The adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones, as well as a network of tendons,

ligaments and cartilage that connects them. The skeletal system performs vital functions
support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation
that enable us to move through our daily lives.
Animals with internal skeletons made of bone, called vertebrates, are actually the minority, as 98
percent of all animals are invertebrates, meaning they do not have internal skeletons or
backbones. Human infants are born with 300 to 350 bones, some of which fuse together as the
body develops. By the time most children reach the age of 9 they have 206 bones.
What are the three main functions of the skeletal system?
If you didn't have a skeletal system, you'd probably look (and feel) like a giant, hairy water
balloon that would jiggle and wobble if someone poked at you. Pretty picture, huh? The human
skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, and the membranes that line the bones. Each bone
is an organ that includes connective tissue (bone, blood, cartilage, adipose tissue, and fibrous
connective tissue), nervous tissue, and muscle and epithelial tissues (within the blood vessels).
The three main functions of the skeletal system are
Mechanical
Support. Bones provide a framework for the attachment of muscles and other tissues.
Movement. Bones enable body movements by acting as levers and points of attachment
for muscles.
Protective
Bones such as the skull and rib cage protect vital organs from injury. Bones also protect
the marrow.
Metabolic
Mineral storage. Bones serve as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus, essential minerals
for
various
cellular
activities
throughout
the
body.
Blood cell production. The production of blood cells, or hematopoiesis, occurs in the red
marrow
found
within
the
cavities
of
certain
bones.
Energy storage. Lipids (fats) stored in adipose cells of the yellow marrow serve as an
energy reservoir.
The whole package of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons that make up the human skeletal
system account for about 20 percent of our body weight not much for the big job of keeping us
moving and healthy (and looking a whole lot better than bags of gelatin)!
In Depth: Skeletal
Although a skeleton sometimes symbolizes death and creepy, scary things, it is one of the bodys
most life-giving systems. Unlike other living organs, bones are firm and strong, but they have
their own blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
There are two types of tissue inside bones:

Compact bone: This hard and dense tissue makes up the outer layer of most bones and
the main shaft of long bones, such as those in the arms and legs. Nerves and blood
vessels live inside this tissue.
Spongy bone: This tissue is made up of smaller plates filled with red bone marrow. It is
found at the ends of long bones, like the head of the femur, and at the center of other
bones.

Red bone marrow forms most of the blood cells in the body and helps destroy old blood cells.
Another type of marrow, yellow bone marrow, resides in the central cavities of long bones. It is

mostly made up of fat. However, if the body suffers large amounts of blood loss, it can convert
yellow marrow to red to make more blood cells.
The skull consists of 22 separate bones that make up the cranium, the housing for the brain.
Twenty-one of those bones are fused together by sutures, nearly rigid fibrous joints. The lowermost bone of the skull is the mandible, or jawbone.
The spine, or vertebral column, is a series of irregularly shaped bones in the back that
connects to the skull. At birth, humans have 33 or 34 of these bones. But bones fuse as we age,
and the result is 26 separate bones in the spines of adults.
The rib cage is made up of 12 pairs of bones that encase vital organs in the chest. The bones
curve from the back at the vertebral column to the front of the body. The upper seven pairs meet
with the sternum, or chest bone. The remaining five pairs are attached to each other via
cartilage or do not connect.
The muscles of the shoulders and arms include the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder
blade), humerus, radius, ulna, and the bones of the wrist and hand.
The hip bones are three sets of bonesilia, ischia, and pubesthat fuse together as we grow
older. These form the majority of the pelvis at the base of the spine as well as the socket of the
hip joint. The sacrumfive fused bones and at the bottom of the spineand the coccyx, or
tailbone, make the rest of the bones in the pelvic region.
The head of the femur, the largest and longest bone in the body, creates the other half of the
hip joint and extends down to form part of the knee. It begins the bones of the leg. The other
bones of the leg include the tibia, fibula, and the bones of the ankle and foot.

Long bone
Our long bones are the hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility.
Short bone
Mostly found around the extremities, the short bones are small, and roughly cuboid in shape.
Flat bone
Our flat bones are designed to provide protection for vital organs, in particular the skull and the
ribs.

Skeletal System

Calcium

What is the skeletal system?

All the bones in the body

The cranium

All the muscles and tendons

The cerebrum

All the body's organs, both soft and hard

tissue
All the bones in the body and the tissues
that connect them

The cerebellum

How many bones are there in the average

person's body?
33
206
639
It varies by the individual.

