Traffic System

Design Handbook

Telecommunications Handbook Series

Whitham D. Reeve, Series Editor
The Telecommunications Handbook Series is designed to provide the engineer
and technical practitioner with working information in the three basic fields of
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Grounding methods and measurements
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Traffic System
Design Handbook
Timesaving Telecommunication
Traffic Tables and Programs

James R. Boucher, P.E.

A volume in the Telecommunications Handbook Series,

Whitham D. Reeve, Series Editor

.IEEE
PRESS

Reviewed and endorsed by the

~ IEEE Communications Society

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York

IEEE PRESS
445 Hoes Lane, PO Box 1331
Piscataway, NJ 088551331

1992 Editorial Board

William Perkins, Editor in Chie!
K. K. Agarwal
R. S. Blicq
R. C. Dorf
D. M. Etter
1. J. Farrell III

K. Hess
J. D. Irwin
A. Michel
E. K. Miller
J. M. F. Moura
1. G. Nagle

A. C. Schell
L. Shaw
M. Simaan
Y. Sunahara
J. W. Woods

Dudley R. Kay, Executive Editor

Carrie Briggs, Administrative Assistant
Denise Gannon, Production Supervisor
IEEE Communications Society
Jack Holtzman, Liaison to the IEEE PRESS

1993 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form,
nor may it be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form,
without written permission from the publisher.

10

ISBN 0-7803-0428-4
IEEE Order Number: PP0325-1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Boucher, James R. (date)
Traffic system design handbook: timesaving telecommunication
traffic tables and programs / James R. Boucher.
p.
cm.-(Telecommunication handbook)
Includes bibliographicalreference and index.
ISBN 0-7803-0428-4
I. Telecommunication-Traffic 2. Telecommunication-Switching
systems. I. Title. II. Series.
TK5102.5.B683 1993
621.382-dc20
92-30770
CIP

To my wife, Barbara

Contents

Preface

XI

List of Tables

XIII

Traffic System Design Overview

1.1 Traffic Units

1.2 Traffic Calculations

1
2

1.2.1 Trunk-Group Traffic, 2

1.2.2 Server-Pool Traffic, 8

1.3 Traffic Assumptions

1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4

10

General Assumptions, 10
Number of Sources, 11
Disposition of Blocked Calls, 11
Holding-Time Distributions, 11

1.4 Grade of Service

1.5 Traffic Formulas and Tables
1.6 Computer Programs

12
14
16
vii

Contents

viii

Poisson Distribution

19

2.1 Poisson Formula

2.2 Poisson Computer Program
2.3 Poisson Traffic Capacity Tables

19

20
20

Erlang B Distribution

33

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

33
34
34
48
73

Erlang B Formula
Erlang B Computer Program
Erlang B Traffic Capacity Tables
High-Usage Traffic Capacity Tables
Peaked Traffic Capacity Tables

Erlang C Distribution

79

4.1 Erlang C Formula

4.2 Erlang C Computer Program
4.3 Erlang C Delay Loss Probability Tables

79
80
81

Binomial Distribution

131

5.1 Binomial Formula

5.2 Binomial Computer Program
5.3 Binomial Loss Probability Tables

131
132
132

Engset Distribution

147

6.1 Engset Formula

6.2 Engset Computer Program
6.3 Engset Loss Probability Tables

147
148
149

ix

Contents

Defi nitions

165

Glossary

171

Selected Bibliography

173

Index

175

Preface

This handbook is intended for engineers, technicians, and others who specify,
design, test, operate, or maintain telephone systems and networks. It is the
handbook I would have referred to most often if it had been available earlier in
my career of engineering telecommunication switching and control systems
for domestic, international, and military applications. Instead, I amassed a
considerable traffic-theory library, including many formulas, tables, curves,
and charts. From these I developed a family of timesaving computer programs
that greatly simplified my traffic system design tasks.
The most commonly used of these diverse design resources, with examples of their use in practical applications, are now available in a single
volume. Where typical values of parameters are given, they are indicative of
industry practice-individual companies may use different values based on
engineering requirements or policy. For those new to traffic system design,
introductory information, definitions of common terms and abbreviations, and
an extensive bibliography are included.
I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge and thank the staff who
developed and conducted theGTE Traffic EngineeringSchoolheldat Norwalk,
CT in 1974. The notes for that course introduced me to traffic system design
and became the basis for the course I teach at Northeastern University. I must
xi

xii

Preface

also thank my colleagues, Armand L. Damienand John C. Rothwell, for

their critical review of the manuscriptfor this handbook.
To Louis K. Pollen,mymentor,colleague,andfriend,I extendmy sincere
appreciation for his guidance through the years, and my best wishes for his
retirement.
In addition,I amindebtedto DudleyR. Kay,IEEEPressExecutiveEditor,
for encouraging me to take on this project; Whitham D. Reeve, Telecommunications Handbook Series Editor, for his sound advice and comments along
theway;andtoDeniseGannon,ProductionSupervisor,andall thestaffatIEEE
Press who helped bring this handbook to fruition.
J. R. Boucher

List of Tables

1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
2-1
2-2
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10

Traffic - Unit Conversion Chart

Typical Signaling Register Holding Times in Seconds
Typical Call-Attempt Dispositions
Typical Grade of Service Specifications
Traffic Formula Selection Guide
Poisson Traffic Capacity in Erlangs
Poisson Traffic Capacity in CCS
Erlang B Traffic Capacity in Erlangs
Erlang B Traffic Capacity in CCS
High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 1 to 4)
High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 5 to 8)
High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 9 to 12)
High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 13 to 16)
High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 17 to 20)
High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 21 to 24)
B.01 Peaked Traffic Capacity in CCS (Z = 1.0 to 2.4)
B.01 Peaked Traffic Capacity in CCS (Z = 2.6 to 4.0)

3
8
10
13
14
22
27
36
42
50
56
61
65
68
71
75
76
xiii

xiv

3-11
3-12
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8

4-9
4-10
4-11
4-12

4-13
4-14
4-15

4-16
4-17
4-18

4-19
4-20

4-21
4-22
4-23

4-24
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4

5-5
5-6
6-1

6-2
6-3

List of Tables

B.02 Peaked Traffic Capacity in CCS (2 = 1.0 to 2.4)

B.02 Peaked Traffic Capacity in CCS (2 = 2.6 to 4.0)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 2 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 3 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N =4 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 5 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 6 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 7 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 8 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 9 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 10 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 11 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 12 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 13 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 14 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 15 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 16 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 17 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 18 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 19 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 20 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 21 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 22 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 23 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 24 Servers)
Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 25 Servers)
Binomial Loss Probability (S = 10 Sources)
Binomial Loss Probability (S = 20 Sources)
Binomial Loss Probability (5 = 30 Sources)
Binomial Loss Probability (S = 40 Sources)
Binomial Loss Probability (S = 50 Sources)
Binomial Loss Probability (S = 60 Sources)
Engset Loss Probability (5 = 10 Sources)
Engset Loss Probability (5 = 20 Sources)
Engset Loss Probability (5 = 30 Sources)

77
78
83
85
87
89

91
93
95
97
99

101
103
105

107
109
III

113

115
117

119
121
123
125

127
129
134

135
137
139
141
144
150
151
153

List of Tables

6-4
6-5
6-6

Engset Loss Probability (5 = 40 Sources)

Engset Loss Probability (S = 50 Sources)
Engset Loss Probability (S = 60 Sources)

xv

155
158

161

1
Traffic System
Design Overview

Traffic system design is a process that considers the entire telecommunication

system and the interrelationship of its components. Total system and subsystem performance (i.e., service) objectives are specified, and conflicts are
resolved to achieve an optimum configuration. Therefore, traffic system
design ensures the cost-effective dimensioning of switching and transmission
equipment (traffic-handling resources or servers) to provide the required
service objectives (grade ofservice) economically. Telephone traffic (teletraffic)
theory--drawing on many disciplines including electronics, mathematics,
statistics, probability, queuing theory, reliability, and economics-is at the
heart of traffic system design.
1.1 TRAFFIC UNITS

Traffic units are a measure of traffic intensity, the average traffic density during
a one-hour period. The international unit of traffic intensity is the Erlang, *
where one Erlang represents a circuit occupied for one hour.

Named for A.K. Erlang, the father of telephone traffic theory [Brockmeyer, 1948].

Chapter 1

Traffic System Design Overview

The Erlang defines the efficiency (percent occupancy) of a traffic resource and
represents the total time in hours to carryall calls. It is the traffic unit used
exclusively in classic traffic theory.
In the North American public switched telephone network (PSTN), the
standard traffic unit is the unit call (UC), which is expressed in seconds. The
UC is defined in centum-call-seconds (CCS) or more commonly, hundred-callseconds. Equation 1.1 gives the relationship between Erlangs and CCS. Table
1-1 is an Erlang-to-CCS conversion chart for selected traffic levels up to 200
Erlangs (7200 CCS).
1 Erlang

= 1 call-hour = 3600 call-seconds = 36 CCS

(1.1)

1.2 TRAFFIC CALCULAliONS

Before common-equipment pools such as trunk groups, signaling registers,
and operator positions can be dimensioned, their busy-hour traffic intensities
must be determined. Trunks are assigned to serve calls on an immediate basis
and are held for the duration of the call. Signaling registers, operator positions,
and similar servers normally serve calls on a delayed basis and are held only
long enough to serve their specific functions.

1.2.1 Trunk-Group Traffic

Routing plans specify a mix of direct-route and alternate-route trunk
groups to provide least-cost routing of interswitch traffic through the network.
The selected routing technique determines, to some extent, the level of traffic
offered to each trunk group. Offered trunk-group traffic is the total of all
traffic offered to the group. If the trunk group were large enough, it would carry
all offered traffic but such a trunk group probably would not be economical.
Instead, trunk groups are engineered to block a fraction of the offered busyhour traffic, typically one to ten percent.

Chapter 1

Traffic System Design Ovcrview

Table 1-1. Traffic-Unit Conversion Chart

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25

1.8
3.6
5.4
7.2
9.0

2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25

73.8
75.6
77.4
79.2
81.0

4.05
4.10
4.15
4.20
4.25

145.8
147.6
149.4
151.2
153.0

6.05
6.10
6.15
6.20
6.25

217.8
219.6
221.4
223.2
225.0

8.05
8.10
8.15
8.20
8.25

289.8
291.6
293.4
295.2
297.0

0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50

10.8
12.6
14.4
16.2
18.0

2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50

82.8
84.6
86.4
88.2
90.0

4.30
4.35
4.40
4.45
4.50

154.8
156.6
158.4
160.2
162.0

6.30
6.35
6.40
6.45
6.50

226.8
228.6
230.4
232.2
234.0

8.30
8.35
8.40
8.45
8.50

298.8
300.6
302.4
304.2
306.0

0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75

19.8
21.6
23.4
25.2
27.0

2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75

91.8
93.6
95.4
97.2
99.0

4.55
4.60
4.65
4.70
4.75

163.8
165.6
167.4
169.2
171.0

6.55
6.60
6.65
6.70
6.75

235.8
237.6
239.4
241.2
243.0

8.55
8.60
8.65
8.70
8.75

307.8
309.6
311.4
313.2
315.0

0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

29.8
30.6
32.4
34.2
36.0

2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00

100.8
102.6
104.4
106.2
108.0

4.80
4.85
4.90
4.95
5.00

172.8
174.6
176.4
178.2
180.0

6.80
6.85
6.90
6.95
7.00

244.8
246.6
248.4
250.2
252.0

8.80
8.85
8.90
8.95
9.00

316.8
318.6
320.4
322.2
324.0

1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25

37.8
39.6
41.4
43.2
45.0

3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25

109.8
111.6
113.4
115.2
117.0

5.05
5.10
5.15
5.20
5.25

181.8
183.6
185.4
187.2
189.0

7.05
7.10
7.15
7.20
7.25

253.9
255.6
257.4
259.2
261.0

9.05
9.10
9.15
9.20
9.25

325.8
327.6
329.4
331.2
333.0

1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50

46.8
48.6
50.4
52.2
54.0

3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50

118.8
120.6
122.4
124.2
126.0

5.30
5.35
5.40
5.45
5.50

190.8
192.6
194.4
196.2
198.0

7.30
7.35
7.40
7.45
7.50

262.8
264.6
266.4
268.2
270.0

9.30
9.35
9.40
9.45
9.50

334.8
336.6
338.4
340.2
342.0

1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75

55.8
57.6
59.4
61.2
63.0

3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75

127.8
129.6
131.4
133.2
135.0

5.55
5.60
5.65
5.70
5.75

199.8
201.6
203.4
205.2
207.0

7.55
7.60
7.65
7.70
7.75

271.8
273.6
275.4
277.2
279.0

9.55
9.60
9.65
9.70
9.75

343.8
345.6
347.4
349.2
351.0

1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00

64.8
66.6
68.4
70.2
72.0

3.80
3.85
3.90
3.95
4.00

136.8
138.6
140.4
142.2
144.0

5.80
5.85
5.90
5.95
6.00

208.8
210.6
212.4
214.2
216.0

7.80
7.85
7.90
7.95
8.00

280.8
282.6
284.4
285.2
288.0

9.80
9.85
9.90
9.95
10.00

352.8
354.6
356.4
358.2
360.0

Erlangs

(table continues)

Chapter I

Traffic System Design Overview

Table 1-1. Traffic-Unit Conversion Chart (Continued)

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5

363.6
367.2
370.8
374.4
378.0

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5

507.6
511.2
514.8
518.4
522.0

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5

651.6
654.2
658.8
662.4
666.0

22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5

795.6
799.2
802.8
806.4
810.0

26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
26.5

939.6
943.2
946.8
950.4
954.0

10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0

381.6
385.2
388.8
392.4
396.0

14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15.0

525.6
529.2
532.8
536.4
540.0

18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
19.0

669.6
673.2
676.8
680.4
684.0

22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9
23.0

813.6
817.2
820.8
824.4
828.0

26.6
26.7
26.8
26.9
27.0

957.6
961.2
964.8
968.4
972.0

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

399.6
403.2
406.8
410.4
414.0

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5

543.6
547.2
550.8
554.4
558.0

19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5

687.6
691.2
694.8
698.4
702.0

23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5

831.6
835.2
838.8
842.4
846.0

27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4
27.5

975.6
979.2
982.8
986.4
990.0

11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
12.0

417.6
421.2
424.8
428.4
432.0

15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
16.0

561.6
565.2
568.8
572.4
576.0

19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
20.0

705.6
709.2
712.8
716.2
720.0

23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9
24.0

849.6
853.2
856.8
860.2
864.0

27.6
27.7
27.8
27.9
28.0

993.6
997.2
1000.8
1004.2
1008.0

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5

431.6
439.2
442.8
446.4
450.0

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5

579.6
583.2
586.8
590.4
594.0

20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5

723.6
727.2
730.8
734.4
738.0

24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5

867.6
871.2
874.8
878.4
882.0

28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4
28.5

1011.6
1015.2
1018.8
1022.4
1026.0

12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
13.0

453.6
457.2
460.8
464.4
468.0

16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
17.0

597.6
601.2
604.8
608.4
612.0

20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
21.0

741.6
745.2
748.8
752.4
756.0

24.6
24.7
24.8
24.9
25.0

885.6
889.2
892.8
896.4
900.0

28.6
28.7
28.8
28.9
29.0

1029.6
1033.2
1036.8
1040.4
1044.0

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

471.6
475.2
478.8
482.4
486.0

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5

615.6
619.2
622.8
626.4
630.0

21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5

759.6
763.2
766.8
770.4
774.0

25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4
25.5

903.6
907.2
910.8
914.4
918.0

29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4
29.5

1047.6
1051.2
1054.8
1058.4
1062.0

13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
14.0

489.6
493.2
496.8
500.4
504.0

17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
18.0

633.6
637.2
640.8
644.4
648.0

21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
22.0

777.6
781.2
784.8
788.4
792.0

25.6
25.7
25.8
25.9
26.0

921.6
925.2
928.8
932.4
936.0

29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9
30.0

1065.6
1069.2
1072.8
1076.2
1080.0

Erlangs

(table continues)

Chapter 1

Traffic System Design Overview

Table 1-1. Traffic-Unit Conversion Chart (Continued)

Erlangs

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4
30.5

1083.6
1087.2
1090.8
1094.2
1098.0

34.1
34.2
34.3
34.4
34.5

1227.6
1231.2
1234.8
1238.4
1242.0

38.1
38.2
38.3
38.4
38.5

1371.6
1375.2
1378.8
1382.4
1386.0

42.1
42.2
42.3
42.4
42.5

1515.6
1519.2
1522.8
1526.4
1530.0

46.1
46.2
46.3
46.7
46.5

1659.6
1663.2
1666.8
1670.4
1674.0

30.6
30.7
30.8
30.9
31.0

1101.6
1105.2
1108.8
1112.4
1116.0

34.6
34.7
34.8
34.9
35.0

1245.6
1249.2
1252.8
1256.4
1260.0

38.6
38.7
38.8
38.9
39.0

1389.6
1393.2
1396.8
1400.4
1404.0

42.6
42.7
42.8
42.9
43.0

1533.6
1537.2
1540.8
1544.4
1548.0

46.6
46.7
46.8
46.9
47.0

1677.6
1681.2
1684.8
1688.4
1692.0

31.1
31.2
31.3
31.4
31.5

1119.6
1123.2
1126.8
1130.4
1134.0

35.1
35.2
35.3
35.4
35.5

1263.6
1267.2
1270.8
1274.4
1278.0

39.1
39.2
39.3
39.4
39.5

1407.6
1411.2
1414.8
1418.4
1422.0

43.1
43.2
43.3
43.4
43.5

1551.6
1555.2
1558.8
1562.4
1566.0

47.1
47.2
47.3
47.4
47.5

1695.6
1699.2
1702.8
1706.4
1710.0

31.6
31.7
31.8
31.9
32.0

1137.6
1141.2
1144.8
1148.4
1152.0

35.6
35.7
35.8
35.9
36.0

1281.6
1285.2
1288.8
1292.4
1296.0

39.6
39.7
39.8
39.9
40.0

1425.6
1429.2
1432.8
1436.4
1440.0

43.6
43.7
43.8
43.9
44.0

1569.6
1573.2
1576.8
1580.4
1584.0

47.6
47.7
47.8
47.9
48.0

1713.6
1717.4
1720.8
1724.4
1728.0

32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4
32.5

1155.6
1159.2
1162.8
1166.4
1170.0

36.1
36.2
36.3
36.4
36.5

1299.6
1303.2
1306.8
1310.4
1314.0

40.1
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.5

1443.6
1447.2
1450.8
1454.4
1458.0

44.1
44.2
44.3
44.4
44.5

1587.6
1591.2
1594.8
1598.4
1602.0

48.1
48.2
48.3
48.4
48.5

1731.6
1735.2
1738.8
1742.4
1746.0

32.6
32.7
32.8
32.9
33.0

1173.6
1177.2
1180.8
1184.4
1188.0

36.6
36.7
36.8
36.9
37.0

1317.6
1321.2
1324.8
1328.4
1332.0

40.6
40.7
40.8
40.9
41.0

1461.6
1465.2
1468.8
1472.4
1476.0

44.6
44.7
44.8
44.9
45.0

1605.6
1609.2
1612.8
1616.4
1620.0

48.6
48.7
48.8
48.9
49.0

1749.6
1753.2
1756.8
1760.4
1764.0

33.1
33.2
33.3
33.4
33.5

1191.6
1195.2
1198.8
1202.4
1206.0

37.1
37.2
37.3
37.4
37.5

1335.6
1339.2
1342.8
1346.4
1350.0

41.1
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.5

1479.6
1483.2
1486.8
1490.4
1494.0

45.1
45.2
45.3
45.4
45.5

1623.6
1627.2
1630.8
1634.4
1638.0

49.1
49.2
49.3
49.4
49.5

1767.6
1771.2
1774.8
1778.4
1782.0

33.6
33.7
33.8
33.9
34.0

1209.6
1213.2
1216.8
1220.4
1224.0

37.6
37.7
37.8
37.9
38.0

1353.6
1357.2
1360.8
1364.4
1368.0

41.6
41.7
41.8
41.9
42.0

1497.6
1501.2
1504.8
1508.4
1512.0

45.6
45.7
45.8
45.9
46.0

1641.6
1645.2
1648.8
1652.4
1656.0

49.6
49.7
49.8
49.9
50.0

1785.6
1789.2
1792.8
1796.4
1800.0

(table continues)

Chapter 1

Traffic System Design Overview

Table 1-1. Traffic-Unit Conversion Chart (Continued)

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

Erlangs

CCS

50.5
51.0
51.5
52.0
52.5

1818
1836
1854
1872
1890

70.5
71.0
71.5
72.0
72.5

2538
2556
2574
2592
2610

90.5
91.0
91.5
92.0
92.5

3258
3276
3294
3312
3330

121.0
122.0
123.0
124.0
125.0

4356
4392
4428
4464
4500

161.0
162.0
163.0
164.0
165.0

5796
5832
5868
5904
5940

53.0
53.5
54.0
54.5
55.0

1908
1926
1944
1962
1980

73.0
73.5
74.0
74.5
75.0

2628
2646
2664
2682
2700

93.0
93.5
94.0
94.5
95.0

3348
3366
3384
3402
3420

126.0
127.0
128.0
129.0
130.0

4536
4572
4608
4644
4680

166.0
167.0
168.0
169.0
170.0

5976
6012
6048
6084
6120

55.5
56.0
56.5
57.0
57.5

1998
2016
2034
2052
2070

75.5
76.0
76.5
77.0
77.5

2718
2736
2754
2772
2790

95.5
96.0
96.5
97.0
97.5

3438
3456
3474
3492
3510

131.0
132.0
133.0
134.0
135.0

4716
4752
4788
4824
4860

171.0
172.0
173.0
174.0
175.0

6156
6192
6228
6264
6300

58.0
58.5
59.0
59.5
60.0

2088
2106
2124
2142
2160

78.0
78.5
79.0
79.5
80.0

2808
2826
2844
2862
2880

98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
100.0

3528
3546
3564
3582
3600

136.0
137.0
138.0
139.0
140.0

4896
4932
4968
5004
5040

176.0
177.0
178.0
179.0
180.0

6336
6372
6408
6444
6480

60.5
61.0
61.5
62.0
62.5

2178
2196
2214
2232
2250

80.5
81.0
81.5
82.0
82.5

2898
2916
2934
2952
2970

101.0
102.0
103.0
104.0
105.0

3636
3672
3708
3744
3780

141.0
142.0
143.0
144.0
145.0

5076
5112
5148
5184
5220

181.0
182.0
183.0
184.0
185.0

6516
6552
6588
6624
6660

63.0
63.5
64.0
64.5
65.0

2268
2286
2304
2322
2340

83.0
83.5
84.0
84.5
85.0

2988
3006
3024
3042
3060

106.0
107.0
108.0
109.0
110.0

3816
3852
3888
3924
3960

146.0
147.0
148.0
149.0
150.0

5256
5292
5328
5364
5400

186.0
187.0
188.0
189.0
190.0

6696
6732
6768
6804
6840

65.5
66.0
66.5
67.0
67.5

2358
2376
2394
2412
2430

85.5
86.0
86.5
87.0
87.5

3078
3096
3114
3132
3150

111.0
112.0
113.0
114.0
115.0

3996
4032
4068
4104
4140

151.0
152.0
153.0
154.0
155.0

5436
5472
5508
5544
5580

191.0
192.0
193.0
194.0
195.0

6876
6912
6948
6984
7020

68.0
68.5
69.0
69.5
70.0

2448
2466
2484
2502
2520

88.0
88.5
89.0
89.5
90.0

3168
3186
3204
3222
3240

116.0
117.0
118.0
119.0
120.0

4176
4212
4248
4284
4320

156.0
157.0
158.0
159.0
160.0

5616
5652
5688
5724
5760

196.0
197.0
198.0
199.0
200.0

7056
7092
7128
7164
7200

Erlangs

Chapter 1

Traffic System Design Overview

Figure 1-1 can be used to facilitate an understanding of traffic routing

terms. Interswitch traffic is routed over the primary route trunk group provided
there are idle trunks available in the group. In an alternate-routing system,
blocked trunk-group traffic overflows to other alternate-route trunk groups or
to final-route trunk groups as indicated by the curved arrows. Trunk groups
provided with alternate routes are often referred to as high-usage trunk groups.
Final-route trunk groups do not have alternate routes; therefore, blocked traffic
in a final-route trunk group is lost.
THIRD
& FINAL

ROUTE

THIRD
& FINAL

ROUTE

FINAL
ROUTE

Figure 1-1. Interswitch Trunk Traffic Routing Diagram

Trunk-group traffic is the product of the number and duration of calls

handled by the group. Equation 1.2can be used to calculate trunk-group traffic,
expressed in Erlangs.
(1.2)
A =N Tc
where A = Offered traffic in Erlangs
N = Number of calls during the busy hour
Tc = Mean call-holding time in hours
Number of calls refers to the total number of calls offered to the trunk
group. Call-holding time is the total elapsed time between seizure of a trunk
to serve the call and its subsequent release. The mean call-holding time is the
arithmetic average of all call-holding times, expressed in hours.

Chapter 1

Traffic System Design Overview

Example 1-1
Deterrnine the traffic in Erlangs and CCS for a trunk group carrying 1000
calls during the busy hour with an average call-holding time of 3 minutes.
A = (1000 calls/hour)(3 min/call)( 1 hour/60 min) = 50 Erlangs
(50 Erl)(36 CCS/Erl) = 1800 CCS

1.2.2 Server-Pool Traffic

Server pools are groups of traffic resources, such as signaling registers
and operator positions, that are used on a shared basis. Service requests that
cannot be met immediately are placed in a queue and served on a first-in, firstout (FIFO) basis. Server-pool traffic is directly related to offered traffic,
server-holding time, and call-attempt factor, and inversely related to callholding time as expressed in Equation 1.3.

A =
S

where

AT Ts C

(1.3)

Tc

As = Server-pool traffic in Erlangs

AT =Total traffic served in Erlangs
T, = Mean server-holding time in hours
T; = Mean call-holding time in hours
C = Call-attempt factor (dimensionless)

Total traffic served refers to the total offered traffic that requires the
services of the specific server pool for some portion of the call. For example,
a dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) receiver pool is dimensioned to serve
only the DTMF tone-dialing portion of total switch traffic generated by DTMF
signaling sources. Table 1-2 presents representative server-holding times for
typical signaling registers as a function of the number ofdigits received or sent.
Table 1-2. Typical Signaling Register Holding Times in Seconds
Number of Digits Received or Sent
Signaling Register

Local Dial-Pulse (DP) Receiver

Local DTMF Receiver
Incoming MF Receiver
Outgoing MF Sender

3.7
2.3
1.0
1.5

10

11

8.3
5.2
1.4

12.8
8.1
1.8
2.3

17.6
11.0
2.2
2.8

19.1
12.0
2.3
3.0

1.9

Chapter 1

Traffic System Design Overview

The mean server-holding time is the arithmetic average of all serverholding times for the specific server pool. Equation 1.4 is a general equation
to calculate mean server-holding time for calls with different holding-time
characteristics.

TS = a-T + b-T 2 + + k-T n

( 1.4)

where

Ts = Mean server-holding time in hours

T), T2, , Tll = Individual server-holding times in hours
a, b, ,k = Fractions of total traffic served (a + b + + k = 1)

Example 1-2
Determine the mean DTMF receiver-holding time for a central office (CO) where
subscribers dial local calls using a 7-digit number and toll calls using an II-digit
number. Assume that 70 percent of the calls are local calls, the remainder are toll
calls, and that the typical signal ing register holding times of Table 1-2 are
applicable.

Ts = (0.7)(8.1 sec) + (0.3)(12.0 sec)

= 9.27 sec

Call-attempt factors are dimensionless numbers that adjust offered traffic

intensity to compensate for call attempts that do not result in completed calls.
Therefore, call-attempt factors are inversely proportional to the fraction of
completed calls as defined in Equation 1.5.
I

C=T
where C
k

( 1.5)

= Call-attempt factor (dimensionless)

= Fraction of calls completed (decimal fraction)

Example 1-3
Table 1-3 presents representative subscriber call-attempt dispositions based on
empirical data amassed in the North American PSTN. Determinethe call-attempt
factor for these data, where 70.7 percent of the calls were completed (k =0.707).

C =k-

0.707

= 1.414

Chapter I

10

Traffic System Design Overview

Table 1-3. Typical Call-Attempt Dispositions

Call-Attempt Disposition

Percentage

70.7
12.7
10.1
2.6
1.9

Call was completed

Called subscriber did not answer
Called subscriber line was busy
Call abandoned without system response
Equipment blockage or failure

1.6
0.4

Customer dialing error

Called directory number changed or disconnected

Example 1-4
Using Equation 1.3, determine the server-pool traffic in CCS and Erlangs for the
DTMF receivers of Example 1-2, assuming total offered busy-hour subscriber
traffic of 2000 CCS, a call-attempt factor of 1.5, and a mean call-holding time of
3 minutes (180 seconds).
(9.27 sec)
As = (2000 CCS) (1.5) (180 sec)
(154.5 CCS)

( 1 Erl)
(36 CCS)

= 154.5 CCS

= 4.29 Erlangs

1.3 TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS

Traffic formulas are based on a set of assumptions regarding the behavior of
traffic and its sources. These assumptions are not always precisely true. If
variations from these assumptions are small or known to have little effect,
however, they can be used with confidence.
1.3.1 General Assumptions
The following assumptions are applicable to traffic formulas in general:
The system is in statistical equilibrium.
Connection and disconnection of sources to servers occur
instantaneous}y.
The anticipated traffic density is the same for all sources.
Busy sources initiate'no calls.
Every source has equal access to every server (full availability).

Chapter 1

Traffic System Design Overview

II

The number of busy servers in a group is equal to the number of

busy sources in its group of sources.
1.3.2 Number of Sources

The number of sources that can originate calls affects the service these
sources can expect to obtain. As the number of sources increases, the effect of
adding more sources diminishes. Eventually, a point is reached where there is
negligible difference in the probability of congestion regardless of how many
new sources are added. It is this point that distinguishes between finite and
infinite sources. Traffic formulas for applications where the number of sources
in relation to the number of servers is very large assume infinite sources (worst
case for blocking). This simplifies the mathematics and minimizes the number
of required tables.
1.3.3 Disposition of Blocked Calls

Many assumptions for the disposition of blocked calls (which are also
referred to as lost calls) have been proposed, of which the three common cases
are:
If an idle server is not immediately available, the call is cleared from
the system and the source becomes idle. This is commonly called the
blocked calls cleared assumption.

If an idle server is not immediately available, the call is held for an

interval equal to its holding time, and then the source becomes idle. If
an idle server becomes available during the waiting period, it will be
seized and held for an interval equal to the remaining portion of its
mean holding time. This is commonly called the blocked calls held
assumption.

If an idle server is not immediately available, the call is queued until

an idle server is available. When an idle server becomes available, it
will be seized to serve the next call in queue and held for the full callholding time. This is commonly called the blocked calls delayed
assumption.

1.3.4 Holding-Time Distributions

A negative-exponential curve usually provides a reasonable fit for the

variation in holding times encountered with nondelayed traffic-handling
resources. Substituting a constant holding time equal to the average of varying
holding times has a negligible effect for these applications. The effects of

12

Chapter 1

Traffic System Design Overview

holding-time variations may be significant, however, when predicting the

duration of delays. For example, the Crommelin-Pollaczek formulas are often
used to determine service delays for resources with essentially constant
holding times, such as dial-tone markers and intertoll trunks. Molnar's Delay
Probability Charts for Telephone Traffic Where the Holding Times Are
Constant graphically present data for these and similar applications.

1.4 GRADE OF SERVICE

Grade of service (GaS) is defined as the probability that offered traffic will be
blocked or delayed. An absolutely nonblocking system has a GaS of zero,
whereas a GaS of one indicates an absolutely blocking system. That is, the
closer the grade of service is to zero, the better the system.
Every traffic problem involves three interrelated parameters: offered
traffic, traffic-handling resources (servers), and service objective (grade of
service). This interrelationship can be pictured as a triangle, as shown in Fig.
1-2. For a given service objective (base of triangle held constant), increasing
offered traffic requires a commensurate increase in the number of servers.
Similarly, decreasing the number of servers requires a corresponding decrease
in the level of offered traffic.
It is important to understand that a server's GOS is a prediction of the
probability of congestion (i.e., a call is blocked or delayed) at a given level of

SERVICE OBJECTIVE

Figure 1-2.

Grade of Service Concept Diagram

Chapter 1

13

Traffic System Design Overview

offered traffic, not an absolute value. That is, a trunk-group grade of service
of 0.0 1 does not mean that exactly one call in a hundred will be blocked during
the busy hour. Rather, it means that, given a large volume of traffic, the
probability of congestion will tend toward one in a hundred.
Table 1-4 lists typical grade of service specifications for traffic system
design. Matching loss as used in this table refers to congestion (blocking) in
a switching matrix such that input and output terminations cannot be interconnected via the interstage links. Switching matrix matching loss is not covered
in this handbook but the author's Voice Teletraffic Systems Engineering
contains an entire chapter on the subject.
Table 1-4. Typical Grade of Service Specifications
Parameter

Specification

Trunk group loss probability

0.010

Intraoffice line-to-line loss probability

0.020

Line-to-trunk outgoing matching loss probability

0.010

Trunk-to-line incoming matching loss probability

0.020

Trunk-to-trunk tandem matching loss probability

0.005

Probability dial tone delay exceeds 3 seconds

0.015

Probability operator answer delay exceeds 10 seconds

0.050

The traffic formulas found in this handbook, used to predict grades of

service, are all based on probability distributions. Probability distributions are
bounded by the values zero and one; therefore, a grade of service (probability
of congestion) cannot be negative nor can it exceed unity. Because of this
property, the probability of a call not ex periencing congestion is one minus the
probability of congestion, and vice versa. These relationships are expressed in
Equations 1.6 and 1.7.
p= l-Q

( 1.6)

Q= I-P

( 1.7)

where P = Probability of congestion

Q = Probability of no congestion

Chapter 1

14

Traffic System Design Overview

1.5 TRAFFIC FORMULAS AND TABLES

Table 1-5 is a selection guide for the traffic formulas contained in this
handbook as a function of their typical applications. The Poisson, Erlang B,
and Erlang C formulas, basedon the assumption of infinitesources, are referred
to as the major traffic formulas. The Binomial and Engset formulas, based on
the assumption of finite sources, are used in lieu of the major traffic formulas
when the number of sources is small. Figure 1-3 is a decision tree to facilitate
traffic formula selection on the basis of the standard traffic assumptions.
Table 1-5. Traffic Formula Selection Guide
Number of
Sources

Blocked-Call
Disposition

Holding-Time
Distribution

Traffic
Formula

Final trunk
groups in
North American
PSTN

Infinite

Held

Constant or
exponential

Poisson

Trunk groups
and other
nondelayed
server pools

Infinite

Cleared

Constant or
exponential

Erlang B

Delayed
server pools

Infinite

Delayed

Exponential

Erlang C

Small PBX or
remote switch
trunk groups

Finite

Held

Constant or
exponential

Binomial

Small line
concentrators

Finite

Cleared

Constant or
exponential

Engset

Typical
Applications

Representative full-availability traffic tables, selected on the basis of

common telephone industry practice, are provided for the Poisson, Erlang B,
Erlang C, Binomial, and Engset distributions. Full availability refers to the
assumption that every source hasequal access to every server. This assumption
is normally true for modem traffic systems. Some older systems, however,
many of which are still in use, may be limited-availability systems. Limitedavailability tables, such as those found in Siemens' Telephone Traffic Theory
Tables and Charts and ITTStandard Electrik's Teletraffic Engineering Manual,
can be used for those systems.

til

ERLANG C
FORMULA
(CHAPTER 4)

EXPONENTIAL

POISSON
FORMULA
(CHAPTER 2)

HELD

DELAY
FORMULA

DELAYED

* NOT INCLUDED IN THIS HANDBOOK

BINOMIAL
FORMULA
(CHAPTER 5)

HELD

FINITE

Traffic Formula Selection Decision Tree

CROMMELINPOLLACZEK
FORMULA*

CONSTANT

Figure 1-3

DELAYED

ERLANG B
FORMULA
(CHAPTER 3)

CLEARED

INFINITE

ENGSET
FORMULA
(CHAPTER 6)

CLEARED

16

Chapter 1

Traffic System Design Overview

Tabulated traffic data values in this handbook are rounded off to the leastsignificant digit as applicable to the specific table. For example, loss probability values have been rounded off to five decimal places. This level of accuracy
should be more than adequate for practical applications-very low loss
probabilities may indicate overdesign, which is not economically sound.
Where the parameters of a specific application do not coincide with table
values, interpolation can be used. However, linear interpolation techniques are
not generally satisfactory for these highly nonlinear formulas. Adequate
results may be obtained with a graphic technique using semilogarithmic
(semilog) graph paper, where loss probability is plotted logarithmically along
the ordinate (vertical axis), and offered traffic is plotted linearly along the
abscissa (horizontal axis). Figure 1-4 (page 17), a comparison of typical loss
probabilities for the Poisson and Erlang B distributions, is an example of the
graphic technique. Among other things it shows that, for a given loss
probability, less traffic can be offered to a trunk group dimensioned using the
Poisson distribution than to one containing the same number of trunks but
dimensioned using the Erlang B distribution. That is, the Poisson distribution
results in a more conservative design.

1.6 COMPUTER PROGRAMS

Computer programs, useful for interpolating between table values or to
determine more precise values for specific applications, are provided in
subsequent chapters for the Poisson, Erlang B, Erlang C, Binomial, and Engset
formulas. These programs are written in BASIC because it is an easy-to-Iearn
language and is highly standardized. It is the universal programming language
for the personal computers found in homes as well as engineering offices. The
programs are formatted in an interactive (i.e., dialogue) style to facilitate the
user's entry of traffic parameters and include separate lines ofcode for each step
in an attempt to make them more easily understood by those with little or no
programming experience.
Readers adept at computer programming may prefer to rewrite these
traffic programs, combining a number of steps into a single line of code.
Alternatively, the programs can be converted to a language such as FORTRAN, which was specifically designed for computational problem solving.
In any case, newly entered programs should be validated by running them
against benchmarks, such as the examples in this book, before relying on their
output data.

Chapter 1

Traffic System Design Overview

17

0.1000

0.0500
POISSON

ERLANG B

0.0200

0.0100

>-

I-

:J

co

0.0050

<t:
0

CD

a:

Q..
(j)
(j)

0.0020

...J

0.0010

0.0005

0.0002

0.0001
OFFERED LOAD - ERLANGS

Figure I-4.

Graphic Comparison of Poisson and Erlang B Distributions

A word of caution-s-computers are subject to overflow when dealing with

very large numbers. This limitation is a function of the computer hardware and
software, which can only process numbers within a finite range. Overflow
often occurs when calculating traffic formulas, which typically involve calculation of factorials, numbers raised to the nth power, or infinite sums. The
traffic programs provided herein have been written to avoid overflow conditions where possible. Overflow may still occur, however, when calculating the
loss probability for a high traffic volume offered to a large number of servers,
or some combination of these or other traffic parameters is encountered.

2
Poisson Distribution

The Poisson distribution is used in the North American PSTN for dimensioning
final trunk groups, even though blocked calls are cleared from the system and
not held. This practice is justified by extensive studies that indicate that the
Poisson distribution more nearly matches actual PSTN experience than the
Erlang B distribution used for foreign and military networks. It is also a more
conservative distribution; that is, traffic capacity is less for a given number of

trunks and loss probability (see Fig. 1-4). The Poisson distribution is based on
the following assumptions:

Calls are served in random order.

There are an infinite number of sources.
Blocked calls are held.
Holding time is exponential or constant.

2.1 POISSON FORMULA

The Poisson Formula, also known as Poisson's Exponential Binomial Limit, is
given in Equation 2.1. Equation 2.2, based on the property of probability
19

Chapter 2

20

Poisson Distribution

distributions that P = 1 - Q, is an equivalent form of Equation 2.1, which

obviates the need to sum terms to infinity.
00

P= -A ~ ~
.J

i =N

(2.1 )

0'

l.

N-I

P = l_-A ~ ~
.J

i =0

0'

(2.2)

l.

where P = Poisson loss probability

N = Number of trunks in full-availability group
A = Traffic offered to group in Erlangs
e = Natural logarithm base (2.71828 ...)

2.2 POISSON COMPUTER PROGRAM

The following computer program can be used to calculate Equation 2.2 to
determine Poisson loss probabilities. Required inputs are the number of trunks
in the trunk group and the traffic offered to the group expressed in Erlangs.
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210

REM POISSON LOSS PROBABILITY CALCULATION

INPUT "ENTER NUMBER OF SERVERS {N)";N
INPUT "ENTER OFFERED TRAFFIC IN ERLANGS (A)"iA
LET X=l
LET Y=l
FOR 1=1 TO (N-1)
LET X=X*A/I
LET Y=X+Y
NEXT I
LET Q=Y*EXP(-A)
PRINT USING "P = #.#####";l-Q
END

2.3 POISSON TRAFFIC CAPACITY TABLES

Poisson traffic capacity tables are used to determine the maximum amount of
traffic that can be offered to a group of N trunks such that the specified loss
probability (grade of service) will not be exceeded. Tables 2.1 (pages 22-26)

Chapter 2

Poisson Distribution

21

and 2.2 (pages 27-31) present Poisson traffic capacities for 1 to 200 trunks with
typical loss probabilities ranging from 0.001 to 0.1. These Poisson loss
probabilities are commonly written as P.OO 1 to P.I.

Example 2-1
Determine the traffic capacity in Erlangs and CCS for a 24-channel final trunk
group such that the loss probability will not exceed 2 percent (P.02).
InTable 2-1, select the N row for 24 trunks and the P column for .02 and read 15.1
Erlangs at the intersection.
In Table 2-2, select the N row for 24 trunks and the P column for .02 and read
543.6 CCS at the intersection.

Example 2-2
Determine the number of trunks required in a final trunk group to handle 720 CCS
of offered traffic at a grade of service of P.Ol.
In Table 2-2, select the P.OI column and read down until 730.8 CCS is found.
Read across that N row to determine that 32 trunks are required.

Example 2-3
Determine the grade of service for a 48-channel final trunk group with offered
traffic of 0.75 Erlangs per channel.
Total offered traffic =(48 chan)(O.75 Erl/chan) =36 Erlangs
In Table 2-1, select the N row for 48 trunks and read across until 37.2 Erlangs is
found. Read up that P column to determine that the grade of service is P.05.

