185

Power System Stability

Worked Examples
E 8. t A 4-pole, 50 Hz, 11 KV turbo generator is rated 75 MW and 0.86 power factor
lagging. The machine rotor has a moment of intertia of 9000 Kg-m2. Find the
inertia constant in MJ / MVA and M constant or momentum in MJs/elec degree
Solution:
co = 211:f = 100 11: rad/sec

Kmetlc energy

1 2 1
2
2")eo
= 2" x9000 + (10011:)

= 443.682 x 106
=

443.682 MH

75

MYA rating of the machine

= 0.86 = 87.2093

MJ
443.682
MY A = 87.2093

8.08755

GH
87.2093 x 5.08755
M = 180f =
180 x 50
= 0.0492979 MJS/O dc

E 8.2 Two generaton rated at 4-pole, 50 Hz, 50 Mw 0.85 p.f (lag) with moment of inertia
28,000 kg-m1 .ad l-pole, 50Hz, 75 MW 0.82 p.f (lag) with moment of inertia
t 5,000 kg_m 1 are eoaRected by a transmission line. Find the inertia constant of
each machine and tile inertia constant of single equivalent machine connected to
infinite bus. Take 100 MVA base.
Solution:
For machine I
K.E

2" x 28,000 x(10011:)2

1380.344

50
MVA = 0.85 = 58.8235
1380.344
HI = 58.8235 = 23.46586 MJ!MYA

MI

For the second machine

58.8235 x 23.46586 1380.344

180 x 50
180x 50
0.15337 MJS/degree elect.

x 106 J

Power System Analysis

286

K.E

"2

15,000

75
MVA = 0.82

"2

(100 n)2

739,470,000 J

739.470 MJ

91.4634

739.470
H2 = 91.4634 = 8.0848
M2

91.4634 x 8.0848
180 x 50

M=

M1M2
Ml+M2

GH

0.082163 MJS/oEIc

0.082163xO.15337
0.082163+0.15337

--'---"--

0.0126
0.235533

0.0535 MJS/Elec.degree

180 x 50 x M

481.5 MJ

180 x 50 x 0.0535

on 100 MVA base, inertia constant.

H=

481.5

100 = 4.815 MJIMVA

E 8.3 A four pole synchronous generator rated

constant of 5.5 MJIMVA
(i)

no MVA 12.5 KV, 50 HZ has an inertia

Determine the stored energy in the rotor at synchronous speed.

(ii) When the generator is supplying a load of 75 MW,the input is increased by

10 MW. Determine the rotor acceleration, neglecting losses.

(iii) If the rotor acceleration in (ii) is maintained for 8 cycles, find the change in the
torque angle and the rotor speed in rpm at the end of 8 cycles

Solution:
(i) Stored energy = GH = 110

5.5 = 605 MJ where G = Machine rating

(ii) Pa = The acclerating power = 10 MW

10 MW

d20 GH d20
M dt2 = 180f dt2

Power System Stability

287

=10

180 x 50 dt 2

d 28
d 28
10
0.0672 dt 2 = 10 or dt2 = 0.0672 = 148.81

a = 148.81 elec degrees/sec 2

(iii)

8 cyles = 0.16 sec.

8= !..xI48.8Ix(0.16)2
2
Rotor speed at the end of 8 cycles

Change in

__ 120f .(1:) x t __ 120 x 50

P u
4
x 1.904768 x 0.16
= 457.144 r.p.m
E 8.4 Power is supplied by a generator to a motor over a transmission line as shown in
Fig. E8.4(a). To the motor bus a capacitor of 0.8 pu reactance per phase is connected
through a switch. Determine the steady state power limit with and without the
capacitor in the circuit.

Generator~ ~-+I

___

~-+_~ ~Motorv= Ip.u

X':':'hn::.::e_=_0_.2.:.P_'U__

x l1 =O.lp.u
Xd =

E=

T'=

0.8p.u
1.2p.u

Xc =

x l2 =O.lp.u

0.5p.u

Fig. E.8.4 (a)

Steady state power limit without the capacitor

ma,1

1.2 x 1
0.8 + 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.8 + 0.1

1.2
= 0.6 pu
2.0

::=-

With the capacitor in the circuit, the following circuit is obtained.

0.8

0.1

0.2

0.1

Fig. E.8.4 (b)

0.8

288

Power System Analysis

Simplifying
j 0.9

jl.1

E = 1.2

- j 0.8

Fig. E.S.4 (c)

Converting the star to delta network, the transfer reactance between the two nodes X 12 .

