BAROQUE ELEMENTS IN THE PIANO SONATA, OPUS 9 BY PAUL CRESTON

Chie Watanabe, B.M., M.M.

Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of

DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS

December 2011

APPROVED:
Gustavo Romero, Major Professor
Elvia Puccinelli, Committee Member
Pamela Mia Paul, Committee Member
Jesse Eschbach, Chair of the Division of
Keyboard Studies
Lynn Eustis, Director of Graduate Studies in
the College of Music
James D. Meernik, Acting Dean of the
Toulouse Graduate School

Watanabe, Chie. Baroque Elements in the Piano Sonata, Opus 9 by Paul Creston. Doctor
of Musical Arts (Performance), December 2011, 37 pp., 46 musical examples, references, 43
titles.
Paul Creston (1906-1985) was one of the most significant American composers from the
middle of the twentieth century. Though Creston maintained elements of the nineteenth-century
Romantic tradition and was categorized as a Neo-Romantic or 20th-century traditionalist,
many of Crestons compositions contain elements of Baroque music. His Piano Sonata, Opus 9
provides significant examples of Baroque elements, while already foreshadowing his mature
style.
The purpose of this study is to explore Baroque elements in the compositional language
of Paul Crestons Piano Sonata, Opus 9. All four movements of the Piano Sonata will be
examined in regards to its stylistic features associated with Baroque practices. These features
mainly consist of rhythm, texture, imitative writing, and repeated phrase structure. Each category
of the study will include comparisons of Domenico Scarlattis keyboard sonatas with Crestons
sonata. Through an examination of the Piano Sonata and its Baroque elements, this study hopes
to inspire renewed interest in the work among musicians and to help the performer give a more
stylistically coherent, and accurate, performance.

Copyright 2011
by
Chie Watanabe

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All musical examples from Paul Crestons Piano Sonata, Op. 9, are reproduced with kind
permission from Tim Creston and the University of Missouri, Kansas City, Library.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES ..................................................................................................v
Chapters
I.

INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1
Purpose.....................................................................................................................1
Significance and State of Research ..........................................................................2

II.

PAUL CRESTON AND HIS COMPOSITIONAL OUTPUT ............................................6

Biography.................................................................................................................5
Overview of Crestons Output .................................................................................8
Baroque Elements in Crestons Work's ...................................................................9

III.

BAROQUE ELEMENTS IN THE PIANO SONATA, OPUS 9 .......................................12

Rhythm ...................................................................................................................12
Virtuosic Texture ...................................................................................................17
Imitative Writing....................................................................................................22
Repeated Phrase Structure .....................................................................................25
Musical Genres Associated with the Baroque Period ............................................28

IV.

CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................33

BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................................................35

iv

LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES

All musical examples from Crestons Piano Sonata are reproduced with kind permission from
Tim Creston and the University of Missouri, Kansas City, Library.
Page
1. Creston, No. 64 from Rhythmicon, mm. 1-2 .............................................................................11
2. J.S. Bach, Two-Part Invention, No. 8 in F major, BWV 779, mm. 1-3 ....................................11
3. Creston, Piano Sonata, regular subdivision, movement 2, mm. 13-14 .....................................13
4. Creston, Piano Sonata, irregular subdivision, movement 4, m. 38 ...........................................13
5. Creston, Piano Sonata, overlapping, movement 2, mm. 8-10...................................................13
6. Creston, Piano Sonata, regular subdivision overlapping, movement 1, mm. 81-83 .................13
7. Creston, Piano Sonata, irregular subdivision overlapping, movement 4, mm. 123-134 ..........14
8. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 2, mm. 1-10 ........................................................................15
9. Scarlatti, Sonata, K. 233, mm. 59-71 ........................................................................................15
10. Creston, Piano Sonata, fluctuation of duple and triple meter, movement 1, mm. 89-101

......

............................................................................................................................................16
11. Creston, Piano Sonata, fluctuation of duple and triple meter, movement 2, mm. 50-53

..16

12. Creston, Piano Sonata, fluctuation of duple and triple meter, movement 3, mm. 34-36

..17

13. Creston, Piano Sonata, fluctuation of duple and triple meter, movement 4, mm. 176-179 .........
............................................................................................................................................17
14. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 1, mm. 39-40 .....................................................................18
15. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 2, mm. 24-26 .....................................................................18
16. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 3, m. 19 .............................................................................18
17. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 4, mm. 3-4.........................................................................18
18. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 1, mm. 12-13.....................................................................19

19. Scarlatti, Sonata, K. 427, mm. 12-13 .......................................................................................19

20. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, first category, movement 1, mm. 53-54

.....

............................................................................................................................................20
21. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, first category, movement 2, mm. 118-123 .....
............................................................................................................................................20
22. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, first category, movement 3, mm. 25-27

.....

............................................................................................................................................20
23. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, first category, movement 4, mm. 130-134 ......
............................................................................................................................................20
24. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, second category, movement 1, mm. 41-42 ......
............................................................................................................................................21
25. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, second category, movement 2, mm. 114-115 ..
............................................................................................................................................21
26. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, second category, movement 4, mm. 25-26 ......
............................................................................................................................................21
27. Creston, Piano Sonata, chains of the major thirds, movement 4, mm. 1-2 ..............................22
28. Scarlatti, Sonata, chains of the major thirds, K. 29, mm. 15-16 ..............................................22
29. Creston, Piano Sonata, imitative writing, movement 1, mm. 122-136 ....................................23
30. Scarlatti, Sonata, imitative writing, K. 522, mm. 1-5 ..............................................................23
31. Creston, Piano Sonata, imitative writing, movement 1, mm. 14-15 ........................................24
32. Creston, Piano Sonata, imitative writing, movement 3, mm. 18-19 ........................................24
33. Creston, Piano Sonata, imitative writing, movement 4, mm. 80-81 ........................................24
34. Scarlatti, Sonata, imitative writing, K. 160, mm. 4-6 ..............................................................25

vi

35. Scarlatti, Sonata, imitative writing, K. 196, mm. 8-14 ............................................................25