22

Chapter 2

Poisson Distribution

Table 2-1. Poisson Traffic Capacity in Erlangs

Traffic (A) in Erlangs for P =

No. of
Trunks
(N)

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

1
2
3
4
5

.001
.044
.192
.428
.739

.002
.065
.244
.519
.868

.005
.104
.338
.673
1.08

.011
.150
.436
.822
1.28

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

1.11
1.52
1.97
2.45
2.97
3.50
4.03
4.61
5.19
5.78
6.42
7.03
7.67
8.31
8.97
9.61
10.3
11.0
11.6
12.3
13.0
13.8
14.4
15.1
15.9

1.27
1.72
2.21
2.72
3.26
3.82
4.40
5.00
5.61
6.23
6.87
7.52
8.17
8.84
9.52
10.2
10.9
11.6
12.3
13.0
13.7
14.4
15.2
15.9
16.6

1.54
2.04
2.57
3.13
3.72
4.32
4.94
5.58
6.23
6.89
7.57
8.25
8.94
9.65
10.4
11.1
11.8
12.5
13.3
14.0
14.7
15.5
16.3
17.0
17.8

1.79
2.33
2.91
3.50
4.14
4.78
5.43
6.11
6.78
7.47
8.18
8.89
9.61
10.4
11.1

.021
.214
.567
1.02
1.55
2.11
2.69
3.31
3.94
4.61

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

16.6
17.3
18.1
18.8
19.5
20.3
21.0
21.8
22.5
23.3

17.4
18.1
18.9
19.6
20.4
21.1
21.9
22.7
23.4
24.2

18.5
19.3
20.1
20.9
21.6
22.4
23.2
24.0
24.8
25.6

.050

.100

.053
.358
.817
1.37
1.97

.106
.531
1.10
1.75
2.44

11.8
12.6
13.3
14.1
14.9
15.6
16.4
17.2
18.0
18.8

5.31
6.00
6.69
7.42
8.14
8.89
9.64
10.4
11.1
11.9
12.7
13.5
14.3
15.1
15.9
16.6
17.4
18.2
19.0
19.9

2.61
3.28
3.97
4.69
5.42
6.17
6.92
7.69
8.47
9.25
10.1
10.8
11.6
12.4
13.3
14.1
14.9
15.7
16.6
17.4
18.2
19.1
19.9
20.8
21.6

3.14
3.89
4.67
5.42
6.22
7.03
7.83
8.64
9.47
10.3
11.1
12.0
12.8
13.7
14.5
15.4
16.3
17.1
18.0
18.8
19.7
20.6
21.5
22.4
23.2

19.5
20.3
21.1
21.9
22.7
23.5
24.3
25.1
26.0
26.8

20.7
21.5
22.3
23.1
23.9
24.8
25.6
26.4
27.3
28.1

22.5
23.3
24.2
25.1
25.9
26.8
27.6
28.5
29.4
30.2

24.1
25.0
25.9
26.8
27.7
28.6
29.4
30.3
31.3
32.1

(table continues)

Chapter 2

23

Poisson Distribution

Table 2-1. Poisson Traffic Capacity in Erlangs (Continued)

No. of
Trunks
(N)

Traffic (A) in Erlangs for P =

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

41
42
43
44
45

24.0
24.8
25.5
26.3
27.1

25.0
25.8
26.5
27.3
28.1

26.4
27.2
28.0
28.8
29.6

27.6
28.4
29.2
30.1
30.9

28.9
29.8
30.6
31.5
32.3

31.1
32.0
32.9
33.7
34.6

33.1
33.9
34.9
35.8
36.7

46
47
48
49
50

27.9
28.6
29.4
30.2
31.0

28.9
29.7
30.5
31.3
32.1

30.4
31.2
32.0
32.9
33.7

31.7
32.5
33.4
34.2
35.0

33.2
34.0
34.9
35.7
36.6

35.5
36.4
37.2
38.1
39.0

37.6
38.5
39.4
40.3
41.2

51
52
53
54
55

31.8
32.5
33.3
34.1
34.9

32.9
33.7
34.5
35.3
36.1

34.5
35.3
36.1
37.0
37.8

35.9
36.7
37.6
38.4
39.2

37.4
38.3
39.2
40.0
40.9

39.9
40.8
41.6
42.5
43.4

42.1
43.0
43.9
44.8
45.7

56
57
58
59
60

35.7
36.5
37.3
38.1
38.9

36.9
37.7
38.5
39.3
40.1

38.6
39.3
40.3
41.1
41.9

40.1
40.9
41.8
42.6
43.5

41.8
42.6
43.5
44.3
45.2

44.3
45.2
46.1
47.0
47.9

46.6
47.6
48.5
49.4
50.3

61
62
63
64
65

39.7
40.5
41.3
42.1
42.9

40.9
41.8
42.6
43.4
44.2

42.8
43.6
44.4
45.3
46.1

44.3
45.2
46.0
46.9
47.7

46.1
46.9
47.8
48.7
49.6

48.8
49.6
50.5
51.4
52.3

51.2
52.1
53.1
54.0
54.9

66
67
68
69
70

43.7
44.5
45.3
46.1
47.0

45.0
45.9
46.7
47.5
48.4

46.9
47.8
48.7
49.5
50.3

48.6
49.4
50.3
51.2
52.0

50.4
51.3
52.2
53.1
53.9

53.2
54.1
55.0
55.9
56.8

55.8
56.7
57.7
58.6
59.5

71
72
73
74
75

47.8
48.6
49.4
50.3
51.1

49.2
50.0
50.8
51.7
52.5

51.2
52.0
52.9
53.7
54.6

52.9
53.8
54.6
55.5
56.3

54.8
55.7
56.6
57.4
58.3

57.7
58.6
59.5
60.4
61.3

60.4
61.4
62.3
63.2
64.1

76
77
78
79
!80

51.9
52.7
53.5
54.4
55.2

53.4
54.2
55.0
55.9
56.7

55.4
56.3
57.1
58.0
58.9

57.2
58.1
58.9
59.8
60.7

59.2
60.1
60.9
61.8
62.7

62.3
63.2
64.1
65.0
65.9

65.1
66.0
66.9
67.9
68.9

(table continues)

24

Chapter 2

Poisson Distribution

Table 2-1. Poisson Traffic Capacity in Erlangs (Continued)

No. of
Trunks
(N)

Traffic (A) in Erlangs for P=

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

81
82
83
84
85

56.0
56.8
57.7
58.5
59.3

57.5
58.4
59.2
60.1
60.9

59.7
60.6
61.4
62.3
63.1

61.5
62.4
63.3
64.2
65.0

63.6
64.5
65.4
66.3
67.2

66.8
67.7
68.6
69.5
70.4

69.7
70.6
71.6
72.5
73.4

86
87
88
89
90

60.2
61.0
61.8
62.7
63.5

61.8
62.6
63.5
64.3
65.2

64.0
64.9
65.7
66.6
67.5

65.9
66.8
67.7
68.5
69.4

68.1
68.9
69.8
70.7
71.6

71.4
72.3
73.2
74.1
75.0

74.4
75.3
76.3
77.2
78.1

91
92
93
94
95

64.4
65.2
66.0
66.9
67.7

66.0
66.9
67.7
68.6
69.4

68.3
69.2
70.2
70.9
71.8

70.3
71.2
72.1
72.9
73.8

72.5
73.4
74.3
75.2
76.1

75.9
76.8
77.7
78.6
79.6

79.1
80.0
80.9
81.9
82.8

96
97
98
99
100

68.6
69.4
70.2
71.1
71.9

70.3
71.1
72.0
72.8
73.7

72.7
73.5
74.4
75.3
76.2

74.7
75.6
76.4
77.3
78.2

77.0
77.9
78.8
79.7
80.6

80.5
81.4
82.3
83.2
84.1

83.7
84.7
85.6
86.6
87.5

101
102
103
104
105

72.8
73.6
74.5
75.3
76.2

74.6
75.4
76.3
77.1
78.0

77.0
77.9
78.8
79.6
80.5

79.1
80.0
80.8
81.7
82.6

81.4
82.4
83.2
84.1
85.0

85.1
86.0
86.9
87.8
88.7

88.3
89.3
90.2
91.2
92.1

106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

77.0
77.9
78.7
79.6
80.4

78.9
79.7
80.6
81.4
82.3
83.2
84.0
84.9
85.8
86.6
87.5
88.4
89.3
90.1
91.0

81.4
82.3
83.2
84.0
84.9

83.5
84.4
85.3
86.2
87.1

85.8
86.7
87.5
88.4
89.3
90.2
91.1
92.0
92.8
93.7

87.9
88.8
89.7
90.6
91.5
92.4
93.3
94.2
95.1
96.0

85.9
86.8
87.7
88.6
89.5
90.4
91.3
92.3
93.1
94.1
94.9
95.9
96.8
97.7
98.6

89.6
90.6
91.5
92.4
93.3
94.3
95.2
96.1
97.0
97.9

93.0
94.0
94.9
95.8
96.8
97.7
98.7
99.6
100.5
101.5
102.4
103.4
104.3
105.3
106.2

81.3
82.1
83.0
83.8
84.7
85.6
86.4
87.3
88.1
89.0

98.9
99.8
100.7
101.6
102.6

(table continues)

Chapter 2

2S

Poisson Distribution

Table 2-1. Poisson Traffic Capacity in Erlangs (Continued)

No. of
Trunks
(N)

Traffic (A) in Erlangs for P =

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

121
122
123
124
125

89.8
90.7
91.6
92.4
93.3

91.9
92.7
93.6
94.5
95.4

94.6
95.5
96.4
97.3
98.1

96.9
97.8
98.7
99.6
100.4

99.5
100.4
101.3
102.2
103.1

103.5
104.4
105.3
106.3
107.2

107.1
108.1
109.0
109.9
110.9

126
127
128
129
130

94.1
95.0
95.9
96.7
97.6

96.2
97.1
98.0
98.9
99.7

99.0
99.9
100.8
101.7
102.6

101.3
102.3
103.1
104.1
104.9

104.0
104.9
105.8
106.8
107.6

108.1
109.0
110.0
110.9
111.8

111.8
112.8
113.7
114.7
115.6

131
132
133
134
135

98.4
99.3
100.2
101.1
101.9

100.6
101.5
102.4
103.2
104.1

103.5
104.3
105.2
106.1
107.0

105.8
106.8
107.6
108.5
109.4

108.6
109.5
110.4
111.3
112.2

112.8
113.7
114.6
115.5
116.4

116.6
117.5
118.4
119.4
120.3

136
137
138
139
140

102.8
103.7
104.5
105.4
106.3

105.0
105.9
106.8
107.6
108.5

107.9
108.8
109.7
110.6
111.5

110.3
111.2
112.1
113.1
113.9

113.1
114.0
114.9
115.9
116.8

117.4
118.3
119.3
120.2
121.1

121.3
122.2
123.2
124.1
125.1

141
142
143
144
145

107.1
108.0
108.9
109.8
110.6

109.4
110.3
111.2
112.0
112.9

112.4
113.3
114.2
115.0
115.9

114.8
115.8
116.6
117.5
118.4

117.7
118.6
119.5
120.4
121.3

122.1
123.0
123.9
124.8
125.8

126.0
126.9
127.9
128.8
129.9

146
147
148
149
150

111.5
112.4
113.2
114.1
114.9

113.8
114.7
115.6
116.5
117.4

116.8
117.7
118.6
119.5
120.4

119.4
120.3
121.2
122.1
123.0

122.3
123.2
124.1
125.0
125.9

126.7
127.6
128.6
129.5
130.4

130.7
131.7
132.6
133.6
134.5

151
152
153
154
155

115.9
116.7
117.6
118.5
119.4

118.2
119.1
120.0
120.9
121.8

121.3
122.2
123.1
124.0
124.9

123.9
124.8
125.7
126.6
127.5

126.8
127.8
128.7
129.6
130.5

131.4
132.3
133.2
134.2
135.1

135.5
136.4
137.4
138.3
139.3

156
157
158
159
160

120.2
121.1
122.0
122.9
123.8

122.7
123.6
124.5
125.3
126.2

125.8
126.7
127.6
128.5
129.4

128.4
129.3
130.2
131.1
132.1

131.4
132.3
133.3
134.2
135.1

136.0
137.0
137.9
138.8
139.8

140.2
141.2
142.1
143.1
144.0

(table continues)

Chapter 2

26

Poisson Distribution

Table 2-1. Poisson Traffic Capacity in Erlangs (Continued)

No. of
Trunks
(N)

Traffic (A) in Erlangs for P =

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

161
162
163
164
165

124.6
125.5
126.4
127.3
128.1

127.1
128.0
128.9
129.8
130.7

130.3
131.2
132.1
133.0
133.9

132.9
133.9
134.8
135.7
136.6

136.0
136.9
137.9
138.8
139.7

140.1
141.6
142.6
143.5
144.4

145.0
145.9
146.9
147.8
148.8

166
167
168
169
170

129.0
129.9
130.8
131.7
132.3

131.6
132.5
133.4
134.3
135.2

134.8
135.7
136.6
137.5
138.4

137.5
138.4
139.3
140.2
141.1

140.6
141.5
142.4
143.4
144.3

145.4
146.3
147.3
148.2
149.1

149.7
150.7
151.6
152.6
153.5

171
172
173
174
175

133.4
134.3
135.2
136.1
136.9

136.1
137.0
137.9
138.8
139.7

139.3
140.2
141.1
142.1
143.0

142.1
142.9
143.9
144.8
145.7

145.2
146.1
147.1
148.0
148.9

150.1
151.0
151.9
152.9
153.8

154.5
155.4
156.4
157.3
158.3

176
177
178
179
180

137.8
138.7
139.6
140.5
141.4

140.6
141.5
142.3
143.2
144.1

144.0
144.9
145.8
146.7
147.6

146.6
147.5
148.4
149.3
150.3

149.8
150.8
151.7
152.6
153.5

154.8
155.7
156.6
157.6
158.5

159.2
160.2
161.1
162.1
163.0

181
182
183
184
185

142.3
143.1
144.0
144.9
145.8

145.0
145.8
146.7
147.6
148.5

148.5
149.4
150.3
151.3
152.2

151.2
152.1
153.0
153.9
154.8

154.4
155.4
156.3
157.2
158.1

159.4
160.4
161.3
162.3
163.2

164.0
164.9
165.9
166.8
167.8

186
187
188
189
190

146.7
147.6
148.5
149.4
150.3

149.4
150.3
151.2
152.1
153.0

153.1
154.0
154.9
155.8
156.7

155.7
156.6
157.6
158.5
159.4

159.1
160.0
160.9
161.8
162.8

164.1
165.1
166.0
167.0
167.9

168.8
169.7
170.6
171.6
172.6

191
192
193
194
195

151.1
152.0
152.9
153.8
154.7

153.9
154.8
155.7
156.6
157.5

157.6
158.5
159.4
160.3
161.2

160.3
161.2
162.1
163.1
164.0

163.7
164.6
165.5
166.5
167.4

168.8
169.8
170.7
171.7
172.6

173.5
174.5
175.4
176.4
177.3

196
197
198
199
200

155.6
156.5
157.4
158.3
159.1

158.4
159.3
160.2
161.1
162.0

162.1
163.0
163.9
164.8
165.7

164.9
165.8
166.7
167.6
168.6

168.3
169.3
170.2
171.1
172.0

173.5
174.5
175.4
176.4
177.3

178.3
179.2
180.2
181.1
182.1

(table continues)

Chapter 2

27

Poisson Distribution

Table 2-2. Poisson Traffic Capacity in CCS

No. of
Trunks
(N)

Traffic (A) in CCS for P =

.020

.050

.100

.396
5.40

.756
7.70

1.91
12.9

3.82
19.1

12.2
24.2
38.9

15.7
29.6
46.1

20.4
36.7
55.8

29.4
49.3
70.9

39.6
63.0
87.8

45.7
61.9
79.6
97.9
117.4

55.4
73.4
92.5
112.7
133.9

64.4
83.9
104.8
126.0
149.0

76.0
96.8
119.2
141.8
166.0

94.0
118.1
142.9
168.8
195.1

113.0
140.0
168.1
195.1
223.9

126.0
145.1
166.0
186.8
208.1

137.5
158.4
180.0
202.0
224.3

155.5
177.8
200.9
224.3
248.0

172.1
195.5
220.0
244.1
268.9

191.2
216.0
240.8
267.1
293.0

222.1
249.1
276.8
304.9
333.0

253.1
281.9
311.0
340.9
370.8

16
17
18
19
20

231.1
253.1
276.1
299.2
322.9

247.3
270.7
294.1
318.2
342.7

272.5
297.0
321.8
347.4
374.4

294.5
320.0
346.0
374.4
399.6

320.0
347.0
374.4
399.6
428.4

363.6
388.9
417.6
446.4
478.8

399.6
432.0
460.8
493.2
522.0

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

346.0
370.8
396.0
417.6
442.8
468.0
496.8
518.4
543.6
572.4

367.2
392.4
417.6
442.8
468.0
493.2
518.4
547.2
572.4
597.6

399.6
424.8
450.0
478.8
504.0
529.2
558.0
586.8
612.0
640.8

424.8
453.6
478.8
507.6
536.4
561.6
590.4
619.2
648.0
676.8

457.2
486.0
514.8
543.6
572.4
597.6
626.4
655.2
684.0
716.4

507.6
536.4
565.2
597.6
626.4
655.2
687.6
716.4
748.8
777.6

554.4
586.8
615.6
648.0
676.8
709.2
741.6
774.0
806.4
835.2

31
32
33
34
35

597.6
622.8
651.6
676.8
702.0

626.4
651.6
680.4
705.6
734.4

666.0
695.8
723.6
752.4
777.6

702.0
730.8
759.6
788.4
817.2

745.2
774.0
802.8
831.6
860.4

810.0
838.8
871.2
903.6
932.4

867.6
900.0
932.4
964.8
997.2

36
37
38
39
40

730.8
756.0
784.8
810.0
838.8

759.6
788.4
817.2
842.4
871.2

806.4
835.2
864.0
892.8
921.6

846.0
874.8
903.6
936.0
964.8

892.8
921.6
950.4
982.8
1011.6

964.8
993.6
1026.0
1058.4
1087.2

1029.6
1058.4
1090.8
1126.8
1156.6

.001

.002

.005

1
2

.036
1.58

.072
2.34

.180
3.74

3
4
5

6.91
15.4
26.6

8.78
18.7
31.2

6
7
8
9
10

40.0
54.7
70.9
88.2
106.9

11
12
13
14
15

.010

(table continues)

Chapter 2

28

Poisson Distribution

Table 2-2. Poisson Traffic Capacity in CCS (Continued)

No. of
Trunks
(N)

Traffic (A) in CCS for P =

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

41
42
43
44
45

864
893
918
947
976

900
929
954
983
1012

950
979
1008
1037
1066

994
1022
1051
1084
1112

1040
1073
1102
1134
1163

1120
1152
1184
1213
1246

1192
1220
1256
1289
1321

46
47
48
49
50

1004
1030
1058
1087
1116

1040
1069
1098
1127
1156

1094
1123
1152
1184
1213

1141
1170
1202
1231
1260

1195
1224
1256
1285
1318

1278
1310
1339
1372
1404

1354
1386
1418
1451
1483

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

1145
1170
1199
1228
1256
1285
1314
1343
1372
1400

1184
1213
1242
1271
1300
1328
1357
1386
1415
1444

1242
1271
1300
1332
1361
1390
1415
1451
1480
1508

1292
1321
1354
1382
1411
1444
1472
1505
1534
1566

1346
1379
1411
1440
1472

1436
1469
1498
1530
1562

1516
1548
1580
1613
1645

1505
1534
1566
1595
1627

1595
1627
1660
1692
1724

1678
1714
1746
1778
1811

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

1429
1458
1487
1516
1544
1573
1602
1631
1660
1692

1472
1505
1534
1562
1591
1620
1652
1681
1710
1742

1541
1570
1598
1631
1660
1688
1721
1753
1782
1811

1595
1627
1656
1688
1717
1750
1778
1811
1843
1872

1660
1688
1721
1753
1786
1814
1847
1879
1912
1940

1757
1786
1818
1850
1823
1915
1948
1980
2012
2045

1843
1876
1912
1944
1976
2009
2041
2077
2110
2142

71
72
73
74
75

1721
1750
1778
1810
1840

1771
1800
1829
1861
1890

1843
1872
1904
1933
1966

1904
1937
1966
1998
2027

1973
2005
2038
2066
2099

2077
2110
2142
2174
2207

2174
2210
2243
2275
2308

76
77
78
79
80

1868
1897
1926
1958
1987

1922
1951
1980
2012
2041

1994
2027
2056
2088
2120

2059
2092
2120
2153
2185

2131
2164
2192
2225
2257

2243
2275
2308
2340
2372

2344
2376
2408
2444
2480

(table continues)

Chapter 2

29

Poisson Distribution

Table 2-2. Poisson Traffic Capacity in CCS (Continued)

No. of
Trunks
(N)

Traffic (A) in CCS for P =

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

2016
2045
2077
2106
2135
2167
2196
2225
2257
2286

2070
2102
2131
2164
2192
2225
2254
2286
2315
2347

2149
2182
2210
2243
2272
2304
2336
2365
2398
2430

2214
2246
2279
2311
2340
2372
2405
2437
2466
2498

2290
2322
2354
2387
2419
2452
2480
2513
2545
2578

2405
2437
2470
2502
2534
2570
2603
2635
2668
2700

2509
2542
2578
2610
2642
2678
2711
2747
2779
2812

91
92
93
94
95

2318
2347
2376
2408
2437

2376
2408
2437
2470
2498

2459
2491
2527
2552
2585

2531
2563
2596
2624
2657

2610
2642
2675
2707
2740

2732
2765
2797
2830
2866

2848
2880
2912
2948
2981

96
97
98
99
100

2470
2498
2527
2560
2588

2531
2560
2592
2621
2653

2617
2646
2678
2711
2743

2689
2722
2750
2783
2815

2772
2804
2837
2869
2902

2898
2930
2963
2995
3028

3013
3049
3082
3118
3150

101
102
103
104
105

2621
2650
2682
2711
2743

2686
2714
2747
2776
2808

2772
2804
2837
2866
2898

2848
2880
2909
2941
2974

2930
2966
2995
3028
3060

3064
3096
3128
3161
3193

3179
3215
3247
3283
3316

106
107
108
109
110

2772
2804
2833
2866
2894

2840
2869
2902
2930
2963

2930
2963
2995
3024
3056

3006
3038
3071
3103
3136

3092
3125
3157
3190
3222

3226
3262
3294
3326
3359

3348
3384
3416
3449
3485

111
112
113
114
115

2927
2956
2988
3017
3049

2995
3024
3056
3089
3118

3089
3121
3150
3182
3215

3164
3197
3229
3262
3294

3254
3287
3323
3352
3388

3395
3427
3460
3492
3524

3517
3553
3586
3618
3654

116
117
118
119
120

3082
3110
3143
3172
3204

3150
3182
3215
3244
3276

3247
3280
3312
3341
3373

3326
3359
3391
3424
3456

3416
3452
3485
3517
3550

3560
3593
3625
3658
3694

3686
3722
3755
3791
3823

(table continues)

30

Chapter 2

Poisson Distribution

Table 2-2. Poisson Traffic Capacity in CCS (Continued)

Traffic (A) in CCS for P =

No. of
Trunks
(N)

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160

3233
3265
3298
3326
3359
3388
3420
3452
3481
3514
3542
3575
3607
3640
3668
3701
3733
3762
3794
3827
3856
3888
3920
3953
3982
4014
4046
4075
4108
4136
4172
4201
4234
4266
4298
4327
4360
4392
4424
4457

3308
3337
3370
3402
3434
3463
3496
3528
3560
3589
3622
3654
3686
3715
3748
3780
3812
3845
3874
3906
3938
3971
4003
4032
4064
4097
4129
4162
4194
4226
4255
4288
4320
4352
4385
4417
4450
4482
4511
4543

3406
3438
3470
3503
3532
3564
3596
3629
3661
3694
3726
3755
3787
3820
3852
3884
3917
3949
3982
4014
4046
4079
4111
4140
4172
4205
4237
4270
4302
4334
4367
4399
4432
4464
4496
4529
4561
4594
4626
4658

3488
3521
3553
3586
3614
3647
3683
3712
3748
3776
3809
3845
3874
3906
3938
3971
4003
4036
4072
4100
4133
4169
4198
4230
4262
4298
4331
4363
4396
4428
4460
4493
4525
4558
4590
4622
4655
4687
4720
4756

3582
3614
3647
3679
3712
3744
3776
3809
3845
3874
3910
3942
3974
4007
4039
4072
4104
4136
4172
4205
4237
4270
4302
4334
4367
4403
4435
4468
4500
4532
4565
4601
4633
4666
4698
4730
4763
4799
4831
4864

3726
3758
3791
3827
3859
3892
3924
3960
3992
4025
4061
4093
4126
4158
4190
4226
4259
4295
4327
4360
4396
4428
4460
4493
4529
4561
4594
4630
4662
4694
4730
4763
4795
4831
4864
4896
4932
4964
4997
5033

3856
3892
3924
3956
3992
4025
4061
4093
4129
4162
4198
4230
4262
4298
4331
4367
4399
4435
4468
4504
4536
4568
4604
4637
4676
4705
4741
4774
4810
4842
4878
4910
4946
4979
5015
5047
5083
5116
5152
5184

(table continues)

Chapter 2

31

Poisson Distribution

Table 2-2. Poisson Traffic Capacity in CCS (Continued)

No. of
Trunks
(N)

161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200

Traffic (A) in CCS for P =

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

4486
4518
4550
4583
4612
4644
4676
4709
4741
4763
4802
4835
4867
4900
4928
4961
4993
5026
5058
5090
5123
5152
5184
5216
5249
5281
5314
5346
5378
5411
5440
5472
5504
5537
5569
5602
5634
5666
5699
5728

4576
4608
4640
4673
4705
4738
4770
4802
4835
4867
4900
4932
4964
4997
5029
5062
5094
5123
5155
5188
5220
5249
5281
5314
5346
5378
5411
5443
5476
5508
5540
5573
5605
5638
5670
5702
5735
5767
5800
5832

4691
4723
4756
4788
4820
4853
4885
4918
4950
4982
5015
5047
5080
5116
5148
5184
5216
5249
5281
5314
5346
5378
5411
5447
5479
5512
5544
5576
5609
5641
5674
5706
5738
5771
5803
5836
5868
5900
5933
5965

4784
4820
4853
4885
4918
4950
4982
5015
5047
5080
5116
5144
5180
5213
5245
5278
5310
5342
5375
5411
5443
5476
5508
5540
5573
5605
5638
5674
5706
5738
5771
5803
5836
5872
5904
5936
5969
6001
6034
6070

4896
4928
4964
4997
5029
5062
5094
5126
5162
5195
5227
5260
5296
5328
5360
5393
5429
5461
5494
5526
5558
5594
5627
5659
5692
5728
5760
5792
5825
5861
5893
5926
5958
5994
6026
6059
6095
6127
6160
6192

5044
5098
5134
5166
5198
5234
5267
5303
5335
5368
5404
5436
5468
5504
5537
5573
5605
5638
5674
5706
5738
5774
5807
5843
5875
5908
5944
5976
6012
6044
6077
6113
6145
6181
6214
6246
6282
6314
6350
6383

5220
5252
5288
5321
5357
5389
5425
5458
5494
5526
5562
5594
5630
5663
5699
5731
5767
5800
5836
5868
5904
5936
5972
6005
6041
6077
6109
6142
6178
6214
6246
6282
6314
6350
6383
6419
6451
6487
6520
6556

3
Erlang B Distribution

The Erlang B distribution is used in the North American PSTN for dimensioning high-usage trunk groups in alternate routing systems (blocked calls offered
to another high-usage trunk group or to a final trunk group), and for all trunk
group dimensioning in foreign and military networks. In addition, it is
applicable to common equipment server pools which are not provided with a
waiting queue (immediate service). The Erlang B distribution is based on the

following assumptions:

3.1

Calls are served in random order.

There are an infinite number of sources.
Blocked calls are cleared.
Holding times are exponential or constant.
ERLANG B FORMULA

The Erlang B Formula, also known as the Erlang formula of the first kind
[E,(N, A)], is given in Equation 3.1.

33

Chapter 3

34

Erlang B Distribution

Ai

(3. I)

L-.,
l.
;=0

where B =Erlang B loss probability

N = Number of trunks in full-availability group
A = Traffic offered to group in Erlangs
3.2

ERLANG B COMPUTER PROGRAM

The following computer program can be used to calculate Equation 3.1 to

determine Erlang B loss probabilities. Required inputs are the number of
trunks in the trunk group and the traffic offered to the group expressed in
Erlangs.
100 REM ERLANG B LOSS PROBABILITY CALCULATION
110 INPUT "ENTER NUMBER OF SERVERS (N) ";N
120 INPUT "ENTER OFFERED TRAFFIC IN ERLANGS (A) ";A
130 LET X=l
140 LET Y=l
150 FOR 1=1 TO N
160 LET X=X*A/I
170 LET Y=X+Y
180 NEXT I
190 PRINT USING "B

#.#####";X/Y

200 END

3.3

ERLANG B TRAFFIC CAPACITY TABLES

Erlang B traffic capacity tables are used to determine the maximum amount of
traffic that can be offered to a group of N trunks such that the specified loss
probability (grade of service) will not be exceeded. Tables 3.1 (pages 36-41)
and 3.2 (pages 42-47) present Erlang B traffic capacities for 1 to 200 trunks
with typical loss probabilities ranging from 0.001 to 0.1. These Erlang Bloss
probabilities are commonly written as B.OOI to B.l. The Erlang B formula
yields relatively linear traffic capacity values for trunk groups with more than

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

35

200 trunks. Therefore, linear interpolation can be used between the given table
values for those applications. The following examples illustrate typical table
usage:

Example 3-1
Determine the traffic capacity in Erlangs and CCS for a 24-channel high-usage
trunk group such that the loss probability will not exceed 2 percent (B.02).
In Table 3-1, select the N row for 24 trunks and the B column for .02 and read 16.6
Erlangs at the intersection.
In Table 3-2, select the N row for 24 trunks and the P column for .02 and read
597.6 CCS at the intersection.

Example 3-2
Determine the number of trunks required in a high-usage trunk group to handle
720 CCS of offered traffic at a grade of service of B.O I.
In Table 3-2, select the B.01 column and read down until 730.8 CCS is found.
Read across that N row to determine that 30 trunks are required.

Example 3-3
Determine the grade of service for a 48-channel high-usage trunk group with
offered traffic of 0.75 Erlangs per trunk (36 Erlangs).
A = (48 chan) (0.75 Erl/chan) = 36 Erlangs

In Table 3-1, select the N row for 48 trunks and read across until 36.1 Erlangs is
found. Read up that B column to determine that the grade of service is B.Ol.

Chapter 3

36

ErIang B Distribution

Table 3-1. Erlang B Traffic Capacity in Erlangs

Traffic (A) in Erlangs for B =

No. of
Trunks

(N)

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

2
3
4
5

.001
.046
.194
.440
.763

.002
.066
.249
.536
.900

.005
.106
.349
.702
1.13

.011
.153
.456
.870
1.36

.021
.224
.603
1.09
1.66

.053
.382
.900
1.52
2.22

.111
.595
1.27
2.05
2.88

6
7
8
9
10

1.15
1.58
2.05
2.56
3.09

1.33
1.80
2.31
2.86
3.43

1.62
2.16
2.73
3.33
3.96

1.91
2.50
3.13
3.78
4.46

2.28
2.94
3.63
4.34
5.08

2.96
3.74
4.54
5.37
6.22

3.76
4.67
5.60
6.55
7.51

11
12
13
14
15

3.65
4.23
4.83
5.45
6.08

4.02
4.64
5.27
5.92
6.58

4.61
5.28
5.96
6.66
7.38

5.16
5.88
6.61
7.35
8.11

5.84
6.62
7.41
8.20
9.01

7.08
7.95
8.83
9.73
10.6

8.49
9.47
10.5
11.5
12.5

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

6.72
7.38
8.05
8.72
9.41

7.26
7.95
8.64
9.35
10.1

8.10
8.83
9.58
10.3
11.1

8.87
9.65
10.4
11.2
12.0

9.83
10.7
11.5
12.3
13.2

13.5
14.5
15.6
16.6
17.6

10.1
10.8
11.5
12.2
13.0
13.7
14.4
15.2
15.9
16.7

10.8

11.9
12.6
13.4
14.2
15.0

14.0
14.9
15.8
16.6
17.5
18.4
19.3
20.2
21.0
21.9

18.7
19.7
20.7
21.8
22.8

15.8
16.6
17.4
18.2
19.0

12.8
13.7
14.5
15.3
16.1
17.0
17.8
18.6
19.5
20.3

11.5
12.5
13.4
14.3
15.3
16.2
17.1
18.1
19.0
20.0
20.9
21.9
22.9
23.8
24.8

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

17.4
18.2
19.0
19.7
20.5
21.3
22.1
22.9
23.7
24.4

18.4
19.2
20.0
20.8
21.6
22.4
23.2
24.0
24.8
25.6

19.9
20.7
21.5
22.3
23.2
24.0
24.9
25.7
26.5
27.4

21.2
22.1
22.9
23.8
24.6
25.5
26.4
27.3
28.1
29.0

22.8
23.7
24.6
25.5
26.4
27.3
28.3
29.2
30.1
31.0

25.8
26.8
27.7
28.7
29.7
30.7
31.6
32.6
33.6
34.6

29.2
30.2
31.3
32.4
33.4
34.5
35.6
36.6
37.7
38.8

11.5

12.3
13.0
13.8
14.5
15.3
16.1
16.8
17.6

23.9
24.9
26.0
27.1
28.1

(table continues)

Chapter 3

37

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-1. Erlang B Traffic Capacity in Erlangs (Continued)

No. of
Trunks

Traffic (A) in Erlangs for B =

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

41
42
43
44
45

25.2
26.0
26.8
27.6
28.5

26.4
27.2
28.1
28.9
29.7

28.2
29.1
29.9
30.8
31.7

29.9
30.8
31.7
32.5
33.4'

31.9
32.8
33.8
34.7
35.6

35.6
36.6
37.6
38.6
39.6

39.9
40.9
42.0
43.1
44.2

46
47
48
49
50

29.3
30.1
30.9
31.7
32.5

32.5
33.4
34.2
35.1
36.0

34.3
35.2
36.1
37.0
37.9

45.2
46.3
47.4
48.5
49.6

33.3
34.2
35.0
35.8
36.6

36.9
37.7
38.6
39.5
40.4

38.8
39.7
40.6
41.5
42.4

36.5
37.5
38.4
39.3
40.3
41.2
42.1
43.1
44.0
44.9

40.5
41.5
42.5
43.5
44.5

51
52
53
54
55

30.5
31.4
32.2
33.0
33.9
34.7
35.6
36.4
37.3
38.1

45.5
46.5
47.5
48.5
49.5

50.6
51.7
52.8
53.9
55.0

56
57
58
59
60

37.5
38.3
39.1
40.0
40.8

38.9
39.8
40.6
41.5
42.4

41.2
42.1
43.0
43.9
44.8

45.9
46.8
47.8
48.7
49.6

50.5
51.5
52.6
53.6
54.6

56.1
57.1
58.2
59.3
60.4

61
62
63
64
65

41.6
42.5
43.3
44.2
45.0

43.2
44.1
44.9
45.8
46.7

45.6
46.5
47.7
48.3
49.2

43.3
44.2
45.1
46.0
46.9
47.9
48.8
49.7
50.6
51.5

50.6
51.5
52.5
53.4
54.4

55.6
56.6
57.6
58.6
59.6

61.5
62.6
63.7
64.8
65.8

66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

45.8
46.7
47.5
48.4
49.2

47.5
48.4
49.2
50.1
51.0
51.9
52.7
53.6
54.5
55.3
56.2
57.1
58.0
58.8
59.7

50.1
51.0
51.9
52.8
53.7

52.4
53.4
54.3
55.2
56.1
57.0
58.0
58.9
59.8
60.7
61.7
62.6
63.5
64.4
65.4

55.3
56.3
57.2
58.2
59.1

60.6
61.6
62.6
63.7
64.7

66.9
68.0
69.1
70.2
71.3

60.1
61.0
62.0
62.9
63.9
64.9
65.8
66.8
67.7
68.7

65.7
66.7
67.7
68.7
69.7
70.8
71.8
72.8
73.8
74.8

72.4
73.5
74.6
75.6
76.7
77.8
78.9
80.0
81.1
82.2

(N)

50.1
50.9
51.8
52.7
53.5
54.4
55.2
56.1
57.0
57.8

54.6
55.5
56.4
57.3
58.2
59.1
60.0
60.9
61.8
62.7

(table continues)

38

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-1. Erlang B Traffic Capacity in Erlangs (Continued)

No. of
Trunks

Traffic (A) in Erlangs for B

(N)

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

81
82
83
84
85

58.7
59.5
60.4
61.3
62.1

60.6
61.5
62.4
63.2
64.1

63.6
64.5
65.4
66.3
67.2

66.3
67.2
68.2
69.1
70.0

69.6
70.6
71.6
72.5
73.5

75.8
76.9
77.9
78.9
79.9

83.3
84.4
85.5
86.6
87.7

86
87
88
89
90

63.0
63.9
64.7
65.6
66.5

65.0
65.9
66.8
67.7
68.6

68.1
69.0
69.9
70.8
71.8

70.9
71.9
72.8
73.7
74.7

74.5
75.4
76.4
77.3
78.3

80.9
82.0
83.0
84.0
85.0

88.8
89.9
91.0
92.1
93.1

91
92
93
94
95

67.4
68.2
69.1
70.0
70.9

69.4
70.3
71.2
72.1
73.0

72.7
73.6
74.5
75.4
76.3

75.6
76.6
77.5
78.4
79.4

79.3
80.2
81.2
82.2
83.1

86.0
87.1
88.1
89.1
90.1

94.2
95.3
96.4
97.5
98.6

96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110

71.7
72.6
73.5
74.4
75.2
76.1
77.0
77.9
78.8
79.7
80.5
81.4
82.3
83.2
84.1

73.9
74.8
75.7
76.6
77.5

77.2
78.2
79.1
80.0
80.9

80.3
81.2
82.2
83.1
84.1

84.1
85.1
86.0
87.0
88.0

91.1
92.2
93.2
94.2
95.2

99.7
100.8
101.9
103.0
104.1

78.4
79.3
80.2
81.1
81.9
82.9
83.8
84.7
85.6
86.5

8~.8

82.8
83.7
84.6
85.5
86.4
87.4
88.3
89.2
90.1

85.0
85.9
86.9
87.8
88.8
89.7
90.7
91.6
92.5
93.5

88.9
89.9
90.9
91.9
92.8
93.8
94.8
95.7
96.7
97.7

96.3
97.3
98.3
99.3
100.4
101.4
102.4
103.4
104.5
105.5

105.2
106.3
107.4
108.5
109.6
110.7
111.8
112.9
114.0
115.1

111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

85.0
85.9
86.7
87.6
88.5
89.4
90.3
91.2
92.1
93.0

87.4
88.3
89.2
90.1
91.0
91.9
92.8
93.7
94.6
95.5

91.0
92.0
92.9
93.8
94.7
95.7
96.6
97.5
98.5
99.4

94.4
95.4
96.3
97.3
98.2
99.2
100.1
101.1
102.0
103.0

98.7
99.6
100.6
101.6
102.5
103.5
104.5
105.5
106.4
107.4

106.5
107.5
108.6
109.6
110.6
111.7
112.7
113.7
114.7
115.8

116.2
117.3
118.4
119.5
12d.6
121.7
122.8
123.9
125.0
126.1

(table continues)

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

39

Table 3-1. Erlang B Traffic Capacity in Erlangs (Continued)

Traffic (A) in Erlangs for B =

No. of
Trunks

(N)

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

121
122
123
124
125

93.8
94.7
95.6
96.5
97.4

96.4
97.3
98.2
99.1
100.0

100.3
101.2
102.2
103.1
104.0

103.9
104.9
105.8
106.8
107.7

108.4
109.4
110.3
111.3
112.3

116.8
117.8
118.9
119.9
120.9

127.2
128.3
129.4
130.5
131.6

126
127
128
129
130

98.3
99.2
100.1
101.0
101.9

100.9
101.8
102.7
103.7
104.6

105.0
105.9
106.8
107.8
108.7

108.7
109.6
110.6
111.5
112.5

113.3
114.2
115.2
116.2
117.2

122.0
123.0
124.0
125.1
126.1

132.7
133.8
134.9
136.0
137.1

131
132
133
134
135

102.8
103.7
104.6
105.5
106.4

105.5
106.4
107.3
108.2
109.1

109.6
110.5
111.5
112.4
113.3

113.4
114.4
115.3
116.3
117.2

118.2
119.1
120.1
121.1
122.1

127.1
128.2
129.2
130.2
131.3

138.2
139.3
140.4
141.5
142.6

136
137
138
139
140

107.3
108.2
109.1
110.0
110.9

110.0
111.0
111.9
112.8
113.7

114.3
115.2
116.2
117.1
118.0

118.2
119.1
120.1
121.0
122.0

123.1
124.0
125.0
126.0
127.0

132.3
133.3
134.3
135.4
136.4

143.7
144.8
145.9
147.0
148.1

141
142
143
144
145

111.8
112.7
113.6
114.5
115.4

114.6
115.5
116.4
117.4
118.3

119.0
119.9
120.8
121.8
122.7

122.9
123.9
124.8
125.8
126.7

128.0
128.9
129.9
130.9
131.9

137.4
138.5
139.5
140.5
141.6

149.2
150.3
151.4
152.5
153.6

146
147
148
149
150

116.3
117.2
118.1
119.0
119.9

119.2
120.1
121.0
121.9
122.9

123.6
124.6
125.5
126.5
127.4

127.7
128.6
129.6
130.6
131.6

132.9
133.8
134.8
135.8
136.8

142.6
143.6
144.7
145.7
146.7

154.7
155.8
156.9
158.0
159.1

151
152
153
154
155

120.8
121.7
122.6
123.5
124.4

123.8
124.7
125.6
126.5
127.5

128.3
129.3
130.2
131.2
132.1

132.5
133.5
134.5
135.4
136.4

137.8
138.7
139.7
140.7
141.7

147.8
148.8
149.8
150.9
150.9

160.3
161.4
162.5
163.6
164.7

156
157
158
159
160

125.3
126.2
127.1
128.0
129.0

128.4
129.3
130.2
131.1
132.1

133.0
134.0
134.9
135.9
136.8

137.4
138.3
139.3
140.3
141.2

142.7
143.6
144.6
145.6
146.6

152.9
153.9
154.9
156.0
157.0

165.8
166.9
168.0
169.1
170.2

(table continues)

40

Chapter3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-1. Erlang 8 Traffic Capacity in Erlangs (Continued)

Traffic (A) in Erlangs for B =

No. of
Trunks
(N)

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

161
162
163
164
165

129.9
130.8
131.7
132.6
133.5

133.0
133.9
134.8
135.8
136.7

137.7
138.7
139.6
140.6
141.5

142.2
143.2
144.1
145.1
146.1

147.6
148.6
149.6
150.5
151.5

158.0
159.1
160.1
161.1
162.2

171.3
172.4
173.5
174.6
175.7

166
167
168
169
170

134.4
135.3
136.2
137.1
138.1

137.6
138.5
139.4
140.4
141.3

147.0
148.0
148.9
149.9
150.8

176.8
177.9
179.0
180.1
181.2

139.0
139.9
140.8
141.7
142.7
143.6
144.5
145.5
146.3
147.3

151.8
152.8
153.7
154.7
155.6
156.6
157.5
158.5
159.4
160.4
161.4
162.3
163.3
164.3
165.2
166.2
167.2
168.1
169.1
170.1
171.0
172.0
173.0
173.9
174.5

168.4
169.4
170.5
171.5
172.6
173.6
174.7
175.7
176.8
177.8

182.3
183.4
184.5
185.6
186.7

148.2
149.1
150.0
150.9
151.8
152.8
153.7
154.6
155.5
156.4
157.4
158.3
159.2
160.2
161.1

142.2
143.1
144.1
145.0
145.9
146.9
147.8
148.7
149.6
150.6
151.5
152.4
153.3
154.3
155.2
156.1
157.1
158.0
158.9
159.8
160.7
161.7
162.6
163.6
164.5

152.5
153.5
154.5
155.5
156.5
157.5
158.5
159.4
160.4
161.4
162.4
163.4
164.4
165.4
166.4
167.4
168.4
169.3
170.3
171.3
172.3
173.3
174.3
175.3
176.3
177.3
178.3
179.3
180.3
181.2

163.2
164.2
165.3
166.3
167.4

171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195

142.4
143.4
144.3
145.3
146.2
147.2
148.1
149.1
150.0
150.9
151.9
152.8
153.8
154.7
155.7
156.6
157.6
158.5
159.5
160.4
161.4
162.3
163.3
164.2
165.2
166.1
167.0
167.9
168.9
169.8

196
197
198
199
200

162.0
162.9
163.8
164.7
165.6

165.4
166.3
167.3
168.2
169.2

170.8
171.7
172.7
173.6
174.6

175.9
176.8
177.8
178.8
179.7

182.2
183.2
184.2
185.2
186.2

178.8
179.9
180.9
181.9
183.0
184.0
185.0
186.1
187.1
188.1
189.2
190.2
191.2
192.3
193.3