Fig. E.S.4 (d)

X\2 =

(j1.1)(j0.9) + (j0.9)(-jO.8) + (-jO.8 x jl.1)

-jO.8
-0.99 + 0.72 + 0.88 -0.99 + 1.6 jO.61
------=
=-- jO.8

- jO.8

0.8

jO.7625 p.u

1.2x 1
Steady state power limit = 0.7625

= 1.5738 pu

E 8.5 A generator rated 75 MVA is' delivering 0.8 pu power to a motor through a
transmission line of reactance j 0.2 p.u. The terminal voltage of the generator is
1.0 p.u and that of the motor is also 1.0p.u. Determine the genera,tor e.m.f behind
transient reactance. Find also the maximum power that can be transferred.
Solution:
When the power transferred is 0,8 p.u
0.8 =
- Sin

1.0 x 1.0 sin

(0.1 + 0.2)

= 0.3

e = 0.8 x 0.3 = 0.24

sin e

289

Power System Stability

j 0.1

,~ ~ ~_+-I__~--,=-JO_I2_ _-+_~

ffi,

J 0.1

Fig. E.8.5

Current supplied to motor

lL13.o8865 -lLOo

(0.9708 + jO.24) -I

jO.3

jO.3

1=

-0.0292 + jO.24
jO.3

j 0.0973 + 0.8

0.8571/Tan- 1 0.1216

1 = 0.8571 /6. 0934

Voltage behind transient reactance
= lLOo + j 1.2 (0.8 + j 0.0973)
= 1 + j 0.96 - 0.11676

+.i

0.88324

1.0496 47.8
EV

Pmax

0.96

1.0496xl
1.2

= 0.8747 p.u

E 8.6 Determine the power angle characteristic for the system shown in Fig. E.8.6(a).
The generator is operating at a terminal voltage of 1.05 p.u and the infinite bus is
at 1.0 p.u. voltage. The generator is supplying 0.8 p.u power to the infinite bus.

Gen~:: ~.~r--_J_.O_.4_p_u_....,~,
j 0.4 pu

Fig. E.8.6 (a)

Solution:
The reactance diagram is drawn in Fig. E.8.6(b).

bus

290

Power System Analysis

j 0.4 pu

Fig. E.8.6 (b)

The transfer reactance between.V I and V is

we have

VV .
-x
t

Sin u

==

(1.05)(1.0)
0.3

jO.4
j 0.1 + -2-

.
Sin

j 0.3 p.u

0 = 0.8

Solving for 0, sin 0 = 0.22857 and 0 = 13.21

The terminal voltage is 1.05/13 0 .21

'

1.022216 + j 0.24
The current supplied by the generator to the infinite bus
1.022216 + jO.24 - (1 + jO)
1=

jO.3
(0.022216+ jO.24)
jO.3
= 0.8 - j 0.074
1.08977/5.28482 p.u

The transient internal voltage in the generator

EI

(0.8 - j 0.074) j 0.25 + 1.22216 + j 0.24

j 0.2 + 0.0185 + 1.02216 + j 0.24

1.040 + j 0.44

1.1299 /22.932

The total transfer reactance between E l and V

.

jO.4.

= J 0.25 + J 0.1 + -2- = J 0.55 p.u

The power angle characteristic is given by
p

=
e

E I V sin 0 == (1.1299).(1.0) sin 0

X
jO.55

Pe = 2.05436 sin 0

293

Power System Stability

E 8.8 For the system considered in E.8.6 if the H constant is given by 6 MJ/MVA obtain
the swing equation

Solution:
H d 20
The swing equation is -f - ) = P - Pe = Pa, the acclerating power
7t dtIn
If 0 is in electrical radians

ISOx 50 P _
6
a - 1500 Pa

E 8.9 In E8.7 jf the 3-phase fault i,s cleared on line 2 by operating the circuit breakers
on both sides of the line, determine the post fault power angle characteristic.

Solution: The net transfer reactance between EI and Va with only line 1 operating is
j 0.25 + j 0.1 + j 0.4

Pe =

j 0.75 p.u

(1.05)(1.0)
jO.75

Sin 0 = 1.4 Sin 0

E8.10 Determine the swing equation for the condition in E 8.9 when 0.8 p.u power is
delivered.
Given

Solution:

1
1500

ISOf lS0x50
==
H
6

1500

1 d20
1500 dt2' = O.S - 1.4 sin 0 is the swing equation
where 0 in electricaldegrees.