36. Scarlatti, Sonata, repeated phrase structure, K. 9, mm. 16-20 .................................................26
37. Creston, Piano Sonata, repeated phrase structure, movement 1, mm. 77-80 ...........................26
38. Creston, Piano Sonata, repeated phrase structure, movement 1, mm. 196-206 .......................27
39. Creston, Piano Sonata, repeated phrase structure, movement 2, mm. 124-132 .......................27
40. Creston, Piano Sonata, repeated phrase structure, movement 4, mm. 90-93 ...........................28
41. Model for the minuet dance rhythm.........................................................................................29
42. Creston, Piano Sonata, the minuet dance rhythm, movement 2, mm. 38-41 ...........................29
43. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 3, mm. 1-8 .........................................................................30
44. Scarlatti, Sonata, K. 513, mm. 23-28 .......................................................................................30
45. Bach-Busoni, Rejoice, Beloved Christians, mm. 1-9 ..............................................................31
46. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 4, mm. 1-6 .........................................................................32

vii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
Paul Creston (1906-1985) was one of the most significant American composers from the
mid-twentieth century. While some American composers adopted new musical languages from
Schoenbergs twelve tone method, to an American vernacular idiom or electronic sound sources
Creston maintained elements of the nineteenth-century Romantic tradition. Thus, he is
categorized as a Neo-Romantic or 20th-century traditionalist. 1 However, in his book Voices
in the Wilderness, Walter Simmons points out that even though Crestons music emphasizes
Romantic expression, his harmonic treatment derives from the impressionist writing of Debussy
and Ravel. Many of his pieces also contain elements of Baroque music. 2 Crestons Piano Sonata,
opus 9 was written in 1936, a time when he was still developing his own musical language. 3 The
Piano Sonata contains significant examples of Baroque elements, while already foreshadowing
his mature style.
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to explore Baroque elements in the compositional language
of Paul Crestons Piano Sonata, opus 9. Since Creston frequently used certain compositional
elements throughout his musical life, a closer investigation of the impact of Baroque influences
specifically on the Piano Sonata helps the performer give a more stylistically coherent and
accurate performance.

Walter Simmons, Voices in the Wilderness: Six American Neo-romantic Composers (Lanham, Maryland:
Scarecrow Press Inc., 2004), 203. Also Liner notes of sound recording: American Piano Works. Tatjana Rankovich,
piano; Digital disc (Phoenix USA, PHCD 143, 1999).
2
Simmons, Paul Creston, In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online,
http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/06817 (accessed October 15, 2010).
3
Simmons, Voices in the Wilderness, 204.

Significance and State of Research

As both composer and performer, Paul Creston was strongly influenced by Baroque
music. Creston began his musical career as an organist for movie theaters and later at St.
Malachys Church in New York (1934-1967). 4 He was familiar with church organ music,
including that of J.S. Bach. Crestons 1931 article, On the Interpretation of Bach, for Etude
magazine, provides performance suggestions for the organ Fugue in C minor. 5 Crestons
admiration of J.S. Bach is clearly expressed in his unpublished article, The Interpretation of
Bachs Keyboard Music. 6 He stated:
Fugues were written long before Bachs time; but what was often an academic exercise
was transformed by him into an entity of beauty. Before I begin composing each
morning, I play several Preludes and Fugues or a piano transcription of the famous
violin Chaconne. 7
In an interview at the Tenth Annual Contemporary Music Festival at Sam Houston State
University in 1971, Creston discussed the interpretation of his compositions:
I definitely feel that the performer or the conductor should understand the music
sufficiently just from the notes themselves. I think the best training for that is to learn
to understand and interpret Bach- with so few indications of dynamics, of tempo,
of anything as a matter of fact. If you do not understand Bach, then you can never
understand a contemporary work. 8
In 1970, when Simmons asked Creston to name the most influential composers of his
compositional career, he mentioned J.S. Bach, Domenico Scarlatti, Chopin, Debussy and Ravel. 9
An invaluable source when discussing Creston and his compositions is Henry Cowells
article, Paul Creston, written in 1948, one of the first sources on the composer. Cowell praised
Crestons serious and sincere approach towards his composition, providing some biographical
4

Henry Cowell, Paul Creston, The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 34 No. 4 (1948): 534.
Paul Creston, On the interpretation of Bach, Etude (September 1931): 671.
6
Creston, The Interpretation of Bachs Keyboard Music, The Paul Creston Collection, Miller-Nichols
Library, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Folder 13, Box 35.
7
Ibid.
8
Fisher Tull, Paul Creston: An Interview. Instrumentalist (October 1971): 42.
9
Simmons, Voices in the Wilderness, 205.
5

information, and introducing his musical language. 10 From that time, Crestons music began to
receive more scholarly attention. There are two essential books about Crestons life, works, and
musical characteristics: Paul Creston: A Bio-Bibliography by Monica Slomski 11 and Voices in
the Wilderness by Walter Simmons.12
Other important sources include Crestons own books and writings. He published two
books on the subject of rhythm: Principles of Rhythm (1961) 13 and Rational Metric Notation
(1979). 14 In his article, The Structure of Rhythm, Creston states that rhythm is the most
important element of music because other musical elements such as melody, harmony,
counterpoint, and form cannot exist without rhythm. 15 In Principles of Rhythm, Creston
categorizes five types of rhythmic structures that are found in the music of the Renaissance
through the twentieth century. 16
Other essential materials, such as manuscripts, Creston's correspondence, program notes,
reviews, and sound recordings, are found in the Creston Collection at the Miller Nichols
Music/Media Library at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. Crestons wife, Louise, donated
most of this collection in 1987. Crestons program notes about the Piano Sonata 17 and other
important articles, such as The Interpretation of Bachs Keyboard Music, 18 have been obtained
from this monumental archive.