187.8
188.9
190.0
191.1
192.2
193.4
194.5
195.6
196.7
197.8
198.9
200.0
201.1
202.2
203.3
204.4
205.5
206.6
207.7
208.8

194.3
195.4
196.4
197.4
198.5

209.9
211.0
212.1
213.2
214.3

(table continues)

Chapter 3

41

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-1. Erlang B Traffic Capacity in Erlangs (Continued)

Traffic (A) in Erlangs for B =

No. of
Trunks

(N)

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

202
204
206
208
210

167.5
169.3
171.2
173.0
174.8

171.0
172.9
174.8
176.6
178.5

176.5
178.4
180.4
182.3
184.2

181.7
183.6
185.5
187.5
189.4

188.1
190.1
192.1
194.1
196.1

200.6
202.7
204.7
206.8
208.9

216.5
218.7
221.0
223.2
225.4

212
214
216
218
220

176.7
178.5
180.4
182.2
184.1

180.4
182.2
184.1
186.0
187.8

186.1
188.0
189.9
191.8
193.7

191.4
193.3
195.2
197.2
199.1

198.1
200.0
202.0
204.0
206.0

211.0
213.0
215.1
217.2
219.3

227.6
229.8
232.0
234.2
236.4

222
224
226
228
230

185.9
187.8
189.6
191.5
193.3

189.7
191.6
193.5
195.3
197.2

195.6
197.5
199.4
201.3
203.2

201.1
203.0
204.9
206.9
208.8

208.0
210.0
212.0
213.9
215.9

221.4
223.4
225.5
227.6
229.7

238.6
240.9
243.1
245.3
247.5

232
234
236
238
240

195.2
197.1
198.9
200.8
202.6

199.1
201.0
202.8
204.7
206.6

205.1
207.1
209.0
210.9
212.8

210.8
212.7
214.7
216.6
218.6

217.9
219.9
221.9
223.9
225.9

231.8
233.8
235.9
238.0
240.1

249.7
251.9
254.1
256.3
258.6

242
244
246
248
250

204.5
206.3
208.2
210.1
211.9

208.5
210.4
212.2
214.1
216.0

214.7
216.6
218.5
220.4
222.4

220.5
222.5
224.4
226.3
228.3

227.9
229.9
231.8
233.9
235.8

242.2
244.3
246.3
248.4
250.5

260.8
263.0
265.2
267.4
269.6

300
350
400
450
500

258.6
305.7
353.0
400.5
448.2

263.2
310.8
358.5
406.4
454.5

270.4
318.7
367.2
415.8
464.5

277.1
326.2
375.3
424.6
474.0

285.7
335.7
385.9
436.1
486.4

302.6
354.8
407.1
459.4
511.8

325.0
380.4
435.8
491.3
546.7

550
600
650
700
750

496.1
543.9
592.0
640.1
688.4

502.8
551.0
599.6
647.9
696.5

513.4
562.3
611.4
660.4
709.6

523.6
573.1
622.8
672.4
721.6

536.8
587.2
637.7
688.2
738.8

564.2
616.5
669.0
721.4
773.9

602.2
657.7
713.2
768.7
824.2

800
850
900
950
1000

736.6
785.0
833.3
881.8
930.3

741.5
790.2
842.5
891.3
940.1

758.7
808.7
857.2
906.6
955.9

771.8
821.7
871.5
921.4
971.2

789.3
840.0
890.6
941.3
991.9

826.4
878.9
931.4
983.7
1036.0

879.7
935.3
990.8
1046.4
1102.0

42

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-2. Erlang 8 Traffic Capacity in CCS

Traffic (A) in CCS for B

No. of
Trunks
(N)

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

1
2
3
4
5

.036
1.66
6.98
15.8
27.5

.072
2.38
8.96
19.3
32.4

.180
3.82
12.6
25.3
40.7

.396
5.51
16.4
31.3
49.0

.756
8.06
21.7
39.2
59.8

1.91
13.8
32.4
54.7
79.9

4.00
21.4
45.7
73.8
103.7

6
7
8
9
10

41.4
56.9
73.8
92.2
111.2

47.9
64.8
83.2
103.0
123.5

58.3
77.8
98.3
119.9
142.6

68.8
90.0
112.7
136.1
160.6

82.1
105.8
130.7
156.2
182.9

106.6
134.6
163.4
193.3
223.9

135.4
168.1
201.6
235.8
270.4

11
12
13
14
15

131.4
152.3
173.9
196.2
218.9

144.7
167.0
189.7
213.1
236.9

166.0
190.1
214.6
239.8
265.7

185.8
211.7
238.0
264.6
292.0

210.2
238.3
266.8
295.2
324.4

254.9
286.2
317.9
350.3
381.6

305.6
340.9
378.0
414.0
450.0

16
17
18
19
20

241.9
265.7
289.8
313.9
338.8

261.4
286.2
311.0
336.6
363.6

291.6
317.9
344.9
370.8
399.6

319.3
347.4
374.4
403.2
432.0

353.9
385.2
414.0
442.8
475.2

414.0
450.0
482.4
514.8
550.8

486.0
522.0
561.6
597.6
633.6

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

363.6
388.8
414.0
439.2
468.0
493.2
518.4
547.2
572.4
601.2
626.4
655.2
684.0
709.2
738.0

388.8
414.0
442.8
468.0
496.8
522.0
550.8
579.6
604.8
633.6
662.4
691.2
720.0
748.8
777.6

428.4
453.6
482.4
511.2
540.0
568.8
597.6
626.4
655.2
684.0
716.4
745.2
774.0
802.8
835.2

460.8
493.2
522.0
550.8
579.6
612.0
640.8
669.6
702.0
730.8

504.0
536.4
568.8
597.6
630.0
662.4
694.8
727.2
756.0
788.4

583.2
615.6
651.6
684.0
720.0
752.4
788.4
824.4
856.8
892.8

673.2
709.2
745.2
784.8
820.8
860.4
896.4
936.0
975.6
1011.6

763.2
795.6
824.4
856.8
885.6

820.8
853.2
885.6
918.0
950.4

928.8
964.8
997.2
1033.2
1069.2

1051.2
1087.2
1126.8
1166.4
1202.4

36
37
38
39
40

766.8
795.6
824.4
853.2
878.4

806.4
835.2
864.0
892.8
921.6

864.0
896.4
925.2
954.0
986.4

918.0
950.4
982.8
1011.6
1044.0

982.8
1018.8
1051.2
1083.6
1116.0

1105.2
1137.6
1173.6
1209.6
1245.6

1242.0
1281.6
1317.6
1357.2
1396.8

(table continues)

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

43

Table 3-2. Erlang B Traffic Capacity in CCS (Continued)

Traffic (A) in CCS for B =

No. of
Trunks

(N)

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

41
42
43
44
45

907
936
965
994
1026

950
979
1012
1040
1069

1015
1047
1076
1109
1141

1076
1109
1141
1170
1202

1148
1181
1217
1249
1282

1282
1318
1354
1390
1426

1436
1472
1512
1552
1591

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55

1055
1084
1112
1141
1170
1199
1231
1260
1289
1318

1098
1130
1159
1188
1220
1249
1282
1310
1343
1372

1170
1202
1231
1264
1296
1328
1357
1390
1422
1454

1235
1267
1300
1332
1364
1397
1429
1462
1494
1526

1314
1350
1382
1415
1451
1483
1516
1552
1584
1616

1458
1494
1530
1566
1602
1638
1674
1710
1746
1782

1627
1667
1706
1746
1786
1822
1861
1901
1940
1980

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

1350
1379
1408
1440
1469
1498
1530
1559
1591
1620
1649
1681
1710
1742
1771
1804
1832
1865
1897
1926
1958
1987
2020
2052
2081

1400
1433
1462
1494
1526
1555
1588
1616
1649
1681
1710
1742
1771
1804
1836
1868
1897
1930
1962
1991
2023
2056
2088
2117
2149

1483
1516
1548
1580
1613
1642
1674
1717
1739
1771
1804
1836
1868
1901
1933
1966
1998
2030
2063
2095
2128
2160
2192
2225
2257

1559
1591
1624
1656
1688
1724
1757
1789
1822
1854
1886
1922
1955
1987
2020
2052
2088
2120
2153
2185
2221
2254
2286
2318
2354

1652
1685
1721
1753
1786
1822
1854
1890
1922
1958
1991
2027
2059
2095
2128
2164
2196
2232
2264
2300
2336
2369
2405
2437
2473

1818
1854
1894
1930
1966
2002
2038
2074
2110
2146
2182
2218
2254
2293
2329
2365
2401
2437
2473
2509
2549
2585
2621
2657
2693

2020
2056
2095
2135
2174
2214
2254
2293
2333
2369
2408
2448
2488
2527
2567
2606
2646
2686
2722
2761
2801
2840
2880
2920
2959

(table continues)

Chapter 3

44

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-2. Erlang 8 Traffic Capacity in CCS (Continued)

Traffic (A) in CCS for B

No. of
Trunks

(N)

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

2113
2142
2174
2207
2236
2268
2300
2329
2362
2394
2426
2455
2488
2520
2552
2581
2914
2646
2678
2707
2740
2772
2804
2837
2869
2898
2930
2963
2995
3028
3060
3092
3121
3154
3186
3218
3251
3283
3316
3348

2182
2214
2246
2275
2308
2340
2372
2405
2437
2470
2498
2531
2563
2596
2628
2660
2693
2725
2758
2790
2822
2855
2887
2920
2948
2984
3017
3049
3082
3114
3146
3179
3211
3244
3276
3304
3341
3373
3406
3438

2290
2322
2354
2387
2419
2452
2484
2516
2549
2585
2617
2650
2682
2714
2747
2779
2815
2848
2880
2912
2945
2981
3013
3046
3078
3110
3146
3179
3211
3244
3276
3312
3344
3377
3409
3445
3478
3510
3546'
3578

2387
2419
2455
2488
2520
2552
2588
2621
2653
2689
2722
2758
2790
2822
2858
2891
2923
2959
2992
3028
3060
3092
3128
3161
3197
3229
3265
3298
3330
3366
3398
3434
3467
3503
3535
3571
3604
3640
3672
3708

2506
2542
2578
2610
2646
2682
2714
2750
2783
2819
2855
2887
2923
2959
2992
3028
3064
3096
3132
3168
3200
3236
3272
3308
3341
3377
3413
3445
3481
3517
3553
3586
3622
3658
3690
3726
3762
3798
3830
3866

2729
2768
2804
2840
2876
2912
2952
2988
3024
3060
3096
3136
3172
3208
3244
3280
3319
3355
3391
3427
3467
3503
3539
3575
3614
3650
3686
3722
3762
3798
3834
3870
3910
3946
3982
4021
4057
4093
4129
4169

2999
3038
3078
3118
3157
3197
3236
3276
3316
3352
3391
3431
3470
3510
3550
3589
3629
3668
3708
3748
3787
3827
3866
3906
3946
3985
4025
4064
4104
4144
4183
4223
4262
4302
4342
4381
4421
4460
4500
4540

(table continues)

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

45

Table 3-2. Erlang B Traffic Capacity in CCS (Continued)

Traffic (A) in CCS for B =

No. of
Trunks
(N)

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146

3377
3409
3442
3474
3506
3539
3571
3604
3636
3668
3701
3733
3766
3798
3830
3863
3895
3928
3960
3992
4025
4057
4090
4122
4154
4187

3470
3503
3535
3568
3600
3632
3665
3697
3733
3766
3798
3830
3863
3895
3928
3960
3996
4028
4061
4093
4126
4158
4190
4226
4259
4291

3611
3643
3679
3712
3744
3780
3812
3845
3881
3913
3946
3978
4014
4046
4079
4115
4147
4183
4216
4248
4284
4316
4349
4385
4417
4450

3740
3776
3809
3845
3877
3913
3946
3982
4014
4050
4082
4118
4151
4187
4219
4255
4288
4324
4356
4392
4424
4460
4493
4529
4561
4597

3902
3938
3971
4007
4043
4079
4111
4147
4183
4219
4255
4288
4324
4360
4396
4432
4464
4500
4536
4572
4608
4640
4676
4712
4748
4784

4205
4241
4280
4316
4352
4392
4428
4464
4504
4540
4576
4615
4651
4687
4727
4763
4799
4835
4874
4910
4946
4986
5022
5058
5097
5134

147

4579
4619
4658
4698
4738
4777
4617
4856
4896
4936
4975
5015
5054
5094
5134
5173
5213
5252
5292
5332
5371
5411
5450
5490
5530
5569

4219

4324

4486

148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160

4252
4284
4316
4349
4381
4414
4446
4478
4511
4543
4576
4608
4644

4518
4554
4586
4619
4655
4687
4723
4756
4788
4824
4856
4892
4925

4630

4817

4356
4388
4424
4457
4489
4522
4554
4590
4622
4655
4687
4720
4756

4666
4702
4738
4770
4806
4842
4874
4910
4946
4979
5015
5051
5083

4853
4889
4925
4961
4993
5029
5065
5101
5137
5170
5206
5242
5277

5170

5609

5209
5245
5281
5321
5357
5393
5432
5432
5504
5540
5576
5616
5652

5648
5688
5728
5771
5810
5850
5890
5929
5969
6008
6048
6088
6127

(table continues)

46

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-2. Erlang B Traffic Capacity in CCS (Continued)

Traffic (A) in CCS for B =

No. of
Trunks
(N)

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200

4676
4709
4741
4774
4806
4838
4871
4903
4936
4972
5004
5036
5069
5101
5137
5170
5202
5238
5267
5303
5335
5368
5400
5432
5465
5501
5533
5566
5598
5630
5666
5699
5731
5767
5800
5832
5864
5897
5929
5962

4788
4820
4853
4889
4921
4954
4986
5018
5054
5087
5119
5152
5188
5220
5252
5288
5321
5353
5386
5422
5454
5486
5519
5555
5587
5620
5656
5688
5720
5753
5785
5821
5854
5890
5922
5954
5987
6023
6055
6091

4957
4993
5026
5062
5094
5126
5162
5195
5231
5263
5299
5332
5368
5400
5432
5468
5501
5537
5569
5605
5638
5674
5706
5742
5774
5810
5843
5879
5911
5947
5980
6012
6044
6080
6113
6149
6181
6217
6250
6286

5119
5155
5188
5224
5260
5292
5328
5360
5396
5429
5465
5501
5533
5569
5602
5638
5670
5706
5738
5774
5810
5843
5879
5915
5947
5983
6019
6052
6088
6124
6156
6192
6228
6260
6282
6332
6365
6401
6437
6469

5314
5350
5386
5418
5454
5490
5526
5562
5598
5634
5670
5706
5738
5774
5810
5846
5882
5918
5954
5990
6026
6062
6095
6131
6167
6203
6239
6275
6311
6347
6383
6419
6455
6491
6523
6559
6595
6631
6667
6703

5688
5728
5764
5800
5839
5875
5911
5951
5987
6026
6062
6098
6138
6174
6214
6250
6289
6325
6365
6401
6437
6476
6512
6548
6588
6624
6660
6700
6736
6772
6811
6847
6883
6923
6959
6995
7034
7070
7106
7146

6167
6206
6246
6286
6325
6365
6404
6444
6484
6523
6563
6602
6642
6682
6721
6761
6800
6840
6880
6919
6962
7002
7042
7181
7121
7160
7200
7240
7279
7319
7358
7398
7438
7477
7517
7556
7596
7636
7675
7715

(table continues)

Chapter 3

47

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3..2. Erlang B Traffic Capacity in CCS (Continued)

Traffic (A) in CCS for B =

No. of
Trunks
(N)

.001

.002

.005

.010

.020

.050

.100

202
204
206
208
210

6030
6095
6163
6228
6293

6156
6224
6293
6358
6426

6354
6422
6494
6563
6631

6541
6610
6678
6750
6818

6772
6844
6916
6988
7060

7222
7297
7369
7445
7520

7794
7873
7956
8035
8114

212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
232
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000

6361
6426
6494
6559
6628
6692
6761
6826
6894
6959
7027
7096
7160
7229
7294
7362
7427
7495
7564
7628
9310
11005
12708
14418
16135
17860
19580
21312
23044
24782
26518
28260
29999
31745
33491

6494
6559
6628
6696
6761
6829
6898
6966
7031
7099
7168
7236
7301
7369
7438
7506
7574
7639
7708
7776
9475

6700
6768
6836
6905
6973
7042
7110
7178
7247
7315
7384
7456
7524
7592
7661
7729
7798
7866
7934
8006
9734
11473
13219
14969
16722
18482
20243
22010
23774
25546
27313
29113
30859
32638
34412

6890
6959
7027
7099
7168
7240
7308
7376
7448
7517
7589
7657
7729
7798
7870
7938
8010
8078
8145
8219
9976
11743
13511
15286
17064
18850
20632
22421
24206
25978
27784
29581
31374
33170
34963

7132
7200
7272
7344
7416
7488
7560
7632
7700
7772
7844
7916
7988
8060
8132
8204
8276
8345
8420
8489
10285
12085
13892
15700
17510
19325
21139
22957
24775
26597
28415
30240
32062
33887
35708

7596
7668
7744
7819
7895
7970
8042
8118
8194
8269
8345
8417
8492
8568
8644
8719
8795
8867
8942
9018
10894
12773
14656
16538
18425
20311
22194
24084
25970
27860
29750
31640
33530
35413
37296

8194
8273
8352
8431
8510
8590
8672
8752
8831
8910
8989
9068
9148
9227
9310
9389
9468
9547
9626
2706
11700
13694
15689
17687
19681
21679
23677
25675
27673
29671
31669
33671
35669
37670
39672

11189

12906
14630
16362
18101
19836
21586
23324
25074
26694
28447
30330
32087
33844

48

3.4

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

HIGH-USAGE TRAFFIC CAPACITY TABLES

High-usage traffic capacity tables, also known as alternate route trunking

tables, are based on the Erlang B distribution. They are used to determine the
traffic carried by each trunk in a trunk group, the cumulative traffic carried by
the trunks, and the overflow traffic to the next trunk or to an alternate route. In
this application, each added trunk carries less traffic than the preceding trunk;
that is, it is less efficient insofar as traffic-carryingcapacity is concerned. The
traffic load carried by the last trunk is important in determining the number of
trunks required for a particular high-usage trunk group.
The arrangementof data in high-usage trafficcapacity tables implies that
traffic is always offered first to trunk I, then to trunk 2, and so forth. Modern
switching systems, however, use trunk selection techniques that attempt to
equalize the loadingon the individualtrunksin the trunkgroups. Nevertheless,
the effect on the traffic-carrying capacity of a trunk group by the addition of
another trunk will always be the same.
Tables 3-3 through 3-8 are high-usage traffic capacity tables for trunk
groups containing up to 24 trunks. Telephone operating companies may use
tables applicable to trunk groups containing over a hundred trunks. The
following examples illustrate typical table usage:
Example 3-4
Consider a traffic load of 100 CCS offered to a group of 5 high-usage trunks.
Table 3-3 (pages 50-55) indicates that trunk 1 will carry 26 CCS and overflow
74 CCS to trunk 2. Trunk 2 will carry 23 CCS and overflow 51 CCS to trunk 3.
Trunk 3 will carry 19 CCS and overflow 32 CCS to trunk 4. Trunk 4 will carry
14 CCS and overflow 18 CCS to trunk 5. Referring to Table 3-4 (pages 56-60),
for an offered trunk group traffic load of 100 CCS, trunk 5 will carry 9 CCS and
9 CCS will overflow to an alternate route.

Example 3-5
Determine the traffic load carried by the last trunk, total carried traffic, trunkgroup overflow traffic, and grade of service for a 10-channel trunk group offered
300 CCS of traffic.
In Table 3-5 (pages 61-67), select the A row for 300 CCS and read over to the
trunk 10 column to determine that the traffic carried by trunk lOis 16 CCS, total
carried traffic is 259 CCS, and overflow traffic is 41 CCS.
Grade of service (GOS) = 41 CCS/300 CCS = 0.137.

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

49

Example 3-6
For the trunk group of Example 3-5, determine how many trunks must be added
to obtain a grade of service of B.1 or better (overflow traffic equals 30 CCS or
less).
In Table 3-5, select the A row for 300 CCS and read over until 28 CCS overflow
traffic is found (28 CCS/300 CCS = 0.093). Read up that column to determine
that 11 trunks are required.

SO

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-3. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 1 to 4)

Trunk 1
Offered
Traffic
(A)

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

Carried
Trunk Total
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13

14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
20

4
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
20

Trunk 2
Overflow
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
14
15
16
16
17
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
24

Carried
Trunk Total

3
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7

7
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
11

12
13
13
13
13

14
15
16
17
17
18
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
24
25
25
26
26
27
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
32
32
32
33

Trunk 3
Overflow

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
11
11

Carried
Trunk Total

4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6

6
6
7
7

29
30
30
31
32
33
34
34
35
36
37
38
38
39
40

Trunk 4
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Overflow

1
2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
(table continues)

Erlang B Distribution

Chapter 3

51

Table 3-3. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 1 to 4 Continued)

Trunk 2

Trunk 1
Offered
Traffic
(A)

45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

Carried
Trunk Total
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25

20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25

Overflow
25
26
27
27
28
29
30
31
32
32
33
34
35
36
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59

Carried
Trunk Total
14
14
14
14
14

34
34
34
35
35

15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21

36
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
39
40
40
40
40
40
41
41
41
42
42
43
43
43
43
44
44
44
44
45
45
45
45
46
46
46
46

Trunk 4

Trunk3
Overflow
11
12
13
13
14
14
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
23
24
25
25
26
26
27
28
29
29
30
31
32
32
53
34
35
35
36
37
38

Carried
Trunk Total
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9

9
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16

41
41
42
43
43
44
45
45
46
47
48
48
49
49
50
51
51
52
52
53
53
54
55
55
56
56
56
57
58
58
58
59
60
60
60
60
61
62
62
62

Overflow
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
15
15
15
16
17
17
17
18
19
20
20
20
21
22

Carried
Trunk Total

4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11

49
50
51
52
53
53
54
55
56
57
57
58
59
60
60
61
62
62
63
64
64
65
66
67
67
68
69
69
70
70
71
72
72
73

Overflow

2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11

(table continues)

52

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-3. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 1 to 4 Continued)

Trunk 2

Trunk 1
Offered
Traffic
(A)

85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148

Carried
Trunk Total
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29

25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29

Overflow
60
61
61
62
33
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
91
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
109
111
113
115
117
119

Carried
Trunk Total
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27

46
46
47
47
48
48
48
48
48
48
49
49
49
49
49
49
50
50
50
51
51
51
51
52
52
53
53
53
53
54
54
54
54
54
55
55
55
55
56
56

Trunk 4

Trunk 3
Overflow
39
40
40
41
41
42
43
44
45
46
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
54
56
57
59
61
63
64
66
67
69
71
73
74
76
78
80
82
83
85
87
89
90
92

Carried
Trunk Total
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24

63
63
64
64
65
65
65
65
66
66
67
67
67
68
69
68
69
69
70
71
71
72
72
73
73
74
75
75
75
76
76
77
77
77
78
78
79
79
80
80

Overflow
22
23
23
24
24
25
26
27
27
28
28
29
30
30
31
32
23
35
36
37
39
40
42
43
45
46
47
49
51
52
54
55
57
59
60
62
63
65
66
68

Carried
Trunk Total
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

74
74
75
75
76
77
77
77
78
79
80
80
80
81
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
88
89
90
91
92
92
93
94
95
96
96
97
98
98
99
99
100
100

Overflow
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
15
15
15
15
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
27
28
29
30
32
33
34
35
36
38
39
40
42
43
45
46
48

(table continues)

Chapter 3

53

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-3. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 1 to 4 Continued)

Trunk 1
Offered
Traffic
(A)

Carried
Trunk Total

Trunk 2
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Trunk 3
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Trunk 4
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Overflow

150
152
154
156
158

29
29
29
29
30

29
29
29
29
30

121
123
125
127
128

27
27
27
27
27

56
56
56
56
57

94
96
98
100
101

24
25
25
25
25

80
81
81
81
82

70
71
73
75
76

21
21
21
21
21

101
102
102
102
103

49
50
52
54
55

160
162
164
166
168

30
30
30
30
30

30
30
30
30
30

130
132
134
136
138

27
27
27
27
27

57
57
57
57
57

103
105
107
109
111

25
25
25
26
26

82
82
82
83
83

78
80
82
83
85

22
24
22
22
23

104
104
104
105
106

56
58
60
61
62

170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188

30
30
30
30
30

30
30
30
30
30

113
114
116
118
120

26
26
26
26
26

83
84
84
84
84

87
88
90
92
94

23
23
23
24
24

106
107
107
108
108

64
65
67
68
70

30
30
30
30
30

27
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29

57
58
58
58
58

30
30
30
30
30

140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158

59
59
59
59
59

121
123
125
127
129

26
26
26
26
27

85
85
85
85
86

95
97
99
101
102

24
24
24
24
24

109
109
109
109
110

71
73
75
77
78

190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
228

30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31

30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31

160
162
164
166
167
169
171
173
174
177
179
181
183
185
187

29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30

59
59
59
59

131
133
135
137
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
157

27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28

86
86
86
86
87
87
87
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
89

104
106
108
110
111
113
115
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
129

24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26

110
110
111
111
112
112
112
113
113
113
114
114
114
114
115

80
82
83
85
88
90
91
93
95
96
98
100
102
103

31
31
31
31
31

189
191
193
195
197

30
30
30
30
30

159
161
163
165
167

28
28
28
28
29

89
89
89
89
90

131
133
135
137
138

26
26
27
27
27

115
115
116
116
117

105
107
108
110
111

60

60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
61
61
61
61
61
61

86

(table continues)

Chapter 3

54

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-3. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 1 to 4 Continued)

Offered
Traffic

Carried

(A)

Trunk Total

230
232
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
252
254
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
270
272
274
276
278
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
305
310
315
320

31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32

31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32

Trunk 3

Trunk 2

Trunk 1
Overflow
199
201
203
205
207
209
211
213
215
217
219
221
223
225
227
229
231
233
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
252
254
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
273
278
283
288

Carried
Trunk Total
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32

61
61
61
61
61
61
61
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
64
64
64
64

Overflow
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
203
205
207
209
211
213
215
217
219
221
223
225
227
229
231
233
235
237
241
246
251
256

Carried
Trunk Total
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31

90
90
90
90
90
90
90
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
92
92
92
92
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
94
94
94
94
94
94
95
95
95
95

Trunk 4
Overflow
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
166
168
170
172
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
187
189
191
193
195
196
198
200
202
204
206
210
215
220
225

Carried
Trunk Total
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30

117
117
117
117
118
118
118
119
119
119
119
119
119
119
120
120
120
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
124
124
125
125

Overflow
113
115
117
119
120
122
124
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
138
140
142
144
145
147
149
151
153
155
156
158
160
162
164
166
167
169
171
173
175
177
181
186
190
195

(table continues)

Erlang B Distribution

Chapter 3

55

Table 3-3. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 1 to 4 Continued)

Trunk 2

Trunk 1
Offered
Traffic
(A)

325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360
365
370
375
380
385
390
395
400
405
410
415
420
425
430
435
440
445
450
455
460
465
470

Carried
Trunk Total
32
32
33
33
33
33

32
32
33
33
33
33

Overflow
293
298
302
307
312
317

Carried
Trunk Total

Trunk 3
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32

64
64
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65

261
266
270
275
280

31

285
290
295
300
305

32
32
32
32
33
33

65
65
65
65
66
66

310
315
320
325
329
334

31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
33
33
33

31

31
31
31

95
95
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
97
97
97
97
97
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
99
99
99

Trunk 4
Overflow
230
235
239
244
249
254
259
264
269
273
278
283
288
293
297
302
307
312
317
322
327
332
336
341
346

Carried
Trunk Total
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32

125
125
126
126
126
127
127
127
127
128
128
128
128
128
129
129
129
129
130
130
130
130
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131

Overflow
200
205
209
214
219
223
228
233
238
242
247
252
257
262
266
271
276
281
285
290
295
300
304
309
314
319
324
329
334
339

56

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-4. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 5 to 8)

Trunk 5
Offered
Traffic

Carried

(A)

Trunk Total

Trunk 6
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Trunk 7
Overflow

67
68
69
70
71

3
4
4
4
4

65
66
67
68
68

3
2
2
2
3

72
73
74
75
76

4
4
4
5
5

69
70
71
72
73

3
3
3

77
78
79
80
81

5
5
5
6
6

74
74
75
76
77

3
4
4
4
4

82
83
84
85
86

6
6
6
6
7

78
78
79
80
81

4
5
5
5
5

87
88
89
90
91

7
7
7
7
7

82
82
83
84
84

5
6
6
6
7

4
4
4
4

86
87
88
88

2
2
2
3

92
93
94
95
96

8
8
8
8
8

85
86
87
88
88

7
7
7
7
8

4
4
4
4
5

89
90
91
92
93

3
3
3
3

Carried
Trunk Total

Trunk 8
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Overflow

3
3

97
98
99
100
102

8
8
8
9
9

88
89
90
91
92

9
9
9
9
10

5
5
5
5
6

93
94
95
96
98

4
4
4
4
4

104
106
108
110
112

9
10
10
10
11

93
95
96
97
99

11
11
12
13
13

6
6
6

99
101
102
104
106

5
5
6
6
6

7
7

107
109

3
(table continues)

57

Erlang 8 Distribution

Chapter 3

Table 3-4. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 5 to 8 Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A)

Carried
Trunk Total

Trunk7

Trunk6

Trunk 5
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Overflow

9
9

114
116
117
118
120

10
10
11
12
12

5
5
6
6
6

119
121
123
124
126

5
5
5
6
6

13
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
20

6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9

127
129
131
132
134

7
7
7
8
8

4
4
4
4
4

12
12
12
13
13

121
122
124
125
126
127
128
129
131
132

135
136
138
140
141

9
10
10
10
11

5
5
5
5
5

13
14
14
14

133
134
135
136

21
22
23
24

9
9
10
10

142
143
145
146

12
13
13
14

148
149
151
153
154

156
157
159
160
162
163
165
166
167
169

8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
13

170
172
173
174
175

14
14
15
16
17

14
15
16
17
17

7
7
8
8
8

107
108
110
111
113

7
8
8

124
126
128
130
132

13
14
14
14
14

105
107
108
109
110

19
19
20
21
22

9
9
9
9
10

134
136
138
140
142

15
15
15
16
16

111
112
113
114
115

23
24
25
26
27

10
10
11
11
11

144
146
148
150
152

16
16
17
17
17

115
116
117
118
119

29
30
31
32
33

154
156
158
160

17
18
18
18

119
120
121
122

35
36
37
38
39
41
42
43
45
46
47
48
50
51
53
54
56
57
58
60

19

123

123
124
125
125
126
127
128
128
129
129
130
130
131
132
132

Trunk Total

Overflow

3
4
4
4
4

100
101
102
103
105

19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
22
22

Carried

111
112
114
116
118

12
12
12
12
13

162

Trunk Total

Overflow

4
4
4
5
5

114
116
118
120
122

164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192

Carried

Trunk8

14

137

25

10

147

15

15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17

138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
146

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
36

11
10
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
13

149
150
151
152
154
155
156
157
158
159

15
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
22
23

6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
10

17
18
18
18
18

147
1.48
149
150
150

37
38
39
40
42

13
14
14
14
15

160
162
163
164
165

24
24
25
26
27

10
10
10
10
10

131
133
135
136
138
140
141
143
145
146

3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7

13

(table continues)

Chapter 3

58

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-4. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 5 to 8 Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A)

194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
232
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
252
254
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
270
272

Carried
Trunk Total

Trunk 7

Trunk6

Trunk5
Overflow

22
22
22
22
23

133
133
134
134
135

61
63
64
66
67

23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27

136
136
136
137
137
138
138
139
139
139
140
140
141
141
141
142
142
143
143
143
144
144
144
144
144
145
145
146
146
146
146
147
147
147
148

68
70
72
73
75
76
78
79
81
83
84
86
87
89
91
92
94
95
97
99
100
102
104
106
108
109
111
112
114
116
118
119
121
123
124

Carried
Trunk Total
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25

Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

151
152
153
153
154

43
44
45
47
48

15
15
15
16
16

155
155
156
157
157
158
159
160
160
160
161
162
163
163
163
164
164
165
165
166
167
167
168
168
168
169
169
170
170
171
171
172
172
172
173

49
51
52
53
55
56
57
58
60
62
63
64
65
67
69
70
72
73
75
76
77
79
80
82
84
85
87
88
90
91
93
94
96
98
99

16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22

166
167
168
169
170
171
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
178
179
180
181
182
182
183
184
185
185
186
187
187
188
189
189
190
190
191
192
193
193
194
194
194
195

Trunk8
Overflow
28
29
30
31
32
33
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
44
45
46
47
48
50
51
52
53
55
56
57
59
60
61
63
64
66
67
68
69
71
72
74
76
77

Carried
Trunk Total
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20

177
178
179
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
201
203
204
204
205
206
207
208
208
209
210
211
212
213
213
214
215

Overflow
17
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
39
40
42
43
44
45
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
55
56
57

(table continues)

Erlang B Distribution

Chapter 3

59

Table 3-4. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 5 to 8 Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A)

274
276
278
280

282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360
365
370
375
380
385
390
395
400
405
410
415
420
425
430

Carried
Trunk Total

Trunk7

Trunk6

Trunk 5
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Trunk8
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Overflow

27
27
27
27
27

148
148
149
149
149

126
128
129
131
133

25
25
25
25
26

173
173
174
174
175

101
103
104
106
107

23
23
23
23
23

196
196
197
197
198

78
80
81
83
84

20
20
20
21
21

216
216
217
218
219

58
60
61
62
63

27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31

149
149
149
150
150
151
151
151
151
152
152
153
154
154
154

26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29

175
175
175
176
176
177
177
177
178
179
179
180
181
181
182
183
183
183
184
185
186
186
187
187
187
188
188
189
189
189

109
111
113
114
116
117
119
121
122
126
131
135
139
144
148

155
155
155
156
157
157
157
158
158
158
159
159
160
160
160

135
137
139
140
142
143
145
147
149
153
158
162
166
171
176
180
185
190
194
198
203
208
212
217
222
226
231
235
240
245

152
157
162
166
170
164
169
183
188
193
197
202
206
211
216

23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
29
29

198
198
199
200
200
201
201
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
210
211
212
213
213
214
215
215
216
216
217
218
218

86
88
89
90
92
93
95
97
98
102
106
110
114
118
122
126
130
135
139
143
147
152
156
160
165
169
174
178
182
187

219
219
220
221
221
222
222
223
224
225
227
228
229
230
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
243
244
245
246

65
67
68
69
71
72
74
75
76
80
83
87
91
95
98
102
106
110
114
118
122
126
130
134
138
142
147
151
155
159

31
31
31
31
31

160
161
161
161
161

250
254
259
264
269

30
30

190
191
191
191
191

220
224
229
234
239

29
29
29
29
30

219
220
220
220
221

191
195
200
205
209

21
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28

247
248
248
248
249

163
167
172
177
181

30

30
30

(table continues)

60

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-4. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 5 to 8 Continued)

Trunk 5
Offered
Traffic
(A)

435
440
445
450
455
460
465
470
475
480
485
490
495
500
505
510
515
520
525
530
535
540
545
550
555
560
565
570
575
580

Carried
Trunk Total
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32

162
162
162
162
162
163
163
163
163
164
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165

Trunk 6

Overflow
273
278
283
288
293
297
302
307
312
316
320
325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360

Carried
Trunk Total
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32

192
192
192
193
193
194
194
194
194
195
196
196
196
196
196
196
196
197
197
197
197

Trunk 7
Overflow
243
248
253
257
262
266
271
276
281
285
289
294
299
304
309
314
319
323
328
333
338

Carried
Trunk Total
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31

222
222
222
223
223
224
224
224
224
225
226
226
226
226
227
227
227
228
228
228
228
229
229
229

Trunk 8
Overflow
213
218
223
227
232
236
241
246
251
255
259
264
269
274
278
283
288
292
297
302
307
311
316
321

Carried
Trunk Total
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31

31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31

250
251
251
252
252
253
253
254
254
255
256
256
256
256
257
257
257
258
258
259
259
260
260
260
261
261
261
262
262
262

Overflow
185
189
194
198
203
207
212
216
221
225
229
234
239
244
248
253
258
262
267
271
276
280
285
290
294
299
304
308
313
318

Erlang B Distribution

Chapter 3

61

Table 3-5. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 9 to 12)

Offered
Traffic
(A)

Carried
Trunk Total

156
158
160
162
164

4
4
4

166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
232
234

4
4
5

4
4

5
5

6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
12

153
155
157
158
160
161
163
165
167
168
170
172
173
175
176
178
180
181
182
184
186
187
189
190
192
193
194
196
197
198
200
201
202
204
205
206
208
209
210
211

Trunk 11

Trunk 10

Trunk9
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Trunk 12
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Overflow

3
3
3
4
4

5
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
14
14
15
16
16
17
18
18
19
20
20
21
22
23

4
4
4

4
4
5

5
5
5

5
5
5

6
6
6
6
7

7
7
7

7
8

8
8
8

9
9

179
180
182
184
185
187
189
191
192
194
195
197
199
200
202
203
205
207
208
209
211
213
214
216
217
219
220

3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5

6
6
7
7
7
8

3
4

9
9

4
4

10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
14

5
5

5
5

5
6
6
6

202
204
206
207
209
211
213
214
216
218
219
221
223
225
226

4
4

5
5
5
5

6
6
6

7
7
7
7
8

228
230

4
4

(table continues)

Chapter 3

62

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-5. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 9 to 12 Continued)

Trunk 9
Offered
Traffic
(A)

236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
252
254
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
270
272
274
276
278
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335

Carried
Trunk Total
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
22

212
214
214
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
229
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
236
237
238
239
238
241
241
242
243
245
247
248
250
251
253
255

Trunk 11

Trunk10
Overflow
24
24
26
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
37
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
55
56
57
60
63
67
70
74
77
80

Carried
Trunk Total
9

9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
18
18
19
19
19

221
223
224
226
227
228
230
231
232
233
235
236
237
238
239
241
242
243
244
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
261
264
266
268
270
272
274

Overflow
15
15
16
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
21
22
23
24
25
25
26
27
28
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
44
46
49
52
55
58
61

Carried
Trunk Total
227
229
231
233
234
7 235
7 237
7 238
8 240
8 241
8 243
8 244
9 246
9 247
9 248
9 250
9 251
10 253
10 254
10 256
10 257
10 258
10 259
11 261
11 262
11 263
11 264
12 266
12 267
12 268
12 269
12 270
13 272
14 275
14 278
14 280
15 283
16 286
16 288
16 290
6
6
7
7
7

Trunk 12

Overflow
9
9
9
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
21
21
22
23
24
24
25
26
27
28
28
30
32
35
37
39
42
45

Carried
Trunk Total
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
12
13
13

231
233
235
237
238
240
242
243
245
247
249
250
252
253
255
257
258
260
261
263
264
266
267
269
270
271
273
275
276
278
279
280
282
285
288
291
294
298
301
303

Overflow
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
18
18
20
22
24
26
27
29
32

(table continues)

63

Erlang B Distribution

Chapter 3

Table 3-5. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 9 to 12 Continued)

Trunk 10

Trunk 9
Offered

Carried

Traffic
(A)

Trunk Total

Overflow

340
345
350
355
360
365
370
375
380
385
390
395
400
405
410
415
420
425
430
435
440
445
450
455
460
465
470
475
480
485
490
495
500
505
510

22
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
30

256
258
259
260
262
263
264
265
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
274
275
276
277

284
285
285
286
287

121
125
129
133
137
141
146
150
154
158
162
167
171
175
179
184
188
193
197
201
206
210
215
219
223

515
520
525
530
535

30
30
30
30
30

287
288
288
289
289

228
232
237
241
246

278
278
279
280
281
281
282
282
283
284

84
87
91
95
98
102
106
110
113
117

Carried
Trunk Total

Trunk 11
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

19
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27

275
278
279
281
283
284
286
287
289
290
292
293
294
295
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
309
310
311

65
67
71
74
77
81
84
88
91
95
98
102
106
110
113
117
121
125
129
133
137
141
145
149
153
157
161
166
170
174

28
28
28
28
28

312
313
313
314
315

178
182
187
191
195

20
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27

28
28
28
28
28

315
316
316
317
317

200
204
209
213
218

27
27
28
28
28

17
17
18
18
18
19
19
20
20
20

Trunk 12

Overflow

Trunk Total

95
98
102
105
109

14
14
14
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
21

338
339
340
341
342

113
117
121
125
128
132
136
140
144
148
152
156
160
164
168

22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
25
25
25

342
343
344
345
345

173
177
181
185
190

26
26
26
26
27

292
295
297
299
301
303
305
307
309
310
312
314
316
317
319
320
322
323
325
326
327
328
329
330
332
333
334
335
336
337

48
50
53
56
59
62
65
68
71
75

Carried

78
81
84
88
91

306
309
311
314
317
319
322
324
326
328
330
333
335
337
339
340
342
344
346
347
349
350
352
353
355
356
357
358
360
361
362
363
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372

Overflow
34
36
39
41
43
46
48
51
54
57
60
62
65
68
71
75
78
81
84
88
91
95
98
102
105
109
113
117
120
124
128
132
135
139
143
147
151
155
159
163

(table continues)

64

Chapter3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-5. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 9 to 12 Continued)

Trunk 9
Offered
Traffic

Carried

(A)

Trunk Total

540
545
550
555
560
565
570
575
580
585
590
595
600
605
610
615
620
625
630
635
640
645
650
655
660
665
670
675
680
685
690
695
700
705
710

30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31

290
290
290
291
291
291
292
292
292
293
294
294
294
294
295
296
296
296
296
296
297
297
297
298
298

Trunk 10
Overflow
250
255
260
264
269
274
278
283
288
292
296
301
306
311
315
319
324
329
334
339
343
348
353
357
362

Carried
Trunk Total
28
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31

318
319
319
320
320
321
322
322
322
323
324
324
324
324
325
326
326
326
327
327
328
328
328
329
329
330
330
330
330
330

Trunk 12

Trunk 11
Overflow
222
226
231
235
240
244
248
253
258
262
266
271
276
281
285
289
294
299
303
308
312
317
322
326
331
335
340
345
350
355

Carried
Trunk Total
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31

346
347
347
348
348
349
350
351
351
352
353
354
354
354
355
356
356
356
357
357
358
358
358
359
359
360
360
361
361
361
362
362
363
363

Overflow
194
198
203
207
212
216
220
224
229
233
237
241
246
251
255
259
264
269
273
278
282
287
292
296
301
305
310
314
319
324
328
333
337
342

Carried
Trunk Total
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30

373
374
374
375
376
377
378
379
379
380
381
382
382
383
384
385
385
385
386
386
387
388
388
389
389
390
390
391
391
391
392
392
393
393
394

Overflow
167
171
176
180
184
188
192
196
201
205
209
213
218
222
226
230
235
240
244
249
253
257
262
266
271
275
280
284
289
294
298
303
307
312
316

Erlang B Distribution

Chapter 3

65

Table 3-6. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 13 to 16)

Trunk 14

Trunk 13
Offered
Traffic
(A)

258
260
262
264
266
268
270
272
274
276
278
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360
365
370
375
380
385
390

Carried
Trunk Total
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
9

9
9
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
15
15
16

254
256
257
259
261
262
264
266
268
269
271
272
274
276
277
279
281
282
284
285
287
289
292
296
300
303
307
311
314
317
320
323
326
330
332
335
338
341
343
346

Overflow
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
13
14
15
17
18
19
21
23
25
27
29
30
33
35
37
39
42
44

Carried
Trunk Total

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7

8
8

9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
13
13

278
280
281
283
285
286
288
290
292
294
297
302
306
310
314
318
322
325
329
332
336
340
343
346
349
353
356
359