Which of the following statement is

INCORRECT?
Bone is where most blood cells are
made.
Bone serves as a storehouse for various
minerals.
Bone is a dry and non-living supporting
structure.
Bone protects and supports the body
and its organs.
Which bone protects the brain?

Besides the brain, the skull also protects ...

the lungs
the diaphragm
the body's cells
the sense organs

The purpose of the rib cage is to...

protect the stomach
protect the spinal cord
protect the heart and lungs
provide an object to which the lungs can
attach
What makes bones so strong?
Silica

Cartilage
Blood and marrow

The place where tendons are fastened

together

Calcium and phosphorous

What is the difference between cartilage and

bone?
Bone is rubbery, and cartilage is firm.

Muscles are made of ...

silica
polyester threads

Cartilage is rubbery, and bone is firm.

calcium and phosphorous
Bone is a more primitive tissue than
groups of cells called fibres
cartilage.
Bone is inside the body, and cartilage is
outside.

How do muscles attached to the bones move

the body?
automatically

The hollow space in the middle of bones is

filled with ...
air

pull movement only

push movement only

blood

push and pull movement

bone cells
bone marrow

What is the function of a tendon?

To link bones to bones

What is the difference between compact

bone and spongy bone?
They have different bone marrow.

To link muscles to bones

To link muscles to ligaments

They are made of different materials.

To bind the cells in compact bone closer

They have different sizes of bone cells.

together

They have different arrangement of bone

1.

cells.
What is a joint?
A hinge
A ball and socket
The place where two bones are joined

A.
B.
C.

Place where two or more bones meet.

Joint
Marrow
Calcium

2. Which of these is NOT a job of the

skeletal system?
A.
Support and give shape to the body
B.
Makes blood cells
C.
Remove
s
wastes
from

the
body
These connect bones to
muscles.
A.
Joints
B.
Marrow
C.
Ligame
nts
The ribs,
sternum and
spine protect
these.
A
Kidneys
.
,
bladder,
urethra
B
Heart,
.
lungs,
blood
vessels
C
Small
.
intestin
e, large
intestin
e
What is the function of the skeletal
system?

B: tells the brain what to do

C: helps the body to make decisions
D: protects the brain
What works with the bones of your
skeleton to make your body move?
A: blood
B: muscles
C: tissues
D: organs
A ___________ is a place where two or
more bones meet.
A: joint
B: muscle
C: organ

A: support the body

B: give the body shape
C: work with muscles to move the body
D: all of the above
What makes up the skeletal system?
A: blood
B: muscles
C: bones
D: tissues
Each bone has a particular job. What is
the job of the skull?
A: pumps blood to the brain

Respiratory System
How many lungs do humans have?
A: 1
B: 2
C: 3
D: 4
What is the main function of the respiratory
system?

A: to break food down

B) Diaphragm

C) Esophagus

D) Pancreas

B: supply the blood with oxygen

C: circulate the blood

Which part of the body is not used for the

respiratory system to work?
A: mouth
B: nose

When you breathe in air, you bring oxygen into your

lungs and blow out:

C: small intestine

A) Carbon dioxide

B) Carbon monoxide

C) Oxygen

D) Hydrogen

D: diaphragm
What is the diaphragm's main function?
A: pump blood into the lungs
B: pump carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull
oxygen into the lungs
C: pump oxygen out of the lungs and pull carbon
dioxide into the lungs

The trachea is a part of the respiratory system.

What can the trachea also be called and what When
is
you inhale, your lungs:
its function?
A: windpipe, filters the air we breathe

A) Inflate

B) Turn purple

B: windpipe, releases air out of the body

C: tubes; carries air to the lungs

The respiratory system is made up of the trachea, the

lungs, and the:

C) Deflate

A) Liver

D) Do a dance

_________ is not good for your lungs.

A) Exercising

A: lemon juice
B: starch

B) Singing

C: enzymes
D: saliva

C) Smoking

D) Yelling

After chewing, the food is swallowed

and passes down the ____________ to the
_____________.
A: esophagus, stomach
B: wind pipe, esophagus

The trachea is also called the:

A) Lung

B) Diaphragm

C) Windpipe

C: salivary glands, esophagus

D: root canal, stomach
The stomach is about 8 inches long and
is a sac that is shaped like the letter "j".
What is food mixed with when in the
stomach?
A: enzymes
B: acids

D) Bronchus

C: saliva
D: germs

Digestive System
What is the first step in the digestion
process?