10

Cowell, 533.
Monica Slomski, Paul Creston: A Bio-bibliography (Wesport, Conneticut: Green Press, 1994).
12
Simmons, Voices in the Wilderness.
13
Creston, Principles of Rhythm (New York: Franco Colombo Inc., 1964).
14
Creston, Rational Metric Notation: The Mathematical Basis of Meters, Symbols, and Note-Values (New
York: Exposition Press, 1979).
15
Creston, The Structure of Rhythm, Clavier (November 1971): 15.
16
Simmons, Voices in the Wilderness, 206.
17
Creston, Piano Sonata, op. 9, The Paul Creston Collection, Miller Nichols Library, University of
Missouri-Kansas City, Folder 16, Box 32.
18
Creston, The Interpretation of Bachs Keyboard Music, The Paul Creston Collection, Miller Nichols
Library, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Folder 13, Box 35.
11

Two theses directly related to the Piano Sonata have also been written. The Solo Piano
Sonata in the United States since 1945: A Survey by Rebecca Jane Edge (1971) primarily
focuses on twentieth-century piano sonatas written by eight American composers. Among the
composers included are: Samuel Barber, John Cage, Elliott Carter and Paul Creston. Edge briefly
discusses Crestons overall musical idiom, addressing form, rhythm, and harmony. 19 By contrast,
The Structure of Paul Crestons Sonata, op. 9. by Janice Shan-Chen Hu Yuen (1975) analyzes
all four movements of the Piano Sonata, providing vital information about the works form,
rhythm, melody and harmony. 20 However, neither study explores the influence of the Baroque
style on the composer.
Ever since the premiere of the Piano Sonata in 1939, reviews of the composition have
been favorable. Frederick Werl described the Piano Sonata as a powerful work, extremely
pianistic, and in every way a most important contribution to contemporary piano literature.

21

Also, Warlgen comments that in the Piano Sonata the variety in melodies, rhythms, textures,
and dissonance levels all combine to provide an enjoyable, absorbing piece for study and
performance. 22 In 1999, pianist Tatjana Rankovich released the first recording of Crestons
Piano Sonata. Mark Lehman reviewed the recording: A work with this combination of
virtuosity, tunefulness, drama, and color offers much to both performers and audiences. 23
Despite its positive critical reception, the Piano Sonata has been neglected and
infrequently performed in concert. Through an examination of the Piano Sonata and its Baroque
elements, this study hopes to inspire renewed interest in the work among musicians and pianists.
19

Rebecca Jane Edge, The Solo Piano Sonata in the United States since 1945: A Survey, M.M. thesis,
North Texas State University, 1971.
20
Janice Shan-Chen Hu, Yuen, The Structure of Paul Crestons Sonata, op. 9, M.A. thesis, Central
Washington College, 1975.
21
Frederick Werl, Publishers Mart, Musical Courier 154 (October 1956): 30.
22
Carol Warlgen, Paul Creston: Solo Piano Music, American Music Teacher xxiv 4 (1975): 8.
23
Mark Lehman, Review of Creston: Piano Sonata; 6 Preludes; Giannini: Sonata; Flagello: Sonata; 2
Waltzes. American Record Guide (November-December 1999): 118.

CHAPTER II

PAUL CRESTON AND HIS COMPOSITIONAL OUTPUT

Biography
Paul Creston was born in New York on October 10, 1906. The younger son of Sicilian
immigrants, Creston was originally named Giuseppe Guttoveggio. Crestons first name was
changed to Joseph at age twelve and later to Paul Creston upon his marriage in 1927. 24
Crestons musical interest was apparent from his early childhood. He learned Italian folk songs
from his father when he was four and began formal piano lessons at the age of eight. He began
composing immediately after his father purchased a piano. Creston also improvised on the tunes
he heard from a hurdy-gurdy outside of his apartment. 25
Crestons interest in music further developed during high school. He studied piano with
more advanced teachers, including Carlo Stea and G. Aldo Randegger, and organ with Pietro
Yon. Due to his familys financial circumstances, however, Creston was forced to terminate his
formal education at the age of fifteen and became a full-time receptionist at MacFadden
Publications. It was there that he met his wife, Louise Gotto, who was a secretary; later she
became a professional dancer at the Martha Graham Company. This style of modern dance,
known for its strongly rhythmic character, influenced many of Crestons compositions. Creston
maintained an extremely rigid daily schedule during this time. He practiced the piano after work
until midnight and often early in the morning before work. Creston also studied history, literature
and philosophy in order to compensate for his lack of formal education. Since Creston could not

24

Willie Lee Morris III, The development of the saxophone compositions of Paul Creston, D.M.A. diss.,
University of Missouri-Kansas City, 1996. 1-5.
25
Monica Slomski, Paul Creston: A Bio-bibliography, 2.

afford to purchase books and music scores, he spent many hours studying in the public libraries
of New York. 26
Crestons employment as a silent movie theater organist was his first job as a professional
musician. This was a job that he enjoyed and, according to the composer, taught him how to
improvise. Shortly after films with sound replaced silent films, Creston was appointed as an
organist at Malachys Church in 1934. He remained in that position for the next thirty-years. 27
In 1932, Creston decided to pursue a professional career as a composer. Though he had
piano and organ instructors, Creston was self-taught in composition. In an interview with Fisher
A. Tull, Creston recalled his early years of this self-taught education.
I actually learned from the very beginning to teach myself all sorts of subjects. I could
not afford lessons with any subject I wanted to learn. For example, when I wanted to
learn shorthand, I sent for a trial course. In the five days, I copied out the four books of
the course and sent it back. I attribute it to the poverty of the time. So, I taught myself
shorthandI did it through necessity, but in later life I did it by choice because I enjoyed
working that way When one says that he is self-taught- it means that he has been
taught by all the great masters of the past and present. 28
Since the appearance of his first opus work, Five Dances for Piano (1932), Crestons
compositions were gradually introduced to the public. In 1938 and1939, he was a recipient of the
Guggenheim Fellowship. 29 Crestons First Symphony, opus 20 (1940) was also successful and
later won the New York Music Critics Award for the best orchestral work in the 1942-1943
season. 30 During the 1940s and 50s, Creston established himself as one of the most important
composers in America. He proved his popularity among orchestras in the survey prepared by
Rober Sabin during the late 1950s. Paul Creston and Aaron Copland were ranked as the most

26

Slomski, Paul Creston: A Bio-bibliography, 2-3.