Trunk 15
Overflow

4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
9

10
11
12
13
15
16
18
19
20
22
24
26
27
29
31

Carried
Trunk Total

4
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
7

7
7
7
8

9
9
9
9

306
310
314
318
323
327
331
335
339
343
347
350
354
358
362
365
368

Trunk 16
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Overflow

4
5

6
7
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
20
22

4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
6

7
8

335
339
344
348
352
356
360
364
368
372
376

5
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

(table continues)

66

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-6. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 13 to 16 Continued)

Trunk 13
Offered
Traffic
(A)

395
400
405
410
415
420
425
430
435
440
445
450
455
460
465
470
475
480
485
490
495
500
505
510
515
520
525
530
535
540
545
550
555
560
565
570
575
580
585
590

Carried
Trunk Total
16
16
16
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27

349
351
353
356
358
360
362
364
366
368
370
372
374
376
377
379
380
382
384
385
386
388
389
390
392
393
394
395
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408

Trunk 14
Overflow
46
49
52
54
57
60
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
88
91
95
98
101
105
109
112
106
120
123
127
131
135
138
142
146
150
154
158
162
166
170
174
178
182

Carried
Trunk Total
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25

362
364
367
370
373
375
378
380
383
385
387
390
392
394
396
398
400
402
404
406
407
409
411
412
414
416
417
418
420
421
422
424
425
426
427
429
430
431
432
433

Trunk 15
Overflow
33
36
38
40
42
45
47
50
52
55
58
60
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
88
91
94
98
101
104
108
112
115
119
123
126
130
134
138
141
145
149
153
157

Carried
Trunk Total
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
24
24

372
375
378
382
385
388
391
394
397
399
402
405
407
410
412
415
417
419
422
424
426
428
430
432
434
436
438
439
441
443
444
446
447
448
450
452
453
454
456
457

Trunk 16
Overflow
23
25
27
28
30
32
34
36
38
41
43
45
48
50
53
55
58
61
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
91
94
97
101
104
108
112
115
118
122
126
129
133

Carried
Trunk Total
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
23

380
384
387
391
394
398
401
405
408
411
414
417
420
423
426
429
431
434
437
440
442
444
447
449
451
454
456
458
460
462
464
466
468
469
471
473
475
476
478
480

Overflow
15
16
18
19
21
22
24
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
44
46
48
50
53
56
58
61
64
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
91
94
97
100
104
107
110

(table continues)

67

Erlang B Distribution

Chapter 3

Table 3-6. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 13 to 16 Continued)

Trunk 14

Trunk 13
Offered
Traffic
(A)

595
600
605
610
615
620
625
630
635
640
645
650
655
660
665
670
675
680
685
690
695
700
705
710
715
720
725
730
735
740
745
750
755
760
765
770
775
780
785
790

Carried
Trunk Total
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30

409
409
410
411
412
413
413
414
415
416
417
417
418
418
419
419
420
421
421
422
422
423
423
424
425
425
425
426
426
427
427
428
428
428

Overflow
186
191
195
199
203
207
212
216
220
224
228
233
237
242
246
251
255
259
264
268
273
277
282
286
290
295
300
304
309
313
318
322
327
332

Carried
Trunk Total
25
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30

434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
444
445
446
447
447
448
449
449
450
451
452
452
453
454

454
454
455
455
456
457
458
458
458
459
459
460
460
460

Trunk 15
Overflow
161
165
169
173
177
181
185
189
193
197
201
206
210
214
218
223
227
231
236
240
244
248
253
257
261
266
271
275
280
284
288
292
297
302
306
311
315
320
325

Carried
Trunk Total
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30

458
459
461
462
463
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
480
481
482
482
483
484
484
485
486
487
487
487
488
488
489
490
490
491

Trunk 16

Overflow
137
141
144
148
152
155
159
163
167
171
175
179
183
187
191
196
200
204
208
212
216
220
225
229
233
238
242
246
251
255
259
263
268
273
277
282
286
290
295
299

Carried
Trunk Total
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29

481
482
484
485
486
488
490
491
492
493
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
515
516
517
517
518
519
519
520

Overflow
114
118
121
125
129
132
135
139
143
147
150
154
158
162
166
170
174
178
182
186
190
194
198
202
206
211
215
219
223
227
231
235
240
244
248
253
257
261
266
270

68

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-7. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 17 to 20)

Trunk 17
Offered
Traffic
(A)

365
370
375
380
385
390
395
400
405
410
415
420
425
430
435
440
445
450
455
460
465
470
475
480
485
490
495
500
505
510
515
520
525
530
535
540
545
550
555
560

Carried
Trunk Total
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19

360
364
368
373
377
381
385
390
393
397
401
405
409
413
417
420
424
427
430
434
437
440
443
446
450
453
455
458
461
464
466
469
472
474
477
479
481
484
486
488

Trunk 18
Overflow
5
6
7
7
8
9
10
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
21
23
25
26
28
30
32
34
35
37
40
42
44
46
49
51
53
56
58
61
64
66
69
72

Carried
Trunk Total

4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16
16

385
389
394
398
402
406
411
415
419
423
427
431
435
438
442
446
449
453
456
460
464
466
470
473
476
479
482
485
488
491
494
496
499
502
504

Trunk 19

Overflow

5
6
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
19
21
22
24
25
26
29
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
49
51
53
56

Carried
Trunk Total

4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9

10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14

415
419
423
428
432
436
440
444
448
452
456
460
464
468
472
475
479
483
486
489
493
496
499
503
506
509
512
515
518

Trunk 20
Overflow

5
6
7
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
21
22
24
26
27
29
31
32
34
36
38
40
42

Carried
Trunk Total

4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11

440
444
448
452
457
461
465
469
474
478
482
486
490
493
497
501
505
508
512
516
519
522
526
529

Overflow

5
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
22
23
24
26
28
29
31

(table continues)

69

Erlang B Distribution

Chapter 3

Table 3-7. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 17 to 20 Continued)

Trunk 18

Trunk 17
Offered
Traffic
(A)

565
570
575
580
585
590
595
600
605
610
615
620
625
630
635
640
645
650
655
660
665
670
675
680
685

690
695
700
705
710
715
720
725
730
735
740
745
750
755
760

Carried
Trunk Total
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27

490
492
494
496
498
500
502
503
505
507
508
510
512
513
515
516
518
519
520
522
523
524
526
527
528
529
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544

Overflow
75
78
81
84
87
90
93
97
100
103
107
110
113
117
120
124
127
131
135
138
142
146
149
153
157
161
164
168
172
176
180
184
188
192
196
200
204
208
212
216

Carried
Trunk Total
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26

506
509
511
513
516
518
520
522
524
526
528
530
532
534
536
537
539
540
542
544
546
547
549
550
552
553
555
556
557
558
560
561
562
563
564
565
567
568
569
570

Trunk 19
Overflow
59
61
64
67
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
93
96
99
103
106
110
113
116
119
123
126
130
133
137
140
144
148
152
155
159
163
167
171
175
178
182
186
190

Carried
Trunk Total
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24

520
523
526
528
531
534
536
539
541
543
546
548
550
552
554
556
558
560
562
564
566
568
570
571
573
575
577
578
579
581
583
584
585
587
588
589
591
592
593
594

Trunk 20
Overflow
45
47
49
52
54
56
59
61
64
67
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
93
96
99
102
105
109
112
115
118
122
126
129
132
136
140
143
147
151
154
158
162
166

Carried
Trunk Total
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
24

532
535
538
541
544
547
550
553
556
558
561
564
566
569
571
573
576
578
580
583
585
587
589
591
593
595
597
598
600
602
604
605
607
609
610
612
614
615
616
618

Overflow
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
52
54
56
59
61
64
67
69
72
75
77
80
83
86
89
92
95
98
102
105
108
111
115
118
121
125
128
131
135
139
142

(table continues)

70

Chapter3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-7. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 17to 20 Continued)

Trunk 17
Offered
Traffic
(A)

765
770
775
780
785
790
795
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920

Carried
Trunk Total
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30

545
545
546
547
547
548
549
550
551
552
554
555
556
557
559
560
561
562

Overflow
220
225
229
233
238
242
246
250
259
268
276
285
294
303
311
320
329
338

Trunk 19

Trunk 18
Carried
Trunk Total
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30

571
572
573
574
574
575
576
577
579
580
582
583
585
586
588
589
590
591
593
594

Overflow
194
198
202
206
211
215
219
223
231
240
248
257
265
274
282
291
300
309
317
326

Carried
Trunk Total
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29

596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
605
607
609
611
613
614
616
617
618
620
622
623

Trunk 20

Overflow
169
173
177
181
185
189
193
197
205
213
221
229
237
246
254
263
272
280
288
297

Carried
Trunk Total
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
27
27
28
28
28
28
28

620
621
622
623
625
626
627
628
631
633
635
637
632
641
643
645
646
648
650
651

Overflow
145
149
153
157
160
164
168
172
179
187
195
203
211
219
227
235
244
252
260
269

Chapter 3

Erlang B DIstribution

71

Table 3-8. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 21 to 24)

Trunk 22

Trunk 21
Offered
Traffic
(A)

470
475
480
485
490
495
500
505
510
515
520
525
530
535
540
545
550
555
560
565
570
575
580
585
590

595
600
605
610
615
620
625
630
635
640
645
650
655
660
665

Carried
Trunk Total
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6

465
469
473
478
482
486
491
495
499
6 503
6 507
6 511
7 515
7 519
7 523
8 527
8 530
8 534
9 538
9 541
10 545
10 548
11 552
11 555
11 558
12 562
12 565
12 568
13 571
13 574
13 577
14 580
14 583
15 586
15 588
15 591
16 594
16 596
16 599
16 601

Over-

flow
5
6
7
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
21
22
24

Carried
Trunk Total

4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6

Trunk 23
Overflow

Carried
Trunk Total

Trunk 24
Overflow

495
499
503
507
512
516
520
524
529
533
537
541
545
548
552
556
560
564

558
562
566
570

32

567

23

574

16

33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
52
54
56
59
61
64

9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14

571
575
578
582
585
588
592
595
598
601
604
607
610
613
615

24
25
27
28
30
32
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
47

7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
12

578
582
586
590
593
597
601
604
608
611
614
618
621
624
627

17
18
19
20
22
23
24
26
27
29
31
32
34
36
36

25
27
28
30

7
7
7
7
7
8
8

Carried
Trunk Total

Overflow

5
6
7
8
8

9
10
11
11
12
13
14

4
4
4
4
4
5

15

17
18
19
20
21

6
6
6
6

524
528
533
537
541
546
550
554

6
7
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

4
4
4
5
5
5

554
558
562
567
571
575

6
7
8
8
9
10

579

11

584
6 588
6 592
6 596
7 600
7 604
7 608
8 612
8 616
8 619
9 623
9 627
9 630
10 634
10 637
6

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
25
26
28

(table continues)

Chapter3

72

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-8. High-Usage Traffic Capacity in CCS (Trunks 21 to 24 Continued)

Trunk 22

Trunk 21
Offered
Traffic
(A)

670
675
680
685
690
695
700
705
710
715
720
725
730
735
740
745
750
755
760
765
770
775
780
785
790
795
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930

Carried
Trunk Total
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
25
25
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
28
28

604
606
608
611
613
615
617
619
622
624
625
627
629
631
633
635
636
638
640
642
643
644
646
648
649
651
652
655
657
660
662
665
667
669
671
673
675
677
679
681

Overflow
66
69
72
74
77
80
83
86
88
91
95
98
101
104
107
110
114
117
120
123
127
131
134
137
141
144
148
155
163
170
178
185
193
201
209
217
225
233
241
249

Carried
Trunk Total
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26

618
621
623
627
629
631
634
636
639
641
643
645
648
650
652
654
656
658
660
662
663
665
667
669
670
672
674
677
680
683
686
689
692
694
696
699
701
703
705
707

Trunk 23
Overflow
52
54
57
58
61
64
66
69
71
74
77
80
82
85
88
91
94
97
100
103
107
110
113
116
120
123
126
133
140
147
154
161
168
176
184
191
199
207
215
223

Carried
Trunk Total
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
22
22
22
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
25
26

631
634
636
640
642
645
648
651
654
656
659
661
664
667
669
671
674
676
678
680
682
684
686
688
690
692
694
698
702
705
708
712
715
718
720
723
726
728
730
733

Trunk 24
Overflow
39
41
44
45
48
50
52
54
56
59
61
64
66
68
71
74
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
100
103
106
112
118
125
132
138
145
152
160
167
174
182
190
197

Carried
Trunk Total
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
21
21
21
22
23
23
23
24
24
24

641
644
647
651
654
657
660
663
667
669
673
675
678
681
684
686
689
692
694
697
699
701
704
706
708
711
713
717
721
725
729
733
736
740
743
746
749
752
754
757

Overflow
29
31
33
34
36
38
40
42
43
46
47
50
52
54
56
59
61
63
66
68
71
74
76
79
82
84
87
93
99
105
111
117
124
130
137
144
151
158
166
173

Chapter3

3.5

73

Erlang B Distribution

PEAKED TRAFFIC CAPACITY TABLES

Peaked traffic capacity tables, also known as Wilkinson or Neal-Wilkinson

high-usagetrunk capacity tables, are based on the ErlangB distribution and the
Neal-Wilkinson equivalent random theory. They are used in the North
AmericanPSTN in lieu of the Poisson traffic capacitytables to compensate for
system-induced peakedness caused by alternate-routing overflow traffic.
Peakedness in offered traffic can also be caused by abnormally high traffic,
suchas on Mother's Day and Christmas,or due to a disaster,stock marketcrash,
or similar occurrence.
The peakedness factor (2) for any trunk group is obtained by calculating
the variance-to-mean ratio of the busy-hour traffic, as expressed in Equation
3-2. Peakedness factors of unity (one) indicate random (Poisson) traffic,
whereas factors greater than unity indicate peaked traffic. Traffic with a
peakedness factor less than unity indicates smooth traffic, which is treated as
random traffic.
(3.2)
Z=~

where Z = peakedness factor

v

= variance of the traffic data =L

(x- a)

(N - 1)

LX

a =arithmetic mean (average) of the sample values =N

= individual values in the sample
N = number of values in the sample
X

Tables 3-9 (page 75) and 3.10 (page 76) are used for trunk groups
engineered fora grade of service ofB.O1. Tables 3-11 (page 77) and 3-12 (page
78) are used for trunk groups engineered for a grade of service of B.02. The
following example illustrates typical peakedness-factor determination and
peaked traffic capacity table usage.
Example 3-6
Determine the peakedness factor and the number of trunks required for a final
trunkgroup in an alternateroutingsystemengineeredfor B.02service,wherethe
busy-hour traffic statistics are as follows:

74

Chapter 3

Sample

x (CCS)

I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

115
103
145
140
131
147
142

ill

Lx = 1035

a=

N:Ex

v=

Erlang B Distribution

x- a

(x - a)2

-14.4
-26.4
+15.6
+10.6
+1.6
+17.6
+12.6
-17.4

207.4
697.0
243.4
112.4
2.6
309.8
158.8
302.8
L(x - a)2 =2034.2

1035
= -8- = 129.4CCS
(x - a)

(N - 1)

= (2034.2)
7

= 290.6

290.6

= (i = 129.4 =2.2

Referringto Table 3-11,determinethat 12trunksare requiredto handleup to 139

CCS of offered traffic for a peakedness factor of 2.2.

Chapter 3

75

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-9. 8.01 Peaked Traffic Capacity in CCS (Z

No. of
Trunks
(N)

= 1.0 to 2.4)

Traffic (A) in CCS for Z =

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

2
4
6
8
10

5
31
69
113
161

19
55
97
142

8
41
81
125

29
69
111

17
55
97

4
43
83

12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40

212
265
319
376
433
491
551
611
671
732
794
856
918
981
1044

191
242
295
350
406
463
521
580
638
698

173
223
275
327
382
437
494
551
610
668
727
787
847
908
969

156
204
255
306
360
414
470
526
582
639

140
188
237
287
339
392
447
501
557
613

698
757
816
875
936

670
728
787
845
905

126
171
219
269
320
371
425
478
534
589
645
702
759
817
875

42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
100

1108
1172
1236
1300
1364
1429
1494
1559
1625
1690
1822
1954
2086
2220
2353

1030
1092
1154
1216
1279
1342
1405
1468
1532
1595
1723
1853
1982
2112
2243

996
1057
1118
1179
1241
1303
1365
1428
1491
1554
1681
1808
1936
2065
2194

964
1024
1085
1145
1206
1267
1329
1390
1452
1515
1640
1766
1893
2020
2148

934
993
1053
1113
1173
1233
1294
1355
1416
1478
1602
1727
1852
1979
2105

906
964
1023
1082
1141
1201
1262
1322
1383
1443
1566
1689
1814
1939
2065

879
936
994
1053
1112
1171
1230
1290
1350
1410
1532
1654
1777
1901
2025

2373
2505
2637
2770
2902

2324
2454
2585
2716
2847

2277
2406
2535
2665
2796

2233
2360
2489
2618
2747

2191
2317
2445
2573
2701

2151
2277
2403
2530
2657

2487
2621
2756
2891
3026

759
819
881
943
1004
1067
1130
1192
1256
1319
1383
1447
1511
1576
1640
1770
1901
2032
2163
2295
2428
2561
2694
2828
2962

1.8

2.0

2.2

29
68
111
156
203
250
301
351
404
457
510
565
621
677
733
790
848

2.4

15
55
97
140
186
234
282
332
384
436
489
543
597
652
708
764
821

76

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-10. 8.01 Peaked Traffic Capacity in CCS (Z = 2.6 to 4.0)

No. of
Trunks
(N)

2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
100

Traffic (A) in CCS for Z

2.6

2.8

3.0

42

28
69
111
155
201
248
296
346
396
448
500
554
607
661
716
772
828
884
941
998
1055
1113
1171
1230
1289
1348
1467
1587
1708
1830
1953
2076
2200
2324
2450
2575

55
97
141
185
231
279
328
378
428
480
532
586
639
694
748
804
859
916
972
1029
1086
1144
1202
1260
1319
1437
1556
1676
1797
1918
2041
2163
2287
2411
2536

83
126
170
216
265
314
364
416
468
521
575
629
685
740
796
852
909
967
1025
1083
1141
1201
1259
1319
1379
1499
1620
1742
1865
1988
2112
2237
2363
2489
2615

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

40
83
126
170
215
262
310
360
410
461
512
565
618
671
725
780
836
891
947
1003
1060
1117
1175
1233
1291
1408
1526
1645
1764
1885
2007
2129
2252
2375
2499

26
68
110
154
200
246
293
342
392
442
493
545
597
650
704
757
812
867
923
979
1035
1091
1149
1206
1264
1380
1498
1614
1733
1853
1974
2095
2217
2339
2462

53
96
140
184
230
277
325
373
423
473
525
576
629
682
736
790
845
899
955
1010
1066
1123
1180
1237
1352
1468
1585
1703
1822
1942
2062
2183
2305
2427

39
82
125
169
214
260
308
356
405
455
506
557
609
661
715
768
822
876
931
987
1042
1098
1154
1211
1325
1440
1557
1674
1792
1911
2030
2151
2272
2393

22
67
110
154
199
245
293
339
388
437
487
538
589
641
694
747
800
854
908
963
1018
1074
1130
1186
1299
1414
1529
1645
1763
1881
1999
2119
2239
2360

12

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

77

Table 3-11. 8.02 Peaked Traffic Capacity in CCS (Z = 1.0 to 2.4)

No. of
Trunks
(N)

Traffic (A) in CCS for Z

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

2
4
6
8
10

8
39
82
131
183

27
67
114
165

17
55
100
148

7
43
87
134

12
14
16
18
20

238
295
354
414
475

219
274
330
389
449

184
237
292
347
404

22
24
26
28
30

536
599
662
725
790

509
570
632
694
758

32
34
36
38
40

854
919
984
1050
1116

42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
100

1182
1249
1315
1382
1449
1516
1584
1652
1719
1787
1923
2060
2197
2335
2473

821
885
949
1013
1079
1144
1201
1275
1341
1407
1474
1540
1607
1674
1741

201
254
310
367
426
484
545
606
667
728
791
854
917
981
1045

2542
2750
2888
3028
3167

1876
2011
2147
2284
2420

1109
1174
1239
1304
1370
1435
1501
1567
1633
1700
1833
1967
2102
2236
2372

2557
2695
2832
2970
3109

2508
2644
2781
2917
3055

462
521
581
640
702
763
825
888
950
1014
1077
1141
1205
1270
1334
1400
1464
1530
1595
1661
1793
1926
2059
2193
2327
2462
2597
2732
2868
3004

=:

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

32
74
120

20
62
106

7
48
92

36
80

168
220
273
328
384
440
498
557
616
676
737
798
869
922
984

154
204
256
310
364

125
173
223
275
328

420
477
535
593
652

139
188
239
292
346
401
457
514
571
630

1047
1110
1174
1237
1301
1365
1430
1495
1560
1625
1755
1887
2019
2151
2285

1018
1081
1144
1206
1270
1333
1397
1461
1525
1590
1720
1850
1981
2113
2245

689
748
808
869
930
991
1053
1115
1177
1240
1303
1366
1430
1493
1557
1686
1815
1945
2076
2207

666
725
784
844
905
965
1026
1088
1150
1212
1274
1337
1400
1463
1526
1653
1782
1911
2040
2171

2418
2553
2687
2822
2957

2378
2511
2644
2778
2913

2339
2471
2604
2737
2870

2302
2433
2564
2697
2829

713
772
833
895
956

382
437
494
550
608

78

Chapter 3

Erlang B Distribution

Table 3-12. 8.02 Peaked Traffic Capacity in CCS (Z = 2.6 to 4.0)

No. of
Trunks
(N)

Traffic (A) in

ecs for Z =

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

2
4
6
8
10

23
66

8
54

40

27

12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
100

111
159
208
259
311
364
418
474
531
587
644
703
762
821
880
940
1001
1061
1123
1184
1246
1308
1370
1433
1496
1622
1750
1878
2006
2136
2266
2396
2527
2658
2790

98
144
193
243
294
347
401
455
510
567

84
130
178
227
278
330
383
437
492
547
603
661
718
776
834
893
953
1012
1072
1133
1193
1254
1316
1377
1439
1564
1689
1815
1942
2070
2198
2327
2456
2586
2716

45
90
135
183
232
282
333
385
438
492
546
601
657
714
770
827
885
944
1002
1061
1120
1180
1240
1300
1361
1483
1605
1729
1854
1979
2105
2231
2358
2486
2614

30
76
122
169
217
267
318
369
421
474

624
681
739
798
857
916
976
1037
1097
1158
1219
1281
1343
1405
1467
1592
1719
1846
1974
2102
2231
2361
2491
2622
2753

71
116
163
212
262
314
366
419
473
528
584
640
697
755
812
871
930
989
1048
1108
1168
1229
1290
1351
1412
1536
1660
1786
1912
2038
2166
2294
2423
2552
2681

9
58
103
150
198
247
297
349
402
456
510
565
620
677
734
791
849
907
966
1025
1085
1144
1204
1265
1325
1386
1509
1632
1757
1882
2008
2135
2262
2390
2518
2647

12
62
109
155
203
251
301
353
404
457
511
564
619
675
730
787
843
901
958
1016
1075
1134
1193
1252
1312
1432
1553
1675
1799
1922
2047
2172
2298
2424
2551

528
583
638
694
750
807
864
922
980
1039
1097
1157
1216
1276
1336
1457
1579
1702
1826
1950
2075
2201
2328
2455
2582

4
Erlang C Distribution

The Erlang C distribution is used for dimensioning common-equipment server

pools where call attempts wait in a first-in, first-out (FIFO) queue until an idle
server is available. It is based on the following assumptions:

4.1

Calls are served in order of arrival.

There are an infinite number of sources.
Blocked calls are delayed.
Holding times are exponential.
ERlANG C FORMULA

The Erlang C Formula given in Equation 4.1, also known as the Erlangformula
ofthe second kind [E2(N, A)], is used to predict the probability that a call will
be delayed. Equation 4.2 is used to predict the probability that a call will be
delayed longer than a given time. Equations 4.3 and 4.4 are used to predict the
average delay on all calls and the average delay on calls delayed, respectively.

79

Chapter 4

80

P(>O) = 2 (N, A)

Erlang C Distribution

N! (N-I)
N-I

A;

(4.1)

L-.,
+--I.
;=0

P(>t)

=P(>O)

-(N-A) -

T2

(4.2)

(4.3)

T2

D=--2

(N-A)

(4.4)

where P(>O) = Probability of delay greater than zero

P(>t) = Probability of delay greater than T 1
N = Number of servers in full-availability group
A = Traffic offered to group in Erlangs
T 1 =Acceptable delay time in seconds
T2 = Mean server-holding time in seconds
D I =Average delay on all calls in seconds
D2 =Average delay on calls delayed in seconds
E = Natural logarithm base (2.71828 ... )
4.2

ERLANG C COMPUTER PROGRAM

The following computer program can be used to calculate Equations 4.1

through 4.4 to determine the Erlang C delay loss probabilities and delays.
Required inputs are the number of servers in the group, the traffic offered to the
group expressed in Erlangs, the acceptable delay time expressed in seconds,
and server-holding time expressed in seconds.
100
110
120
130

REM ERLANG C
INPUT "ENTER
INPUT "ENTER
INPUT "ENTER

DELAY LOSS CALCULATIONS

NUMBER OF SERVERS (N) ";N
OFFERED TRAFFIC IN ERLANGS (A) ";A
ACCEPTABLE DELAY (T1)IN SEC.";T1

Chapter 4

140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270

4.3

81

Erlang C Distribution

INPUT lIENTER SERVER-HOLDING TIME (T2)IN SEC.";T2

LET X=l
LET Y=O
FOR 1=1 TO N
LET Y=X+Y
LET X=X*A/I
NEXT I
LET PO=( (N/(N-A) )*X)/(Y+( (N/(N-A) )*X))
LET Pl=PO*EXP(-(N-A)*T1/T2)
PRINT USING "P(>O) = #.#####";PO
PRINT USING "P(>T) = #.#####";P1
PRINT USING "D1
##.#### SEC.1I;PO*T2/(N-A)
PRINT USING "02 = ##.#### SEC.";T2/(N-A)
END

ERLANG C DELAY LOSS PROBABILITY TABLES

Erlang C delay loss probability tables are used to determine the probability that
a call will be delayed and the probability that a call will be delayed longer than
a given time (expressed as a ratio of delay time to server-holding time). Tables
4-1 through 4-24 present delay loss probabilities for common-equipment
groups containing 2 to 25 servers and delay-to-holding time ratios of 0.2 to 2.0.
Blanks (no data) in the tables indicate that the delay loss probability is less than
0.000005 (i.e., not necessarily zero, but essentially nonblocking for practical
applications). The following examples illustrate typical table usage:
Example 4-1
Determine the delay loss probabilities and delays for a 24-server commonequipment pool if the busy-hour traffic is 20 Erlangs, the acceptable delay time
is 4 seconds, and the mean server-holding time (negative exponential distribution) is 4 seconds.
Using Table 4-23 (pages 127-128) (24 servers), read down the P(>O) column to
the A row for 20 Erlangs and read. 29807 (probability the call will be delayed) at
the intersection. Then read down the 1.0 column ( 4 sec/4 sec) to the A row for
20 Erlangs and read .00546 (probability the call will be delayed longer than 4
seconds) at the intersection.
D

=P(>O) (

(T z

N-A)

) = (0.29807)(4 seconds)
(2~20)

=0.29807 seconds

82

Chapter 4

D = _T_2_
2

(N-A)

Erlang C Distribution

(4 seconds) = 1 second
(24-20)

Example 4-2
For the common-equipment pool of Example 4-1, determine the offered traffic
in Erlangs and CCS to achieve a grade of service of 0.002 or better.
Using Table 4-23 (24 servers), read down the 1.0column until .00179 is found.
Read across that A row to determine that 19.2 Erlangs of traffic can be offered.
(19.2 Erl)(36 CCSlErI) = 691.2 CCS

Example 4-3
Determine the number of servers required to handle a busy-hour traffic level of
10Erlangs at a grade of service of 0.00 I or better, given that the acceptable delay
time is 4 seconds and the mean server-holding time (negative exponential
distribution) is 2 seconds.
Usinga trial-and-error method, find that Table 4-12 (pages 105-106) (13 servers)
yields a grade of service of 0.00071 at the intersection of the 2.0 column and the
A row for 10 Erlangs. Therefore, at least 13 servers are required.

Chapter 4

83

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-1. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

= 2 Servers)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,fT2 =

P(>O)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

.00573
.00679
.00793
.00916
.01047

.00393
.00466
.00546
.00631
.00723

.00269
.00320
.00376
.00435
.00499

.00185
.00220
.00258
.00300
.00345

.00126
.00151
.00178
.00207
.00238

.00087
.00104
.00122
.00143
.00165

0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20

.01185
.01332
.01486
.01648
.01818

.00820
.00924
.01033
.01148
.01269

.00568
.00641
.00718
.00799
.00885

.00393
.00444
.00499
.00556
.00617

.00272
.00308
.00347
.00387
.00431

.00188
.00214
.00241
.00270
.00301

0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.01995
.02180
.02372
.02571
.02778

.01395
.01527
.01665
.01808
.01957

.00975
.01070
.01169
.01272
.01379

.00682
.00749
.00820
.00894
.00972

.00477
.00525
.00576
.00629
.00685

.00333
.00368
.00404
.00442
.00483

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

.02991
.03211
.03439
.03672
.03913

.02112
.02272
.02438
.02609
.02785

.01491
.01608
.01728
.01853
.01982

.01053
.01137
.01225
.01316
.01411

.00744
.00805
.00869
.00935
.01004

.00525
.00569
.00616
.00664
.00715

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.04160
.04414
.04674
.04940
.05213

.02967
.03154
.03347
.03545
.03748

.02116
.02254
.02396
.02543
.02694

.01509
.01611
.01716
.01825
.01937

.01076
.01151
.01229
.01309
.01393

.00768
.00823
.00880
.00939
.01001

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.05492
.05776
.06067
.06364
.06667

.03956
.04169
.04388
.04612
.04841

.02850
.03010
.03174
.03342
.03515

.02053
.02172
.02295
.02422
.02553

.01479
.01568
.01660
.01755
.01854

.01065
.01132
.01201
.01272
.01346

0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45

.06975
.07289
.07609
.07934
.08265

.05075
.05314
.05559
.05808
.06062

.03693
.03874
.04061
.04251
.04446

.02687
.02825
.02966
.03112
.03261

.01955
.02059
.02167
.02278
.02392

.01422
.01501
.01583
.01667
.01754

0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50

.08602
.08943
.09290
.09643
.10000

.06321
.06586
.06855
.07129
.07408

.04646
.04850
.05058
.05271
.05488

.03414
.03571
.03732
.03897
.04066

.02509
.02630
.02754
.02881
.03012

.01844
.01937
.02032
.02130
.02231

(table continues)

84

Chapter 4

Table 4-1. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Erlang C Distribution

=2 Servers

Continued)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

P(>O)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

.00573
.00679
.00793
.00916
.01047

.00059
.00071
.00084
.00098
.00114

.00041
.00049
.00058
.00068
.00079

.00028
.00034
.00040
.00047
.00054

.00019
.00023
.00027
.00032
.00037

.00013
.00016
.00019
.00022
.00026

0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20

.01185
.01332
.01486
.01648
.01818

.00130
.00148
.00167
.00188
.00210

.00090
.00103
.00116
.00131
.00146

.00062
.00071
.00081
.00091
.00102

.00043
.00049
.00056
.00063
.00071

.00030
.00034
.00039
.00044
.00050

0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.01995
.02180
.02372
.02571
.02778

.00233
.00258
.00284
.00311
.00340

.00163
.00180
.00199
.00219
.00240

.00114
.00126
.00140
.00154
.00169

.00080
.00089
.00098
.00108
.00119

.00056
.00062
.00069
.00076
.00084

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

.02991
.03211
.03439
.03672
.03913

.00371
.00403
.00437
.00472
.00509

.00262
.00285
.00309
.00335
.00362

.00185
.00202
.00219
.00238
.00258

.00131
.00143
.00156
.00169
.00183

.00092
.00101
.00110
.00120
.00131

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.04160
.04414
.04674
.04940
.05213

.00547
.00588
.00630
.00674
.00720

.00390
.00420
.00451
.00484
.00517

.00278
.00300
.00323
.00347
.00372

.00199
.00215
.00231
.00249
.00267

.00142
.00153
.00166
.00179
.00192

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.05492
.05776
.06067
.06364
.06667

.00767
.00817
.00868
.00922
.00977

.00553
.00590
.00628
.00668
.00710

.00398
.00426
.00454
.00484
.00515

.00287
.00307
.00329
.00351
.00374

.00207
.00222
.00238
.00254
.00272

0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45

.06975
.07289
.07609
.07934
.08265

.01035
.01095
.01156
.01220
.01287

.00753
.00798
.00845
.00893
.00944

.00548
.00582
.00617
.00654
.00692

.00399
.00424
.00451
.00479
.00508

.00290
.00309
.00329
.00350
.00372

0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50

.08602
.08943
.09290
.09643
.10000

.01355
.01426
.01499
.01575
.01653

.00996
.01050
.01106
.01164
.01225

.00732
.00773
.00816
.00861
.00907

.00538
.00569
.00602
.00636
.00672

.00395
.00419
.00444
.00471
.00498

Chapter 4

85

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-2. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 3 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,IT2

P(>O)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.13
0.16
0.19
0.22
0.25

.00034
.00061
.00101
.00154
.00221

.00019
.00035
.00058
.00088
.00128

.00011
.00020
.00033
.00051
.00074

.00006
.00011
.00019
.00029
.00042

.00003
.00006
.00011
.00017
.00025

.00002
.00003
.00006
.00010
.00014

0.28
0.31
0.34
0.37
0.40

.00305
.00406
.00526
.00665
.00825

.00177
.00237
.00309
.00393
.00490

.00103
.00138
.00181
.00232
.00292

.00060
.00081
.00107
.00137
.00173

.00035
.00047
.00063
.00081
.00103

.00020
.00028
.00037
.00048
.00061

0.43
0.46
0.49
0.52
0.55

.01006
.01209
.01435
.01684
.01957

.00602
.00727
.00868
.01025
.01199

.00360
.00438
.00526
.00624
.00734

.00215
.00263
.00318
.00380
.00450

.00129
.00158
.00193
.00232
.00276

.00077
.00095
.00117
.00141
.00169

0.58
0.61
0.64
0.67
0.70

.02254
.02576
.02923
.03295
.03692

.01389
.01597
.01823
.02067
.02331

.00856
.00990
.01137
.01297
.01471

.00528
.00614
.00709
.00814
.00929

.00325
.00381
.00442
.00511
.00586

.00200
.00236
.00276
.00321
.00370

0.73
0.76
0.79
0.82
0.85

.04115
.04564
.05039
.05540
.06067

.02614
.02916
.03239
.03582
.03947

.01660
.01863
.02082
.02316
.02567

.01054
.01190
.01338
.01498
.01670

.00669
.00761
.00860
.00969
.01086

.00425
.00486
.00553
.00626
.00707

0.88
0.91
0.94
0.97
1.00

.06620
.07199
.07804
.08434
.09091

.04332
.04739
.05169
.05620
.06094

.02835
.03120
.03423
.03745
.04085

.01855
.02054
.02267
.02495
.02738

.01214
.01352
.01502
.01662
.01835

.00795
.00890
.00995
.01108
.01230

1.03
1.06
1.09
1.12
1.15

.09773
.10481
.11214
.11973
.12756

.06591
.07110
.07654
.08220
.08811

.04444
.04824
.05224
.05644
.06086

.02997
.03273
.03565
.03875
.04204

.02021
.02220
.02433
.02661
.02904

.01363
.01506
.01661
.01927
.02006

1.18
1.21
1.24
1.27
1.30

.13565
.14398
.15256
.16138
.17044

.09426
.10065
.10729
.11418
.12132

.06550
.07036
.07546
.08078
.08635

.04552
.04919
.05307
.05715
.06146

.03163
.03439
.03732
.04044
.04375

.02198
.02404
.02625
.02861
.03114

(table continues)

86

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-2. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 3 Servers Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

P(>O)
1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0.13
0.16
0.19
0.22
0.25

.00034
.00061
.00101
.00154
.00221

.00001
.00002
.00003
.00005
.00008

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00003
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00002

.00001
.00001

0.28
0.31
0.34
0.37
0.40

.00305
.00406
.00526
.00665
.00825

.00012
.00016
.00022
.00028
.00036

.00007
.00009
.00013
.00017
.00022

.00004
.00005
.00007
.00010
.00013

.00002
.00003
.00004
.00006
.00008

.00001
.00002
.00003
.00003
.00005

0.43
0.46
0.49
0.52
0.55

.01006
.01209
.01435
.01684
.01957

.00046
.00057
.00071
.00086
.00103

.00028
.00035
.00043
.00052
.00063

.00016
.00021
.00026
.00032
.00039

.00010
.00012
.00016
.00019
.00024

.00006
.00008
.00009
.00012
.00015

0.58
0.61
0.64
0.67
0.70

.02254
.02576
.02923
.03295
.03692

.00124
.00146
.00172
.00201
.00234

.00076
.00091
.00107
.00126
.00148

.00047
.00056
.00067
.00079
.00093

.00029
.00035
.00042
.00050
.00059

.00018
.00022
.00026
.00031
.00037

0.73
0.76
0.79
0.82
0.85

.04115
.04564
.05039
.05540
.06067

.00270
.00310
.00355
.00405
.00460

.00171
.00198
.00228
.00262
.00299

.00109
.00127
.00147
.00169
.00195

.00069
.00081
.00094
.00109
.00127

.00044
.00052
.00061
.00071
.00082

0.88
0.91
0.94
0.97
1.00

.06620
.07199
.07804
.08434
.09091

.00520
.00586
.00659
.00738
.00825

.00340
.00386
.00436
.00492
.00553

.00223
.00254
.00289
.00328
.00371

.00146
.00167
.00191
.00218
.00248

.00095
.00110
.00127
.00145
.00167

1.03
1.06
1.09
1.12
1.15

.09773
.10481
.11214
.11973
.12756

.00919
.01022
.01133
.01254
.01385

.00620
.00693
.00774
.00861
.00957

.00418
.00470
.00528
.00591
.00661

.00282
.00319
.00360
.00406
.00457

.00190
.00216
.00246
.00279
.00315

1.18
1.21
1.24
1.27
1.30

.13565
.14398
.15256
.16138
.17044

.01527
.01681
.01846
.02024
.02216

.01061
.01175
.01298
.01432
.01577

.00737
.00821
.00913
.01013
.01123

.00512
.00574
.00642
.00717
.00799

.00356
.00401
.00452
.00507
.00569

Chapter 4

87

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-3. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N =4 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

P(>O)
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.54
0.58
0.62
0.66
0.70

.00239
.00309
.00392
.00489
.00602

.00119
.00156
.00199
.00251
.00311

.00060
.00079
.00101
.00129
.00161

.00030
.00040
.00052
.00066
.00083

.00015
.00020
.00026
.00034
.00043

.00008
.00010
.00013
.00017
.00022

0.74
0.78
0.82
0.86
0.90

.00731
.00878
.01043
.01228
.01433

.00381
.00461
.00552
.00655
.00771

.00198
.00242
.00292
.00350
.00415

.00103
.00127
.00155
.00187
.00223

.00054
.00067
.00082
.00100
.00120

.00028
.00035
.00043
.00053
.00065

0.94
0.98
1.02
1.06
1.10

.01659
.01908
.02180
.02475
.02795

.00900
.01043
.01201
.01375
.01565

.00488
.00570
.00662
.00764
.00876

.00265
.00312
.00365
.00424
.00491

.00143
.00170
.00201
.00236
.00275

.00078
.00093
.00111
.00131
.00154

1.14
1.18
1.22
1.26
1.30

.03139
.03510
.03907
.04330
.04781

.01772
.01977
.02240
.02503
.02786

.01000
.01136
.01285
.01447
.01624

.00564
.00646
.00737
.00837
.00946

.00319
.00368
.00423
.00484
.00551

.00180
.00209
.00242
.00280
.00321

1.34
1.38
1.42
1.46
1.50

.05260
.05766
.06302
.06866
.07459

.03090
.03415
.03761
.04131
.04524

.01815
.02022
.02245
.02486
.02744

.01066
.01197
.01340
.01496
.01664

.00626
.00709
.00800
.00900
.01009

.00368
.00420
.00477
.00541
.00612

1.54
1.58
1.62
1.66
1.70

.08081
.08733
.09415
.10126
.10868

.04941
.05382
.05849
.06341
.06861

.03021
.03317
.03634
.03971
.04331

.01847
.02044
.02257
.02487
.02734

.01129
.01260
.01402
.01558
.01726

.00690
.00777
.00871
.00975
.01090

1.74
1.78
1.82
1.86
1.90

.11639
.12441
.13273
.14135
.15028

.07407
.07981
.08583
.09214
.09874

.04713
.05119
.05550
.06006
.06488

.02999
.03284
.03589
.03914
.04263

.01909
.02106
.02320
.02552
.02801

.01215
.01351
.01500
.01663
.01840

1.94
1.98
2.02
2.06
2.10

.15951
.16904
.17887
.18900
.19942

.10565
.11286
.12038
.12822
.13638

.06997
.07535
.08101
.08698
.09326

.04634
.05031
.05452
.05901
.06378

.03069
.03359
.03669
.04003
.04362

.02033
.02242
.02470
.02716
.02983

(table continues)

88

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-3. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 4 Servers Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,IT2 =

P(>O)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0.54
0.58
0.62
0.66
0.70

.00239
.00309
.00392
.00489
.00602

.00004
.00005
.00007
.00009
.00011

.00002
.00003
.00003
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

.00001
.00001

0.74
0.78
0.82
0.86
0.90

.00731
.00878
.01043
.01228
.01433

.00015
.00018
.00023
.00028
.00035

.00008
.00010
.00012
.00015
.00019

.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008
.00010

.00002
.00003
.00003
.00004
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

0.94
0.98
1.02
1.06
1.10

.01659
.01908
.02180
.02475
.02795

.00042
.00051
.00061
.00073
.00086

.00023
.00028
.00034
.00040
.00048

.00012
.00015
.00019
.00022
.00027

.00007
.00008
.00010
.00012
.00015

.00004
.00005
.00006
.00007
.00008

1.14
1.18
1.22
1.26
1.30

.03139
.03510
.03907
.04330
.04781

.00101
.00119
.00139
.00162
.00187

.00057
.00068
.00080
.00093
.00109

.00032
.00039
.00046
.00054
.00064

.00018
.00022
.00026
.00031
.00037

.00010
.00012
.00015
.00018
.00022

1.34
1.38
1.42
1.46
1.50

.05260
.05766
.06302
.06866
.07459

.00216
.00249
.00285
.00326
.00371

.00127
.00147
.00170
.00196
.00225

.00075
.00087
.00102
.00118
.00137

.00044
.00052
.00061
.00071
.00083

.00026
.00031
.00036
.00043
.00050

1.54
1.58
1.62
1.66
1.70

.08081
.08733
.09415
.10126
.10868

.00422
.00479
.00541
.00611
.00688

.00258
.00295
.00336
.00383
.00434

.00158
.00182
.00209
.00240
.00274

.00096
.00112
.00130
.00150
.00173

.00059
.00069
.00081
.00094
.00109

1.74
1.78
1.82
1.86
1.90

.11639
.12441
.13273
.14135
.15028

.00773
.00867
.00970
.01084
.01209

.00492
.00556
.00627
.00707
.00794

.00313
.00357
.00406
.00461
.00522

.00199
.00229
.00262
.00300
.00343

.00127
.00147
.00170
.00196
.00225

1.94
1.98
2.02
2.06
2.10

.15951
.16904
.17887
.18900
.19942

.01346
.01497
.01662
.01843
.02040

.00892
.01000
.01119
.01250
.01395

.00591
.00667
.00753
.00848
.00954

.00391
.00446
.00507
.00575
.00652

.00259
.00297
.00341
.00390
.00446

Chapter 4

89

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-4. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 5 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(Ain Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