Where is the final place for digestion?

A: small intestine
B: large intestine

A: mouth
C: stomach
B: esophagus
D: pancreas
C: stomach
D: pancreas
When you chew food, what is squirted
in your mouth?

Where do the waste products and food

that are not absorbed in the small
intestine pass?

A: stomach

A) Pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

B) Liver, heart, and spleen

C) Gall bladder, kidneys, and

B: large intestine
C: peristalsis
D: pancreas
What does the digestive system do?

A) Breaks down and handles food

appendix
D) Kidneys, liver, and bladder

B) Pumps blood throughout the

body

C) Helps you breathe

D) Helps your arms and legs move

What tube moves food from the back of your

throat to the stomach?

The final portion of the large

intestine.

A. Esophagus
B. Rectum
C. Gallbladder
The place where digested molecules of food,
water and minerals are absorbed.
A. Small intestine
B. Large intesine
C. Mouth
The opening at the end of the digestive

A) Epiglottis
tract in which solid wastes are eliminated.
B) Esophagus

a. Anus
b. Mucosa
c. Liver

C) Feeding tube

This part of the digestive system

removes solid wastes such as feces
from the body.
a. Large intestine

D) Pharynx

b. Small intestine

c. Esophagus
Which organs help with the absorption of
nutrients?

This organ stores swallowed food and liquid,

mixes up digestive juices with the food and
liquid and sends it to the small intestine.
a. Small intestine

b. Large intestine
c. Stomach
A long tube that carries food from the mouth
to the stomach.
a. Trachea
b. Esophagus
c. Urethra

The muscle that pumps blood throughout

your body is:

A) Skeletal muscle

B) Smooth muscle

C) Valentine muscle

D) Cardiac muscle

This is the job of the digestive system.

a.To give the body shape

b. To take in and break down food for use

by the body.
d. To take in oxygen and give off carbon
dioxide
Composed of the teeth, tongue, salivary
glands and muscles, this part takes in food to
begin the process of digestion.
a. Mouth
b. Anus
c. Esophagus

Muscular System

Which type of muscle is found in your

digestive system?

A) Rectus abdominus

B) Cardiac muscle

C) Smooth muscle

D) Stomach muscles

The three major types of muscles in the body

are:

A) Smooth muscle, sports muscles,

and skeletal muscles

B) Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle,

and skeletal muscle

C) Smooth muscle, running

muscle, and face muscles

What connects bones and muscles together?

A) Tendons

B) Ligaments

C) Glue

D) Smooth muscle, flexible muscle,

and strength muscle

D) Cartilage

Skeletal muscles work with bones to give

your body:

B) Bladder

C) The garage

D) Urethra

A) Strength

B) The ability to move

The main function of the urinary system is to:

C) Strength and the ability to move

A) Get rid of waste and extra

fluid

D) None of the above

Urinary System

B) Keep waste in the body

C) Get rid of nutrients

D) Make you poop

Which of the following parts is not found in

the urinary system?

A) Ureters

B) Urethra

What very important job do kidneys have?

A) To make urine

B) To filter waste out of the

C) Bladder

D) Rectum

blood

C) All of the above

D) None of the above

Urine is stored here until youre ready to pee:

A) Kidneys

Urine is carried from the kidneys to the

bladder by two thin tubes called:

D) Water and waste products

A) Ureters
Why is it important to pee when you have to?

B) Tubulars

A) To remove toxins and other

harmful things from your blood

C) Capillaries

D) Urinary tracts

B) So your kidneys and bladder

stay healthy

Urine exits the bladder and the body through

a tube called the:

C) So you dont pee your pants

D) All of the above

A) Ureter

B) Urinary tract

C) Urethra

D) Bladder

Urine is made of:

A) Water and nutrients

B) Water and lemonade

C) Everything you drank that day

The structure that connects a kidney to

the urinary bladder is the

A:
pelvis
C: urethea
B: ureter

Circulatory System
These are tubes that carry blood back to the heart:

A) Arteries

B) Veins

C) Pipes

D) Tubas

What is the circulatory system?

The body's breathing system
The body's system of nerves
The body's food-processing system
The body's blood-transporting system
From what source do cells get their food?
Blood
Oxygen
Other cells
Carbon dioxide
Why is oxygen important to blood and to the cells?
Oxygen helps the blood to clot.
Oxygen brings food to the cells.
Oxygen is necessary for cell growth and
energy.