Ibid., 2-3.
28
Tull, 43.
29
Slomski, Paul Creston: A Bio-bibliography, 7.
30
Simmon, Voices in the Wilderness, 195.
27

frequently performed composers by the thirty-three leading American symphony orchestras

during this time. 31
During the 1960s and 70s, Crestons popularity as a composer began to decline. 32 His
musical activity centered on his appearances as lecturer and guest conductor. In 1960, Creston
gave a series of lectures in Israel and Turkey on American music through a grant from the New
York State Department. He was also invited as a guest composer to numerous American
universities and colleges, including the University of Delaware, the University of Minnesota, and
New York University. He served as director of the American Society of Composition, Authors,
and Publishers (ASCAP) from 1960 to 1968, and from 1968 until1975, Creston held positions as
professor of music and composer-in-residence at Central Washington State College. 33
Rhythm remained a central aspect in Crestons music. He wrote two books on rhythm:
Principles of Rhythm (1964) and Rational Metric Notation (1979). In the introduction to
Principles of Rhythm, Creston addresses coursework of American schools of music. He
concludes that these schools tend to have a composition course that includes topics of harmony,
counterpoint, form, and melody, but they do not include rhythm. 34 Crestons Six Preludes for
Piano, opus 38 (1945) and a ten-volume large work of pedagogical rhythmic excises,
Rhythmicon (1964-1977) represent the composers use of five rhythmic structures in Principles
of Rhythm.
After his retirement from Central Washington State College in 1975, Creston and his wife
moved to Rancho Bernardo, located in the outskirts of San Diego, California. At this time of his
life, Creston was more interested in writing about theoretical matters than composing music, but

31

Howard Mitchell, The Hallmark of Greatness, Musical Courier 154 (November 1956): 10.
Simmon, Voices in the Wilderness, 198.
33
Slomski, Paul Creston: A Bio-bibliography, 12.
34
Creston, Principle of Rhythm, iii.
32

he was still receiving commissions for new works. Piano Trio, opus 112 (1979), a commission
that came from The Mirecourt Trio at Grinnell College in Iowa, was performed at a Creston
festival in 1980. The event, along with a documentary on Creston, was broadcast by public
television including Iowa Public Television and San Diegos PBS station. Other commissioned
works included Festive Overture, opus 116 (1981), Sadhana, opus 117 (1981), and Symphony
No. 6, opus 118 (1981). Creston was diagnosed with kidney cancer in 1984 and died on August
24, 1985 in Poway, California. 35
Overview of Crestons Output
Creston wrote 120 compositions with opus numbers in all of the major genres except
opera. These works include symphonies, concertos, concert band music, songs, chamber music,
choral works, and instrumental pieces. According to Simmons, Crestons most representative and
significant compositions are Symphony No. 2 (1944) and No. 5 (1955). Also important were the
symphonic poems Walt Whitman (1952), Corinthians: XIII (1963) and Chthonic Ode (1966) as
well as Three Narratives (1962) and Metamorphoses (1964) both for solo piano. 36
Creston was one of the first American composers to compose serious concert repertoire
for often- neglected instruments, such as the saxophone, marimba, accordion, harp and trombone.
When Fisher Tull interviewed Creston about composing a number of pieces for these instruments,
the composer commented:
I have never written for an instrument which I did not think had possibilities as a concert
solo instrument. . . . I have often been asked, Why did you ever write for the saxophone?
It is such an ugly instrument. I always reply by saying, Have you ever heard the sound
of a violin in the hands of a beginner? There is nothing that can be more ugly than that. 37

35

Slomski, Paul Creston: A Bio-bibliography, 12-13.

Simmons, Paul Creston, Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online (Accessed October 15, 2010).
37
Tull, 43.
36

Crestons compositions for these instruments include the Sonata for E-flat Alto Saxophone and
Piano, opus 19 (1939); Concertino for Marimba and Orchestra, opus 21 (1940); Fantasy for
Trombone and Orchestra, opus 32 (1947); and Concerto for Accordion and Orchestra, opus 75
(1958).
Creston also wrote numerous pieces for the piano. Due to Crestons early and continued
training as a pianist, he composed piano works through much of his life. These compositions for
the instrument cover a time span from Five Dances for Piano, opus 1 (1932) to Prelude and
Dance for Two Pianos, opus 120 (1982). Walgren states that Crestons compositions for solo
piano deserve to be compared with those of other important contemporary American composers
and can be used by both pianists and teachers. 38 In addition to his solo piano works, Creston also
wrote works for piano and orchestra: Fantasy for Piano and Orchestra, opus 32 (1942); Concerto
for Piano and Orchestra, opus 43 (1949); and Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra, opus 50
(1950).
Baroque Elements in Crestons Works
Creston mentioned J.S. Bach and Domenico Scarlatti as being extremely influential on
his works, 39 and indeed, many of Crestons compositions reflect the strong influence of the
Baroque era. In the book, Voices in the Wilderness, Simmons classifies Crestons output into five
distinct groups: works of ambitious intent and serious character; festive and virtuosic works;
Neo-Baroque and Neo-Classical works; prelude and dance; and vocal and choral works. 40 He
points out that Crestons Neo-Baroque and Neo-Classical works are among the most prevalent in
his body of chamber music. These include a String Quartet (1936), the Sonata for Saxophone
and Piano (1939), and the Piano Trio (1979). Furthermore, all of Crestons works entitled suite
38

Walgren, 6.
Simmons, 205.
40
Simmons, 211
39

are based on the Baroque suite, and most of the movements in these works are derived from
dance movements such as the sarabande and gigue. 41 For example, in the Suite for Viola and
Piano, opus 13 (1937), the first movement is a prelude that begins and ends in the style of the
Baroque French overture with double-dotted rhythms. The middle section of this movement also
contains a three-voice invention, another Baroque element. 42 Another example may be found in
the Partita for Flute and Violin, and Strings, opus 12 (1937) that Steven Lowe describes as being
reminiscent of the sprit and sound of J.S. Bachs Brandenburg Concertos. 43 Creston also wrote
suites for saxophone and piano (1935); violin and piano (1939); flute, viola, and piano (1953);
cello and piano (1956); orchestra (Pre-Classical Suite, 1958); organ (1960); string orchestra
(1978); and saxophone quartet (1979).
Crestons pieces for solo piano are also notable for their Baroque elements. The Five
Two-Part Inventions, opus 14 (1946) feature two-part contrapuntal writing with free imitation of
both melodic and rhythmic patterns. 44 Creston returned to the two-part invention again in No. 63
and No. 64, which come from Book IV of Rhythmicon. These resemble Bachs Two-Part
Inventions, which begin with imitation in the lower octave (Examples 1 and 2).