E8.11 Consider example E 8.6 with the swing equation

Pe = 2.05 sin 0
If the machine is operating at 28 and is subjected to a small transient disturbance,
determine the frequency of oscillation and also its period.
Given

H = 5.5 MJIMVA
Pe = 2.05 sin 28 = 0.9624167

Solution:
dPe

do

= 2.05 cos 28 = 1.7659

Power System Analysis

294
The angular frequency of oscillation

CO

)COS

con

21tx50x1.7659
2x5.5

2H

= 7.099888 = 8 elec rad/sec.

I
f = n
21t

4
8 = - = 1.2739 Hz
1t

1
1
Period of oscillation = T = fll = 1.2739 = T = 0.785 sec
E8.12 The power angle characteristic for a synchronous generator supplying infinite
bus is given by
Pe = 1.25 sin 8
The H constant is 5 sec and initially it is delivering a load of 0.5 p.u. Determine the
critical angle.
Solution:

Pmo
0.5
-P- = I 25 = 0.4 = Sind 80
max

80 = 23.578

Cos 80 = 0.9165
80 in radians

0.4113

280 = 0.8226
1t - 280 = 2.7287

Cos 8e = 1.09148 - 0.9165 = 0.17498

be = 79.9215

E8.13 Consider the system shown in Fig. E.8.13.

Fig. E.8.13

295

Power System Stability

x~ = 0.25 p.u

lEI =

1.25 p.u and

IVI = 1.0

p.lI ; XI = X 2 = 0.4 p.u

Initially the system is operating stable while delivering a load of 1.25 p.lI. Determine the
stability of the system when one of the lines is switched off due to a fault.

Solution.
When both the lines are working
1.25 x I
1.25
Pe max = 0.25 + 0.2 = 0.45 = 2.778 p.u
When one line is switched off
pI

emax

1.25 x I = 1.25 =
0.25 + 0.4 0.65
1.923 p.u

Pea = 2.778 Sin 8 0 = 1.25 p.u

Sin 80 = 0.45
8 0 = 26.7437 = 0.4665 radinas
At point C

P~

= 1.923 Sin 8 1 = 1.25

Sin 8 1 = 0.65

8 1 = 40.5416
== 0.7072 radian

296

Power System Analysis

0]

A] = area abc =

f(P2-P~)dO=

00

07072

fO. 25 -1.923sino)do
04665

0.7072

= 1.25

+ 1.923 Cos 0

0.4665
= 0.300625 + (-0.255759) = 0.0450
Maximum area available = area c d f g c = A2 max
Om ax

1t-0 7072

0]

07072

A2 max =

f (P:-P,)do= f

(1.923Sino-1.25)do

139.46
= -1.923 Cos 0

1.25 (2.4328 - 0.7072)

40.5416
= 0.7599 - 1.25 x 1.7256
= 0.7599 - 2.157 = -1.3971 A]
The system is stable
[Note: area A] is below P2 = 1.25 line and
area A2 is above P2 = 1.25 line; hence the negative sign]
ES.14 Determine the maximum value of the rotor swing in the example ES.13.

Solution:
Maximum value of the rotor swing is given by condition
AI =A 2
AI = 0.044866
02

A2 =

f(-1.25 + 1.923 Sino}do

oj

= (-1.25 O2 + 1.25 x 0.7072) - 1.923 (Cos O2 - 0.76)

i.e.,

= + 1.923 Cos O2 + 1.25

i.e.,

= 1.923 Cos O2 + 1.25

By trial and error

=
2

55.5

= 2.34548 - 0.0450

= 2.30048

297

Power System Stability

E8.15 The M constant for a power system is 3 x 10-4 S2/elec. degree

The prefault, during the fault and post fault power angle characteristics are given by

Pel = 2.45 Sin

and

Pe2

0.8 Sin

Pe

2.00 Sin

respectively

choosing a time interval of 0.05 second obtain the swing curve for a sustained fault on
the system. The prefault power transfer is 0.9 p.u.
SolutIOn:

= 0.9 = 2.45 Sin

el

0.9 )
The initial power angle 0o = Sin-I ( 2.45
21.55

At t

0_ just before the occurrence of fault.

Pmax

2.45

Sin 0o = Sin 21 .55

0.3673

Pe = Pmax Sin 0o = 0.3673

2.45 = 0.9

Pa = 0

At t

0+, just after the occurrence of fault

Pmax

0.8; Sin

Pe = 0.3673

0.8

0.6373 and hence

0.2938

Pa, the acclerating power

0.9 - Pe

= 0.9 - 0.2938 = 0.606

Hence, the average acclerating powr at t
0+0.606
2

= 0ave

0.303

(~t)2 P _ (0.05 x 0.05) _

_
x
_
M a3 X 10-4
- 8.33 Pa - 8.33 0.303 - 2 .524
~o =

2.524 and 0

21 .55.