P(>O)
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25

.00471
.00573
.00689
.00821
.00971

.00214
.00262
.00319
.00384
.00459

.00097
.00120
.00148
.00180
.00217

.00044
.00055
.00068
.00084
.00102

.00020
.00025
.00032
.00039
.00048

.00009
.00012
.00015
.00018
.00023

1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50

.01139
.01326
.01533
.01762
.02014

.00543
.00639
.00746
.00866
.01000

.00259
.00308
.00363
.00426
.00497

.00124
.00148
.00177
.00209
.00247

.00059
.00072
.00086
.00103
.00122

.00028
.00034
.00042
.00051
.00061

1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75

.02289
.02589
.02914
.03265
.03643

.01148
.01311
.01491
.01687
.01902

.00576
.00664
.00763
.00872
.00993

.00289
.00337
.00390
.00451
.00518

.00145
.00171
.00200
.00233
.00271

.00073
.00086
.00102
.00120
.00141

1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00

.04050
.04485
.04950
.05444
.05970

.02135
.02389
.02663
.02958
.03276

.01126
.01272
.01432
.01607
.01798

.00594
.00678
.00771
.00873
.00987

.00313
.00361
.00414
.00475
.00542

.00165
.00192
.00223
.00258
.00297

2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25

.06527
.07116
.07738
.08393
.09081

.03618
.03984
.04376
.04794
.05239

.02006
.02231
.02475
.02738
.03023

.01112
.01249
.01400
.01564
.01744

.00616
.00699
.00791
.00893
.01006

.00342
.00392
.00448
.00510
.00581

2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50

.09803
.10559
.11350
.12176
.13037

.05713
.06215
.06748
.07312
.07907

.03329
.03658
.04012
.04391
.04796

.01940
.02153
.02385
.02637
.02909

.01131
.01267
.01418
.01583
.01764

.00659
.00746
.00843
.00951
.01070

2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75

.13993
.14865
.15833
.16837
.17876

.08536
.09198
.09896
.10629
.11398

.05229
.05692
.06185
.06710
.07268

.03204
.03522
.03866
.04236
.04634

.01963
.02179
.02416
.02674
.02955

.01202
.01349
.01510
.01688
.01884

2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00

.18952
.20063
.21211
.22393
.23615

.12206
.13051
.13937
.14862
.15830

.07861
.08490
.09157
.09863
.10611

.05063
.05523
.06017
.06546
.07113

.03261
.03593
.03953
.04344
.04768

.02100
.02337
.02597
.02883
.03196

(table continues)

90

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-4. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 5 Servers Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,IT2

P(>O)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25

.00471
.00573
.00689
.00821
.00971

.00004
.00005
.00007
.00009
.00011

1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50

.01139
.01326
.01533
.01762
.02014

.00013
.00017
.00020
.00025
.00030

.00006
.00008
.00010
.00012
.00015

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00007

.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004

1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75

.02289
.02589
.02914
.03265
.03643

.00036
.00044
.00052
.00062
.00074

.00018
.00022
.00027
.00032
.00038

.00009
.00011
.00014
.00017
.00020

.00005
.00006
.00007
.00009
.00010

.00002
.00003
.00004
.00004
.00005

1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00

.04050
.04485
.04950
.05444
.05970

.00087
.00102
.00120
.00140
.00163

.00046
.00055
.00065
.00076
.00090

.00024
.00029
.00035
.00041
.00049

.00013
.00015
.00019
.00022
.00027

.00007
.00008
.00010
.00012
.00015

2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25

.06527
.07116
.07738
.08393
.09081

.00189
.00219
.00253
.00292
.00335

.00105
.00123
.00143
.00167
.00193

.00058
.00069
.00081
.00095
.00111

.00032
.00038
.00046
.00054
.00064

.00018
.00022
.00026
.00031
.00037

2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50

.09803
.10559
.11350
.12176
.13037

.00384
.00439
.00501
.00571
.00649

.00224
.00258
.00298
.00343
.00394

.00130
.00152
.00177
.00206
.00239

.00076
.00090
.00105
.00124
.00145

.00044
.00053
.00063
.00074
.00088

2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75

.13993
.14865
.15833
.16837
.17876

.00737
.00834
.00944
.01066
.01201

.00451
.00516
.00590
.00673
.00766

.00276
.00320
.00369
.00425
.00488

.00169
.00198
.00230
.00268
.00311

.00104
.00122
.00144
.00169
.00199

2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00

.18952
.20063
.21211
.22393
.23615

.01352
.01520
.01707
.01913
.02142

.00871
.00989
.01121
.01270
.01436

.00561
.00643
.00737
.00843
.00963

.00361
.00418
.00484
.00559
.00645

.00233
.00272
.00318
.00371
.00433

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

91

Table 4-5. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 6 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,IT2 =

P(>O)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00

.01115
.01265
.01429
.01607
.01802

.00481
.00551
.00629
.00715
.00810

.00208
.00240
.00277
.00318
.00364

.00090
.00105
.00122
.00142
.00163

.00039
.00046
.00054
.00063
.00073

.00017
.00020
.00024
.00028
.00033

2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25

.02012
.02240
.02485
.02748
.03030

.00913
.01027
.01150
.01285
.01431

.00414
.00471
.00533
.00601
.00676

.00188
.00216
.00247
.00281
.00319

.00085
.00099
.00114
.00131
.00151

.00039
.00045
.00053
.00061
.00071

2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50

.03331
.03653
.03995
.04359
.04744

.01589
.01760
.01945
.02143
.02356

.00758
.00848
.00947
.01054
.01170

.00362
.00409
.00461
.00518
.00581

.00173
.00197
.00224
.00255
.00289

.00082
.00095
.00109
.00125
.00143

2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75

.05152
.05583
.06038
.06516
.07019

.02584
.02829
.03090
.03368
.03664

.01296
.01433
.01581
.01741
.01913

.00650
.00726
.00809
.00900
.00999

.00326
.00368
.00414
.00465
.00521

.00164
.00186
.00212
.00240
.00272

2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00

.07547
.08100
.08678
.09283
.09914

.03979
.04314
.04668
.05044
.05441

.02098
.02297
.02511
.02741
.02986

.01106
.01224
.01351
.01489
.01639

.00583
.00652
.00727
.00809
.00899

.00308
.00347
.00391
.00440
.00494

3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25

.10572
.11257
.11970
.12710
.13479

.05861
.06303
.06769
.07260
.07776

.03249
.03529
.03828
.04147
.04487

.01801
.01976
.02165
.02369
.02589

.00998
.01106
.01224
.01353
.01493

.00553
.00619
.00692
.00773
.00862

3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50

.14275
.15100
.15953
.16835
.17747

.08319
.08888
.09485
.10110
.10764

.04848
.05231
.05639
.06071
.06529

.02825
.03079
.03352
.03654
.03960

.01646
.01812
.01993
.02189
.02402

.00959
.01067
.01185
.01315
.01457

3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75

.18687
.19657
.20656
.21684
.22742

.11448
.12163
.12910
.13689
.14501

.07013
.07526
.08069
.08641
.09246

.04297
.04657
.05043
.05455
.05896

.02632
.02882
.03152
.03444
.03759

.01613
.01783
.01970
.02174
.02397

(table continues)

92

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-5. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 6 Servers Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,JT2 =

P(>O)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00

.01115
.01265
.01429
.01607
.01802

.00007
.00009
.00010
.00012
.00015

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00007

.00001
.00002
.00002
.00002
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

.00001

2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25

.02012
.02240
.02485
.02748
.03030

.00018
.00021
.00024
.00029
.00034

.00008
.00010
.00011
.00013
.00016

.00004
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008

.00002
.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50

.03331
.03653
.03995
.04359
.04744

.00039
.00046
.00053
.00062
.00071

.00019
.00022
.00026
.00030
.00035

.00009
.00011
.00013
.CJ0015
.00018

.00004
.00005
.00006
.00007
.00009

.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004
.00004

2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75

.05152
.05583
.06038
.06516
.07019

.00082
.00094
.00108
.00124
.00142

.00041
.00048
.00055
.00064
.00074

.00021
.00024
.00028
.00033
.00039

.00010
.00012
.00015
.00017
.00020

.00005
.00006
.00007
.00009
.00011

2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00

.07547
.08100
.08678
.09283
.09914

.00162
.00185
.00210
.00239
.00271

.00086
.00098
.00113
.00130
.00149

.00045
.00052
.00061
.00071
.00082

.00024
.00028
.00033
.00038
.00045

.00013
.00015
.00018
.00021
.00025

3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25

.10572
.11257
.11970
.12710
.13479

.00307
.00347
.00392
.00441
.00497

.00170
.00194
.00221
.00252
.00287

.00094
.00109
.00125
.00144
.00165

.00052
.00061
.00071
.00082
.00095

.00029
.00034
.00040
.00047
.00055

3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50

.14275
.15100
.15953
.16835
.17747

.00559
.00628
.00704
.00789
.00884

.00326
.00370
.00419
.00474
.00536

.00190
.00218
.00249
.00285
.00325

.00111
.00128
.00148
.00171
.00197

.00064
.00075
.00088
.00103
.00120

3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75

.18687
.19657
.20656
.21684
.22742

.00988
.01103
.01231
.01372
.01528

.00605
.00683
.00769
.00866
.00975

.00371
.00422
.00481
.00547
.00621

.00227
.00261
.00301
.00345
.00396

.00139
.00162
.00188
.00218
.00253

Chapter 4

93

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-6. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 7 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,JT2 =

P(>O)
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.88
1.96
2.04
2.12
2.20

.00344
.00431
.00535
.00657
.00799

.00123
.00157
.00198
.00248
.00306

.00044
.00057
.00074
.00093
.00117

.00016
.00021
.00027
.00035
.00045

.00006
.00008
.00010
.00013
.00017

.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00007

2.28
2.36
2.44
2.52
2.60

.00963
.01151
.01365
.01608
.01880

.00375
.00455
.00549
.00656
.00780

.00146
.00180
.00220
.00268
.00323

.00057
.00071
.00089
.00109
.00134

.00022
.00028
.00036
.00045
.00056

.00009
.00011
.00014
.00018
.00023

2.68
2.74
2.86
2.92
3.00

.02184
.02523
.02898
.03311
.03765

.00921
.01081
.01261
.01464
.01692

.00388
.00463
.00549
.00647
.00760

.00164
.00198
.00239
.00286
.00342

.00069
.00085
.00104
.00127
.00153

.00029
.00036
.00045
.00056
.00069

3.08
3.16
3.24
3.32
3.40

.04260
.04799
.05384
.06016
.06697

.01945
.02226
.02538
.02882
.03260

.00888
.01033
.01197
.01380
.01587

.00405
.00479
.00564
.00661
.00772

.00185
.00222
.00266
.00317
.00376

.00085
.00103
.00125
.00152
.00183

3.48
3.56
3.64
3.72
3.80

.07429
.08213
.09050
.09941
.10889

.03674
.04127
.04622
.05159
.05742

.01817
.02074
.02360
.02677
.03028

.00899
.01043
.01205
.01389
.01596

.00445
.00524
.00616
.00721
.00842

.00220
.00263
.00314
.00374
.00444

3.88
3.96
4.04
4.12
4.20

.11894
.12957
.14080
.15262
.16505

.06373
.07054
.07789
.08579
.09428

.03415
.03841
.04309
.04823
.05385

.01830
.02091
.02384
.02711
.03076

.00980
.01138
.01319
.01524
.01757

.00525
.00620
.00730
.00857
.01004

4.28
4.36
4.44
4.52
4.60

.17810
.19178
.20608
.22101
.23659

.10337
.11311
.12350
.13459
.14640

.06000
.06671
.07401
.08196
.09059

.03483
.03934
.04436
.04991
.05605

.02021
.02320
.02658
.03039
.03469

.01173
.01369
.01593
.01851
.02146

4.68
4.76
4.84
4.92
5.00

.25281
.26967
.28718
.30534
.32415

.15896
.17229
.18644
.20143
.21728

.09995
.11008
.12104
.13288
.14565

.06284
.07033
.07858
.08766
.09763

.03951
.04493
.05101
.05782
.06544

.02484
.02871
.03312
.03815
.04387

(table continues)

94

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-6. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 7 Servers Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

P(>O)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

1.88
1.96
2.04
2.12
2.20

.00344
.00431
.00535
.00657
.00799

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001

2.28
2.36
2.44
2.52
2.60

.00963
.01151
.01365
.01608
.01880

.00003
.00004
.00006
.00007
.00010

.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

.00001
.00001

2.68
2.74
2.86
2.92
3.00

.02184
.02523
.02898
.03311
.03765

.00012
.00016
.00020
.00025
.00031

.00005
.00007
.00009
.00011
.00014

.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

3.08
3.16
3.24
3.32
3.40

.04260
.04799
.05384
.06016
.06697

.00039
.00048
.00059
.00073
.00089

.00018
.00022
.00028
.00035
.00043

.00008
.00010
.00013
.00017
.00021

.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008
.00010

.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005

3.48
3.56
3.64
3.72
3.80

.07429
.08213
.09050
.09941
.10889

.00109
.00132
.00161
.00194
.00234

.00054
.00067
.00082
.00101
.00123

.00027
.00033
.00042
.00052
.00065

.00013
.00017
.00021
.00027
.00034

.00007
.00008
.00011
.00014
.00018

3.88
3.96
4.04
4.12
4.20

.11894
.12957
.14080
.15262
.16505

.00281
.00337
.00404
.00482
.00573

.00151
.00184
.00223
.00271
.00327

.00081
.00100
.00124
.00152
.00187

.00043
.00054
.00068
.00086
.00107

.00023
.00030
.00038
.00048
.00061

4.28
4.36
4.44
4.52
4.60

.17810
.19178
.20608
.22101
.23659

.00681
.00807
.00955
.01127
.01328

.00395
.00476
.00572
.00686
.00822

.00229
.00281
.00343
.00418
.00509

.00133
.00166
.00205
.00255
.00315

.00077
.00098
.00123
.00155
.00195

4.68
4.76
4.84
4.92
5.00

.25281
.26967
.28718
.30534
.32415

.01562
.01834
.02150
.02516
.02941

.00982
.01172
.01396
.01660
.01971

.00618
.00749
.00906
.01095
.01321

.00388
.00478
.00588
.00722
.00886

.00244
.00306
.00382
.00477
.00594

Chapter 4

95

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-7. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 8 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for TJT2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.00156
.00208
.00273
.00354
.00452

.00048
.00065
.00087
.00115
.00150

.00015
.00020
.00028
.00038
.00050

.00005
.00006
.00009
.00012
.00017

.00001
.00002
.00003
.00004
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

.00570
.00710
.00876
.01070
.01295

.00193
.00246
.00310
.00386
.00476

.00066
.00085
.00109
.00139
.00175

.00022
.00030
.00039
.00050
.00064

.00008
.00010
.00014
.00018
.00024

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00007
.00009

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

.01554
.01849
.02185
.02564
.02989

.00583
.00708
.00854
.01022
.01215

.00219
.00271
.00333
.00407
.00494

.00082
.00104
.00130
.00162
.00201

.00031
.00040
.00051
.00065
.00082

.00012
.00015
.00020
.00026
.00033

3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

.03462
.03988
.04568
.05206
.05904

.01436
.01687
.01972
.02293
.02653

.00596
.00714
.00851
.01010
.01192

.00247
.00302
.00368
.00445
.00536

.00102
.00128
.00159
.00196
.00241

.00043
.00054
.00069
.00086
.00108

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

.06666
.07492
.08387
.09352
.10389

.03056
.03504
.04002
.04452
.05159

.01401
.01639
.01909
.02216
.02652

.00642
.00766
.00911
.01078
.01272

.00294
.00358
.00435
.00525
.00632

.00135
.00168
.00207
.00256
.00314

4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

.11500
.12688
.13954
.15300
.16727

.05826
.06558
.07358
.08230
.09180

.02952
.03389
.03880
.04428
.05038

.01495
.01752
.02046
.02382
.02765

.00758
.00905
.01079
.01281
.01517

.00384
.00468
.00569
.00689
.00833

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

.18236
.19829
.21507
.23271
.25122

.10210
.11327
.12533
.13835
.15237

.05717
.06470
.07304
.08225
.09242

.03201
.03696
.04256
.04890
.05605

.01792
.02111
.02480
.02907
.03400

.01003
.01206
.01445
.01728
.02062

5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0

.27060
.29086
.31201
.33405
.35698

.16744
.18362
.20095
.21949
.23929

.10361
.11592
.12942
.14421
.16040

.06411
.07318
.08335
.09475
.10752

.03967
.04619
.05368
.06226
.07207

.02455
.02916
.03457
.04091
.04831

(table continues)

96

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-7. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 8 Servers Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

P(>O)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

.00156
.00208
.00273
.00354
.00452

.00001

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

.00570
.00710
.00876
.01070
.01295

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

.01554
.01849
.02185
.02564
.02989

.00004
.00006
.00008
.00010
.00013

.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001

3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

.03462
.03988
.04568
.05206
.05904

.00018
.00023
.00030
.00038
.00049

.00007
.00010
.00013
.00017
.00022

.00003
.00004
.00006
.00007
.00010

.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

.06666
.07492
.08387
.09352
.10389

.00062
.00078
.00099
.00124
.00156

.00028
.00037
.00047
.00061
.00077

.00013
.00017
.00023
.00029
.00038

.00006
.00008
.00011
.00014
.00019

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00007
.00009

4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

.11500
.12688
.13954
.15300
.16727

.00194
.00242
.00300
.00371
.00457

.00099
.00125
.00158
.00199
.00251

.00050
.00065
.00083
.00107
.00138

.00025
.00033
.00044
.00058
.00076

.00013
.00017
.00023
.00031
.00041

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

.18236
.19829
.21507
.23271
.25122

.00562
.00689
.00842
.01028
.01251

.00315
.00393
.00491
.00611
.00759

.00176
.00225
.00286
.00363
.00460

.00099
.00128
.00167
.00216
.00279

.00055
.00073
.00097
.00128
.00169

5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0

.27060
.29086
.31201
.33405
.35698

.01519
.01841
.02227
.02688
.03238

.00940
.01162
.01434
.01766
.02171

.00582
.00734
.00924
.01160
.01455

.00360
.00463
.00595
.00762
.00975

.00223
.00292
.00383
.00501
.00654

Chapter 4

97

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-8. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 9 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,IT2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

.00501
.00613
.00744
.00897
.01072

.00154
.00192
.00238
.00293
.00357

.00047
.00060
.00076
.00095
.00119

.00015
.00019
.00024
.00031
.00040

.00004
.00006
.00008
.00010
.00013

.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004

3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

.01273
.01502
.01760
.02051
.02376

.00432
.00520
.00622
.00739
.00874

.00147
.00180
.00220
.00267
.00322

.00050
.00062
.00078
.00096
.00118

.00017
.00022
.00027
.00035
.00044

.00006
.00007
.00010
.00013
.00016

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

.02738
.03140
.03583
.04071
.04605

.01028
.01202
.01400
.01622
.01872

.00386
.00460
.00547
.00647
.00761

.00145
.00176
.00214
.00258
.00309

.00054
.00067
.00083
.00103
.00126

.00020
.00026
.00033
.00041
.00051

4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

.05188
.05822
.06509
.07251
.08051

.02152
.02464
.02810
.03194
.03625

.00893
.01042
.01213
.01407
.01625

.00370
.00441
.00524
.00620
.00730

.00154
.00187
.00226
.00273
.00328

.00064
.00079
.00098
.00120
.00147

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

.08910
.09831
.10814
.11862
.12977

.04084
.04597
.05160
.05774
.06444

.01872
.02150
.02462
.02811
.03200

.00858
.01006
.01175
.01368
.01589

.00393
.00470
.00560
.00666
.00789

.00180
.00220
.00267
.00324
.00392

5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0

.14160
.15412
.16735
.18130
.19598

.07174
.07966
.08824
.09753
.10756

.03634
.04117
.04653
.05246
.05903

.01841
.02128
.02453
.02822
.03240

.00933
.01100
.01294
.01518
.01778

.00473
.00458
.00682
.00817
.00976

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

.21140
.22758
.24452
.26223
.28071

.11837
.13000
.14249
.15590
.17026

.06627
.07426
.08304
.09269
.10327

.03711
.04242
.04839
.05510
.06263

.02078
.02423
.02820
.03276
.03799

.01163
.01384
.01643
.01948
.02304

6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0

.29997
.32003
.34087
.36251
.38495

.18562
.20203
.21953
.23819
.25804

.11486
.12754
.14139
.15650
.17297

.07107
.08051
.09106
.10283
.11594

.04398
.05083
.05864
.06756
.07772

.02721
.03209
.03777
.04439
.05210

1.0

(table continues)

98

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-8. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 9 Servers Continued)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for TJT2 =

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

.00501
.00613
.00744
.00897
.01072

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

.01273
.01502
.01760
.02051
.02376

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

1.2

1.4

1.6

.00002
.00003
.00003
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001

.02738
.03140
.03583
.04071
.04605

.00008
.00010
.00013
.00016
.00021

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008

.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

.05188
.05822
.06509
.07251
.08051

.00026
.00033
.00042
.00053
.00066

.00011
.00014
.00018
.00023
.00030

.00005
.00006
.00008
.00010
.00013

.00002
.00003
.00003
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00003

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

.08910
.09831
.10814
.11862
.12977

.00083
.00103
.00128
.00158
.00195

.00038
.00048
.00061
.00077
.00097

.00017
.00022
.00029
.00037
.00048

.00008
.00011
.00014
.00018
.00024

.00004
.00005
.00007
.00009
.00012

5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0

.14160
.15412
.16735
.18130
.19598

.00239
.00294
.00360
.00439
.00535

.00121
.00152
.00190
.00236
.00294

.00061
.00078
.00100
.00127
.00161

.00031
.00041
.00053
.00068
.00089

.00016
.00021
.00028
.00037
.00049

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

.21140
.22758
.24452
.26223
.28071

.00651
.00791
.00958
.01158
.01398

.00365
.00452
.00558
.00688
.00848

.00204
.00258
.00325
.00409
.00514

.00114
.00147
.00190
.00243
.00312

.00064
.00084
.00110
.00145
.00189

6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0

.29997
.32003
.34087
.36251
.38495

.01684
.02025
.02432
.02917
.03492

.01042
.01279
.01567
.01916
.02341

.00645
.00807
.01009
.01259
.01569

.00399
.00510
.00650
.00827
.01052

.00247
.00322
.00418
.00544
.00705

.00001
.00001
.00002

.00003

1.8

2.0

Chapter 4

99

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-9. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 10 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.01038
.01216
.01416
.01641
.01892

.00319
.00381
.00453
.00535
.00630

.00098
.00119
.00145
.00175
.00210

.00030
.00037
.00046
.00057
.00070

.00009
.00012
.00015
.00019
.00023

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008

4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

.02171
.02481
.02823
.03199
.03611

.00737
.00859
.00998
.01153
.01328

.00250
.00298
.00353
.00416
.00489

.00085
.00103
.00125
.00150
.00180

.00029
.00036
.00044
.00054
.00066

.00010
.00012
.00016
.00020
.00024

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

.04061
.04550
.05082
.05658
.06279

.01524
.01742
.01985
.02255
.02553

.00572
.00667
.00775
.00899
.01038

.00215
.00255
.00303
.00358
.00422

.00081
.00098
.00118
.00143
.00172

.00030
.00037
.00046
.00057
.00070

5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0

.06947
.07665
.08433
.09255
.10130

.02882
.03244
.03641
.04076
.04552

.01195
.01373
.01572
.01795
.02045

.00496
.00581
.00679
.00791
.00919

.00206
.00246
.00293
.00348
.00413

.00085
.00104
.00126
.00153
.00186

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

.11061
.12049
.13096
.14203
.15371

.05070
.05635
.06248
.06913
.07633

.02324
.02635
.02981
.03365
.03791

.01065
.01232
.01422
.01638
.01882

.00488
.00576
.00679
.00797
.00935

.00224
.00270
.00324
.00388
.00464

6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0

.16602
.17897
.19256
.20681
.22173

.08411
.09250
.10154
.11125
.12169

.04261
.04781
.05354
.05985
.06678

.02159
.02471
.02823
.03219
.03665

.01094
.01277
.01489
.01732
.02011

.00554
.00660
.00787
.00932
.01104

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

.23732
.25360
.27057
.28824
.30661

.13288
.14486
.15768
.17136
.18597

.07440
.08275
.09189
.10188
.11280

.04166
.04726
.05355
.06057
.06841

.02332
.02700
.03120
.03601
.04150

.01306
.01542
.01818
.02141
.02517

7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0

.32569
.34548
.36599
.38722
.40918

.20153
.21810
.23571
.25442
.27428

.12470
.13768
.15181
.16717
.18386

.07716
.08692
.09777
.10984
.12324

.04775
.05487
.06297
.07217
.08261

.02955
.03464
.04055
.04742
.05538

(table continues)

Chapter 4

100

Table 4-9. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N

Erlang C Distribution

=10 Servers Continued)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,IT2 =

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

.01038
.01216
.01416
.01641
.01892

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

.00001
.00001

4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

.02171
.02481
.02823
.03199
.03611

.00003
.00004
.00006
.00007
.00009

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00003
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

.04061
.04550
.05082
.05658
.06279

.00011
.00014
.00018
.00023
.00028

.00004
.00005
.00007
.00009
.00012

5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0

.06947
.07665
.08433
.09255
.10130

.00035
.00044
.00055
.00068
.00083

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

.11061
.12049
.13096
.14203
.15371

6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

.00001

.00015
.00019
.00024
.00030
.00037

.00006
.00008
.00010
.00013
.00017

.00003
.00003
.00004
.00006
.00008

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00003
.00003

.00103
.00126
.00154
.00189
.00231

.00047
.00059
.00074
.00092
.00114

.00022
.00028
.00035
.00045
.00057

.00010
.00013
.00017
.00022
.00028

.00005
.00006
.00008
.00011
.00014

.16602
.17897
.19256
.20681
.22173

.00281
.00341
.00414
.00501
.00606

.00142
.00176
.00218
.00270
.00332

.00072
.00091
.00115
.00145
.00182

.00036
.00047
.00061
.00078
.00100

.00018
.00024
.00032
.00042
.00055

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

.23732
.25360
.27057
.28824
.30661

.00731
.00881
.01060
.01273
.01527

.00409
.00503
.00618
.00757
.00926

.00229
.00287
.00360
.00450
.00562

.00128
.00164
.00210
.00267
.00341

.00072
.00094
.00122
.00159
.00207

7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0

.32569
.34548
.36599
.38722
.40918

.01828
.02187
.02612
.03116
.03712

.01131
.01380
.01682
.02047
.02488

.00700
.00871
.01083
.01345
.01668

.00433
.00550
.00698
.00884
.01118

.00268
.00347
.00449
.00581
.00749

1.2

Chapter 4

101

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-10. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 11 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.01726
.01966
.02232
.02523
.02843

.00530
.00616
.00714
.00823
.00946

.00163
.00193
.00228
.00269
.00315

.00050
.00061
.00073
.00088
.00105

.00015
.00019
.00023
.00029
.00035

.00005
.00006
.00007
.00009
.00012

5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0

.03193
.03574
.03988
.04437
.04922

.01084
.01238
.01410
.01600
.01811

.00368
.00429
.00498
.00577
.00666

.00125
.00149
.00176
.00208
.00245

.00042
.00051
.00062
.00075
.00090

.00014
.00018
.00022
.00027
.00033

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

.05445
.06008
.06611
.07257
.07948

.02044
.02300
.02583
.02892
.03231

.00767
.00881
.01009
.01153
.01314

.00288
.00337
.00394
.00459
.00534

.00108
.00129
.00154
.00183
.00217

.00041
.00049
.00060
.00073
.00088

6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0

.08683
.09466
.10298
.11179
.12111

.03602
.04006
.04446
.04923
.05442

.01494
.01695
.01919
.02168
.02445

.00620
.00717
.00829
.00955
.01099

.00257
.00304
.00358
.00421
.00494

.00107
.00128
.00154
.00185
.00222

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

.13095
.14133
.15226
.16375
.17581

.06003
.06610
.07265
.07971
.08730

.02752
.03091
.03466
.03880
.04335

.01261
.01446
.01654
.01888
.02153

.00578
.00676
.00789
.00919
.01069

.00265
.00316
.00376
.00447
.00531

7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0

.18844
.20167
.21549
.22992
.24496

.09547
.10423
.11363
.12368
.13444

.04837
.05387
.05991
.06653
.07378

.02450
.02784
.03159
.03579
.04049

.01241
.01439
.01666
.01923
.02222

.00629
.00744
.00878
.01036
.01220

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

.26062
.27691
.29384
.31140
.32961

.14592
.15817
.17123
.18513
.19992

.08170
.09035
.09979
.11007
.12126

.04574
.05161
.05815
.06544
.07355

.02561
.02948
.03389
.03890
.04461

.01434
.01684
.01975
.02313
.02706

8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0

.34847
.36798
.38815
.40898
.43047

.21563
.23230
.24998
.26872
.28855

.13343
.14665
.16100
.17656
.19342

.08256
.09258
.10369
.11601
.12966

.05109
.05844
.06678
.07622
.08691

.03161
.03689
.04301
.05008
.05826

(table continues)

Chapter 4

102

Table 4-10. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

Erlang C Distribution

=11 Servers

Continued)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

1.2

1.4

.01726
.01966
.02232
.02523
.02843

.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0

.03193
.03574
.03988
.04437
.04922

.00005
.00006
.00008
.00010
.00012

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

.05445
.06008
.06611
.07257
.07948

6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0

1.6

1.8

.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004
.00004

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

.00001

.00015
.00019
.00023
.00029
.00036

.00006
.00007
.00009
.00012
.00015

.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001
.00001

.08683
.09466
.10298
.11179
.12111

.00044
.00054
.00067
.00082
.00100

.00018
.00023
.00029
.00036
.00045

.00008
.00010
.00012
.00016
.00020

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00007
.00009

.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

.13095
.14133
.15226
.16375
.17581

.00122
.00148
.00180
.00218
.00264

.00056
.00069
.00086
.00106
.00131

.00026
.00032
.00041
.00052
.00065

.00012
.00015
.00020
.00025
.00032

.00005
.00007
.00009
.00012
.00016

7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0

.18844
.20167
.21549
.22992
.24496

.00319
.00384
.00463
.00557
.00669

.00161
.00199
.00244
.00300
.00367

.00082
.00103
.00129
.00161
.00202

.00041
.00053
.00068
.00087
.00111

.00021
.00027
.00036
.00047
.00061

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

.26062
.27691
.29384
.31140
.32961

.00803
.00962
.01151
.01375
.01641

.00450
.00549
.00671
.00817
.00995

.00252
.00314
.00391
.00486
.00604

.00141
.00179
.00228
.00289
.00366

.00079
.00102
.00133
.00172
.00222

8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0

.34847
.36798
.38815
.40898
.43047

.01956
.02329
.02770
.03291
.03905

.01210
.01470
.01784
.02162
.02618

.00749
.00928
.01149
.01421
.01755

.00463
.00586
.00740
.00933
.01176

.00287
.00370
.00477
.00613
.00788

2.0

Chapter 4

103

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-11. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N= 12 Servers)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,IT2 =

Offered

Traffic

P(>O)

(A in Erl)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

.02521
.02819
.03143
.03495
.03876

.00775
.00884
.01005
.01140
.01290

.00238
.00277
.00321
.00372
.00429

.00073
.00087
.00103
.00121
.00143

.00022
.00027
.00033
.00040
.00048

.00007
.00009
.00011
.00013
.00016

6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0

.04287
.04729
.05205
.05716
.06262

.01456
.01639
.01840
.02061
.02304

.00494
.00568
.00650
.00743
.00847

.00168
.00197
.00230
.00268
.00312

.00057
.00068
.00081
.00097
.00115

.00019
.00024
.00029
.00035
.00042

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

.06846
.07468
.08130
.08833
.09578

.02569
.02859
.03176
.03520
.03894

.00964
.01095
.01240
.01403
.01583

.00362
.00419
.00485
.00559
.00644

.00136
.00161
.00189
.00223
.00262

.00051
.00061
.00074
.00089
.00106

7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0

.10367
.11201
.12081
.13009
.13984

.04300
.04740
.05216
.05729
.06283

.01784
.02006
.02252
.02523
.02823

.00740
.00849
.00972
.01111
.01269

.00307
.00359
.00420
.00489
.00570

.00127
.00152
.00181
.00216
.00256

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

.15009
.16084
.17210
.18389
.19621

.06880
.07522
.08211
.08951
.09743

.03154
.03518
.03918
.04357
.04838

.01446
.01645
.01869
.02121
.02403

.00663
.00769
.00892
.01032
.01193

.00304
.00360
.00425
.00502
.00592

8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0

.20906
.22247
.23642
.25094
.26603

.10591
.11498
.12466
.13499
.14600

.05366
.05943
.06573
.07262
.08013

.02718
.03072
.03466
.03907
.04398

.01377
.01588
.01828
.02101
.02413

.00698
.00821
.00964
.01130
.01325

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5

.28170
.29795
.31478
.33220
.35022

.15772
.17019
.18344
.19750
.21242

.08831
.09721
.10690
.11742
.12884

.04944
.05553
.06229
.06981
.07815

.02768
.03172
.03630
.04150
.04740

.01550
.01812
.02115
.02467
.02875

9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10.0

.36884
.38807
.40790
.42834
.44939

.22823
.24498
.26270
.28144
.30123

.14123
.15465
.16919
.18492
.20192

.08739
.09763
.10896
.12150
.13535

.05407
.06163
.07018
.07983
.09073

.03346
.03891
.04520
.05245
.06082

(table continues)

Chapter 4

104

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-11. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 12 Servers Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for TJT2 =

P(>O)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

.02521
.02819
.03143
.03495
.03876

.00002
.00003
.00003
.00004
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

.00001

6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0

.04287
.04729
.05205
.05716
.06262

.00007
.00008
.00010
.00013
.00016

.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

.06846
.07468
.08130
.08833
.09578

.00019
.00024
.00029
.00035
.00043

.00007
.00009
.00011
.00014
.00018

.00003
.00003
.00004
.00006
.00007

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001

7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0

.10367
.11201
.12081
.13009
.13984

.00053
.00064
.00078
.00095
.00115

.00022
.00027
.00034
.00042
.00052

.00009
.00012
.00015
.00018
.00023

.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008
.00010

.00001
.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

.15009
.16084
.17210
.18389
.19621

.00139
.00168
.00203
.00245
.00294

.00064
.00079
.00097
.00119
.00146

.00029
.00037
.00046
.00058
.00073

.00013
.00017
.00022
.00028
.00036

.00006
.00008
.00011
.00014
.00018

8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0

.20906
.22247
.23642
.25094
.26603

.00353
.00424
.00508
.00608
.00727

.00179
.00219
.00268
.00327
.00399

.00091
.00113
.00141
.00176
.00219

.00046
.00059
.00074
.00095
.00120

.00023
.00030
.00039
.00051
.00066

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5

.28170
.29795
.31478
.33220
.35022

.00868
.01035
.01233
.01467
.01744

.00486
.00591
.00718
.00872
.01058

.00272
.00338
.00419
.00518
.00641

.00152
.00193
.00244
.00308
.00389

.00085
.00110
.00142
.00183
.00236

9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10.0

.36884
.38807
.40790
.42834
.44939

.02070
.02456
.02911
.03446
.04077

.01281
.01551
.01875
.02264
.02733

.00793
.00979
.01207
.01488
.01832

.00491
.00618
.00778
.00978
.01228

.00304
.00390
.00501
.00642
.00823

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

105

Table 4-12. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N= 13 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,IT2 =

P(>O)
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

.03387
.03737
.04114
.04518
.04952

.01041
.01171
.01316
.01474
.01648

.00320
.00367
.00421
.00481
.00549

.00098
.00115
.00135
.00157
.00183

.00030
.00036
.00043
.00051
.00061

.00009
.00011
.00014
.00017
.00020

7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0

.05416
.05912
.06440
.07002
.07600

.01839
.02048
.02276
.02525
.02796

.00625
.00710
.00805
.00911
.01029

.00212
.00246
.00284
.00328
.00378

.00072
.00085
.00101
.00118
.00139

.00024
.00030
.00036
.00043
.00051

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

.08234
.08905
.09615
.10364
.11154

.03090
.03410
.03756
.04130
.04535

.01160
.01306
.01467
.01646
.01844

.00435
.00500
.00573
.00656
.00750

.00163
.00191
.00224
.00261
.00305

.00061
.00073
.00087
.00104
.00124

8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0

.11986
.12860
.13779
.14741
.15750

.04971
.05442
.05948
.06493
.07077

.02062
.02303
.02568
.02860
.03180

.00855
.00974
.01109
.01259
.01429

.00355
.00412
.00479
.00555
.00642

.00147
.00174
.00207
.00244
.00288

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5

.16805
.17908
.19059
.20258
.21508

.07704
.08375
.09093
.09861
.10681

.03531
.03917
.04338
.04800
.05304

.01619
.01832
.02070
.02336
.02634

.00742
.00857
.00988
.01137
.01308

.00340
.00401
.00471
.00554
.00649

9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10.0

.22808
.24160
.25563
.27018
.28527

.11555
.12487
.13479
.14534
.15656

.05854
.06454
.07107
.07819
.08592

.02966
.03336
.03748
.04206
.04716

.01502
.01728
.01976
.02263
.02588

.00761
.00891
.01042
.01217
.01420

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5

.30089
.31706
.33377
.35103
.36885

.16847
.18111
.19450
.20870
.22372

.09433
.10345
.11335
.12407
.13569

.05281
.05909
.06605
.07376
.08230

.02957
.03375
.03849
.04385
.04992

.01656
.01928
.02243
.02607
.03028

10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0

.38722
.40616
.42566
.44572
.46636

.23961
.25640
.27414
.29286
.31261

.14826
.16186
.17656
.19242
.20955

.09174
.10218
.11371
.12643
.14047

.05677
.06451
.07323
.08307
.09416

.03513
.04072
.04716
.05458
.06312

(table continues)

106

Chapter 4

Table 4-12. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

Erlang C Distribution

= 13 Servers Continued)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

1.2

1.4

1.6

.03387
.03737
.04114
.04518
.04952

.00003
.00004
.00004
.00005
.00007

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001

7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0

.05416
.05912
.06440
.07002
.07600

.00008
.00010
.00013
.00015
.00019

.00003
.00004
.00004
.00006
.00007

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

.08234
.08905
.09615
.10364
.11154

.00023
.00028
.00034
.00042
.00050

.00009
.00011
.00013
.00017
.00020

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00007
.00008

.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0

.11986
.12860
.13779
.14741
.15750

.00061
.00074
.00089
.00108
.00130

.00025
.00031
.00039
.00047
.00058

.00011
.00013
.00017
.00021
.00026

.00004
.00006
.00007
.00009
.00012

.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5

.16805
.17908
.19059
.20258
.21508

.00156
.00187
.00225
.00269
.00323

.00071
.00088
.00107
.00131
.00160

.00033
.00041
.00051
.00064
.00080

.00015
.00019
.00024
.00031
.00039

.00007
.00009
.00012
.00015
.00020

9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10.0

.22808
.24160
.25563
.27018
.28527

.00386
.00461
.00549
.00655
.00779

.00195
.00238
.00290
.00352
.00428

.00099
.00123
.00153
.00189
.00235

.00050
.00064
.00081
.00102
.00129

.00025
.00033
.00042
.00055
.00071

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5

.30089
.31706
.33377
.35103
.36885

.00927
.01101
.01307
.01550
.01836

.00519
.00629
.00762
.00922
.01114

.00291
.00359
.00444
.00548
.00676

.00163
.00205
.00259
.00326
.00410

.00091
.00117
.00151
.00194
.00249

10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0

.38722
.40616
.42566
.44572
.46636

.02174
.02571
.03038
.03586
.04231

.01345
.01623
.01956
.02356
.02836

.00832
.01024
.01260
.01548
.01901

.00515
.00647
.00811
.01017
.01274

.00319
.00408
.00523
.00668
.00854

1.8

2.0

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

107

Table 4-13. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 14 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,fT2 =

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.04298
.04694
.05117
.05567
.06047

.01321
.01471
.01636
.01817
.02013

.00406
.00461
.00523
.00593
.00670

.00125
.00145
.00167
.00193
.00223

.00038
.00045
.00054
.00063
.00074

.00012
.00014
.00017
.00021
.00025

8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0

.06557
.07098
.07671
.08277
.08918

.02227
.02459
.02711
.02985
.03281

.00756
.00852
.00958
.01076
.01207

.00257
.00295
.00339
.00388
.00444

.00087
.00102
.00120
.00140
.00163

.00030
.00035
.00042
.00050
.00060

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5

.09593
.10305
.11054
.11841
.12667

.03600
.03946
.04318
.04719
.05150

.01351
.01511
.01687
.01881
.02094

.00507
.00578
.00659
.00749
.00851

.00190
.00221
.00257
.00299
.00346

.00071
.00085
.00101
.00119
.00141

9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10.0

.13533
.14440
.15388
.16379
.17413

.05613
.06110
.06643
.07214
.07824

.02328
.02586
.02868
.03177
.03516

.00966
.01094
.01238
.01399
.01580

.00401
.00463
.00535
.00616
.00710

.00166
.00196
.00231
.00271
.00319

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5

.18491
.19614
.20783
.21998
.23259

.08477
.09173
.09916
.10708
.11550

.03886
.04290
.04731
.05212
.05736

.01781
.02006
.02257
.02537
.02848

.00817
.00938
.01077
.01235
.01414

.00374
.00439
.00514
.00601
.00702

10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0

.24569
.25926
.27332
.28787
.30292

.12447
.13400
.14412
.15486
.16625

.06306
.06926
.07599
.08331
.09124

.03195
.03580
.04007
.04481
.05007

.01618
.01850
.02113
.02411
.02748

.00820
.00956
.01114
.01297
.01508

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

.31847
.33453
.35110
.36819
.38579

.17831
.19109
.20460
.21890
.23400

.09984
.10915
.11923
.13014
.14193

.05590
.06235
.06948
.07737
.08608

.03130
.03561
.04049
.04600
.05221

.01752
.02034
.02360
.02735
.03167

11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
12.0

.40392
.42257
.44175
.46146
.48171

.24994
.26679
.28451
.30320
.32290

.15466
.16840
.18323
.19922
.21645

.09570
.10631
.11801
.13090
.14509

.05922
.06711
.07600
.08601
.09726

.03664
.04237
.04895
.05651
.06519

(table continues)

Chapter 4

108

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-13. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 14 Servers Continued)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,JT2 =

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

.04298
.04694
.05117
.05567
.06047

.00004
.00004
.00005
.00007
.00008

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001

8.6
8.7
8.8
&.9
9.0

.06557
.07098
.07671
.08277
.08918

.00010
.00012
.00015
.00018
.00022

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00007
.00008

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5

.09593
.10305
.11054
.11841
.12667

.00027
.00032
.00039
.00047
.00057

.00010
.00012
.00015
.00019
.00023

.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008
.00009

.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10.0

.13533
.14440
.15388
.16379
.17413

.00069
.00083
.00100
.00120
.00143

.00029
.00035
.00043
.00053
.00064

.00012
.00015
.00019
.00023
.00029

.00005
.00006
.00008
.00010
.00013

.00002
.00003
.00003
.00004
.00006

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5

.18491
.19614
.20783
.21998
.23259

.00172
.00205
.00245
.00293
.00349

.00079
.00096
.00117
.00142
.00173

.00036
.00045
.00056
.00069
.00086

.00017
.00021
.00027
.00034
.00043

.00008
.00010
.00013
.00016
.00021

10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0

.24569
.25926
.27332
.28787
.30292

.00415
.00494
.00587
.00698
.00828

.00210
.00255
.00310
.00375
.00454

.00107
.00132
.00163
.00202
.00249

.00054
.00068
.00086
.00109
.00137

.00027
.00035
.00045
.00058
.00075

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

.31847
.33453
.35110
.36819
.38579

.00981
.01162
.01375
.01626
.01921

.00549
.00664
.00801
.00967
.01165

.00308
.00379
.00467
.00575
.00707

.00172
.00217
.00272
.00342
.00429

.00096
.00124
.00159
.00203
.00260

11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
12.0

.40392
.42257
.44175
.46146
.48171

.02267
.02675
.03152
.03713
.04370

.01403
.01688
.02030
.02440
.02929

.00868
.01066
.01308
.01603
.01964

.00537
.00673
.00842
.01053
.01316

.00332
.00425
.00542
.00692
.00882

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Chapter 4

109

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-14. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N= 15 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.05234
.05671
.06134
.06625
.07144