41

Ibid, 227-230.
Kendell L. Crilly, Liner notes of sound recording: American Music for Viola and Piano. Lawrence
Wheeler, viola and Ruth Tomfohrde, piano; Digital disc (Albany Records, TROY 141, 1994).
43
Steven Lowe, Liner notes of sound recording: Paul Creston: Symphony No. 5/Toccata/Partita. Gerald
Schwarz, conductor, Seattle Symphony; Digital disc (Naxos, 8. 559153, 2003).
44
Walgren, 7.
42

10

Example 1. Creston, No. 64 from Rhythmicon, mm. 1-2.

Example 2. Bach, Two- Part Invention, No. 8 in F Major, BWV 779, mm. 1-3.

11

CHAPTER III

BAROQUE ELEMENTS ON THE PIANO SONATA, OPUS 9

In addition to many suites, Five Two-Part Inventions and Rhythmicon, Baroque elements
may be found in Crestons Piano Sonata, opus, 9, This chapter discusses five Baroque-related
categories rhythm, texture, imitative writing, repeated phrase structure and musical genres
associated with the Baroque period and explores each movement of the Piano Sonata, drawing
comparisons as appropriate with the works of Domenico Scarlatti who was one of the five
composers Creston identified as being influential on his composition.45
Rhythm
Creston considered rhythm to be the most important element of music. Below is a
summary of the most frequently used rhythmic structures in Crestons music, as outlined in
Principles of Rhythm:
I.

Regular subdivision: the organization of a single measure into equal beats

II.

Irregular subdivision: the organization of a single measure into unequal beats

III.

Overlapping: the extension of a phrase rhythm beyond the barline

IV.

Regular subdivision overlapping: the organization of a group of measures into

equal beats overlapping the barline (a combination of the first and third structure)

V.

Irregular subdivision overlapping: the organization of a group of measures into

unequal beats overlapping the barline (a combination of the second and third
structure) 46

45
46

Simmons, 205.
Creston, Principles of Rhythm.

12

In the Piano Sonata, Creston used all five rhythmic structures (Examples 3-7).
Example 3. Creston, Piano Sonata, regular subdivision, movement 2, mm. 13-14.
3

Example 4. Creston, Piano Sonata, irregular subdivision, movement 4, m. 38.

2

Example 5. Creston, Piano Sonata, overlapping, movement 2, mm. 8-10.

2/4

3/4

2/4

Example 6. Creston, Piano Sonata, regular subdivision overlapping, movement 1, mm. 81-83.

13

Example 7. Creston, Piano Sonata, irregular subdivision overlapping, movement 4, mm. 123-134.
2

In Principles of Rhythm, Creston provides numerous musical examples of the five

rhythmic structures, drawing on repertoire that spans from music of the Renaissance through the
twentieth century. These include works by Scriabin, Bartk and Stravinsky. 47 However,
Simmons suggests that where Bartk and Stravinsky utilized such rhythmic structures as a tool
for rhythmic effect, Creston incorporated them in a way that displayed a continuous rhythmic
flow. 48 This is due in part because the aforementioned composers employed the rhythmic effect
through the shifting of meters. Creston, on the other hand, alters the accents and patterns of the
figure without changing the meter, 49 thus more closely resembling Baroque practice. Malcolm
Boyd similarly describes the phrase-rhythm of Scarlattis keyboard sonatas:
The phrase rhythm of [Scarlattis] sonatas reflects the composers position on the stylistic
border line: while the music trades in short articulated phrase units, their manipulation
frequently results in a seamless continuity which has more in common with Baroque
than with Classical methods. 50
As an example, the fourth rhythmic structure (hemiola in regular subdivision overlapping) is
used in the second movement of Crestons Sonata and in Scarlattis Sonata in E Minor, K. 233
(Examples 8 and 9). Both composers employ a descending sequential pattern that occurs over the
47

Creston, Principles of Rhythm.

Simmons, Voices in the Wilderness, 206.
49
Ibid., 206.
50
W. Dean Sutcliffe, The Keyboard Sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti and eighteenth-century music style
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 167. Also see Malcolm Boyd, Domenico Scarlatti: Master of
Music (New York: Schirmer Books A Division of Macmillan., Inc, 1986), 174.
48

14

barline in the accompaniment. Also the ornamentation of the right-hand melody shares a similar
texture. Additionally, both composers insert the rhythmic structure as a bridge from one phrase
to the next (mm.6-7 and mm.64-65), which is based on a regular pause. Furthermore, both
composers create rhythmic interest without emphasizing the rhythmic effect or changing the
meter.
Example 8. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 2, mm. 1-10.

Example 9. Scarlatti, Sonata in E Minor, K. 233, mm. 59-71.

15

Ralph Kirkpatrick, harpsichordist and Scarlatti scholar, describes this rhythmic device as the
fluctuation of duple and triple meters, 51 which is one of Scarlattis most characteristic gestures.
In Example 8, when the hemiola is inserted in mm. 4-5, the time signature shifts from 3/4 to 6/4,
triple to duple meter. In Example 9, the three eighth notes of the 3/8 become the duple
subdivision of the 3/4 meter. Creston incorporated this fluctuation of duple and triple meters
in each movement of the Piano Sonata (Examples 10-13).
Example 10. Creston, Piano Sonata, fluctuation of duple and triple meter, movement 1, mm. 89101.
4/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

3/4

4/4

Example 11. Creston, Piano Sonata, fluctuation of duple and triple meter, movement 2, mm. 5053.
3/4

51

2/4

2/4

2/4

3/4

Ralph Kirkpatrick, Domenico Scarlatti (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), 296.