The calculations are tabulated upto t = 0.4 sec.

298

Power S.ystem 1nalysis

Table 8.1

S.No t (sec)

Pmax

Sin

.s

(p.u.)

I.

P max Sin

(~t)2

Pa =

.s

-M

0.9- p.

p. = 8.33 x p.

.s

0-

2.45

0.3673

0.9

2155

0+

0.8

0.3673

0.2938

0.606

21.55

0.3673

0.303

2.524

2.524

24.075

ave

2.

0.05

0.8

0.4079

0.3263

0.5737

4.7786

7.3

24.075

3.

0.10

0.8

0.5207

0.4166

0.4834

4.027

II .327

31.3766

4.

0.15

0.8

0.6782

0.5426

0.3574

2.977

14.304

42.7036

5.

0.20

0.8

08357

0.6709

0.2290

1.9081

16.212

570.00

6.

0.25

0.8

0.9574

0.7659

0.1341

1.1170

170.329

73.2121

7.

0.30

0.8

0.9999

0.7999

0.1000

08330

18.1623

90.5411

8.

0.35

0.8

0.9472

0.7578

0.1422

1.1847

19.347

108.70

0.40

0.8

0.7875

0.6300

0.2700

2.2500

21.596

128.047
149.097

Table of results for E8.1S.

From the table it can be seen that the angle 0 increases continuously indicating instability.

'""

tb

'"

160

E (8.15)

140

\
Curve I

120

<.0

100
80
60

40

20

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

t(sec)~

299

Power System Stability

ES. t 6 If the fault in the previous example E.S. t 4 is cleared at the end of 2.5 cycles
determine the swing curve and examine the stability of the system.
Solution:

(M2 )

As before

Time to clear the fault

Pa = 8 . 33 Pa

2.5 cycles second

50 cycles

0.05 sec.

In this the calculations performed in the previous example E8. 14 hold good for Dave'
However, since the fault in cleared at 0.05 sec., there will two values for Pa1 one for

Pe

At t

0.8 sin 8 and another for P

e3

2.00 sin 8.

0.5 - Gust before the fault is cleared)

Pmax = 0.5; Sin 8 = 0.4079, and

Pe = Pmax Sind 8 = 0.3263, so that Pa = 0.9 - Pe = 0.57367
giving as before
But, at t

24.075

0.5+ Gust after the fault is cleared) Pmax becomes 2.0 p.u at the same 8 and

Pe = P max Sin 8 = 0.8158. This gives a value for P a = 0.9 - 0.8158 = 0.0842. Then for
t = 0.05 are the average accelerating power at the instant of fault clearance becomes

Pa ave
(~t)2

M
and

A8

0.57367 + 0.0842
= 0.8289
2

. Pa = 8.33

x 0.3289

= 2.74

5.264

8 = 5.264 + 24.075 = 29.339

These calculated results and further calculated results are tabulated in Table 8.2.

300

Power System Analysis

Table 8.2

S.No

I.

Pm

(dt)2

Pmax Sin /)

0.9 - p.

p. = 8.33 x p.

d/)

/)

0-

2.45

0.3673

0.9

21.55

O~

0.8

03673

0.2938

0.606

21.55

0.3673

0.303

2.524

2.524

24.075

ave
2.

Sin /)

0.05 -

0.8

0.4079

0.3263

0.5737

0.05+

2.0

0.4079

0.858

0.0842

0.4079

0.3289

2.740

5.264

29.339

O.O\ve
3.

0.10

2.0

0.49

0.98

-0.08

-0.6664

4.5976

33.9J67

4.

0.15

2.0

0.558

1.1165

-0.2165

-1.8038

2.7937

36.730

5.

0.20

2.0

0.598

1.1196

-0.296

-2.4664

0.3273

37.05

6.

0.25

2.0

0.6028

1.2056

-0.3056

-2.545

-2.2182

34.83

7.

0.39

2.0

0.5711

1.1423

-0.2423

-2.018

-4.2366

30.5933

Table of results for E8.15.