.01608
.01778
.01962
.02162
.02378

.00494
.00557
.00627
.00705
.00792

.00152
.00175
.00201
.00230
.00264

.00047
.00055
.00064
.00075
.00088

.00014
.00017
.00021
.00024
.00029

9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10.0

.07694
.08273
.08884
.09528
.10204

.02613
.02866
.03140
.03436
.03754

.00887
.00993
.01110
.01239
.01381

.00301
.00344
.00392
.00447
.00508

.00102
.00119
.00139
.00161
.00187

.00035
.00041
.00049
.00058
.00069

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5

.10915
.11661
.12442
.13260
.14115

.04097
.04465
.04860
.05284
.05739

.01537
.01710
.01899
.02106
.02333

.00577
.00655
.00742
.00839
.00949

.00217
.00251
.00290
.00334
.00386

.00081
.00096
.00113
.00133
.00157

10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0

.15009
.15941
.16914
.17926
.18980

.06225
.06746
.07302
.07895
.08528

.02582
.02885
.03152
.03477
.03832

.01071
.01208
.01361
.01532
.01722

.00444
.00511
.00588
.00675
.00774

.00184
.00216
.00254
.00297
.00348

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

.20076
.21214
.22395
.23620
.24889

.09203
.09921
.10685
.11497
.12360

.04219
.04640
.05098
.05596
.06138

.01934
.02170
.02432
.02724
.03048

.00886
.01015
.01161
.01326
.01514

.00406
.00475
.00554
.00645
.00752

11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
12.0

.26204
.27563
.28969
.30421
.31919

.13275
.14246
.15275
.16365
.17518

.06725
.07363
.08054
.08803
.09614

.03407
.03806
.04247
.04736
.05276

.01726
.01967
.02239
.02548
.02896

.00875
.01017
.01181
.01370
.01589

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5

.33465
.35059
.36701
.38391
.40131

.18737
.20026
.21388
.22825
.24340

.10491
.11439
.12464
.13570
.14763

.05874
.06534
.07263
.08067
.08954

.03289
.03732
.04233
.04796
.05431

.01841
.02132
.02467
.02852
.03294

12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
13.0

.41919
.43756
.45644
.47581
.49568

.25939
.27623
.29396
.31263
.33227

.16051
.17438
.18932
.20541
.22273

.09932
.11008
.12193
.13497
.14930

.06146
.06949
.07853
.08868
.10008

.03803
.04387
.05058
.05827
.06708

(table continues)

Chapter 4

110

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-14. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 15 Servers Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,fT2

P(>O)
1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

=
2.0

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5

.05234
.05671
.06134
.06625
.07144

.00004
.00005
.00007
.00008
.00010

.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10.0

.07694
.08273
.08884
.09528
.10204

.00012
.00014
.00017
.00028
.00025

.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008
.00009

.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5

.10915
.11661
.12442
.13260
.14115

.00031
.00037
.00044
.00053
.00064

.00011
.00014
.00017
.00021
.00026

.00004
.00005
.00007
.00008
.00011

.00002
.00002
.00003
.00003
.00004

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0

.15009
.15941
.16914
.17926
.18980

.00076
.00092
.00109
.00131
.00156

.00032
.00039
.00047
.00058
.00070

.00013
.00016
.00020
.00025
.00032

.00005
.00007
.00009
.00011
.00014

.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

.20076
.21214
.22395
.23620
.24889

.00186
.00222
.00264
.00314
.00373

.00085
.00104
.00126
.00153
.00185

.00039
.00049
.00060
.00074
.00092

.00018
.00023
.00029
.00036
.00046

.00008
.00011
.00014
.00018
.00023

11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
12.0

.26204
.27563
.28969
.30421
.31919

.00443
.00525
.00623
.00737
.00872

.00224
.00272
.00328
.00397
.00479

.00114
.00140
.00173
.00213
.00263

.00058
.00073
.00091
.00115
.00144

.00029
.00037
.00048
.00062
.00079

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5

.33465
.35059
.36701
.38391
.40131

.01031
.01218
.01437
.01695
.01998

.00577
.00696
.00838
.01008
.01212

.00323
.00397
.00488
.00599
.00735

.00181
.00227
.00284
.00356
.00446

.00101
.00130
.00166
.00212
.00270

12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
13.0

.41919
.43756
.45644
.47581
.49568

.02353
.02769
.03257
.03828
.04497

.01456
.01748
.02098
.02515
.03014

.00901
.01104
.01351
.01653
.02021

.00558
.00697
.00870
.01086
.01354

.00345
.00440
.00560
.00714
.00908

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

111

Table 4-15. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 16 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.06181
.06653
.07152
.07678
.08232

.01899
.02086
.02287
.02505
.02740

.00584
.00654
.00732
.00817
.00912

.00179
.00205
.00234
.00267
.00304

.00055
.00064
.00075
.00087
.00101

.00017
.00020
.00024
.00028
.00034

10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0

.08815
.09428
.10072
.10747
.11454

.02994
.03266
.03560
.03875
.04214

.01017
.01132
.01258
.01397
.01550

.00345
.00392
.00445
.00504
.00570

.00117
.00136
.00157
.00182
.00210

.00040
.00047
.00056
.00066
.00077

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

.12194
.12968
.13776
.14619
.15499

.04576
.04965
.05381
.05826
.06301

.01718
.01901
.02102
.02322
.02562

.00645
.00728
.00821
.00925
.01042

.00242
.00279
.00321
.00369
.00423

.00091
.00107
.00125
.00147
.00172

11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
12.0

.16415
.17368
.18359
.19389
.20458

.06808
.07349
.07926
.08539
.09192

.02824
.03110
.03422
.03761
.04130

.01171
.01316
.01477
.01656
.01856

.00486
.00557
.00638
.00730
.00834

.00202
.00236
.00275
.00321
.00375

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5

.21566
.22715
.23905
.25137
.26411

.09886
.10623
.11406
.12236
.13115

.04532
.04968
.05442
.05956
.06513

.02077
.02323
.02596
.02899
.03234

.00952
.01087
.01239
.01411
.01606

.00437
.00508
.00591
.00678
.00798

12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
13.0

.27727
.29086
.30489
.31935
.33426

.14047
.15033
.16076
.17179
.18345

.07116
.07770
.08477
.09242
.10068

.03605
.04016
.04470
.04971
.05525

.01827
.02076
.02357
.02674
.03032

.00925
.01073
.01243
.01439
.01664

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

.34962
.36542
.38168
.39840
.41558

.19575
.20873
.22243
.23686
.25206

.10960
.11923
.12962
.14082
.15288

.06137
.06811
.07554
.08372
.09273

.03436
.03890
.04402
.04977
.05624

.01924
.02222
.02565
.02959
.03411

13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
14.0

.43322
.45133
.46991
.48896
.50849

.26807
.28492
.30264
.32127
.34085

.16588
.17987
.19491
.21109
.22848

.10264
.11355
.12553
.13870
.15315

.06351
.07168
.08085
.09113
.10266

.03930
.04525
.05207
.05988
.06882

(table continues)

112

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-15. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 16 Servers Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,IT2

1.2

1.4

1.6

.06181
.06653
.07152
.07678
.08232

.00005
.00006
.00008
.00009
.00011

.00002
.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.0

.08815
.09428
.10072
.10747
.11454

.00014
.00016
.00020
.00024
.00028

.00005
.00006
.00007
.00009
.00010

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

.12194
.12968
.13776
.14619
.15499

.00034
.00041
.00049
.00059
.00070

11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
12.0

.16415
.17368
.18359
.19389
.20458

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5

1.8

2.0

.00002
.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

.00001

.00013
.00016
.00019
.00023
.00028

.00005
.00006
.00007
.00009
.00012

.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

.00084
.00100
.00119
.00142
.00168

.00035
.00042
.00051
.00062
.00076

.00014
.00018
.00022
.00027
.00034

.00006
.00008
.00010
.00012
.00015

.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00007

.21566
.22715
.23905
.25137
.26411

.00200
.00238
.00282
.00334
.00396

.00092
.00111
.00135
.00163
.00197

.00042
.00052
.00064
.00079
.00098

.00019
.00024
.00031
.00039
.00048

.00009
.00011
.00015
.00019
.00024

12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
13.0

.27727
.29086
.30489
.31935
.33426

.00469
.00554
.00655
.00774
.00913

.00238
.00287
.00346
.00416
.00501

.00120
.00148
.00182
.00224
.00275

.00061
.00077
.00096
.00120
.00151

.00031
.00044
.00051
.00065
.00083

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

.34962
.36542
.38168
.39840
.41558

.01077
.01269
.01495
.01759
.02069

.00603
.00725
.00871
.01046
.01255

.00338
.00414
.00508
.00622
.00761

.00189
.00237
.00296
.00370
.00462

.00106
.00135
.00172
.00220
.00280

13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
14.0

.43322
.45133
.46991
.48896
.50849

.02432
.02857
.03353
.03934
.04613

.01505
.01803
.02160
.02585
.03092

.00931
.01138
.01391
.01698
.02073

.00576
.00719
.00896
.01116
.01389

.00357
.00454
.00577
.00733
.00931

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

113

Table 4-16. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 17 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

.07128
.07632
.08162
.08718
.09303

11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
12.0

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.02190
.02392
.02610
.02845
.03097

.00673
.00750
.00835
.00928
.01031

.00207
.00235
.00267
.00303
.00343

.00064
.00074
.00085
.00099
.00114

.00020
.00023
.00027
.00032
.00038

.09915
.10557
.11228
.11930
.12663

.03367
.03657
.03969
.04302
.04658

.01143
.01267
.01403
.01551
.01714

.00388
.00439
.00496
.00559
.00630

.00132
.00152
.00175
.00202
.00232

.00045
.00053
.00062
.00073
.00085

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5

.13428
.14225
.15056
.15920
.16819

.05040
.05447
.05881
.06345
.06838

.01891
.02086
.02297
.02528
.02780

.00710
.00799
.00897
.01008
.01130

.00266
.00306
.00351
.00402
.00460

.00100
.00117
.00137
.00160
.00187

12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
13.0

.17753
.18723
.19729
.20772
.21853

.07364
.07923
.08517
.09149
.09819

.03054
.03353
.03677
.04029
.04412

.01267
.01419
.01587
.01775
.01982

.00525
.00600
.00685
.00782
.00891

.00218
.00254
.00296
.00344
.00400

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

.22971
.24128
.25324
.26559
.27835

.10530
.11284
.12082
.12928
.13822

.04827
.05277
.05765
.06293
.06864

.02213
.02468
.02750
.03063
.03409

.01014
.01154
.01312
.01491
.01693

.00465
.00540
.00626
.00726
.00841

13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
14.0

.29151
.30507
.31905
.33345
.34827

.14768
.15768
.16823
.17938
.19113

.07482
.08150
.08871
.09650
.10490

.03790
.04212
.04678
.05191
.05757

.01920
.02177
.02466
.02792
.03159

.00973
.01125
.01301
.01502
.01734

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5

.36351
.37918
.39528
.41181
.42878

.20353
.21659
.23035
.24483
.26007

.11396
.12372
.13424
.14556
.15774

.06380
.07067
.07823
.08654
.09568

.03572
.04037
.04559
.05145
.05803

.02000
.02306
.02657
.03059
.03520

14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15.0

.44619
.46404
.48234
.50108
.52028

.27610
.29294
.31065
.32924
.34875

.17085
.18493
.20007
.21632
.23378

.10572
.11674
.12885
.14214
.15671

.06542
.07370
.08299
.09339
.10504

.04048
.04653
.05345
.06136
.07041

(table continues)

Chapter 4

114

Table
Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

4~16.

Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N

ErJang C Distribution

= 17 Servers

Continued)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2

P(>O)
1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

=
2.0

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

.07128
.07632
.08162
.08718
.09303

.00006
.00007
.00009
.00011
.00013

.00002
.00002
.00003
.00003
.00004

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001

11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
12.0

.09915
.10557
.11228
.11930
.12663

.00015
.00018
.00022
.00026
.00031

.00005
.00006
.00008
.00009
.00012

.00002
.00002
.00003
.00003
.00004

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

.00001

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5

.13428
.14225
.15056
.15920
.16819

.00038
.00045
.00053
.00064
.00076

.00014
.00017
.00021
.00025
.00031

.00005
.00007
.00008
.00010
.00013

.00002
.00003
.00003
.00004
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
13.0

.17753
.18723
.19729
.20772
.21853

.00090
.00180
.00128
.00152
.00180

.00038
.00045
.00055
.00067
.00081

.00016
.00019
.00024
.00029
.00036

.00006
.00008
.00010
.00013
.00016

.00003
.00003
.00004
.00006
.00007

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

.22971
.24128
.25324
.26559
.27835

.00213
.00252
.00299
.00353
.00417

.00098
.00118
.00143
.00172
.00207

.00045
.00055
.00068
.00084
.00103

.00021
.00026
.00032
.00041
.00051

.00009
.00012
.00015
.00020
.00025

13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
14.0

.29151
.30507
.31905
.33345
.34827

.00493
.00582
.00686
.00808
.00952

.00250
.00301
.00362
.00435
.00522

.00127
.00155
.00191
.00234
.00287

.00064
.00080
.00101
.00126
.00157

.00032
.00042
.00053
.00068
.00086

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5

.36351
.37918
.39528
.41181
.42878

.01120
.01317
.01548
.01818
.02135

.00627
.00752
.00902
.01081
.01295

.00351
.00430
.00526
.00643
.00785

.00197
.00245
.00306
.00382
.00476

.00110
.00140
.00179
.00227
.00289

14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15.0

.44619
.46404
.48234
.50108
.52028

.02505
.02937
.03442
.04032
.04720

.01550
.01854
.02217
.02649
.03164

.00959
.01170
.01428
.01741
.02121

.00593
.00739
.00920
.01144
.01422

.00367
.00466
.00592
.00751
.00953

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

115

Table 4-17. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N= 18 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.08068
.08600
.09157
.09741
.10351

.02479
.02696
.02929
.03178
.03446

.00762
.00845
.00937
.01037
.01147

.00234
.00265
.00300
.00338
.00382

.00072
.00083
.00096
.00110
.00127

.00022
.00026
.00031
.00036
.00042

12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
13.0

.10989
.11656
.12351
.13076
.13831

.03732
.04038
.04366
.04715
.05088

.01267
.01399
.01543
.01700
.01872

.00430
.00485
.00545
.00613
.00689

.00146
.00168
.00193
.00221
.00253

.00050
.00058
.00068
.00080
.00093

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

.14617
.15434
.16283
.17165
.18080

.05486
.05910
.06361
.06841
.07351

.02059
.02263
.02485
.02726
.02989

.00773
.00866
.00971
.01086
.01215

.00290
.00332
.00379
.00433
.00494

.00109
.00127
.00148
.00173
.00201

13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
14.0

.19029
.20012
.21030
.22083
.23172

.07893
.08468
.09079
.09726
.10412

.03274
.03583
.03919
.04284
.04678

.01358
.01516
.01692
.01887
.02102

.00563
.00642
.00730
.00831
.00945

.00234
.00272
.00315
.00366
.00424

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5

.24297
.25460
.26659
.27896
.29171

.11138
.11907
.12719
.13579
.14486

.05106
.05568
.06069
.06609
.07194

.02341
.02604
.02895
.03217
.03572

.01073
.01218
.01381
.01566
.01774

.00492
.00570
.00659
.00762
.00881

14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15.0

.30485
.31838
.33230
.34662
.36134

.15444
.16456
.17522
.18646
.19831

.07824
.08505
.09239
.10031
.10883

.03964
.04396
.04872
.05396
.05973

.02008
.02272
.02569
.02903
.03278

.01017
.01174
.01355
.01562
.01799

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5

.37664
.39199
.40792
.42428
.44104

.21078
.22391
.23772
.25224
.26751

.11802
.12790
.13853
.14996
.16225

.06608
.07306
.08073
.08916
.09841

.03700
.04173
.04704
.05301
.05969

.02071
.02384
.02742
.03151
.03620

15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
16.0

.45823
.47583
.49386
.51231
.53118

.28354
.30038
.31806
.33661
.35607

.17545
.18963
.20484
.22117
.23868

.10857
.11971
.13193
.14532
.15999

.06718
.07557
.08497
.09548
.10723

.04154
.04771
.05472
.06274
.07189

(table continues)

116

Chapter 4

Table 4-17. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Erlang C Distribution

=18 Servers Continued)

Delay Loss Probability P (>1) for T,JT2 =

P(>O)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5

.08068
.08600
.09157
.09741
.10351

.00007
.00008
.00010
.00012
.00014

.00002
.00003
.00003
.00004
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

.00001

12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
13.0

.10989
.11656
.12351
.13076
.13831

.00017
.00020
.00024
.00029
.00034

.00006
.00007
.00009
.00010
.00013

.00002
.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

.00001

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

.14617
.15434
.16283
.17165
.18080

.00041
.00049
.00058
.00069
.00082

.00015
.00019
.00023
.00027
.00033

.00006
.00007
.00009
.00011
.00013

.00002
.00003
.00003
.00004
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
14.0

.19029
.20012
.21030
.22083
.23172

.00097
.00115
.00136
.00161
.00191

.00040
.00049
.00059
.00071
.00086

.00017
.00021
.00025
.00031
.00039

.00007
.00009
.00011
.00014
.00017

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5

.24297
.25460
.26659
.27896
.29171

.00225
.00266
.00314
.00371
.00437

.00103
.00125
.00150
.00181
.00217

.00047
.00058
.00072
.00088
.00108

.00022
.00027
.00034
.00043
.00054

.00010
.00013
.00016
.00021
.00027

14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15.0

.30485
.31838
.33230
.34662
.36134

.00515
.00607
.00714
.00840
.00987

.00261
.00314
.00377
.00452
.00542

.00132
.00162
.00199
.00243
.00297

.00067
.00084
.00105
.00131
.00163

.00034
.00043
.00055
.00070
.00090

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5

.37664
.39199
.40792
.42428
.44104

.01160
.01362
.01598
.01874
.02196

.00649
.00778
.00931
.01114
.01332

.00364
.00444
.00543
.00662
.00808

.00204
.00254
.00316
.00394
.00490

.00114
.00145
.00184
.00234
.00297

15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
16.0

.45823
.47583
.49386
.51231
.53118

.02572
.03012
.03524
.04122
.04819

.01592
.01901
.02270
.02708
.03230

.00985
.01200
.01462
.01780
.02165

.00609
.00758
.00941
.01169
.01451

.00377
.00478
.00606
.00768
.00973

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

117

Table 4-18. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 19 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(Ain Erl)

P(>O)

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.08997
.09553
.10135
.10742
.11375

.02765
.02995
.03241
.03505
.03786

.00849
.00939
.01037
.01144
.01260

.00261
.00294
.00332
.00373
.00420

.00080
.00092
.00106
.00122
.00140

.00025
.00029
.00034
.00040
.00046

13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
14.0

.12035
.12723
.13439
.14184
.14957

.04087
.04408
.04750
.05115
.05502

.01388
.01527
.01679
.01844
.02024

.00471
.00529
.00593
.00665
.00745

.00160
.00183
.00210
.00240
.00274

.00054
.00064
.00074
.00086
.00101

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5

.15761
.16595
.17460
.18356
.19284

.05915
.06354
.06820
.07315
.07840

.02220
.02433
.02664
.02915
.03188

.00833
.00932
.01041
.01162
.01296

.00313
.00357
.00407
.00463
.00527

.00117
.00137
.00159
.00185
.00214

14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15.0

.20245
.21239
.22266
.23327
.24422

.08397
.08987
.09612
.10274
.10974

.03483
.03803
.04150
.04525
.04931

.01445
.01609
.01791
.01993
.02216

.00599
.00681
.00773
.00878
.00996

.00249
.00288
.00334
.00387
.00447

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5

.25552
.26718
.27919
.29156
.30429

.11713
.12495
.13320
.14192
.15111

.05369
.05843
.06355
.06908
.07504

.02461
.02733
.03032
.03362
.03726

.01128
.01278
.01447
.01637
.01850

.00517
.00598
.00690
.00797
.00919

15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
16.0

.31740
.33088
.34473
.35896
.37357

.16080
.17101
.18177
.19310
.20502

.08146
.08839
.09585
.10388
.11252

.04127
.04568
.05054
.05588
.06175

.02091
.02361
.02665
.03006
.03389

.01059
.01220
.01405
.01617
.01860

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5

.38857
.40396
.41973
.43590
.45247

.21756
.23074
.24460
.25915
.27444

.12181
.13180
.14254
.15407
.16646

.06820
.07529
.08307
.09160
.10096

.03819
.04301
.04841
.05446
.06124

.02138
.02456
.02821
.03238
.03714

16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
17.0

.46943
.48680
.50457
.52274
.54132

.29048
.30731
.32496
.34347
.36286

.17974
.19400
.20929
.22567
.24323

.11122
.12247
.13479
.14828
.16304

.06882
.07731
.08681
.09743
.10929

.04259
.04881
.05591
.06401
.07326

(table continues)

118

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-18. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 19 Servers Continued)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,IT2 =

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

.08997
.09553
.10135
.10742
.11375

.00008
.00009
.00011
.00013
.00015

.00002
.00003
.00003
.00004
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

.00001

13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
14.0

.12035
.12723
.13439
.14184
.14957

.00018
.00022
.00026
.00031
.00037

.00006
.00008
.00009
.00011
.00014

.00002
.00003
.00003
.00004
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

.00001
.00001

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5

.15761
.16595
.17460
.18356
.19284

.00044
.00052
.00062
.00074
.00087

.00017
.00020
.00024
.00029
.00035

.00006
.00008
.00009
.00012
.00014

.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15.0

.20245
.21239
.22266
.23327
.24422

.00103
.00122
.00144
.00170
.00201

.00043
.00052
.00062
.00075
.00090

.00018
.00022
.00027
.00033
.00041

.00007
.00009
.00012
.00015
.00018

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5

.25552
.26718
.27919
.29156
.30429

.00237
.00280
.00329
.00388
.00456

.00109
.00131
.00157
.00189
.00227

.00050
.00061
.00075
.00092
.00113

.00023
.00029
.00036
.00045
.00056

.00010
.00013
.00017
.00022
.00028

15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
16.0

.31740
.33088
.34473
.35896
.37357

.00537
.00631
.00741
.00870
.01021

.00272
.00326
.00391
.00468
.00560

.00138
.00168
.00206
.00252
.00307

.00070
.00087
.00109
.00135
.00169

.00035
.00045
.00057
.00073
.00093

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5

.38857
.40396
.41973
.43590
.45247

.01197
.01403
.01644
.01925
.02253

.00670
.00802
.00958
.01144
.01366

.00375
.00458
.00558
.00680
.00829

.00210
.00262
.00325
.00404
.00503

.00118
.00149
.00190
.00240
.00305

16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
17.0

.46943
.48680
.50457
.52274
.54132

.02635
.03081
.03601
.04206
.04911

.01631
.01945
.02319
.02764
.03292

.01009
.01228
.01494
.01816
.02207

.00624
.00775
.00962
.01193
.01479

.00386
.00489
.00619
.00784
.00992

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Chapter 4

119

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-19. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 20 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

P(>O)
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5

.09910
.10488
.11091
.11719
.12372

.03045
.03288
.03547
.03824
.04118

.00936
.01031
.01134
.01248
.01371

.00288
.00323
.00363
.00407
.00456

.00088
.00101
.00116
.00133
.00152

.00027
.00032
.00037
.00043
.00051

14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15.0

.13052
.13758
.14492
.15253
.16043

.04432
.04767
.05122
.05500
.05902

.01505
.01651
.01810
.01983
.02171

.00511
.00572
.00640
.00715
.00799

.00174
.00198
.00226
.00258
.00294

.00059
.00069
.00080
.00093
.00108

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5

.16862
.17710
.18588
.19496
.20435

.06328
.06781
.07261
.07769
.08308

.02375
.02596
.02836
.03096
.03378

.00891
.00994
.01108
.01234
.01373

.00335
.00381
.00433
.00492
.00558

.00126
.00146
.00169
.00196
.00227

15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
16.0

.21405
.22407
.23441
.24508
.25608

.08878
.09482
.10120
.10794
.11506

.03683
.04012
.04369
.04754
.05170

.01528
.01698
.01886
.02094
.02323

.00634
.00718
.00814
.00922
.01044

.00263
.00304
.00352
.00406
.00469

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5

.26741
.27908
.29109
.30345
.31616

.12258
.13052
.13889
.14771
.15700

.05619
.06104
.06626
.07190
.07796

.02576
.02855
.03162
.03500
.03872

.01181
.01335
.01508
.01703
.01923

.00541
.00624
.00720
.00829
.00955

16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
17.0

.32922
.34264
.35642
.37055
.38506

.16679
.17709
.18794
.19934
.21133

.08450
.09153
.09910
.10723
.11598

.04281
.04731
.05225
.05769
.06365

.02169
.02445
.02755
.03103
.03493

.01099
.01264
.01453
.01669
.01917

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5

.39993
.41518
.43079
.44679
.46316

.22392
.23715
.25104
.26562
.28092

.12537
.13546
.14630
.15792
.17039

.07020
.07738
.08525
.09389
.10335

.03930
.04420
.04968
.05582
.06268

.02201
.02525
.02895
.03318
.03802

17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
18.0

.47991
.49705
.51457
.53248
.55077

.29696
.31378
.33140
.34986
.36920

.18376
.19808
.21344
.22988
.24748

.11371
.12505
.13746
.15104
.16589

.07036
.17894
.08853
.09924
.11120

.04354
.04983
.05702
.06521
.07454

(table continues)

120

Chapter 4

Table 4-19. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Erlang C Distribution

=20 Servers

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2

P(>O)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Continued)

=
2.0

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5

.09910
.10488
.11091
.11719
.12372

.00008
.00010
.00012
.00014
.00017

.00003
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

.00001

14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15.0

.13052
.13758
.14492
.15253
.16043

.00020
.00024
.00028
.00034
.00040

.00007
.00008
.00010
.00012
.00015

.00002
.00003
.00004
.00004
.00005

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5

.16862
.17710
.18588
.19496
.20435

.00047
.00056
.00066
.00078
.00092

.00018
.00021
.00026
.00031
.00038

.00007
.00008
.00010
.00012
.00015

.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
16.0

.21405
.22407
.23441
.24508
.25608

.00109
.00129
.00152
.00179
.00211

.00045
.00054
.00066
.00079
.00095

.00019
.00023
.00028
.00035
.00043

.00008
.00010
.00012
.00015
.00019

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00007
.00009

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5

.26741
.27908
.29109
.30345
.31616

.00248
.00292
.00343
.00404
.00474

.00114
.00137
.00164
.00196
.00235

.00052
.00064
.00078
.00096
.00117

.00024
.00030
.00037
.00047
.00058

.00011
.00014
.00018
.00023
.00029

16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
17.0

.32922
.34264
.35642
.37055
.38506

.00557
.00653
.00766
.00898
.01052

.00282
.00338
.00404
.00483
.00577

.00143
.00174
.00213
.00260
.00317

.00072
.00090
.00112
.00140
.00174

.00037
.00047
.00059
.00075
.00095

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5

.39993
.41518
.43079
.44679
.46316

.01232
.01442
.01687
.01973
.02306

.00690
.00824
.00983
.01173
.01399

.00386
.00471
.00573
.00697
.00848

.00216
.00269
.00334
.00415
.00515

.00121
.00154
.00195
.00246
.00312

17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
18.0

.47991
.49705
.51457
.53248
.55077

.02694
.03146
.03672
.04284
.04997

.01667
.01986
.02365
.02815
.03349

.01032
.01254
.01523
.01850
.02245

.00638
.00791
.00981
.01215
.01505

.00395
.00500
.00632
.00799
.01009

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

121

Table 4-20. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N =21 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.10806
.11403
.12025
.12671
.13342

.03320
.03575
.03846
.04134
.04441

.01020
.01121
.01230
.01349
.01478

.00314
.00351
.00393
.00440
.00492

.00096
.00110
.00126
.00144
.00164

.00030
.00035
.00040
.00047
.00055

15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
16.0

.14038
.14761
.15510
.16286
.17089

.04767
.05114
.05482
.05873
.06287

.01619
.01772
.01938
.02118
.02313

.00550
.00614
.00685
.00764
.00851

.00187
.00213
.00242
.00275
.00313

.00063
.00074
.00086
.00099
.00115

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5

.17921
.18781
.19669
.20587
.21535

.06726
.07191
.07683
.08204
.08756

.02524
.02753
.03001
.03270
.03560

.00947
.01054
.01172
.01303
.01447

.00356
.00404
.00458
.00519
.00588

.00133
.00155
.00179
.00207
.00239

16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
17.0

.22513
.23522
.24561
.25632
.26735

.09338
.09954
.10603
.11289
.12013

.03873
.04212
.04578
.04972
.05398

.01607
.01782
.01976
.02190
.02425

.00666
.00754
.00853
.00965
.01090

.00276
.00319
.00368
.00425
.00490

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5

.27870
.29037
.30238
.31471
.32738

.12776
.13580
.14427
.15319
.16257

.05857
.06351
.06883
.07456
.08073

.02685
.02970
.03284
.03629
.04009

.01231
.01389
.01567
.01767
.01991

.00564
.00650
.00748
.00860
.00989

17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
18.0

.34039
.35374
.36744
.38148
.39587

.17245
.18283
.19375
.20522
.21726

.08737
.09450
.10216
.11039
.11924

.04426
.04884
.05387
.05939
.06544

.02242
.02524
.02840
.03195
.03591

.01136
.01305
.01498
.01719
.01971

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5

.41062
.42572
.44118
.45700
.47319

.22991
.24318
.25710
.27170
.28700

.12872
.13891
.14983
.16153
.17408

.07207
.07934
.08731
.09603
.10558

.04035
.04532
.05088
.05709
.06404

.02259
.02589
.02965
.03394
.03884

18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
19.0

.48974
.50665
.52394
.54159
.55962

.30304
.31984
.33744
.35585
.37512

.18752
.20191
.21732
.23381
.25145

.11603
.12746
.13996
.15363
.16856

.07180
.08047
.09014
.10094
.11299

.04443
.05080
.05805
.06632
.07574

(table continues)

122

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-20. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 21 Servers Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

P(>O)
1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5

.10806
.11403
.12025
.12671
.13342

.00009
.00011
.00013
.00015
.00018

.00003
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001

15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
16.0

.14038
.14761
.15510
.16286
.17089

.00022
.00026
.00030
.00036
.00042

.00007
.00009
.00011
.00013
.00016

.00002
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5

.17921
.18781
.19669
.20587
.21535

.00050
.00059
.00070
.00082
.00097

.00019
.00023
.00027
.00033
.00040

.00007
.00009
.00011
.00013
.00016

.00003
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00007

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
17.0

.22513
.23522
.24561
.25632
.26735

.00115
.00135
.00159
.00187
.00220

.00048
.00057
.00069
.00082
.00099

.00020
.00024
.00033
.00036
.00044

.00008
.00010
.00013
.00016
.00020

.00003
.00004
.00006
.00007
.00009

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5

.27870
.29037
.30238
.31471
.32738

.00259
.00304
.00357
.00419
.00491

.00119
.00142
.00170
.00204
.00244

.00054
.00066
.00081
.00099
.00121

.00025
.00031
.00039
.00048
.00060

.00011
.00015
.00018
.00023
.00030

17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
18.0

.34039
.35374
.36744
.38148
.39587

.00576
.00674
.00790
.00924
.01082

.00292
.00349
.00416
.00497
.00594

.00148
.00180
.00220
.00268
.00326

.00075
.00093
.00116
.00144
.00179

.00038
.00048
.00061
.00077
.00098

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5

.41062
.42572
.44118
.45700
.47319

.01265
.01479
.01728
.02018
.02356

.00708
.00845
.01007
.01200
.01429

.00397
.00483
.00587
.00713
.00867

.00222
.00276
.00342
.00424
.00526

.00124
.00157
.00199
.00252
.00319

18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
19.0

.48974
.50665
.52394
.54159
.55962

.02749
.03207
.03739
.04358
.05077

.01701
.02024
.02408
.02863
.03403

.01053
.01278
.01551
.01881
.02281

.00651
.00807
.00999
.01236
.01529

.00403
.00509
.00643
.00812
.01025

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

123

Table 4-21. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 22 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.11683
.12297
.12935
.13597
.14283

.03590
.03855
.04137
.04436
.04755

.01103
.01208
.01323
.01448
.01583

.00339
.00379
.00423
.00472
.00527

.00104
.00119
.00135
.00154
.00175

.00032
.00037
.00043
.00050
.00058

16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
17.0

.14995
.15731
.16494
.17282
.18097

.05092
.05450
.05830
.06232
.06658

.01729
.01888
.02061
.02247
.02449

.00587
.00654
.00728
.00810
.00901

.00199
.00227
.00257
.00292
.00331

.00068
.00079
.00091
.00105
.00122

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5

.18940
.19810
.20707
.21634
.22589

.07108
.07585
.08089
.08621
.09184

.02668
.02904
.03160
.03436
.03734

.01001
.01112
.01234
.01369
.01518

.00376
.00426
.00482
.00546
.00617

.00141
.00163
.00188
.00217
.00251

17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
18.0

.23573
.24586
.25630
.26704
.27808

.09778
.10404
.11065
.11761
.12495

.04056
.04403
.04777
.05180
.05614

.01682
.01863
.02062
.02281
.02523

.00698
.00788
.00890
.01005
.01134

.00289
.00334
.00384
.00443
.00509

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5

.28943
.30110
.31308
.32539
.33801

.13268
.14081
.14938
.15838
.16785

.06082
.06585
.07127
.07709
.08335

.02788
.03080
.03400
.03753
.04139

.01278
.01440
.01622
.01827
.02055

.00586
.00674
.00774
.00889
.01021

18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
19.0

.35096
.36424
.37785
.39180
.40608

.17780
.18826
.19924
.21077
.22286

.09008
.09730
.10506
.11338
.12231

.04564
.05029
.05540
.06099
.06713

.02312
.02599
.02921
.03281
.03684

.01171
.01343
.01540
.01765
.02022

19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5

.42070
.43567
.45097
.46663
.48263

.23555
.24886
.26280
.27742
.29273

.13189
.14215
.15315
.16493
.17755

.07384
.08120
.08925
.09806
.10769

.04134
.04638
.05201
.05830
.06532

.02315
.02649
.03031
.03466
.03962

19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
20.0

.49898
.51568
.53274
.55015
.56792

.30876
.32554
.34310
.36147
.38069

.19106
.20551
.22097
.23751
.25518

.11822
.12974
.14231
.15605
.17106

.07315
.08190
.09166
.10253
.11466

.04527
.05170
.05903
.06737
.07686

(table continues)

Chapter 4

124

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-21. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 22 Servers Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

.11683
.12297
.12935
.13597
.14283

.00010
.00012
.00014
.00016
.00019

.00003
.00004
.00004
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001

16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
17.0

.14995
.15731
.16494
.17282
.18097

.00023
.00027
.00032
.00038
.00045

.00008
.00009
.00011
.00014
.00017

.00003
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001
.00001

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5

.18940
.19810
.20707
.21634
.22589

.00053
.00062
.00074
.00087
.00102

.00020
.00024
.00029
.00035
.00041

.00007
.00009
.00011
.00014
.00017

.00003
.00004
.00004
.00005
.00007

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
18.0

.23573
.24586
.25630
.26704
.27808

.00120
.00141
.00166
.00195
.00229

.00050
.00060
.00072
.00086
.00103

.00021
.00025
.00031
.00038
.00046

.00009
.00011
.00013
.00017
.00021

.00004
.00005
.00006
.00007
.00009

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5

.28943
.30110
.31308
.32539
.33801

.00269
.00315
.00369
.00433
.00507

.00123
.00147
.00176
.00211
.00252

.00056
.00069
.00084
.00103
.00125

.00026
.00032
.00040
.00050
.00062

.00012
.00015
.00019
.00024
.00031

18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
19.0

.35096
.36424
.37785
.39180
.40608

.00593
.00694
.00812
.00950
.01110

.00301
.00359
.00428
.00511
.00609

.00152
.00185
.00226
.00275
.00334

.00077
.00096
.00119
.00148
.00183

.00039
.00050
.00063
.00080
.00101

19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5

.42070
.43567
.45097
.46663
.48263

.01296
.01513
.01766
.02061
.02403

.00726
.00864
.01029
.01225
.01457

.00406
.00494
.00600
.00728
.00884

.00227
.00282
.00350
.00433
.00536

.00127
.00161
.00204
.00257
.00325

19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
20.0

.49898
.51568
.53274
.55015
.56792

.02801
.03264
.03802
.04427
.05152

.01733
.02060
.02448
.02908
.03454

.01073
.01301
.01577
.01911
.02315

.00664
.00821
.01016
.01256
.01552

.00411
.00518
.00654
.00825
.01040

2.0

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

125

Table 4-22. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 23 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>1) for T,IT 2 =

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.12539
.13169
.13822
.14498
.15198

.03853
.04128
.04420
.04730
.05059

.01184
.01294
.01414
.01543
.01684

.00364
.00406
.00452
.00504
.00561

.00112
.00127
.00145
.00164
.00187

.00034
.00040
.00046
.00054
.00062

17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
18.0

.15922
.16671
.17445
.18244
.19069

.05407
.05776
.06166
.06579
.07015

.01836
.02001
.02179
.02372
.02581

.00624
.00693
.00770
.00855
.00949

.00212
.00240
.00272
.00308
.00349

.00072
.00083
.00096
.00111
.00128

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5

.19921
.20799
.21704
.22637
.23598

.07477
.07964
.08478
.09021
.09594

.02806
.03049
.03312
.03595
.03901

.01053
.01168
.01294
.01433
.01586

.00395
.00447
.00505
.00571
.00645

.00148
.00171
.00197
.00228
.00262

18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
19.0

.24587
.25604
.26650
.27726
.28831

.10198
.10835
.11505
.12211
.12955

.04230
.04585
.04967
.05378
.05821

.01755
.01940
.02144
.02369
.02615

.00728
.00821
.00926
.01043
.01175

.00302
.00347
.00400
.00459
.00528

19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5

.29966
.31131
.32326
.33553
.34810

.13736
.14559
.15423
.16332
.17286

.06297
.06809
.07359
.07950
.08584

.02887
.03184
.03511
.03870
.04263

.01323
.01489
.01675
.01884
.02117

.00607
.00696
.00799
.00917
.01051

19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
20.0

.36099
.37420
.38772
.40157
.41574

.18289
.19341
.20444
.21602
.22816

.09265
.09996
.10780
.11621
.12522

.04694
.05167
.05684
.06251
.06872

.02378
.02670
.02997
.03363
.03772

.01205
.01380
.01580
.01809
.02070

20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5

.43024
.44506
.46022
.47571
.49153

.24089
.25422
.26819
.28282
.29813

.13487
.14522
.15629
.16814
.18082

.07552
.08295
.09108
.09996
.10968

.04228
.04738
.05308
.05943
.06652

.02367
.02706
.03093
.03533
.04035

20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
21.0

.50769
.52419
.54103
.55821
.57573

.31415
.33091
.34844
.36677
.38593

.19439
.20890
.22441
.24099
.25869

.12029
.13188
.14453
.15834
.17341

.07443
.08325
.09308
.10404
.11624

.04606
.05256
.05995
.06836
.07792

(table continues)

Chapter 4

126

Erlang C Distribution

Table 4-22. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 23 Servers Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

.12539
.13169
.13822
.14498
.15198

.00011
.00012
.00015
.00017
.00021

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00007

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001

17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
18.0

.15922
.16671
.17445
.18244
.19069

.00024
.00029
.00034
.00040
.00047

.00008
.00010
.00012
.00014
.00017

.00003
.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001
.00001

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5

.19921
.20799
.21704
.22637
.23598

.00056
.00066
.00077
.00091
.00107

.00021
.00025
.00030
.00036
.00043

.00008
.00010
.00012
.00014
.00018

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00007

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
19.0

.24587
.25604
.26650
.27726
.28831

.00125
.00147
.00173
.00202
.00237

.00052
.00062
.00074
.00089
.00107

.00022
.00026
.00032
.00039
.00048

.00009
.00011
.00014
.00017
.00022

.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008
.00010

19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5

.29966
.31131
.32326
.33553
.34810

.00278
.00326
.00381
.00446
.00522

.00127
.00152
.00182
.00217
.00259

.00058
.00071
.00087
.00106
.00129

.00027
.00033
.00041
.00051
.00064

.00012
.00016
.00020
.00025
.00032

19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
20.0

.36099
.37420
.38772
.40157
.41574

.00610
.00713
.00833
.00973
.01136

.00309
.00369
.00439
.00524
.00623

.00157
.00191
.00232
.00282
.00342

.00079
.00098
.00122
.00151
.00188

.00040
.00051
.00064
.00081
.00103

20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5

.43024
.44506
.46022
.47571
.49153

.01325
.01546
.01802
.02101
.02447

.00742
.00883
.01050
.01249
.01484

.00416
.00504
.00612
.00742
.00900

.00233
.00288
.00357
.00441
.00546

.00130
.00165
.00208
.00262
.00331

20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
21.0

.50769
.52419
.54103
.55821
.57573

.02850
.03318
.03861
.04491
.05223

.01764
.02094
.02487
.02951
.03501

.01091
.01322
.01601
.01939
.02347

.00675
.00835
.01031
.01274
.01573

.00418
.00527
.00664
.00837
.01055

2.0

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

127

Table 4-23. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N = 24 Servers)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,fT2 =

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5

.13375
.14019
.14684
.15373
.16085

.04110
.04395
.04696
.05016
.05354

18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
19.0

.16820
.17580
.18364
.19172
.20006

19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.01263
.01378
.01502
.01637
.01782

.00388
.00432
.00480
.00534
.00593

.00119
.00135
.0015-1
.00174
.00197

.00037
.00042
.00049
.00057
.00066

.05712
.06091
.06491
.06914
.07360

.01940
.02110
.02294
.02493
.02708

.00659
.00731
.00811
.00899
.00996

.00224
.00253
.00287
.00324
.00366

.00076
.00088
.00101
.00117
.00135

.20866
.21751
.22663
.23601
.24566

.07831
.08328
.08853
.09405
.09988

.02939
.03189
.03458
.03748
.04061

.01103
.01221
.01351
.01494
.01651

.00414
.00468
.00528
.00595
.00671

.00155
.00179
.00206
.00237
.00273

19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
20.0

.25558
.26578
.27626
.28703
.29807

.10601
.11247
.11927
.12642
.13393

.04397
.04759
.05149
.05568
.06018

.01824
.02104
.02223
.02452
.02704

.00757
.00852
.00960
.01080
.01215

.00314
.00361
.00414
.00476
.00546

20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5

.30941
.32104
.33296
.34518
.35770

.14184
.15014
.15886
.16802
.17763

.06502
.07022
.07580
.08178
.08821

.02980
.03284
.03616
.03981
.04380

.01366
.01536
.01725
.01938
.02175

.00626
.00718
.00823
.00943
.01080

20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
21.0

.37053
.38366
.39709
.41084
.42490

.18772
.19829
.20938
.22101
.23319

.09510
.10249
.11041
.11889
.12798

.04818
.05297
.05822
.06396
.07024

.02441
.02738
.03070
.03441
.03855

.01237
.01415
.01619
.01851
.02115

21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5

.43927
.45396
.46897
.48430
.49995

.24595
.25931
.27329
.28792
.30323

.13771
.14812
.15926
.17118
.18392

.07710
.08461
.09281
.10177
.11155

.04317
.04833
.05408
.06050
.06766

.02417
.02761
.03152
.03597
.04104

21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
22.0

.51592
.53223
.54886
.56581
.58310

.31925
.33599
.35348
.37177
.39087

.19754
.21210
.22766
.24427
.26201

.12224
.13390
.14662
.16050
.17563

.07564
.08453
.09443
.15045
.11773

.04680
.05336
.06082
.06929
.07892

(table continues)