16

Example 12. Creston, Piano Sonata, fluctuation of duple and triple meter, movement 3, mm. 3436.
8/9

9/4

9/4

Example 13. Creston, Piano Sonata, fluctuation of duple and triple meter, movement 4, mm. 176179.
3/4

3/4

2/4

3/4

2/4

Virtuosic Texture
Creston and Scarlattis Piano Sonatas also share similarities in terms of their virtuosic
writing. Kirkpatrick describes the identifying features of Scarlattis sonatas as repeated phrases,
contrasting figurations, and wide leaping gestures. 52 Boyd adds that Scarlattis Sonatas mainly
consist of two-part textures; they also contain virtuoso passages in thirds and sixths, scales and
arpeggios. 53 Virtuosic effects similar to those in Scarlattis Sonatas may be found in Crestons
Sonata. For example, Creston uses a wide leaping motion in all four movements. This is
especially prevalent in the accompaniment (Examples 14-17). The most noticeable example is
52
53

Kirkpatrick, 155.
Boyd, 179.

17

illustrated in the first movement of Crestons Sonata as well as Scarlattis Sonata in G Major, K.
427. The syncopated, descending accompaniment contains a wide leaping motion and lies over
the running sixteenth notes in the right hand (Examples 18 and 19).
Example 14. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 1, mm. 39-40.

Example 15. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 2, mm. 24-26.

Example 16. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 3, m. 19.

Example 17. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 4, mm. 3-4.

18

Example 18. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 1, mm. 12-13.

Example 19. Scarlatti, Sonata in G Major, K. 427, mm. 12-13.

The composer also shows virtuosity in passages that appear in thirds and sixths. Simmons
states that around the year 1936, Creston tended to lean towards parallelism (doubling of a line
at a constant interval), especially at the major third; this technique may be found in the String
Quartet (1936) and the Piano Sonata. 54 It may be seen that chains of major thirds and sixths, as
well as the combination of both, are fully employed in each movement of the Piano Sonata. A
closer examination of the passages written in thirds and sixths reveals two major types of usage:
doubling melodic lines over a bass-line accompaniment (Examples 20-23) and parallel motion in
both hands (Examples 24-26).

54

Simmons, 205.

19

Example 20. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, first category, movement 1, mm.
53-54.

Example 21. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, first category, movement 2, mm.
118-123.

Example 22. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, first category, movement 3, mm.
25-27.

Example 23. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, first category, movement 4, mm.
130-134.

20

Example 24. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, second category, movement 1, mm.
41-42.

Example 25. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, second category, movement 2, mm.
114-115.

Example 26. Creston, Piano Sonata, use of thirds and sixths, second category, movement 4, mm.
25-26.

Crestons use of thirds and sixths resembles Scarlattis use of the intervals. In the fourth
movement of Crestons Sonata, chains of major thirds are utilized. Similarly, Scarlattis Sonata
in D Major, K. 29 contains running sixteenth-note passages at the major third. In both cases, the
series of major thirds fall under the classification of the second category divided between the
hands (Examples 27 and 28).

21

Example 27. Creston, Piano Sonata, chains of the major thirds, movement 4, mm. 1-2.

Example 28. Scarlatti, Sonata in D major, K. 29, chains of the major thirds, mm. 15-16.

Imitative Writing
Crestons Piano Sonata implements imitative writing, one of the most distinctive features
of Baroque music. Although Creston was largely influenced by the works of J.S. Bach, his
contrapuntal treatment is more liberal, resembling the compositions of Scarlatti. According to
Boyd, Scarlattis imitative writing typically begins in the right hand, and then the left hand
answers. 55 Such an example is found in Scarlattis Sonata in G Major, K. 522 (Example 29).
Similarly, in the first movement of Crestons Piano Sonata, the lyrical, conjunct melody in the
right hand is answered by the left hand at m. 131 (Example 30).

55

Boyd, 179.

22

Example 29. Creston, Piano Sonata, imitative writing, movement 1, mm. 122-136.
122

127

132

Example 30. Scarlatti, Sonata in G Major, K. 522, imitative writing, mm. 1-5.

Many of the other examples of imitative passage are concise and simple, consisting of
repeated short rhythmic and melodic figures. Instances of this are observed in the first, third and

23

fourth movements of the Piano Sonata. (Example 31-33). Scarlattis Sonatas also contain brief
moments of rhythmic and melodic imitation (Example 34 and 35).

Example 31. Creston, Piano Sonata, imitative writing, movement 1, mm. 14-15.

Example 32. Creston, Piano Sonata, imitative writing, movement 3, mm. 18-19.

Example 33. Creston, Piano Sonata, imitative writing, movement 4, mm. 80-81.

24

Example 34. Scarlatti, Sonata in D Major, K. 160, imitative writing, mm. 4-6.

Example 35. Scarlatti, Sonata in G Minor, K. 196, imitative writing, mm. 8-14.

Repeated Phrase Structure

Repeated phrase structure is common in both Crestons and Scarlattis sonatas.
According to Kirkpatrick, Scarlatti executes repeated passages two or three times consecutively
in order to attain a sense of unity in multiplicity and to produce a sense of richness. 56
Scarlattis Sonata in D Minor, K. 9, for example, contains three repetitions of the passage
(Example 36). The pattern slightly changes in the third repetition, where Scarlatti extends the
phrase to the low C. Creston also employs repeated phrases three times in the first movement
(Example 37). The third repetition starts in the same fashion as the first and second, however,
56

Kirkpatrick, 157.

