakaru,

mana, maneh

na^dru, destroy, lay waste

mandatti,

nakasu, to cut down

gift

enemy

foe,

mantna, any

nakiru, enemy

manii, to number, to count

nalbalu, garment

markasti, cord

namdrti, to be bright

marsu,

namririi, brilliance

sick

mdrtu, daughter

napiitti,

mdru,

nardmu, beloved

send

to

IIj

maru, son

life

nardrti, help

ma^artu, a guard, watchman, observation

narkabtu, plu. chariot

maldru,

w5r2/, river, canal

malkanu,

IIj

to leave

station,

nasdjiu, drive

place

away

malku, skin

naldku, to kiss

mdltitu, a drink

na^dru,

ma^u,

to keep,

fnaiu, to forget

naldlu, to

mdtu,

waifw,

to die

to

move

lift

keep watch,

nazdzti, to stand

w^, enclitic particle

W///7/,

^-/J/^w

and

mitil?u)

(?)

p. 80,

line

23

up

matti, laud

meti^ti, course (comp.

observe,

guard

to find

(still),

to station

peaceful, fern, nlhtu

nindaggara, see magdrti

120
yoke

7tlru,

niUi, people,

men

^abatti,

nurii, light

to take,

to grasp, to set forth

^abe kidinni, temple-servant

sahu^ warrior, servant, soldier,

man

^almu, image
sahapn,

to cast

down

safiarny lll^ to surround

sakapu, to cast
salu,

to

down

^alu, III beseech

^amddu,

to

yoke

sdmi, IIj to adorn, to favour

wn

sapanu, to overcome

^dtti,

sikkuru, bolt

^eheru, to be young

si' die,

insignia

^ifiru,

sipp7i,

threshold

^iru, a plain

horse

sittu,

za'dmi)

^Iru,

da3's

of old

small

s'lrntu,

sisu,

(or

sardhu, IVj was angiy

pray

noble

siruUun, against them

rest

^ubdtu, garment

su^u, street

surraiUy sedition

K
kabal tdnitim, midst of the sea

padami, way

kablu, fight

pagru, corpse

kabu, hihu, to speak,

pahadu^

^a^^adu, head

to grant, to appoint

panu^

year of reign
face,

to plan

hardbu, to draw near; a battle

hdlu, to present

paru, mule
parzillu, iron

palahu, be

kapddu,

kdpu, to entrust to

former

command

par^u,

say

kakharu, place, ground

palafiu, to fear
/<7/?7,

utter,

at rest

palaru, to annul

^dtu, hand
h'lbttu,
i^z6z7,

to

to

command

speak

pataru, to release
patrti, dagger
/?/i7,

porter

pifiatu, prefect
pilfititi,

appointment

ro*M, great
rakdbii, to ride
rakdsit, to bind (and

///, to open

rakbu, messenger

pu, mouth

ranidnilu, himself

comp. tmdarkJs)

pulujitu, fear

ramu,

to place

piirussu, decision

rdmu,

to love, IIl/lIi incline unto

putu,

face, entrance

passion

rapUi, broad
rahi, to grant,

raUibtu, might

show

com

121
summit

rdiu, head,

lemu, to hear (and limu)

rimu, grace

iepu, foot

riksM,

bond

iibbu, girdle

rittu,

hand

iitntu,

rubu, prince,

rubatic, princess

fern,

fate

iimz'ru, a ring

rii^u, distant

1/?M,

rukubu, carriage

Upru, a dispatch

to hear, see Semii

liptu, incantation
lipu, foot (see iepu)
ia,

as

(it

appeareth),

who

flesh (heart),

llrtc,

iabdru, to shatter

hikalulu, to swing

iadu, satu, mountain

lulmu, peace,

iafiatu,

lumma,

to strip

iakanu, to

set,

ItLparlaku (or better Sui-Soi^i), general

laknu, governor
lakii officer, see

safety, well

if

name

Hi?nu,

to place

body

constr. Hibat, dwelling, seat

itibiti,

ia'alu, to ask

luparu

lalalu, to carry off, to

ialamu, to be well,

pkmder

to prosper

liiparu, ruler
Ittrbu, exalted

luru, ox
belonging

lalatu, to pierce

Jf/?/,

iallatu, spoil, booty

Suttiru,

to,

see

iuparu

mighty (comp. atdru)

Sa/mii, peacefully

Salputu, misfortune
iamit, heaven

ianttu, time, repetition

ianu, declare, II^ to inform

iaparu, saparu, to send

laplu, lower

la;-,

larrutu, royalty

lalmu, battle
iataruy to wjite

fox

hold

gift

/arz^, return,

king

teslitu,

tibu,

to turn, to fall; II|

mankind

teniietu,

larratu, queen

lelibu,

to seize, to

tdmtu, tdmdu, sea

larapu, to burn

to drink

tamd^u,
tamartu,

lara^M, to grant

latu,

overthrow

taf}tu,

takdluy to trast

lapahu, to spread

larru, constr.

tabdkuy to pour out

ta^azu, battle

lanu, another

tellltUy

to rise, to

prayer

come

tibutu, the advance

tidukUy warrior
tillu,

pit

tukultu, help

add

22

CORRIGENDH
Page

14,

1.

II, for tif^y^ read

15,

1.

9,

for

16, 16,

1.

6,

for contraction read

19, 19,

1.

8,

for

^>3;0

for
.

tihy-

j;3ni^ read j;^-^^-

23,

1.

24, 4,

3,
1.

for
I,

X^

read

lead

read

26, 37,

31,

1.

2,

for

33,

1.

6,

for

37,

1.

9, for

39, 55,

1-

5,

for

42, 61,

1.

9,

for

49, 78,

53,

55, 96,

62,

1.

4,

for

^yy

64,

1.

2,

for

>-yy< read -yy<y.

67,

1.

29, for left read

1.

12,

read CtEJ;

-(l^^

*^i

;^

read

read

4,

1-

::J<J

X^.

read

^-yy.

-Ty

3,

4,

for
1.

^y
5,

f^"'

read

1.

1.

read

^^JJ;

4.

for

tl^

*^!TT

'"^''^^

lead

E^-

^n*

^y^-

read

-^

read

^^.

read tr<yy.

t^

before

insert

and

read transcription.

>jp_I-

44,

II, for

^\

^JJ.

43,

1.

1.

^>^y|;

24, for ibnikuna read ihnikimu.

J^

for transscription

1.

for

for

is.

^t^y

for

I2,

1.

n,

1.

read <;::y^; also

read

for in

^J^}

F>a;^ T

4^t\\

harmony.

4^^.

read >^yy'!<^.

lift.

/"

941

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