Chapter 4

128

Table 4-23. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N

Erlang C Distribution

=24 Servers Continued)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5

.13375
.14019
.14684
.15373
.16085

.00011
.00013
.00016
.00019
.00022

18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
19.0

.16820
.17580
.18364
.19172
.20006

19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00007

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001
.00001

.00026
.00030
.00036
.00042
.00050

.00009
.00011
.00013
.00015
.00018

.00003
.00004
.00004
.00005
.00007

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00002

.00001
.00001
.00001

.20866
.21751
.22663
.23601
.24566

.00058
.00069
.00081
.00095
.00111

.00022
.00026
.00031
.00038
.00045

.00008
.00010
.00012
.00015
.00018

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00007

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
20.0

.25558
.26578
.27626
.28703
.29807

.00130
.00153
.00179
.00210
.00245

.00054
.00065
.00077
.00092
.00110

.00022
.00027
.00033
.00041
.00050

.00009
.00012
.00014
.00018
.00022

.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008
.00010

20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5

.30941
.32104
.33296
.34518
.35770

.00287
.00336
.00393
.00459
.00536

.00132
.00157
.00187
.00223
.00266

.00060
.00073
.00089
.00109
.00132

.00028
.00034
.00043
.00053
.00066

.00013
.00016
.00020
.00026
.00033

20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
21.0

.37053
.38366
.39709
.41084
.42490

.00626
.00731
.00854
.00996
.01161

.00317
.00378
.00450
.00536
.00637

.00161
.00195
.00237
.00288
.00350

.00081
.00101
.00125
.00155
.00192

.00041
.00052
.00066
.00083
.00105

21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5

.43927
.45396
.46897
.48430
.49995

.01351
.01577
.01837
.02139
.02489

.00758
.00901
.01070
.01271
.01510

.00424
.00515
.00624
.00756
.00916

.00238
.00294
.00363
.00449
.00555

.00133
.00168
.00212
.00267
.00337

21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
22.0

.51592
.53223
.54886
.56581
.58310

.02896
.03369
.03917
.04553
.05290

.01792
.02127
.02523
.02991
.03456

.01109
.01342
.01625
.01965
.02377

.00686
.00847
.01046
.01291
.01593

.00425
.00535
.00674
.00849
.01068

2.0

Chapter 4

Erlang C Distribution

129

Table 4-24. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N =25 Servers)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T/T2 =

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

.14191
.14846
.15524
.16223
.16946

.04360
.04654
.04965
.05293
.05641

.01340
.01459
.01588
.01727
.01878

.00412
.00457
.00508
.00564
.00625

.00127
.00143
.00162
.00184
.00208

.00039
.00045
.00052
.00060
.00069

19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
20.0

.17691
.18460
.19252
.20069
.20910

.06008
.06396
.06805
.07237
.07692

.02040
.02216
.02405
.02610
.02830

.00693
.00768
.00850
.00941
.01041

.00235
.00266
.00300
.00339
.00383

.00080
.00092
.00106
.00122
.00141

20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5

.21776
.22667
.23584
.24527
.25495

.08173
.08679
.09213
.09774
.10366

.03067
.03323
.03599
.03895
.04214

.01151
.01272
.01406
.01552
.01713

.00432
.00487
.00549
.00619
.00697

.00162
.00187
.00215
.00247
.00283

20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
21.0

.26490
.27512
.28561
.29637
.30741

.10988
.11642
.12330
.13053
.13813

.04558
.04926
.05323
.05749
.06207

.01890
.02085
.02298
.02532
.02789

.00784
.00882
.00992
.01115
.01253

.00325
.00373
.00428
.00491
.00563

21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5

.31873
.33033
.34221
.35439
.36685

.14611
.15448
.16328
.17250
.18217

.06698
.07225
.07790
.08396
.09046

.03070
.03379
.03717
.04087
.04492

.01407
.01580
.01773
.01989
.02231

.00645
.00739
.00846
.00968
.01108

21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
22.0

.37960
.39265
.40600
.41965
.43359

.19231
.20294
.21408
.22575
.23796

.09743
.10489
.11288
.12144
.13060

.04936
.05421
.05952
.06533
.07167

.02501
.02802
.03139
.03514
.03934

.01267
.01448
.01655
.01891
.02159

22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5

.44781
.46240
.47727
.49244
.50793

.25075
.26413
.27813
.29277
.30807

.14039
.15087
.16208
.17406
.18686

.07861
.08618
.09445
.10348
.11333

.04401
.04923
.05504
.06152
.06874

.02464
.02812
.03208
.03658
.04169

22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9
23.0

.52372
.53984
.55626
.57301
.59008

.32407
.34079
.35826
.37650
.39554

.20053
.21514
.23073
.24738
.26514

.12409
.13581
.14860
.16254
.17773

.07678
.08574
.09570
.10680
.11914

.04751
.05412
.06164
.07017
.07986

(table continues)

Chapter 4

130

Table 4-24. Erlang C Delay Loss Probability (N

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

P(>O)

19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5

Erlang C Distribution

=25 Servers Continued)

Delay Loss Probability P (>t) for T,IT2 =

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

.14191
.14846
.15524
.16223
.16946

.00012
.00014
.00017
.00020
.00023

.00004
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001

19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
20.0

.17691
.18460
.19252
.20069
.20910

.00027
.00032
.00038
.00044
.00052

.00009
.00011
.00013
.00016
.00019

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00007

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00002
.00003

.00001
.00001
.00001

20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5

.21776
.22667
.23584
.24527
.25495

.00061
.00071
.00084
.00098
.00115

.00023
.00027
.00033
.00039
.00047

.00009
.00010
.00013
.00016
.00019

.00003
.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008

.00001
.00002
.00002
.00002
.00003

20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
21.0

.26490
.27512
.28561
.29637
.30741

.00135
.00158
.00185
.00216
.00253

.00056
.00067
.00080
.00095
.00114

.00023
.00028
.00034
.00042
.00051

.00010
.00012
.00015
.00018
.00023

.00004
.00005
.00006
.00008
.00010

21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5

.31873
.33033
.34221
.35439
.36685

.00296
.00346
.00404
.00471
.00550

.00136
.00162
.00193
.00229
.00273

.00062
.00076
.00092
.00112
.00136

.00028
.00035
.00044
.00054
.00067

.00013
.00017
.00021
.00026
.00033

21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
22.0

.37960
.39265
.40600
.41965
.43359

.00642
.00749
.00873
.01017
.01185

.00325
.00387
.00460
.00547
.00650

.00165
.00200
.00243
.00294
.00357

.00083
.00103
.00128
.00158
.00196

.00042
.00053
.00067
.00085
.00107

22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5
22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9
23.0

.44781
.46240
.47727
.49244
.50793
.52372
.53984
.55626
.57301
.59008

.01380
.01606
.01869
.02175
.02529
.02940
.03417
.03970
.04611
.05353

.00773
.00917
.01089
.01293
.01534
.01819
.02157
.02557
.03029
.03588

.00433
.00524
.00635
.00769
.00930
.01126
.01362
.01647
.01990
.02405

.00242
.00299
.00370
.00457
.00564
.00697
.00860
.01060
.01308
.01612

.00136
.00171
.00216
.00272
.00342
.00431
.00543
.00683
.00859
.01081

2.0

5
Binomial Distribution

The Binomial distribution is used in lieu of the Poisson distribution for

applications such as final trunk groups between a small PBX or remote
switching unit and a central office (CO). It is based on the following
assumptions:

5.1

Calls are served in random order.

There are a finite number of sources.
Blocked calls are held.
Holding time is exponential or constant.
BINOMIAL FORMULA

The Binomial formula is given in Equation 5.1.

5-1

p=

i=N

(S-I)!
a i (I_a)(S-I-I)
i! (S-l-i)!

(5.1)

where P = Binomial loss probability

S = Number of sources
131

132

Chapter 5

Binomial Distribution

N = Number of trunks in full-availability group

a = Traffic offered to group in Erlangs per source
5.2

BINOMIAL COMPUTER PROGRAM

The following computer program can be used to calculate Equation 5.1 to

determine Binomial loss probabilities. Required inputs are the number of
sources, the number of servers in the group, and the total traffic offered to the
groupexpressedin Erlangs(ErlangsareconvertedtoErlangspersource inStep
140).
100 REM BINOMIAL LOSS PROBABILITY CALCULATION
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230

5.3

INPUT "ENTER NUMBER OF SOURCES (S) ";S

INPUT "ENTER NUMBER OF SERVERS (N) ";N
INPUT "ENTER OFFERED TRAFFIC IN ERLANGS (A)";A
LET A=A/S
FOR I=N TO (8-1)
LET X=l
FOR J=l TO I
LET X=X*(S-J)/J
NEXT J
LET P=P+X*AAI*(l-A)A(S-r-l)
NEXT I
PRINT USING lip = #.#####";P
END

BINOMIAL LOSS PROBABILITY TABLES

Binomialloss probabilitytables(Tables5-1 through5-6) are usedto determine

the lossprobability(gradeof service)whentrafficisofferedtoa groupof trunks
from a finite group of sources. Blanks (no data) in the tables indicate that the
loss probability is less than 0.000005-not necessarily zero, but essentially
nonblocking for practical applications. The following examples illustrate
typical table usage.
Example 5-1
Determine the loss probability for a 60-line digital remote switching unit
connected to the local CO by a 24-channel trunk group, given that nonlocal busyhour traffic is 15 Erlangs.

Chapter 5

Binomial Distribution
a

133

Erl)
= (15
=0.25 Erl per line (source)
60 lines

UsingTable 5-6 (60 sources) (pages 144-145), select the a row for 0.25 Erlangs,
the P column for 24 servers, and read .00587 at the intersection.

Example 5-2
For the remote switching unit of Example 5-1, determine the offered traffic in
Erlangs and CCS to achieve a grade of service of 0.01 or better.
Using Table 5-6 (60 sources), select the N column for 24 servers and read down
until .00979 is found. Read across the a row to determine that 0.26 Erlangs per
source (15.6 Erlangs) of traffic can be offered.
(15.6 Erl)(36 CCS/Erl) =561.6 CCS

Example 5-3
Determine the number of CO trunks required for a 30-line PBX in a small office
if nonlocal busy-hour traffic is 0.25 Erlangs per subscriber and a grade of service
of 0.05 or better is required.
Using Table 5-3 (30 sources) (pages 137-138), select the a row for 0.25 Erlangs
per source and read across until .03903 is found. Read up the N column to
determine that at least 12 trunks are required.

134

Chapter 5

Binomial Distribution

Table 5-1. Binomial Loss Probability (8 = 10 Sources)

Loss Probability (P) for N=

Traffic per
Source
(ain Erl)

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05

.00008
.00061
.00198
.00448
.00836

.00002
.00009
.00027
.00064

.00001
.00003

0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10

.01380
.02091
.02979
.04048
.05297

.00128
.00227
.00372
.00570
.00833

.00008
.00017
.00031
.00055
.00089

.00001
.00002
.00004
.00006

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

.06725
.08326
.10093
.12016
.14085

.01169
.01585
.02094
.02691
.03393

.00138
.00206
.00296
.00414
.00563

.00011
.00018
.00028
.00043
.00063

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00003
.00005

0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20

.16289
.18614
.21046
.23573
.26180

.04202
.05121
.06153
.07301
.08564

.00748
.00976
.01250
.01575
.01958

.00091
.00127
.00173
.00232
.00307

.00007
.00011
.00016
.00022
.00031

.00001
.00001
.00001
.00002

0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.28853
.31579
.34342
.37131
.39932

.09943
.11436
.13041
.14754
.16573

.02403
.02914
.03497
.04155
.04893

.00398
.00511
.00646
.00808
.00999

.00043
.00059
.00078
.00103
.00134

.00003
.00004
.00006
.00008
.00011

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

.42733
.45523
.48290
.51025
.53717

.18490
.20502
.22601
.24781
.27034

.05713
.06620
.07616
.08702
.09881

.01224
.01486
.01788
.02135
.02529

.00173
.00220
.00277
.00346
.00429

.00014
.00019
.00026
.00033
.00043

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.56358
.58941
.61459
.63904
.66273

.29352
.31728
.34152
.36916
.39111

.11153
.12519
.13978
.15529
.17172

.02976
.03479
.04041
.04666
.05359

.00527
.00643
.00778
.00936
.01118

.00056
.00071
.00089
.00112
.00140

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.68559
.70760
.72872
.74893
.76821

.41627
.44157
.46692
.49222
.51739

.18904
.20722
.22622
.24602
.26657

.06121
.06958
.07870
.08862
.09935

.01328
.01569
.01842
.02153
.02503

.00173
.00212
.00259
.00315
.00380

Chapter 5

135

Binomial Distribution

Table 5-2. Binomial Loss Probability (5 = 20 Sources)

Loss Probability (P) for N

Traffic per
Source
(a in Erl)

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05

.00086
.00610
.01826
.03840
.06655

.00003
.00049
.00219
.00612
.01324

.00003
.00020
.00074
.00201

.00001
.00007
.00024

.00001
.00002

0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10

.10207
.14392
.19084
.24148
.29456

.02430
.03985
.06016
.08527
.11500

.00444
.00851
.01471
.02347
.03519

.00064
.00144
.00285
.00514
.00859

.00007
.00020
.00045
.00091
.00170

.00001
.00002
.00006
.00013
.00027

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

.34883
.40324
.45683
.50885
.55868

.14897
.18667
.22750
.27079
.31585

.05016
.06854
.09043
.11578
.14444

.01352
.02022
.02899
.04007
.05370

.00295
.00484
.00756
.01132
.01633

.00053
.00095
.00162
.00262
.00408

0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20

.60585
.65004
.69104
.72873
.76311

.36199
.40854
.45490
.50052
.54491

.17618
.21068
.24756
.28639
.32671

.07001
.08911
.11102
.13571
.16306

.02282
.03101
.04108
.05323
.06760

.00613
.00891
.01257
.01731
.02328

0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.79422
.82217
.84710
.86920
.88866

.58767
.62848
.66706
.70325
.73691

.36806
.40996
.45196
.49363
.53458

.19292
.22505
.25920
.29504
.33224

.08429
.10337
.12485
.14871
.17488

.03066
.03962
.05032
.06290
.07746

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

.90569
.92051
.93332
.94435
.95378

.76798
.79646
.82238
.84580
.86683

.57445
.61294
.64979
.68479
.71778

.37046
.40931
.44844
.48750
.52614

.20322
.23357
.26573
.29947
.33450

.09409
.11286
.13378
.15683
.18197

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.96180
.96858
.97429
.97907
.98304

.88559
.90222
.91687
.92970
.94086

.74864
.77730
.80374
.82797
.85000

.56405
.60095
.63659
.67074
.70324

.37055
.40731
.44448
.48176
.51883

.20909
.23808
.26876
.30095
.33443

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.98634
.98905
.99127
.99307
.99454

.95052
.95882
.96592
.97179
.97704

.86992
.88781
.90377
.91792
.93039

.73392
.76271
.78951
.81430
.83708

.55543
.59126
.62610
.65972
.69193

.36896
.40427
.44010
.47618
.51222

(table continues)

Chapter 5

136

Table 5-2. Binomial Loss Probability (S

Traffic per
Source
(a in Erl)

Binomial Distribution

=20 Sources Continued)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

10

11

12

13

14

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10

.00001
.00002
.00004

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

.00008
.00015
.00028
.00050
.00084

.00001
.00002
.00004
.00008
.00014

.00001
.00002

0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20

.00136
.00212
.00319
.00467
.00666

.00025
.00042
.00067
.00104
.00158

.00004
.00007
.00012
.00019
.00031

.00001
.00002
.00003
.00005

0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.00928
.01266
.01693
.02225
.02875

.00233
.00336
.00474
.00656
.00890

.00048
.00074
.00110
.00160
.00229

.00008
.00013
.00021
.00032
.00048

.00001
.00002
.00003
.00005
.00008

.00001
.00001

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

.03658
.04589
.05681
.06945
.08392

.01189
.01562
.02022
.02582
.03255

.00321
.00442
.00599
.00800
.01054

.00071
.00103
.00147
.00205
.00282

.00013
.00020
.00029
.00043
.00062

.00002
.00003
.00005
.00007
.00011

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.10029
.11862
.13894
.16124
.18549

.04054
.04991
.06079
.07328
.08747

.01370
.01758
.02229
.02796
.03469

.00383
.00513
.00678
.00886
.01144

.00088
.00122
.00169
.00230
.00309

.00016
.00023
.00034
.00048
.00067

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.21163
.23954
.26910
.30016
.33252

.10346
.12129
.14101
.16261
.18609

.04262
.05184
.06249
.07467
.08847

.01461
.01847
.02312
.02867
.03523

.00411
.00541
.00704
.00906
.01156

.00093
.00128
.00173
.00231
.00307

Chapter 5

137

Binomial Distribution

Table 5-3. Binomial Loss Probability (8

=30 Sources)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

Traffic per
Source
(a in Erl)

10

11

12

13

14

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

.00301
.00542
.00916
.01465
.02234

.00072
.00141
.00260
.00451
.00742

.00015
.00032
.00065
.00121
.00215

.00003
.00006
.00014
.00029
.00055

.00001
.00003
.00006
.00012

.00001
.00002

0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20

.03270
.04616
.06309
.08377
.10838

.01165
.01757
.02556
.03600
.04926

.00363
.00586
.00908
.01359
.01970

.00099
.00171
.00284
.00451
.00694

.00024
.00044
.00078
.00132
.00215

.00005
.00010
.00019
.00034
.00059

0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.13697
.16946
.20561
.24510
.28746

.06566
.08544
.10878
.13575
.16631

.02775
.03805
.05094
.06669
.08554

.01034
.01496
.02109
.02901
.03903

.00340
.00519
.00772
.01117
.01578

.00098
.00159
.00249
.00380
.00565

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

.33214
.37852
.42595
.47376
.52130

.20030
.23747
.27745
.31980
.36400

.10765
.13312
.16195
.19403
.22918

.05143
.06647
.08437
.10530
.12938

.02180
.02984
.03911
.05094
.06522

.00818
.01160
.01610
.02191
.02927

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.56794
.61312
.65636
.69724
.73545

.40949
.45566
.50191
.54767
.59239

.26711
.30746
.34977
.39357
.43832

.15663
.18699
.22034
.25645
.29502

.08217
.10196
.12472
.15050
.17928

.03843
.04963
.06313
.07912
.09779

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.77076
.80302
.83218
.85825
.88131

.63556
.67675
.71562
.75187
.78532

.48346
.52844
.57274
.61586
.65733

.33568
.37799
.42149
.46565
.50996

.21099
.24546
.28243
.32160
.36258

.11928
.14366
.17098
.20116
.23410

0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45

.90149
.91897
.93396
.94667
.95733

.81584
.84339
.86799
.88972
.90871

.69679
.73391
.76845
.80023
.82915

.55390
.59699
.63875
.67878
.71672

.40496
.44826
.49198
.53563
.57873

.26961
.30742
.34719
.38856
.43109

0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50

.96619
.97347
.97939
.98415
.98794

.92514
.93919
.95109
.96104
.96929

.85520
.87839
.89883
.91663
.93198

.75229
.78526
.81551
.84293
.86753

.62079
.66139
.70014
.73672
.77087

.47430
.51773
.56088
.60327
.64446

(table continues)

138

Chapter 5

Table 5-3. Binomial Loss Probability (5

Traffic per
Source
(a in Erl)

=30 Sources

Loss Probability (P) for N

17

Binomial Distribution

15

16

0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20

.00001
.00002
.00004
.00008
.00014

.00001
.00002
.00003

.00001

0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.00025
.00043
.00071
.00114
.00178

.00006
.00010
.00018
.00030
.00050

.00001
.00002
.00004
.00007
.00012

.00001
.00001
.00003

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

.00272
.00404
.00587
.00835
.01165

.00080
.00124
.00189
.00281
.00411

.00020
.00034
.00054
.00084
.00128

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.01596
.02149
.02846
.03709
.04764

.00587
.00825
.01138
.01545
.02063

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.06031
.07534
.09291
.11316
.13621

0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50

18

Continued)

=
19

20

.00005
.00008
.00013
.00022
.00035

.00001
.00002
.00003
.00005
.00008

.00001
.00001
.00002

.00191
.00279
.00402
.00569
.00791

.00054
.00083
.00125
.00184
.00267

.00014
.00022
.00034
.00052
.00079

.00003
.00005
.00008
.00013
.00020

.02715
.03522
.04506
.05690
.07095

.01083
.01460
.01940
.02542
.03288

.00380
.00534
.00737
.01004
.01348

.00117
.00171
.00246
.00348
.00485

.00031
.00048
.00071
.00105
.00152

.16211
.19086
.22237
.25650
.29303

.08743
.10645
.12820
.15273
.18008

.04119
.05297
.06604
.08139
.09922

.01786
.02336
.03018
.03853
.04862

.00667
.00906
.01215
.01608
.02103

.00218
.00307
.00427
.00586
.00795

.33169
.37214
.41396
.45674
.50000

.21021
.24303
.27835
.31596
.35554

.11966
.14284
.16882
.19760
.22913

.06068
.07491
.09150
.11064
.13247

.02718
.03474
.04392
.04495
.06802

.01066
.01412
.01850
.02396
.03071

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

Chapter 5

Binomial Distribution

139

Table 5-4. Binomial Loss Probability (5 = 40 Sources)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

Traffic per
Source
(a in Erl)

13

14

15

16

17

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

.00017
.00041
.00090
.00180
.00337

.00004
.00010
.00024
.00052
.00106

.00001
.00002
.00006
.00014
.00030

.00001
.00003
.00008

.00001
.00002

0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20

.00593
.00991
.01591
.02413
.03550

.00200
.00358
.00608
.00987
.01539

.00061
.00117
.00212
.00366
.00605

.00004
.00035
.00067
.00123
.00216

.00017
.00009
.00019
.00038
.00070

.00001
.00002
.00005
.00010
.00021

0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.05045
.06950
.09305
.12134
.15447

.02311
.03356
.04724
.06464
.08615

.00961
.01473
.02183
.03139
.04387

.00363
.00588
.00918
.01388
.02037

.00125
.00213
.00351
.00559
.00862

.00039
.00070
.00122
.00205
.00333

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

.19231
.23456
.28071
.33008
.38185

.11208
.14256
.17758
.21695
.26028

.05972
.07936
.10310
.13113
.16352

.02907
.04040
.05482
.07271
.09441

.01291
.01879
.02666
.03692
.04998

.00523
.00798
.01184
.01714
.02422

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.43512
.48895
.54238
.59453
.64459

.30705
.35655
.40801
.46055
.51327

.20018
.24085
.28510
.33236
.38196

.12017
.15010
.18420
.22230
.26411

.06624
.08604
.10965
.13726
.16892

.03346
.04525
.05998
.07799
.09958

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.69187
.73584
.77609
.81239
.84463

.56531
.61584
.66413
.70956
.75165

.43310
.48496
.53669
.58747
.63653

.30916
.35685
.40652
.45737
.50862

.20457
.24400
.28684
.33261
.38070

.12499
.15432
.18760
.22469
.26533

0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45

.87285
.89720
.91790
.93524
.94956

.79005
.82458
.85516
.88185
.90480

.68320
.72692
.76727
.80394
.83679

.55943
.60905
.65676
.70192
.74405

.43043
.48102
.53170
.58169
.63023

.30914
.35559
.40407
.45387
.50424

0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50

.96122
.94050
.97797
.98373
.98815

.92426
.97957
.95387
.96472
.97338

.86578
.89098
.91257
.93079
.94594

.78276
.81779
.84903
.87646
.90021

.67667
.72043
.76104
.79817
.83161

.55441
.60362
.65116
.69640
.73880

18

(table continues)

Chapter 5

140

Table 5-4. Binomial Loss Probability (S

Traffic per
Source
(a in Erl)

Binomial Distribution

=40 Sources

Continued)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

24

21

22

23

.00003
.00006
.00011
.00021
.00037

.00001
.00001
.00003
.00006
.00011

.00001
.00001
.00003

.00001

.00193
.00309
.00480
.00727
.01073

.00065
.00109
.00177
.00281
.00434

.00020
.00035
.00060
.00099
.00160

.00005
.00010
.00018
.00032
.00054

.00001
.00003
.00005
.00009
.00016

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00004

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.01547
.02180
.03007
.04067
.05395

.00653
.00960
.01380
.01942
.02679

.00251
.00385
.00578
.00847
.01216

.00088
.00141
.00220
.00337
.00504

.00028
.00047
.00076
.00122
.00190

.00008
.00014
.00024
.00040
.00065

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.07027
.08995
.11326
.14036
.17133

.03625
.04817
.06290
.08076
.10206

.01712
.02363
.03203
.04266
.05588

.00738
.01059
.01491
.02062
.02803

.00289
.00432
.00633
.00910
.01283

.00103
.00160
.00244
.00365
.00535

0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45

.20613
.24458
.28639
.33113
.37825

.12700
.15573
.18827
.22454
.26431

.07202
.09139
.11425
.14079
.17110

.03745
.04923
.06373
.08125
.10209

.01779
.02426
.03254
.04297
.05589

.00770
.01089
.01515
.02075
.02796

0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50

.42711
.47701
.52719
.57689
.62537

.30726
.35292
.40071
.44998
.50000

.20517
.24288
.28396
.32805
.37463

.12648
.15458
.18646
.22205
.26120

.07164
.09052
.11282
.13873
.16839

.03711
.04853
.06257
.07956
.09980

19

20

0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20

.00001
.00003
.00006

.00001
.00001

0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.00011
.00021
.00039
.00069
.00117

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

Chapter 5

Binomial Distribution

141

Table 5-5. Binomial Loss Probability (8 = 50 Sources)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

Traffic per
Source

(a in Ert)

15

16

17

18

19

20

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

.00017
.00044
.00102
.00218
.00429

.00004
.00012
.00031
.00072
.00154

.00001
.00004
.00009
.00022
.00051

.00001
.00002
.00006
.00015

.00001
.00002
.00004

.00001

0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20

.00787
.01360
.02226
.03469
.05175

.00303
.00561
.00978
.01619
.02557

.00107
.00213
.00396
.00696
.01166

.00035
.00074
.00148
.00276
.00491

.00011
.00024
.00051
.00101
.00191

.00003
.00007
.00016
.00034
.00069

0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.07419
.10260
.13730
.17830
.22527

.03870
.05636
.07922
.10779
.14236

.01866
.02865
.04235
.06047
.08362

.00831
.01347
.02097
.03146
.04562

.00343
.00586
.00962
.01518
.02310

.00131
.00236
.00409
.00679
.01086

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

.27752
.33405
.39366
.45494
.51646

.18291
.22913
.28039
.33576
.39412

.11227
.14666
.18678
.23232
.28269

.06410
.08746
.11612
.15030
.19000

.03401
.04853
.06726
.09075
.11937

.01676
.02503
.03627
.05106
.06999

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.57684
.63478
.68922
.73933
.78452

.45417
.51456
.57396
.63116
.68509

.33705
.39433
.45332
.51274
.57132

.23492
.28451
.33798
.39432
.45241

.15334
.19263
.23698
.28588
.33857

.09354
.12208
.15582
.19472
.23856

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.82449
.85917
.88869
.91335
.93358

.73494
.78009
.82021
.85519
.88511

.62789
.68140
.73104
.77617
.81644

.51100
.56889
.62493
.67811
.72758

.39412
.45142
.50933
.56664
.62226

.28684
.33886
.39372
.45037
.50770

0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45

.94988
.96277
.97278
.98042
.98615

.91023
.93094
.94771
.96103
.97142

.85169
.88198
.90751
.92865
.94583

.77272
.81314
.84865
.87927
.90518

.67517
.72453
.76971
.81029
.84605

.56455
.61983
.67255
.72186
.76711

0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50

.99036
.99340
.99557
.99707
.99810

.97939
.98538
.98981
.99302
.99530

.95953
.97027
.97852
.98474
.98935

.92670
.94424
.95828
.96931
.97781

.87697
.90322
.92508
.94295
.95728

.80786
.84386
.87507
.90163
.92380

(table continues)

Chapter 5

142

Binomial Distribution

Table 5-5. Binomial Loss Probability (S = 50 Sources Continued)

Traffic per
Source
(a in Erl)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

21

22

23

0.16
. 0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20

.00001
.00002
.00005
.00011
.00023

.00001
.00003
.00007

.00001
.00002

.00001

0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.00046
.00080
.00161
.00282
.00473

.00015
.00030
.00059
.00108
.00191

.00005
.00010
.00020
.00039
.00072

.00001
.00003
.00006
.00013
.00025

.00001
.00002
.00004
.00008

.00001
.00002

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

.00767
.01200
.01818
.02675
.03824

.00325
.00534
.00847
.01303
.01945

.00125
.00221
.00367
.00590
.00920

.00047
.00085
.00147
.00248
.00405

.00016
.00030
.00055
.00097
.00165

.00005
.00010
.00019
.00035
.00063

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.05324
.07229
.09585
.12429
.15778

.02824
.03993
.05507
.07418
.09772

.01394
.02054
.02950
.04133
.05655

.00640
.00984
.01472
.02146
.03053

.00273
.00438
.00683
.01037
.01536

.00108
.00181
.00294
.00466
.00718

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.19633
.23970
.28743
.33887
.39314

.12602
.15927
.19747
.24042
.28767

.07568
.09916
.12730
.16031
.19819

.04245
.05771
.07681
.10018
.12815

.02219
.03134
.04329
.05854
.07758

.01080
.01585
.02274
.03192
.04386

0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45

.44925
.50611
.56260
.61764
.67024

.33861
.39239
.44806
.50456
.56078

.24075
.28759
.33809
.39148
.44680

.16092
.19849
.24070
.28718
.33733

.10082
.12860
.16111
.19840
.24030

.05905
.07798
.10107
.12864
.16090

0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50

.71954
.76490
.80583
.84208
.87356

.61566
.66820
.71757
.76306
.80420

.50303
.55907
.61387
.66644
.71591

.39040
.44546
.50151
.55747
.61227

.28645
.33632
.38915
.44404
.50000

.19791
.23953
.28542
.33506
.38772

24

24

26

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

(table continues)

Chapter 5

143

Binomial Distribution

Table 5-5. Binomial Loss Probability (5 = 50 Sources Continued)

Traffic per
Source
(a in Erl)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

27

28

29

30

31

32

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.00001

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

.00001
.00003
.00006
.00012
.00022

.00001
.00002
.00004
.00007

.00001
.00002

.00001

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.00040
.00069
.00118
.00194
.00312

.00013
.00025
.00044
.00075
.00126

.00004
.00008
.00015
.00027
.00047

.00001
.00002
.00005
.00009
.00016

.00001
.00001
.00003
.00005

.00001
.00002

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.00488
.00746
.01112
.01620
.02311

.00205
.00326
.00505
.00764
.01132

.00080
.00132
.00213
.00335
.00515

.00029
.00049
.00083
.00136
.00217

.00009
.00017
.00030
.00051
.00084

.00003
.00005
.00010
.00018
.00030

0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45

.03226
.04415
.05926
.07805
.10094

.01641
.02328
.03239
.04418
.05915

.00775
.01141
.01646
.02328
.03229

.00339
.00518
.00776
.01139
.01637

.00137
.00218
.00339
.00516
.00769

.00051
.00084
.00136
.00216
.00334

0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50

.12829
.16030
.19705
.23841
.28409

.07777
.10045
.12755
.15931
.19580

.04395
.05875
.07715
.09959
.12643

.02309
.03197
.04346
.05804
.07620

.01125
.01614
.02273
.03144
.04272

.00506
.00754
.01100
.01577
.02219

Chapter 5

144

Binomial Distribution

Table 5-6. Binomial Loss Probability (8 = 60 Sources)

Traffic per
Source
(a in Erl)

Loss Probability (P) for N=

16

18

20

22

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

.00048
.00125
.00287
.00601
.01154

.00004
.00013
.00035
.00086
.00193

.00001
.00003
.00009
.00024

.00001
.00002

0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20

.02060
.03443
.05431
.08137
.11639

.00396
.00757
.01354
.02283
.03651

.00057
.00125
.00225
.00485
.00872

.00006
.00016
.00036
.00079
.00159

.00001
.00002
.00004
.00010 '
.00022

.00001
.00002

0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.15967
.21096
.26940
.33356
.40165

.05567
.08126
.11401
.15426
.20189

.01485
.02409
.03736
.05561
.07970

.00304
.00549
.00945
.01555
.02453

.00048
.00096
.00185
.00337
.00587

.00006
.00013
.00028
.00057
.00109

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

.47157
.54122
.60858
.67195
.72996

.25631
.31644
.38079
.44761
.51502

.11032
.14784
.19227
.24320
.29982

.03721
.05445
.07705
.10564
.14066

.00979
.01571
.02428
.03627
.05244

.00201
.00354
.00599
.00978
.01541

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.78173
.82678
.86505
.89679
.92253

.58117
.64437
.70321
.75664
.80398

.36092
.42499
.49038
.55536
.61830

.18221
.23004
.28355
.34175
.40335

.07353
.10020
.13288
.17179
.21681

.02349
.03469
.04974
.06936
.09416

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.94292
.95873
.97072
.97962
.98608

.84494
.87957
.90817
.93128
.94953

.67775
.73255
.78188
.82525
.86250

.46688
.53075
.59337
.65330
.86250

.26749
.32305
.38240
.44422
.50703

.12464
.16108
.20348
.25155
.30467

0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45

.99068
.99388
.99606
.99751
.98846

.96364
.97430
.98219
.98790
.99194

.89379
.91948
.94010
.95629
.96873

.76039
.80595
.84565
.87947
.90753

.56932
.62964
.68669
.73941
.78702

.36191
.42212
.48392
.54588
.60655

0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50

.99907
.99945
.99968
.99982
.99990

.99474
.99664
.99789
.99871
.99923

.97806
.98492
.98985
.99331
.99568

.93055
.94880
.96300
.97380
.98183

.82903
.86526
.89581
.92099
.94126

.66458
.71883
.76838
.81262
.85120

24

26

(table continues)

Chapter 5

145

Binomial Distribution

Table 5-6. Binomial Loss Probability (S

Traffic per
Source
(a in Erl)

= 60 Sources Continued)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

28

30

32

34

36

38

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

.00001
.00001
.00003
.00007
.00016

.00001
.00002

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

.00032
.00062
.00115
.00206
.00355

.00004
.00008
.00017
.00034
.00064

.00001
.00002
.00004
.00009

.00001

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

.00590
.00947
.01473
.02224
.03261

.00116
.00203
.00343
.00562
.00892

.00018
.00034
.00062
.00111
.00191

.00002
.00004
.00009
.00017
.00032

.00001
.00002
.00004

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

.04652
.06466
.08765
.11601
.15010

.01376
.02063
.03013
.04288
.05955

.00320
.00518
.00818
.01255
.01877

.00058
.00102
.00173
.00288
.00464

.00008
.00015
.00028
.00051
.00089

.00001
.00002
.00004
.00007
.00013

0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45

.19003
.23563
.28644
.34170
.40037

.08077
.10708
.13890
.17644
.21967

.02736
.03894
.05414
.07360
.09789

.00730
.01118
.01671
.02439
.03479

.00151
.00250
.00403
.00633
.00971

.00024
.00043
.00075
.00127
.00210

0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50

.46121
.52284
.58383
.64281
.69854

.26826
.32159
.37878
.43869
.50000

.12749
.16270
.20360
.25001
.30146

.04853
.06623
.08852
.11591
.14880

.01455
.02130
.03052
.04278
.05874

.00338
.00532
.00820
.01234
.01817

6
Engset Distribution

The Engset distribution, also known as the Erlang-Engset distribution, is used

in lieu of the Erlang B distribution for dimensioning nonqueued (immediate
service) common equipment pools that have a limited number of sources, such
as small rural switching units and line concentrators. It is based on the
following assumptions:

6.1

Calls are served in random order.

There are a finite number of sources.
Blocked calls are cleared.
Holding time is constant or exponential.
ENGSET FORMULA

The Engset formula, also known as the truncated Binomial formula, is given
in Equation 6.1. Note that P is present on both sides of the equation, requiring
an iterative (i.e., successive approximation) calculation process. When P is
very small, such that the value of I - P approaches unity, the approximate
Engset formula of Equation 6.2 can be used.
147

Chapter 6

148

P=

(S-I)!
[
A
]
N! (S-I-N)!
S -A (I-P)

(5-1)! [
A
;=0 i! (S -I-i)!
S -A (I-P)

p-::::;

(S -I)!
N! (S-l-N)!
N

Engset Distribution

]i

(6.1 )

(6.2)

(5-1)!
;=0 i! (S -I-i)!

where P =Engset loss probability

S = Number of sources
N = Number of servers in full-availability group
A = Traffic offered to group in Erlangs

6.2 ENGSET COMPUTER PROGRAM

The following iterative computer program can be used to calculate Equation
6.1 to determine Engset loss probabilities with an accuracy of 0.0000 I as set
in Step 220. More accurate results can be obtained by reducing this parameter;
this will result in more iterationsand longer run times, however. A noniterative,
faster program can be written to calculate Equation 6.2 but the results, even
when P is very small, will be less accurate. Required inputs for this program
are the number of sources, the number of servers in the group, and the traffic
offered to the group expressed in Erlangs.
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180

REM ENGSET LOSS PROBABILITY CALCULATION

INPUT "ENTER NUMBER OF SOURCES (S)";S
INPUT "ENTER NUMBER OF SERVERS (N) ";N
INPUT "ENTER OFFERED TRAFFIC IN ERLANGS (A) ";A
LET PO=Pl
LET X=l
LET Y=l
FOR 1=1 TO N

LET X=X*A/((S-A*(l-PO) )*(S-I)/1

Chapter 6

Engset Distribution

190
200
210
220
230
240

6.3

149

LET Y=X+Y
NEXT I
LE~ P1=X/Y

IF ABS(PO-P1.00001 GOTO 140

PRINT USING lip
END

#.#####";P1

ENGSET LOSS PROBABILITY TABLES

Engset loss probability tables (Tables 6-1 through 6-6) are used to determine
the loss probability (grade of service) when traffic is offered to a group of
servers from a finite group of sources. Blanks (no data) in the tables indicate
that the loss probability is less than O.000005-not necessarily zero, but
essentially nonblocking for practical applications. The following examples
illustrate typical table usage:

Example 6-1
Determine the loss probability for a line concentrator with 60 subscribers, 18
channels, and offered traffic of 0.2 Erlangs per subscriber (source).
A = (60 sub)(0.2 Erl/sub) = 12 Erlangs
Using Table 6-6 (60 sources) (pages 161-164), select the A row for 12 Erlangs
and the P column for 18 servers, and read .01787 at the intersection.

Example 6-2
For the line concentrator of Example 6-1, determine the offered traffic in Erlangs
and CCS to achieve a grade of service of 0.005 or better.
Using Table 6-6 (60 sources), select the N column for 18 servers and read down
until .00436 is found. Read across the A row to determine that 10.2 Erlangs of
traffic can be offered.
(10.2 Erl)(36 CCS/Erl) = 367.2 CCS

Example 6-3
Determine the number of trunks required for a 40-line remote switching unit if
nonlocal busy-hour traffic is 0.1 Erlangs per subscriber and a grade of service of
0.01 or better is required.
A

=(40 lines )(0.1 Erl/line) =4 Erlangs

Using Table 6-4 (40 sources) (pages 155-157), select the A row for 4 Erlangs and
read over until .00897 is found. Read up the N column to determine that at least
9 trunks are required.