25

here the passage expands with the descending left-hand melody and the extended right hand
arpeggio. Much of Crestons treatment of the repeated phrase structure is similar to this pattern
that includes three repetitions with the expansion of the last repetition. The following examples
are found at the end of the first movement, the second movement and the middle of the fourth
movement (Examples 38-40).

Example 36. Scarlatti, Sonata in D Minor, K. 9, repeated phrase structure, mm. 16-20.
Extension

Example 37. Creston, Piano Sonata, repeated phrase structure, movement 1, mm. 77-80.
Extension

26

Example 38. Creston, Piano Sonata, repeated phrase structure, movement 1, mm. 196-206.

Example 39. Creston, Piano Sonata, repeated phrase structure, movement 2, mm. 124-132.

27

Example 40. Creston, Piano Sonata, repeated phrase structure, movement 4, mm. 90-93.

Musical Genres Associated with the Baroque Period

Though Creston did not provide titles for individual movements of the Piano Sonata,
some movements are associated with Baroque musical genres. In the program notes written for
the Piano Sonata, Creston described the second movement as a scherzo movement with a
minuet flavor, and the third movement as a lyric movement with a slightly pastoral
character. 57 Additionally, Lehman depicted the last movement as a brilliant, exhilarating
presto scorrevole toccata. 58
The second movement, in 3/4 meter, is written in a graceful and joyful character which
mirrors the style of a minuet. In the book, Dance and the Music of J.S. Bach, Meredith Little and
Natalie Jenne explain that the minuet dance rhythm usually consists of a four-measure phrase
with a frequent rhythmic device revolving around hemiola and syncopation. 59 Though Creston
did not follow the traditional form and phrase structure of a minuet, his treatment of the rhythmic
structure remains minuet-like in character. Compared to Little and Jennes description of the
typical minuet dance rhythm (Example 41), Creston similarly incorporated a syncopated
rhythmic pattern in the right hand melody (Example 42).

57
58
59

Creston, Piano Sonata, Op.9.

Lehman, 118.
Meredith Little and Natalie Jenne, 69-70.

28

Example 41. Model for the minuet dance rhythm 60

Example 42. Creston, Piano Sonata, the minuet dance rhythm, movement 2, mm. 38-41.

The third movement contains characteristics of a pastorale, which was one of the most
significant musical and dramatic genres during the Baroque era. Geoffrey Chew describes the
features of an early eighteenth-century pastoral as containing a 12/8 or 6/8 meter, melodies in
thirds and sixths, and long drone bass lines or pedal points. 61 Despite the unusual time signature
of 9/8 meter, Creston used other elements in order to create a pastoral atmosphere. For example,
most of the melodies in this movement consist of third and sixth intervals. Creston also
employed a characteristic sustained drone-like bass in the left hand. In comparison to Scarlattis
Pastorale Sonata in C Major, K. 513, both composers used similar musical devices and
rhythmic patterns (Examples 43 and 44).

60

Ibid, 70.
Geoffrey Chew and Owen Jander. "Pastoral." In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online,
http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40091 (accessed March 18, 2011).
61

29

Example 43. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 3, mm. 1-8.

Example 44. Scarlatti, Sonata in C Major, K. 513, mm. 23-28.

The fourth movement is extremely toccata-like in nature; this is also related to Baroque
musical gestures. The opening sixteenth-note passages are primarily based on scales and
arpeggios, emphasizing the virtuosity of a solo keyboard instrument. Although there is no fugal
section, as is the common practice of a toccata from the middle to late Baroque period, Creston
maintains a sectional form with the alternation of two contrasting sections. The first is vigorous,
and the second contains a more lyrical character. Interestingly, Ferruccio Busonis transcription

30

of Organ Chorale Prelude No. 4, Rejoice, beloved Christians by J.S. Bach shares a similar
texture with the first energetic section of Crestons movement (Examples 45 and 46).

Example 45. Bach-Busoni, Rejoice, beloved Christians, mm. 1-9.

31

Example 46. Creston, Piano Sonata, movement 4, mm. 1-6.

32

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION
Paul Creston wrote the Piano Sonata, opus 9 in 1936, just four years after he decided to
pursue his career as a professional composer. As a self-taught composer, Crestons musical
background was based on studying the works and music of Bach, Scarlatti, Chopin, Debussy,
and Ravel, with assistance from Beethoven, Mozart, Brahms, Scriabin, and Stravinsky. 62 As a
result of being inspired by all the great masters of the past, Crestons composition exhibits a
fusion of musical elements from the Baroque period through the twentieth century, with a
particular emphasis on rhythm. The Piano Sonata serves as one of the earliest compositions that
show Crestons Baroque characteristics.
Through the examination of five Baroque elements - rhythm, texture, imitative writing,
repeated phrase structure and musical genres associated with the Baroque period - one sees that
the Piano Sonata shares numerous similarities with Domenico Scarlattis keyboard sonatas.
Although Creston was largely influenced by J.S. Bachs music throughout his musical life, his
treatment of rhythm, texture, imitative writing and repeated phrase structures resemble more
closely resembles Scarlattis style.
The Piano Sonata has been underrated and infrequently performed in the modern concert
world. As Werl remarked in his review of the sonata, it is an ideal choice for the concert
pianist who is looking for a large, substantial work by an American composer. 63 Due to its
significant musical interest, the Piano Sonata deserves to be performed more frequently. It
contains many virtuosic and lyrical passages that allow pianists frequent opportunities to show

62

John Vinton, ed., Dictionary of contemporary music (New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, Inc., 1974):

63

Werl, 30.

155.

33

their technical and musical skills. Crestons use of five rhythmic structures also provides grounds
for scholarly and artistic interest. Furthermore, pianists may find a more refined interpretation of
articulation and phrasing based on this discussion of use of different Baroque elements. When
Tull interviewed Creston about his process of composition and performance, the composer
commented:
The moment I put notes down on paper that is not the end of the creation. It has to be
performed, otherwise, there remain only symbols on the paper and can be left on the shelf.
It has to communicate to the performer, and through the performer, communicate to the
audience. 64
Crestons statement reflects most composers thoughts and desires about their compositional
process. It is only through a performer that a composers work is given life. Since Crestons
Piano Sonata contains various Baroque elements, performers might consider programming the
sonata with other Baroque compositions, including those of J.S. Bach and Scarlatti. This study
hopes to show that the Piano Sonata should obtain more attention from musicians and pianists
alike, and gain an increased presence in the musical and scholarly worlds.