Oxygen is not important -- carbon dioxide

is the most
important substance to the body.
Which type of blood vessels carries blood away from
the heart?
Veins
Arteries
Capillaries
Arteries, veins and capillaries
Why is blood that flows from the lungs to the heart
bright red rather than dark red?
Oxygen makes it red.
Carbon dioxide makes it red.
Gastric juices produce the red colour of
the blood.
The lungs add a pigment (dye) to blood as
it flows
through them.
What part of the blood carries minerals, vitamins,
sugar, and other foods to the body's cells?
Plas

ma
Plate

lets
Red

corpuscl
es
Whit
e
corpuscl
es

What is the main job of the red corpuscles in the

blood?
To clot blood
To fight disease
To transport oxygen to the body's cells
and carry away carbon dioxide from the
cells
To transport carbon dioxide to the body's
cells and
carry away oxygen from the cells
Which of the following can best be compared to
soldiers?
Lungs
Capillaries
Red blood cells
White blood cells

Which element in the blood is round and colourless?

Plasma
Platelets
Red blood cells
White blood cells

What would happen to people who have an open

wound and whose blood did not clot naturally?
They may bleed to death.
Nothing. Clotting is not important.
They would have to take regular doses of plasma.
They would have to take regular doses of platelets.

What happens when a clot occurred in an undamaged

blood vessel?
You would bleed to death.
A scab will form on the skin surface.
Platelets stick to the edges of the cut and
to one another,
forming a plug.

The flow of blood to tissues beyond the

clot may be cut off.
What happens to blood when it is pumped into the
thin-walled blood vessels of the lungs?
Platelets are exchanged for plasma.
Carbon dioxide is replaced with oxygen.
Blood fills the lungs and causes coughing.
Nothing -- the lungs are just a place blood
goes through
on its way back to the heart.
What is the function of the blood vessels and
capillaries?
They pump blood to the heart.
They filter impurities from the blood.
They carry blood to all parts of the body.
They carry messages from the brain to
the muscles.
Why does blood turn dark red as it circulates through
the body?
It starts to clot.
It gets old and dirty flowing through the
body.
The oxygen in it is replaced with carbon
dioxide.
The farther blood is from the heart, the
more dark red it is.
How many major types of blood have scientists
discovered?
One: Type "O"
Two: white cells and red cells
Three: white cells, red cells, and plasma
Four: Types A, B, AB, and O

What is the organ that pumps blood all throughout the

human body?
The lungs
The heart
The kidneys

The blood vessels and capillaries

~ How the heart works ~

1. The heart receives oxygen-deficient blood

(see the white arrows) from the body into
the right upper atrium.
2. When the heart contracts, the right lower
ventricle will pump the blood into the
lungs, where the carbon dioxide is
exchanged for oxygen.
3. After the exchange, the blood containing
fresh oxygen flows into the left upper
atrium.
4. Oxygen-rich blood (see the black arrows)
flows from the left upper atrium into the
left lower ventricle.
5. When the heart contracts, the left lower
ventricle will force the blood out to the
body through a network of arteries.

1. The circulatory system is composed of...

A.

The heart, blood, and blood vessels.

B.

The heart, the brain, and the lungs.

C.

The lungs, the blood, and the blood vessels.

D.

The brain, the heart, and the blood vessels.

4. Where do arteries carry blood?

A.

To the heart.

B.

Away from the heart.

5. What is the circulatory system?

A.

The system that helps your body breathe.

B.

Your body's muscles.

C.

Your body's nerves.

D.

Your body's blood transporting system.

6. Which of the following could be compared to

soldiers?
A.

Your heart.

B.

Red blood cells.

C.

White blood cells.

D.

Your lungs.

8. What is your strongest muscle?

A.

Your lungs.

B.

Your legs.

C.

Your arms.

D.

Your heart.

13 The movement of blood through the heart and body

. is called circulation. True or False.
A.

True.

B.

False

15.

What is your heart made of?

A.

Skin.

B.

Tissue.

C.

Muscle.

17.

With circulation, the heart provides your body with:

A.

Oxygen

B.

Nutrients

C.

A way to get rid of waste

D.
18.

All of the above.

Where to the veins carry blood?

A.

To the heart.

B.

Away from the heart.

25. The heart is about the size of your...

A.

Leg.

B.

Brain.

C.

Arm.

D.

Fist.

27. The heart is located near the center of your....

A.

Stomach.

B.

Head.

C.

Chest.

D.

Back.