Chapter 6

150

Engset Distrihution

Table 6-1. Engset Loss Probability (S = 10 Sources)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

.00336
.01250
.02619
.04335
.06305

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.0
1.0

.00008
.00060
.00189
.00421
.00772

.00002
.00009
.00026
.00061

.00001
.00003

.08453
.10717
.13046
.15401
.17749

.01251
.01862
.02604
.03471
.04455

.00120
.00210
.00340
.00515
.00743

.00008
.00016
.00030
.00051
.00083

.00001
.00002
.00003
.00006

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

.20070
.22344
.24561
.26711
.28789

.05544
.06727
.07991
.09323
.10709

.01028
.01374
.01785
.02263
.02809

.00127
.00188
.00268
.00370
.00498

.00010
.00017
.00027
.00040
.00059

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00003
.00004

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

.30792
.32720
.34571
.36347
.38050

.12139
.13599
.15080
.16573
.18069

.03421
.04099
.04840
.05640
.06495

.00655
.00845
.01070
.01332
.01635

.00083
.00116
.00157
.00210
.00275

.00007
.00010
.00015
.00021
.00029

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

.39681
.41244
.42740
.44174
.45547

.19562
.21044
.22512
.23961
.25387

.07401
.08353
.09344
.10371
.11427

.01980
.02367
.02799
.03276
.03797

.00354
.00450
.00564
.00699
.00857

.00040
.00055
.00073
.00095
.00123

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

.46862
.48123
.49332
.50491
.51603

.26788
.28161
.29505
.30819
.32103

.12507
.13607
.14721
.15846
.16976

.04361
.04967
.05614
.06300
.07021

.01039
.01248
.01485
.01751
.02049

.00158
.00200
.00251
.00311
.00383

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

.52671
.53696
.54682
.55629
.56540

.33351
.34572
.35760
.36916
.38041

.18109
.19241
.20369
.21491
.22604

.07776
.08562
.09375
.10213
.11072

.02379
.02741
.03137
.03566
.04029

.00468
.00566
.00680
.00811
.00961

3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

.57417
.58261
.59075
.59859
.60615

.39135
.40199
.41234
.42239
.43216

.23707
.24797
.25874
.26935
.27980

.11949
.12842
.13747
.14662
.15584

.04524
.05051
.05609
.06196
.06812

.01130
.01321
.01535
.01772
.02035

Chapter 6

151

Engset Distribution

Table 6-2. Engset Loss Probability (5 = 20 Sources)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

2

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

.01442
.04874
.09301
.14103
.18920

.00083
.00561
.01609
.03237
.05371

.00003
.00046
.00199
.00538
.01123

.00003
.00018
.00067
.00177

.00001
.00007
.00022

.00001
.00002

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0

.23553
.27908
.31947
.35665
.39076

.07894
.10685
.13634
.16652
.19669

.01987
.03140
.04567
.06236
.08108

.00380
.00707
.01185
.01832
.02658

.00057
.00124
.00240
.00423
.00689

.00007
.00017
.00039
.00078
.00142

2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0

.42200
.45061
.47684
.50092
.52307

.22635
.25515
.28288
.30939
.33464

.10136
.12276
.14488
.16736
.18991

.03664
.04842
.06176
.07646
.09230

.01054
.01533
.02134
.02863
.03719

.00242
.00389
.00593
.00866
.01219

3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0

.54348
.56233
.57977
.59596
.61100

.35860
.38130
.40276
.42305
.44222

.21229
.23432
.25586
.27681
.29710

.10904
.12646
.14433
.16247
.18071

.04699
.05793
.06992
.08282
.09648

.01658
.02192
.02823
.03552
.04377

4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0

.62501
.63808
.65031
.66177
.67252

.46033
.47745
.49364
.50896
.52346

.31670
.33558
.35374
.37118
.38790

.19891
.21695
.23475
.25222
.26931

.11076
.12552
.14062
.15595
.17138

.05293
.06294
.07371
.08516
.09718

5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0

.68264
.69216
.70114
.70962
.71765

.53720
.55024
.56261
.57437
.58554

.40394
.41931
.43403
.44813
.46165

.28599
.30222
.31798
.33327
.34808

.18684
.20223
.21749
.23256
.24740

.10967
.12253
.13576
.14901
.16247

6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0

.72526
.73247
.73932
.74583
.75204

.59618
.60632
.61598
.62520
.63401

.47460
.48701
.49891
.51032
.52127

.36241
.37627
.38967
.40261
.41511

.26198
.27626
.29022
.30385
.31715

.17597
.18946
.20288
.21619
.22935

7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0

.75795
.76359
.76898
.77413
.77906

.64243
.65049
.65821
.66560
.67269

.53179
.54189
.55159
.56092
.56990

.42719
.43884
.45010
.46098
.47148

.33010
.34270
.35496
.36688
.37845

.24234
.25513
.26769
.28001
.29209

(table continues)

Chapter 6

152

Engset Distribution

Table 6-2. Engset Loss Probability (S = 20 Sources Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

10

11

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0

.00001
.00002
.00005
.00012
.00024

.00001
.00001
.00003

2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0

.00045
.00080
.00133
.00212
.00323

.00007
.00013
.00024
.00042
.00070

.00001
.00002
.00004
.00007
.00012

.00001
.00002

3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0

.00475
.00676
.00933
.01254
.01644

.00111
.00170
.00251
.00361
.00505

.00021
.00035
.00055
.00085
.00127

4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0

.02110
.02653
.03276
.03976
.04753

.00690
.00921
.01205
.01545
.01947

5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0

.05602
.06517
.07493
.08522
.09596

6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0

12

13

.00003
.00006
.00010
.00016
.00026

.00001
.00001
.00003
.00004

.00001

.00184
.00261
.00362
.00492
.00655

.00040
.00060
.00089
.00128
.00180

.00007
.00011
.00018
.00027
.00040

.00001
.00002
.00003
.00005
.00007

.02414
.02946
.03544
.04208
.04935

.00857
.01102
.01395
.01739
.02138

.00248
.00337
.00449
.00589
.00761

.00058
.00083
.00117
.00162
.00219

.00011
.00017
.00025
.00036
.00051

.10709
.11853
.13021
.14207
.15404

.05720
.06561
.07451
.08386
.09359

.02592
.03104
.03673
.04297
.04975

.00969
.01216
.01507
.01845
.02231

.00293
.00387
.00503
.00645
.00818

.00071
.00099
.00135
.00181
.00240

.16607
.17813
.19015
.20211
.21398

.10365
.11398
.12452
.13523
.14605

.05704
.06480
.07299
.08156
.09046

.02667
.03153
.03690
.04276
.04909

.01023
.01266
.01548
.01872
.02240

.00315
.00408
.00522
.00661
.00827

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

Chapter 6

153

Engset Distribution

Table 6-3. Engset Loss Probability (8 = 30 Sources)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

Offered
Traffic
(Ain Erl)

0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5

.00018
.00229
.00899
.02198
.04151

.00001
.00023
.00139
.00457
.01084

1.8
2.1
2.4
2.7
3.0

.06672
.09619
.12837
.16189
.19567

3.3
3.6
3.9
4.2
4.5

.00002
.00017
.00076
.00228

.00002
.00010
.00039

.00001
.00006

.00001

.02096
.03518
.05327
.07466
.09861

.00534
.01053
.01831
.02893
.04239

.00112
.00260
.00523
.00937
.01536

.00020
.00054
.00125
.00255
.00469

.00003
.00009
.00025
.00059
.00122

.22893
.26115
.29201
.32133
.34903

.12434
.15111
.17830
.20543
.23213

.05847
.07682
.09697
.11846
.14082

.02342
.03365
.04599
.06028
.07628

.00795
.01257
.01875
.02661
.03619

.00229
.00400
.00654
.01010
.01485

4.8
5.1
5.4
5.7
6.0

.37513
.39964
.42265
.44424
.46448

.25813
.28327
.30742
.33053
.35259

.16366
.18663
.20947
.23196
.25395

.09367
.11214
.13138
.15110
.17105

.04744
.06023
.07438
.08967
.10588

.02093
.02841
.03730
.04756
.05909

6.3
6.6
6.9
7.2
7.5

.48348
.50132
.51809
.53386
.54871

.37559
.39356
.41252
.43054
.44764

.27532
.29601
.31597
.33518
.35362

.19102
.21084
.23039
.24954
.26825

.12277
.14013
.15778
.17553
.19326

.07176
.08540
.09984
.11490
.13042

7.8
8.1
8.4
8.7
9.0

.56270
.57592
.58840
.60021
.61139

.46387
.47929
.49395
.50788
.52113

.37131
.38826
.40449
.42002
.43489

.28643
.30408
.32115
.33765
.35357

.21085
.22820
.24525
.26194
.27823

.14624
.16223
.17826
.19425
.21011

9.3
9.6
9.9
10.2
10.5

.62200
.63206
.64163
.65072
.65939

.53374
.54576
.55721
.56814
.57857

.44911
.46273
.47577
.48825
.50021

.36891
.38369
.39793
.41163
.42482

.29409
.30950
.32446
.33896
.35300

.22576
.24117
.25628
.27107
.28551

10.8
11.1
11.4
11.7
12.0

.66764
.67552
.68305
.69024
.68712

.58854
.59807
.60719
.61592
.62429

.51167
.52266
.53321
.54333
.55305

.43751
.44972
.46148
.47280
.48370

.36659
.37974
.39245
.40473
.41661

.29960
.31331
.32665
.33961
.35220

(table continues)

Chapter 6

154

Engset Distribution

Table 6-3. Engset Loss Probability (S = 30 Sources Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

10

11

12

13

14

1.8
2.1
2.4
2.7
3.0

.00001
.00004
.00012
.00027

.00001
.00002
.00005

.00001

3.3
3.6
3.9
4.2
4.5

.00057
.00109
.00196
.00329
.00525

.00012
.00026
.00051
.00093
.00160

.00002
.00005
.00011
.00023
.00042

.00001
.00002
.00005
.00010

.00001
.00002

4.8
5.1
5.4
5.7
6.0

.00798
.01164
.01634
.02218
.02922

.00263
.00413
.00622
.00901
.01264

.00075
.00127
.00205
.00318
.00476

.00019
.00034
.00059
.00098
.00156

.00004
.00008
.00015
.00026
.00045

.00001
.00002
.00003
.00006
.00011

6.3
6.6
6.9
7.2
7.5

.03745
.04684
.05731
.06876
.08106

.01719
.02274
.02932
.03694
.04556

.00689
.00967
.01319
.01754
.02277

.00240
.00358
.00519
.00729
.01000

.00073
.00116
.00178
.00265
.00383

.00019
.00033
.00053
.00084
.00128

7.8
8.1
8.4
8.7
9.0

.09407
.10766
.12168
.13603
.15057

.05513
.06555
.07674
.08858
.10095

.02891
.03596
.04391
.05269
.06225

.01338
.01749
.02240
.02812
.03466

.00541
.00746
.01005
.01326
.01713

.00191
.00278
.00394
.00547
.00743

9.3
9.6
9.9
10.2
10.5

.16521
.17987
.19446
.20893
.22323

.11375
.12686
.14020
.15367
.16719

.07249
.08334
.09469
.10645
.11853

.04199
.05009
.05889
.06833
.07833

.02171
.02704
.03310
.03989
.04738

.00988
.01289
.01652
.02079
.02573

10.8
11.1
11.4
11.7
12.0

.23732
.25117
.26474
.27803
.29102

.18071
.19417
.20751
.22070
.23370

.13084
.14331
.15587
.16846
.18103

.08880
.09967
.11086
.12230
.13390

.05552
.06425
.07351
.08322
.09333

.03136
.03765
.04459
.05214
.06025

15

0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5

Chapter 6

Engset Distribution

155

Table 6-4. Engset Loss Probability (5 = 40 Sources)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0

.00058
.00649
.02303
.05115
.08837

.00004
.00093
.00497
.01475
.03168

.00011
.00087
.00348
.00939

.00001
.00013
.00068
.00233

.00002
.00011
.00049

.00002
.00009

2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0

.13016
.17592
.22062
.26366
.30425

.05562
.08524
.11872
.15428
.19048

.01982
.03531
.05565
.08007
.10752

.00595
.01243
.02245
.03628
.05376

.00152
.00374
.00778
.01424
.02353

.00033
.00097
.00233
.00485
.00897

4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.0

.34205
.37699
.40915
.43869
.46582

.22625
.26088
.29396
.32525
.35468

.13688
.16720
.19767
.22771
.25692

.07442
.09757
.12248
.14846
.17489

.03582
.05103
.06882
.08875
.11029

.01514
.02363
.03459
.04794
.06349

6.4
6.8
7.2
7.6
8.0

.49075
.51369
.53483
.55435
.57240

.38225
.40802
.43209
.45455
.47552

.28505
.31192
.33748
.36171
.38461

.20131
.22735
.25275
.27734
.30100

.13292
.15618
.17966
.20306
.22613

.08089
.09978
.11975
.14044
.16150

8.4
8.8
9.2
9.6
10.0

.58913
.60467
.61913
.63262
.64522

.49511
.51343
.53057
.54664
.56173

.40624
.42665
.44591
.46408
.48122

.32367
.34533
.36599
.38565
.40435

.24869
.27061
.29181
.31224
.33187

.18267
.20373
.22450
.24484
.26467

10.4
10.8
11.2
11.6
12.0

.65702
.66809
.67848
.68826
.69748

.57590
.58923
.60179
.61365
.62484

.49742
.51272
.52719
.54090
.55388

.42213
.43903
.45510
.47038
.48491

.35071
.36875
.38602
.40253
.41832

.28392
.30256
.32055
.33788
.35457

12.4
12.8
13.2
13.6
14.0

.70618
.71440
.72219
.72957
.73658

.63544
.64547
.65498
.66402
.67260

.56620
.57789
.58900
.59957
.60963

.49874
.51191
.52446
.53643
.54785

.43341
.44784
.46163
.47483
.48746

.37061
.38603
.40083
.41505
.42871

14.4
14.8
15.2
15.6
16.0

.74324
.74958
.75561
.76137
.76686

.68077
.68855
.68597
.70306
.70983

.61922
.62837
.63711
.64545
.65344

.55875
.56917
.57914
.58867
.59781

.49954
.51112
.52221
.53284
.54304

.44182
.45441
.46650
.47812
.48930

(table continues)

Chapter 6

156

Engset Distribution

Table 6-4. Engset Loss Probability (S = 40 Sources Continued)

Loss Probability (P) for N

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

10

0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0

.00001

2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0

11

12

13

14

.00006
.00022
.00061
.00144
.00299

.00001
.00004
.00014
.00038
.00088

.00001
.00003
.00009
.00023

.00001
.00002
.00005

.00001

4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.0

.00561
.00964
.01541
.02313
.03292

.00183
.00347
.00607
.00991
.01525

.00053
.00110
.00212
.00377
.00628

.00014
.00031
.00066
.00128
.00231

.00003
.00008
.00018
.00039
.00076

.00001
.00002
.00005
.00010
.00022

6.4
6.8
7.2
7.6
8.0

.04475
.05847
.07385
.09059
.10839

.02225
.03103
.04158
.05375
.06748

.00989
.01479
.02114
.02904
.03848

.00392
.00630
.00965
.01493
.01989

.00139
.00240
.00394
.00617
.00926

.00044
.00082
.00145
.00242
.00387

8.4
8.8
9.2
9.6
10.0

.12694
.14598
.16525
.18456
.20375

.08245
.09844
.11521
.13251
.15015

.04942
.06170
.07517
.08963
.10486

.02701
.03551
.04534
.05642
.06861

.01335
.01856
.02499
.03266
.04154

.00594
.00876
.01248
.01720
.02301

10.4
10.8
11.2
11.6
12.0

.22267
.24124
.25939
.27706
.29421

.16793
.18571
.20335
.22077
.23789

.12068
.13688
.15332
.16984
.18634

.08174
.09565
.11016
.12511
.14035

.05057
.06264
.07462
.08737
.10073

.02994
.03798
.04709
.05718
.06815

12.4
12.8
13.2
13.6
14.0

.31083
.32691
.34244
.35743
.37190

.25464
.27099
.28691
.30237
.31738

.20270
.21886
.23476
.25034
.26557

.15575
.17120
.18660
.20188
.21697

.11457
.12874
.14313
.15763
.17215

.07987
.09221
.10505
.11826
.13173

14.4
14.8
15.2
15.6
16.0

.38584
.39928
.41222
.42470
.43673

.33192
.34600
.35962
.37280
.38554

.28044
.29491
.30900
.32268
.33596

.23183
.24641
.26069
.27465
.28827

.18661
.20095
.21512
.22908
.24280

.14536
.15907
.17278
.18642
.19995

15

(table continues)

Chapter 6

Engset Distribution

157

Table 6-4. Engset Loss Probability (5 = 40 Sources Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

16

17

18

19

20

4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.0

.00001
.00003
.00006

.00001
.00001

6.4
6.8
7.2
7.6
8.0

.00013
.00026
.00048
.00085
.00146

.00003
.00007
.00014
.00027
.00049

.00001
.00002
.00004
.00008
.00015

.00001
.00002
.00004

8.4
8.8
9.2
9.6
10.0

.00001

.00238
.00372
.00562
.00819
.01156

.00086
.00143
.00228
.00352
.00525

.00028
.00049
.00084
.00136
.00215

.00008
.00015
.00028
.00048
.00079

.00002
.00004
.00008
.00015
.00026

.00001
.00001
.00002
.00004
.00008

10.4
10.8
11.2
11.6
12.0

.01583
.02108
.02735
.03465
.04292

.00758
.01063
.01448
.01922
.02490

.00327
.00484
.00694
.00968
.01316

.00128
.00199
.00300
.00441
.00629

.00045
.00074
.00117
.00181
.00272

.00014
.00025
.00041
.00067
.00106

12.4
12.8
13.2
13.6
14.0

.05216
.06222
.07303
.08445
.09639

.03153
.03908
.04752
.05677
.06674

.01744
.02257
.02859
.03548
.04321

.00875
.01187
.01573
.02037
.04321

.00397
.00565
.00784
.01064
.02583

.00162
.00242
.00353
.00502
.00697

14.4
14.8
15.2
15.6
16.0

.10873
.12137
.13420
.14716
.16017

.07734
.08847
.10001
.11188
.12399

.05172
.06095
.07079
.08117
.09198

.03211
.03920
.04703
.05557
.06472

.01828
.02323
.02896
.03544
.04266

.00945
.01255
.01631
.02079
.02599

21

0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0

Chapter 6

158

Engset Distribution

Table 6-5. Engset Loss Probability (5 = 50 Sources)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

10

11

12

13

2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

.00215
.00600
.01329
.02493
.04121

.00052
.00174
.00455
.00982
.01835

.00011
.00044
.00137
.00341
.00724

.00002
.00010
.00037
.00105
.00254

.00002
.00009
.00029
.00079

.00002
.00007
.00022

5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

.06183
.08602
.11279
.14117
.17029

.03059
.04659
.06599
.08817
.11238

.01350
.02270
.03507
.05054
.06875

.00531
.00991
.01681
.02633
.03858

.00187
.00388
.00725
.01241
.01969

.00059
.00137
.00282
.00528
.00911

7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5

.19947
.22819
.25612
.28302
.30877

.13790
.16407
.19038
.21641
.24187

.08921
.11133
.13455
.15837
.18235

.05341
.07054
.08952
.10991
.13124

.02932
.04129
.05549
.07162
.08934

.01465
.02215
.03174
.04339
.05695

10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0

.33329
.35657
.37864
.39952
.41927

.26657
.29037
.31321
.33504
.35587

.20618
.22960
.25245
.27459
.29595

.15312
.17519
.19718
.21889
.24015

.10826
.12801
.14826
.16872
.18917

.07219
.08881
.10647
.12488
.14375

12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5

.43795
.45561
.47231
.48812
.50309

.37571
.39459
.41254
.42961
.44585

.31649
.33620
.35507
.37312
.39036

.26085
.28092
.30031
.31899
.33697

.20940
.22929
.24874
.26766
.28602

.16284
.18195
.20092
.21962
.23796

15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0

.51728
.53074
.54352
.55566
.56721

.46128
.47597
.48995
.50326
.51595

.40684
.42257
.43760
.45196
.46457

.35423
.37080
.38669
.40193
.41653

.30378
.32093
.33747
.35339
.36872

.30378
.27329
.29021
.30661
.32246

17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5

.57821
.58868
.59867
.60821
.61732

.52805
.39765
.55063
.56118
.57126

.47878
.53960
.50331
.51479
.52579

.43053
.44395
.45682
.46916
.48100

.38347
.49132
.41128
.42439
.43699

.33779
.35258
.36685
.38061
.39387

20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0

.62602
.63436
.64234
.64999
.65733

.58091
.59016
.59902
.60752
.61568

.53634
.54644
.55615
.56546
.57441

.49237
.50329
.51378
.52387
.53357

.44912
.46078
.47200
.48281
.49321

.40666
.41899
.43088
.44234
.45340

(table continues)

Chapter 6

Engset Distribution

159

Table 6-5. Engset Loss Probability (S = 50 Sources Continued)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

14

15

2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

.00002
.00007

.00002

5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

.00017
.00043
.00099
.00203
.00382

.00004
.00013
.00031
.00071
.00145

7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5

.00665
.01083
.01663
.02422
.03368

10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0

17

18

19

.00001
.00003
.00009
.00022
.00050

.00001
.00002
.00007
.00016

.00001
.00002
.00005

.00001

.00274
.00482
.00795
.01239
.01834

.00103
.00196
.00347
.00579
.00915

.00035
.00072
.00138
.00247
.00418

.00011
.00025
.00050
.00097
.00175

.00003
.00008
.00017
.00035
.00067

.04497
.05795
.07238
.08803
.10461

.02594
.03523
.04615
.05857
.07229

.01377
.01981
.02736
.03645
.04700

.00670
.01024
.01497
.02104
.02851

.00299
.00486
.00754
.01120
.01601

.00122
.00211
.00348
.00548
.00829

12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5

.12186
.13955
.15745
.17541
.19326

.08708
.10271
.11896
.13561
.15248

.05890
.07197
.08600
.10080
.11616

.03738
.04758
.05900
.07147
.08483

.02207
.02942
.03807
.04793
.05890

.01205
.01689
.02291
.03013
.03855

15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0

.21091
.22827
.24527
.26186
.27802

.16942
.18630
.20302
.21950
.23568

.13189
.14786
.16390
.17992
.19581

.09888
.11346
.12839
.14354
.15879

.07084
.08359
.09697
.11085
.12506

.04809
.05865
.07010
.08229
.09508

17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5

.29371
.30894
.32369
.33797
.35179

.25152
.26697
.28203
.29667
.31089

.21150
.22695
.24209
.25691
.27137

.17403
.18918
.20417
.21894
.23346

.13950
.15403
.16857
.18305
.19739

.10833
.12190
.13568
.14957
.16349

20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0

.36514
.37805
.39052
.40257
.41421

.32469
.33807
.35103
.36359
.37574

.28547
.29920
.31254
.32550
.33809

.24769
.26160
.27520
.28845
.30137

.21156
.22550
.23919
.25260
.26573

.17736
.19112
.20472
.21813
.23132

16

(table continues)

160

Chapter 6

Engset Distribution

Table 6-5. Engset Loss Probability (S = 50 Sources Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

20

21

7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5

.00001
.00002
.00005
.00011
.00024

.00001
.00001
.00003
.00008

.00001
.00002

.00001

10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0

.00046
.00084
.00148
.00247
.00394

.00016
.00031
.00058
.00102
.00173

.00005
.00010
.00021
.00039
.00070

.00001
.00003
.00007
.00014
.00026

.00001
.00002
.00004
.00009

.00001
.00001
.00003

12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5

.00606
.00895
.01277
.01762
.02358

.00280
.00437
.00657
.00953
.01338

.00119
.00196
.00311
.00475
.00701

.00047
.00081
.00136
.00218
.00339

.00017
.00031
.00054
.00092
.00151

.00006
.00011
.00020
.00036
.00062

15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0

.03067
.03886
.04809
.05827
.06927

.01822
.02410
.03104
.03901
.04796

.01002
.01388
.01869
.02448
.03127

.00508
.00739
.01043
.01429
.01904

.00238
.00363
.00537
.00771
.01075

.00102
.00164
.00254
.00383
.00560

17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5

.08096
.09321
.10589
.11887
.13207

.05778
.06837
.07960
.09135
.10351

.03903
.04770
.05719
.06740
.07821

.02474
.03138
.03893
.04734
.05652

.01459
.01929
.02488
.03137
.03873

.00796
.01100
.01480
.01944
.02492

20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0

.14538
.15872
.17203
.18526
.19836

.11597
.12864
.14142
.15424
.16705

.08951
.10121
.11319
.12536
.13766

.06638
.07680
.08769
.09896
.11050

.04689
.05578
.06531
.07538
.08589

.03126
.03843
.04635
.05497
.06420

22

23

24

25

2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

Chapter 6

161

Engset Distribution

Table 6-6. Engset Loss Probability (8 = 60 Sources)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

10

11

12

13

14

3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
6.0

.00574
.01350
.02630
.04449
.06761

.00183
.00507
.01136
.02167
.03648

.00052
.00170
.00439
.00950
.01785

.00013
.00051
.00153
.00376
.00791

.00003
.00014
.00048
.00134
.00318

.00001
.00003
.00014
.00044
.00116

6.6
7.2
7.8
8.4
9.0

.09460
.12421
.15523
.18669
.21784

.05564
.07852
.10420
.13169
.16012

.02997
.04591
.06534
.08760
.11191

.01470
.02464
.03794
.05444
.07372

.00656
.01209
.02026
.03136
.04538

.00266
.00541
.00992
.01665
.02591

9.6
10.2
10.8
11.4
12.0

.24817
.27737
.30523
.33168
.35670

.18877
.21710
.24470
.27144
.29705

.13752
.16377
.19010
.21613
.24156

.09518
.11819
.14215
.16653
.19093

.06206
.08096
.10158
.12337
.14586

.03780
.05221
.06883
.08724
.10701

12.6
13.2
13.8
14.4
15.0

.38031
.40255
.42349
.44320
.46177

.32149
.34473
.36679
.38770
.40749

.26619
.28991
.31265
.33437
.35508

.21503
.23861
.26150
.28361
.30488

.16864
.19139
.21386
.23586
.25727

.12768
.14888
.17028
.19160
.21266

15.6
16.2
16.8
17.4
18.0

.47926
.49575
.51131
.52601
.53991

.42622
.44395
.46074
.47665
.49172

.37480
.39356
.41140
.42835
.44448

.32529
.34482
.36349
.38131
.39833

.27800
.29800
.31724
.33573
.35345

.23330
.25342
.27295
.29183
.31006

18.6
19.2
19.8
20.4
21.0

.55306
.56552
.57734
.58856
.59922

.50602
.51959
.53248
.54475
.55641

.45981
.47440
.48829
.50152
.51413

.41457
.43006
.44485
.45896
.47245

.37044
.38671
.40228
.41718
.43145

.32761
.34449
.36071
.37629
.39124

21.6
22.2
22.8
23.4
24.0

.60937
.61903
.62825
.63704
.64543

.56753
.57812
.58824
.59789
.60712

.52616
.53764
.54861
.55910
.56913

.48533
.49764
.50942
.52070
.53150

.44511
.45819
.47073
.48274
.49427

.40560
.41837
.43260
.44530
.45749

24.6
25.2
25.8
26.4
27.0

.65346
.66114
.66849
.67554
.68230

.61579
.62441
.63251
.64027
.64773

.57874
.58794
.59676
.60523
.61336

.54184
.55177
.56129
.57044
.57922

.50532
.51593
.52612
.53592
.54534

.46921
.48047
.49130
.50171
.51174

(table continues)

162

Chapter 6

Engset Distribution

Table 6-6. Engset Loss Probability (S = 60 Sources Continued)

Loss Probability (P) for N ==

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

15

16

17

18

3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
6.0

.00001
.00004
.00013
.00039

.00001
.00004
.00012

.00001
.00003

.00001

6.6
7.2
7.8
8.4
9.0

.00099
.00222
.00445
.00812
.01365

.00034
.00083
.00183
.00364
.00663

.00011
.00029
.00069
.00150
.00296

.00003
.00009
.00024
.00057
.00122

.00001
.00003
.00008
.00020
.00047

.00001
.00002
.00007
.00016

9.6
10.2
10.8
11.4
12.0

.02138
.03146
.04387
.05844
.07484

.01117
.01760
.02613
.03680
.04953

.00539
.00912
.01446
.02164
.03079

.00240
.00436
.00741
.01183
.01787

.00099
.00193
.00352
.00600
.00965

.00038
.00079
.00155
.00282
.00484

12.6
13.2
13.8
14.4
15.0

.09271
.11165
.13131
.15136
.17154

.06409
.08019
.09749
.11566
.13439

.04188
.05476
.06922
.08496
.10170

.02569
.03531
.04666
.05960
.07387

.01471
.02135
.02966
.03963
.05115

.00784
.01205
.01768
.02483
.03354

15.6
16.2
16.8
17.4
18.0

.19162
.21146
.23091
.24991
.26837

.15341
.17251
.19151
.21026
.22868

.11914
.13702
.15512
.17326
.19129

.08923
.10541
.12217
.13927
.15655

.06405
.07809
.09306
.10871
.12483

.04375
.05535
.06815
.08193
.09650

18.6
19.2
19.8
20.4
21.0

.28627
.30358
.32030
.33641
.35194

.24668
.26420
.28122
.29771
.31367

.20909
.22658
.24369
.26038
.27661

.17383
.19099
.20795
.22461
.24092

.14123
.15775
.17425
.19064
.20683

.11164
.12717
.14292
.15875
.17456

21.6
22.2
22.8
23.4
24.0

.36688
.38127
.39511
.40842
.42124

.32909
.34398
.35835
.37220
.38556

.,29236
.30764
.32243
.33673
.35056

.25685
.27237
.28746
.30211
.31632

.22274
.23834
.25359
.26846
.28294

.19024
.20574
.22098
.23593
.25055

24.6
25.2
25.8
26.4
27.0

.43356
.44543
.45685
.46785
.47845

.39845
.41086
.42284
.43438
.44552

.36393
.37684
.38931
.40135
.41299

.33008
.34342
.35632
.36881
.38090

.29702
.31069
.32396
.33684
.34932

.26483
.27875
.29231
.30549
.31830

19

20

(table continues)

Chapter 6

163

Engset Distribution

Table 6-6. Engset Loss Probability (S =60 Sources Continued)

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Loss Probability (P) for N =

24

25

26

.00001
.00004
.00008
.00019
.00039

.00001
.00003
.00007
.00015

.00001
.00002
.00005

.00001
.00002

.00179
.00310
.00509
.00798
.01194

.00077
.00141
.00246
.00407
.00644

.00031
.00060
.00110
.00193
.00323

.00011
.00024
.00046
.00086
.00151

.00004
.00009
.00018
.00035
.00066

.02826
.03727
.04766
.05926
.07192

.01715
.02369
.03161
.04086
.05134

.00974
.01414
.01977
.02668
.03487

.00516
.00789
.01159
.01639
.02239

.00255
.00411
.00635
.00944
.01351

.00118
.00200
.00325
.00508
.00763

18.6
19.2
19.8
20.4
21.0

.08543
.09961
.11426
.12924
.14439

.06291
.07540
.08862
.10241
.11661

.04429
.05481
.06630
.07860
.09154

.02960
.03802
.04755
.05807
.06946

.01867
.02499
.03246
.04104
.05064

.01105
.01547
.02096
.02755
.03523

21.6
22.2
22.8
23.4
24.0

.15960
.17477
.18981
.20468
.21930

.13108
.14568
.16031
.17489
.18936

.10496
.11873
.13271
.14680
.16091

.08155
.09421
.10727
.12063
.13417

.06114
.07240
.08428
.09665
.10938

.04394
.05357
.06401
.07514
.08681

24.6
25.2
25.8
26.4
27.0

.23366
.24772
.26146
.27487
.28794

.20364
.21771
.23153
.24506
.25831

.17496
.18888
.20264
.21619
.22951

.14779
.16140
.17496
.18839
.20167

.12235
.13547
.14865
.16181
.17491

.09890
.11130
.12391
.13663
.14940

21

22

6.6
7.2
7.8
8.4
9.0

.00001
.00002
.00005

.00001
.00002

9.6
10.2
10.8
11.4
12.0

.00013
.00030
.00063
.00123
.00225

.00004
.00011
.00024
.00050
.00097

12.6
13.2
13.8
14.4
15.0

.00388
.00634
.00983
.01457
.02068

15.6
16.2
16.8
17.4
18.0

23

3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
6.0

(table continues)

164

Chapter 6

Table 6-6. Engset Loss Probability (S

Offered
Traffic
(A in Erl)

Engset Distribution

=60 Sources Continued)

Loss Probability (P ) for N =

27

28

29

30

31

32

3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
6.0
6.6
7.2
7.8
8.4
9.0
9.6
10.2
10.8
11.4
12.0

.00001

12.6
13.2
13.8
14.4
15.0

.00001
.00003
.00007
.00014
.00027

.00001
.00002
.00005
.00010

.00001
.00002
.00004

.00001
.00001

15.6
16.2
16.8
17.4
18.0

.00051
.00091
.00155
.00255
.00403

.00020
.00038
.00069
.00119
.00198

.00008
.00015
.00029
.00052
.00091

.00003
.00006
.00011
.00021
.00039

.00001
.00002
.00004
.00008
.00016

.00001
.00001
.00003
.00006

18.6
19.2
19.8
20.4
21.0

.00612
.00898
.01273
.01746
.02323

.00317
.00487
.00723
.01039
.01443

.00153
.00247
.00384
.00578
.00840

.00069
.00117
.00190
.00300
.00457

.00029
.00052
.00088
.00145
.00232

.00011
.00021
.00038
.00066
.00110

21.6
22.2
22.8
23.4
24.0

.03006
.03791
.04671
.05635
.06671

.01945
.02548
.03252
.04050
.04935

.01183
.01616
.02144
.02770
.03489

.00674
.00962
.01331
.01790
.02342

.00358
.00535
.00774
.01087
.01481

.00178
.00278
.00420
.00617
.00878

24.6
25.2
25.8
26.4
27.0

.07768
.08914
.10096
.11305
.12531

.05897
.06924
.08006
.09130
.10286

.04298
.05186
.06144
.07162
.08227

.02986
.03720
.04536
.05425
.06378

.01963
.02536
.03197
.03942
.04763

.01214
.01632
.02136
.02726
.03402

Definitions

Address signaling

See register signaling.

Alternate routing

Deterministic routing arrangement

in a switching center whereby traffic
overflows to another trunk group
when all the circuits in the primary
trunk group are busy.

Blocked calls cleared

Calls failing to find idle traffic resources are cleared from the system
and do not reappear.

Blocked calls delayed

Calls failing to find idle traffic resources are held in a waiting queue
untila trafficresourcebecomesavailable.

Blocked calls held

Calls failing to find idle traffic resources are held for an interval equal
to one call-holding time. If a traffic
resource becomes available during
165

166

Definitions

that interval, it will be used to service

the call.
Blocked traffic

Portion of traffic that cannot be

handled by a traffic resource (offered traffic minus carried traffic).

Busy hour

Continuous sixty-minute period of

the day when the highest usage occurs.

Call

Seriesofdialing attemptsto thesame

subscriber, where the last attempt
results in a completed call or isabandoned.

Call attempt

Any effort, even an error, on the part

of a traffic source to obtain service.
Ratio of the number of call attempts
to completed calls.

Call-attempt factor
Call-holding time

Length of time during which traffic

resources are held for a call.

Carried traffic

Traffic intensity handled by a traffic

resource.

Centum-call-seconds

See unit call.

Common equipment

Common equipment, or servers, are

those resources that are used on a
shared basis. Trunk groups, signaling registers, and operator positions
areexamplesof commonequipment.

Completed call

Callattemptthat issuccessfullycompleted (called subscriber answered).

Congestion

See grade of service.

Cut through

Circuit is completed between a calling and a called subscriber.

Definitions

167

Degree of congestion

Frequency with which a call will

encounter some measure of inconvenience in completing a call (i.e.,
the probability that a call will be
blocked or delayed).

Delay system

System in which call attempts are

held in a waiting queue until suitable
resources are available to handle
calls.

DP signaling

Dial-pulse signaling (or rotary-dial

signaling) employs a sequence of
on-hook, off-hook pulses, at a nominal rate of 10 pulses per second, to
represent dialed digits.

DTMF signaling

Dual-tone multifrequency signaling

(or tone dialing) uses unique pairs of
low- and high-band tones to represent digits.

Erlang

Unit of traffic that represents a circuit occupied for one hour (e.g., one
call held for an hour, sixty calls held
for one minute each, or any combination totaling one call-hour).

Essentially nonblocking

Grade of service (congestion) that is

considered negligible for a specific
application.
Direct trunk group between two
switches where alternate routing is
not employed.

Final trunk group

Finite sources

The ratio of sources to servers is

5111al1.

Full availability

Every source has equal access to

every server.

Definitions

168

Grade of service

Measure of the probability that a

percentage of the offered traffic will
be blocked or delayed (used synonymously to define level of traffic congestion or service objective).

High-usage trunk group

Trunk group between two switches

engineered to carry high traffic loads
and offer significant overflow traffic
to an alternate route (another highusage trunk group or a final trunk
group).

Hundred-call-seconds

See unit call.

Immediate connection

The time required to set up a call is

negligible when compared with the
associated call-holding time.

Independent sources

Source of calls (subscribers) are independent as far as originating calls

are concerned.

Infinite sources

The ratio ofsources to servers is very

large.

Line signaling

Signaling arrangement, also known

as supervision, that controls the setup,
holding, charging, and releasing of
call connections.

Loss system

System in which a call attempt is

rejected when an idle resource is
unavailable to handle the call.

MF signaling

Multifrequency signaling, also referred to as MF 2/6 signaling, uses

unique pairs of six tones to represent
line signals and address digits on
interoffice trunks.

MFC signaling

Multifrequency-compelled signaling
is similar to MF signaling except
that for each pair of tones there is a

169

Definitions

complementary pair that is sent back

to the calling switch to verify that the
correct signal was received at the
called switch.
Network

Arrangement and interconnection of

a number of nodes in a telecommunication system, such as the public
switched telephone network, corporate private networks, and local area
networks.

Nonblocking

Grade of service (congestion) level

of zero at all traffic intensities up to
and including one Erlang per channel.

Offered traffic

Traffic intensity submitted to a traffic resource.

Overflow traffic

Traffic intensity that cannot be

handled by a traffic resource and is
offered to (overflows to) an alternate
resource.

Peakedness

Abnormal variations in traffic intensity caused by alternate routing overflow traffic or other system variances such as special rates, holidays,
floods, and disasters.

Probability

Likelihood of the occurrence of a

specific event.

Probability distribution

Probabilities associated with every

possible event of a set of events
under consideration.

Queuing system

System operating on a delay basis

such that when no idle traffic resource is available, a new call arrival
waits in queue until a resource becomes available.

Definitions

170

Random calls

Calls initiated by subscribers are independent of calls initiated by other

subscribers.

Register-holding time

See server-holding time.

Register signaling

Signaling arrangement, also known

as address signaling, that transmits
the called termination's address digits (directory number) through the
network to the terminating switch.

Server

See common equipment.

Server-holding time

Length oftime during which a traffic

resource is held to process a call
attempt.

Service objective

See grade of service.

Traffic density

Number of simultaneous calls at a

given moment.

Traffic intensity

Average traffic density (occupancy)

during a one-hour period.

Traffic flow

Product of the number of calls during a period of time and their average
duration (call-holding time).

Traffic resource

Any resource provided to handle traffic, such as trunks, signaling registers, and switching matrices.

Unit call

Unit oftraffic , also known as centumcall-seconds (CCS) or hundred-callseconds, representing a circuit occupied for one hundred seconds.

Glossary

BASIC

Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (programming language)

CCITT

International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee

ccs

centum-call-seconds (or hundredcall-seconds

CO

central office

DP

dial pulse

DTMF

dual-tone multifrequency

Erl

Erlang

FIFO
FORTRAN

first-in, first-out

GOS
MF

grade of service

FORmula TRANslation
(programming language)
multifrequency
171

172

MFC

Glossary

PSTN

multifrequency compelled
private branch exchange
public switched telephone network

UC

unit call

PBX

Selected Bibliography

D. Bear, PrinciplesofTelecommunication-Traffic Engineering. London: Institution

of Electrical Engineers, 1980.
P. Beckmann, Elementary Queuing Theory and Telephone Traffic. Geneva, IL: abc
TeleTraining, 1977.
V.E.Benes, "OnTrunkswithNegativeExponential Holding TimesServinga Renewal
Process," Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 38, no. 1, 1959.
G.S.Berkeley, "TrafficandDelay Formulae," J. PostOfficeElec.Engineers(London),
vol. 29, 1936.
J. G. van Bosse, "Delay Distribution in Communication Systems with Partially
Ordered Queues," IEEE Trans. Commun. Sys., vol. 9, no. 3, 1965.
J. R. Boucher, Voice Teletraffic Systems Engineering. Norwood, MA: Artech House,
1988.
E. Brockmeyer, H. Halstrom, and A. Jensen, "The Life and Works of A.K. Erlang,"
Trans. Danish Acad. Sci., no. 2, 1948.
G.A. Campbell, "Probability Curves Showing Poisson's Exponential Summations,"
Bell System Tech. J., vol. 2, no. 1, 1925.
J. W. Cohen, "The Generalized Engset Formula," Philips Telecommun. Rev.
(Amsterdam), vol. 18, no. 4, 1957.
173

174

Selected Bibliography

C. D. Crommelin, "Delay Probability Formula When the Holding Times Are Constant," J. Post Office Elec. Engineers (London), vol. 25, 1932.
C. D. Crommelin, "Delay Probability Formulae," J. Post Office Elec. Engineers
(London), vol. 26, 1933.
A. Elldin and G. Lind, Elementary Traffic Theory, ed. 2., Stockholm: L. M. Ericcson,
1964.
A. K. Erlang, "Solutionof Some Problems in theTheoryof Probabilityof Significance
in Automatic Telephone Exchanges," J. Post Office Elec. Engineers (London), vol.
10, issue 4, 1917.
T. C. Fry, Probability and Its Engineering Uses, ed. 2., New York: D. Van Nostrand,
1965.
R. Holm, "The Validity of Erlang's Trunk Congestion Formula," J. Post Office Elec.
Engineers (London), vol. 17, 1925.
M. M. Jung, "Loss ProbabilityCharts Calculated with the Formula of Engset," Philips
Telecommun. Rev. (Amsterdam), vol. 23, no. 4, 1962.
G. Lind, "Accuracy of Traffic Measurements in a Poisson Traffic Process," Proc.
lEE (London), vol. 23, no. 4, 1967.

E. C. Molina, "Application of the Theory of Probability to Telephone Trunking

Problems," Bell System Tech. J., vol. 6, no. 3,1927.
E. C. Molina, Poisson's Exponential Binomial Limit, New York: D. Van Nostrand,
1942.
I. Molnar, Delay Probability Chartsfor Telephone Traffic Where the Holding Times

Are Constant, Chicago: Automatic Electric, 1952.

1. Riordan, "Delay Curves for Calls Served at Random," Bell System Tech. .I., vol, 40,
no. 3, 1953.

J. Riordan, "Delay for the Last Come First Served Service and the Busy Period," Bell
System Tech. J., vol. 38, no. 4, 1951.
R. Syski, "Determination of Waiting Time in the Simple Delay System," Automatic
Electric Tech. J., vol. 13, 1957.
R. Syski, "The Theory of Congestion in Lost-CallSystems," Automatic Electric Tech.
J., vol. 9, 1953.
Telephone Traffic Theory Tables and Charts, Munich: Siemens AG, 1970.
Teletraffic Engineering Manual. Stuttgart: ITT Standard Electrik Lorenz AG, 1966.

R. I. Wilkinson, "Working Curves for Delayed Exponential Calls Served in Random

Order," Bell System Tech. J., vol. 32, no. 2, 1953.

Index

A
Alternate routing, 2, 7,33,48,73,165,167
Assumptions, 10, 11, 14, 19
Availability
full, 10,14,20,34,80,132,148
limited, 14

B
Binomial distribution, 14, 131
computer program, 132
formula, 14-16, 131, 147
tables, 132, 134-145
Blocked calls
cleared, 11,14,15,19,33,147,165
delayed, 11, 14, 15,79, 165
disposition, 11
held, 11, 14, 15, 19, 131, 165
Blocked traffic, definition, 166

175

176

Busy hour, 2, 7, 8,10,73,81,166

c
Call, definition, 166
attempt, 10, 11, 166
attempt factor, 8-10, 166
completed, 9, 10, 166
disposition, 9, 10, 14, 15
holding time, see Holding time, call
Carried traffic, definition, 2, 166
Centum-call-seconds, 2, 166
See also Unit call
Common equipment, 2, 33,79,81, 166
Congestion, 11, 13, 166
degree of, 167
See also Grade of service
Crommelin-Pollaczak, 12, 15

D
Delay, 79-82
dial tone, 13
formula, 15
loss, 80, 81
operator answer, 13
system, 167
E

Engset distribution, 14, 147

computer program, 148
formula, 14-16, 148
tables, 144-164
Erlang, A. K., 1,173, 174
Erlang, definition, 1, 167
Erlang B distribution, 14, 16,17,19,33,48,73
computer program, 34
formula, 14-16, 33

Index

Index

tables, 34, 36-47

Erlang C distribution, 14, 79
computer program, 80
formulas, 14-16, 79
tables, 81, 83-130
F

Final trunk group, see Trunk group, final

Finite sources, see Sources, finite
Full availability, see Availability, full
G

Grade of service, 12, 13,20,21,34,35,49,73,82, 132, 133, 149, 168

H
High-usage trunk group, see Trunk group, high usage
Holding time
call, 7,8,10
distribution, 11, 15
constant, 11, 19,33,131,147
exponential, 11, 19,33,79,131,147
server, 8,9
variations, 12
Hundred-call-seconds, 2, 168
See also Unit call

Immediate service, 33, 147

Independent sources, see Sources, independent
Infinite sources, see Sources, infinite
Interpolation, 16
L

Loss system, 168

177

178

Lost calls, 11
Limited availability, see Availability, limited

N
Neal-Wilkinson, 73
Network, 2, 169
Nonblocking, 12, 169
absolutely, 12
essentially, 81, 132, 149, 167

o
Occupancy, 1
Offered traffic, definition, 2, 169
Overflow traffic, 48, 73, 169
p
Peakedness, 73, 169
factor, 73, 74
Peaked traffic, 73
Poisson distribution, 14, 16, 17, 19, 131
computer program, 20
formula, 14-16, 19
tables, 20, 22-31, 73
Primary route, 7
Probability distribution, 13, 19, 169

Q
Queue, 8, 11,33,79
Queuing system, 169

R
Random calls, 170
Random traffic, 73
Register signaling, 2, 170

Index

Index

s
Secondary route, 7
Server, definition, 170
Server-holding time, see Holding time, server
Service objective, 1, 12, 170
See also Grade of service
Smooth traffic, 73
Sources
number of, 11, 14,15,19,33,79,131,147
fini te, 11, 14, 131, 147, 167
independent, 168
infinite, 11, 14, 19, 33, 79, 168

T
Traffic
density, 1, 10,170
flow, 170
intensity, 1, 2, 170
units, 1,2
volume, 13, 17
Trunk group, 2, 8
alternate route, 7
final, 7, 19,21,33,73,131,167
high usage, 7, 33, 35,48, 168
primary route, 7
secondary route, 7

u
Unit call, 2, 170

w
Wilkinson, 73

179