64

Tull, 44.

34

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books and Dissertations
Boyd, Malcolm. Domenico Scarlatti: Master of Music. New York: Schirmer Books A Division
of Macmillan, Inc., 1986.
Creston, Paul. Principle of Rhythm. New York: Franco Colombo Inc., 1964.
________. Rational Metric Notation: The Mathematical Basis of Meters, Symbols, and NoteValues. Hicksville, New York: Exposition Press, 1979.
Edge, Rebecca Jane. The Solo Piano Sonata in the United States since 1945: A Survey. M.M.
thesis, North Texas State University, 1971.
Ewen, David. American Composers: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: G.P. Putnams Sons,
1982.
Kirkpatrick, Ralph. Domenico Scarlatti. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953.
Little, Meredith and Natalie Jenne. Dance and the Music of J.S. Bach, Expanded ed.
Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2001.
Morris, Willie Lee, III. The Development of the Saxophone Compositions of Paul Creston.
D.M.A. diss., University of Missouri-Kansas City, 1996.
Simmons, Walter. Voices in the Wilderness: Six Neo-Romantic Composers. Lanham, Maryland:
Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2004.
Slomski, Monica. Paul Creston: A Bio-Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press,
1994.
________. Paul Creston: The Man and His Music with and Annotated Bibliography of His
Works. D.M.A. diss., University of Missouri-Kansas City, 1987.
Sutcliffe, W. Dean. The Keyboard Sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti and Eighteenth-Century Music
Style. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Vinton, John, ed. Dictionary of Contemporary Music. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, Inc.,
1974.
Yuen, Janice Shan-Chen Hu. The Structure of Paul Crestons Sonata, op. 9. M.A. thesis,
Central Washington State College, 1975.

35

Articles
Cowell, Henry. Paul Creston. The Musical Quarterly Vol. 34, No. 4 (October 1948): 533-543.
Creston, Paul. A Composers Creed. Music Educators Journal Vol. 57, No. 7 (March 1971):
36-39 and 91-93.
________. On the Interpretation of Bach. Etude (February 1931): 671.
________. Piano Sonata, op. 9. The Paul Creston Collection, Miller-Nichols Library,
University of Missouri-Kansas City, Folder 16, Box 32.
________. The Interpretation of Bachs Keyboard Music. The Paul Creston Collection, MillerNichols Library, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Folder 13, Box 35.
________. The Musical Language. The Rosicrucian Digest (February 1981): 24-25.
________. The Structure of Rhythm. Clavier (November 1971): 15-20.
Crilly, Kendell L. Liner notes of sound recording: American Music for Viola and Piano.
Lawrence Wheeler, viola and Ruth Tomfohrde, piano. Digital disc. Albany Records,
TROY 141, 1994.
Lehman, Mark. Review of Creston: Piano Sonata; 6 Preludes; Giannini: Sonata; Flagello:
Sonata; 2 Waltzes. American Record Guide (November-December 1999): 118.
Lowe, Steven. Liner notes of sound recording: Paul Creston: Symphony No. 5/Toccata/Partita.
Gerald Schwarz, conductor, Seattle Symphony; Digital disc, Naxos, 8. 559153, 2003.
Mitchell, Howard. The Hallmark of Greatness. Musical Courier 154 (November 1956): 9-10.
Simmons, Walter. Liner notes of sound recording: American Piano Works. Tatjana Rankovich,
piano. Digital disc. Phoenix USA, PHCD 143, 1999.
Tull, Fisher. Paul Creston: An Interview. Instrumentalist (October 1971): 42-44.
Walgren, Carol. Paul Creston Solo Piano Music. American Music Teacher xxiv 4 (1975): 6-9.
Werl, Frederick. Publishers Mart. Musical Courier 154 (October 1956): 30.
Online Sources
Chew, Geoffrey and Jander, Owen. "Pastoral." In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online,
http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40091 (accessed
March 18, 2011).

36

Simmons, Walter. Paul Creston. In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online,
http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/06817 (accessed
October 15, 2010).
Scores
Bach-Busoni. Organ Choral Preludes, Arranged for Piano. Breitkopf, Hartel and Leipzig: Carl
Fischer, Inc., 1925.
Bach, Johann Sebastian. Inventionen und Sinfonien: Zwei- und Dreistimmige Inventionen, BWV
772-801 = Two and Three Part Inventions = Inventions Deux et Trios Voix. Wien:
Wiener Urtext Edition, Musikverlag Ges. m. b. H. & Co., K. G., 2007.
Creston, Paul. Rhythmicon, Book IV, New York: Franco Colombo, Inc., 1964.
________. Sonata for Piano, op. 9, New York: Alec Templeton Inc., 1954.
Domenico Scarlatti. Scarlatti Sonatas for the Keyboard Volume II, ed. Maurice Hinson. Alfred
Publishing Co., Inc., 1996.
________. Sixth Sonatas Volume I Nos. 1-30, A Kalmus Classic Edition. Alfred Publishing Co.,
Inc., 1995.
________. Sonatas Volume IV, K. 156-205, ed. Kenneth Gilbert. Heugel & Cie, France, 1976.
________. Sonatas Volume V, K. 206-255, ed. Kenneth Gilbert. Heugel & Cie, France, 1974.
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Sound Recordings
Lawrence Wheeler and Ruth Tomfohrde. American Music for Viola and Piano. Digital disc.
Albany Records, TROY 141, 1994.
Paul Creston. Symphony No. 5/Toccata/Partita. Gerald Schwarz, conductor, Seattle Symphony.
Digital disc. Naxos, 8. 559153, 2003.
Rankovich, Tatjana. American Piano Works. Digital disc. Phoenix USA, PHCD 143, 1999.

37