The fact that the increase of angle 8, started decreasing indicates stability of the system.
ES.17 A synchronous generator represented by a voltage source of 1.1 p.u in series with
a transient reactance of jO.1S p.u and an inertia constant H = 4 sec is connected
to an infinit~ bus through a transmission line. The line has a series reactance of
j0.40 p.u while the infinite bus is represented by a voltage source of 1.0 p.u.

The generator is transmitting an active power of 1.0 p.u when a 3-phase fault occurs at
its terminals. Determine the critical clearing time and critical clearing angle. Plot the
swing curve for a sustained fault..
Solution:

301

Power System Stability _

8e = COS-I [(1t - 28 0 }sin 8 0

COS 8 0 ]

= COS-I [(ISOo - 2 x 30 )Sin 30 - Cos 30 ]

=

cos-I[~-0.S66] = COS-I [l.S07]

=

79.59

Critical clearing angle = 79.59

Critical clearing time =

8e - 80 = 79 - 59 -30 = 49 - 59 =

49.59 x 3.14
rad
ISO

= 0.S6507 rad
te

2 x 4 x 0.S6507
Ix3.14x50

0.2099 sec

Calculation for the swing curve

_ _ + (ISOf)
[\8 n -8
H [\t2 Pa(n-I)
n l
Let

[\t = 0.05 sec

8n _ 1 =30
ISOf

ISOx50

ISOf = 2250

--=

H
M

= 2250

I
=

4.44

10-4

([\t)2 P = (0.05 x 0.05) P = 5.63 P

M a (4,44 x 10-4 ) a
a
Accelerating power before the occurrence of the fault

= Pa- = 2 Sin 80

1.0

=0

Accelerating power immediately after the occrrence of the fault

Pa+ = 2 Sin 80
0+1
Average acclerating powr = -2fault occurrence.

= I p.u

= 0.5 p.u. Change in the angle during 0.05 s~c after

302

Power System Analysis

~81 = 5.63 )( 0.5 = iO.81

81 = 30 + 2.S1 = 32.S1
The results are plotted in Fig. ES.17.
One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at Infs

1400

"1' ....

1200

.... ,............r\"" ........ t:

1000
800
600
400

.......: ....... ,!' .......:...... .

200
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

t, sec

Fig. E.8.17 (a)

One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at Infs
90r---.---~---r--~---,----r---r---r---~--,

:
:
80 ....... ;........... \......... ..;. .......... \.............( ........ !.........

70 ... . ...,............ i ..........:........... 1... ......... j.........

:

60 ... :.... ;......... ;..........; .......

,. ..........::.......... '" ... .

+......... ,......... .i..........;......... .

;

(t1; ..!...........;.........

50 ..... . .: ...... ~...........~ .. .

40 ....
300~~~--~--~--~---7----~--~--~--~~

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12 0.14

t, sec

Fig. E.8.17 (b)

The system is unstable.

0.16 0.18

0.2

Power Sy!tem Stability

303

E8.18 In example no. E8.17, if the fault is cleared in 100 msec, obtain the swing curve.

Solution:
The swing curve is obtained using MATLAB and plotted in Fig. E.S.IS.
One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at 0.1 s

70.
.'
.
.
60' ... ;.... , .\~
.. : ........... .
: . ~ :
50 .. : .. : ...:
:..
., ...... .
40

30

~:

':'.

..... , .....,

\"

:., ...........

...

;'.:" .. :'.:..

"

.. .

."i~

o.

__~~__~~__~~__~__~~
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

-10~~

t, sec

Fig. E8.18
The system is stable.

Problems
PS.I

A 2 pole, 50 Hz, II KV synchronous generator with a rating of 120 Mw and 0.S7

lagging power factor has a moment of inertia of 12,000 kg-m 2 . Calculate the constants
HandM.
PS.2 A 4-pole synchronous generator supplies over a short line a load of 60 Mw to a load bus.
If the maximum steady stae capacity of the transmission line is 110 Mw, determine the
maximum sudden increase in the load that can be tolerated by the system without loosing
stability.
PS.3 The prefault power angle chracteristic for a generator infinite bus system is given by
PeI = 1.62 Sin 0
.
and the initial load supplied is I R.U. During the fault power angle characteristic is given by
Pe = 0.9 Sin 0
2
Determine the critical clearing angle and the clearing time.
PS.4 Consider the system operating at 50 Hz.

G 81---'1~_P2_-+_0,7_5P_,u----111--18
1

= 0.25p.u
H=2.3 sec

xd

X = 0.25

p.ll

I LO

If a 3-phase fault occurs across the generator terminals plot the swing curve.
Plot also the swing curve, if the fault is cleared in 0.05 sec.