President of The Philippines
President of The Philippines
President of The Philippines
History
1 HISTORY
1.2
American occupation
Between 1901 and 1935, executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four American
military Governors-General and eleven civil GovernorsGeneral.
1.3
Philippine Commonwealth
The Second Republic under the A new Constitution ratied on January 17, 1973 under the
rule of Ferdinand E. Marcos introduced a parliamentaryJapanese
2.1
Chief Executive
ment. Quezon was the inaugural president of a predeces- 2.1 Chief Executive
sor state to the current one, while Aquino, mre, was the
inaugural president of the currently-constituted govern- Under Article 7, Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution, the
President heads the Executive branch of the government,
ment.
which includes the Cabinet and all executive departments.
The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the
The executive power, as such, is vested on the President
rst President of the Philippines, followed by Quealone.[6]
[18][21]
Despite the dierences in
zon and his successors.
constitutions and government, the line of presidents is Section 19 gives the President power to grant reprieves,
considered to be continuous. For instance, the current commutations, and pardons, and remit nes and forfeipresident, Benigno S. Aquino III, is considered to be the tures, after conviction by nal judgment, except when the
President is under impeachment.[6]
15th president.
While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the rst
president, the First Republic fell under the United States
jurisdiction due to the 1898 Treaty of Paris which ended
the SpanishAmerican War; the United States thus does
not consider his tenure to have been legitimate.[18][22]
Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the rst president
by the United States. He is also the rst to win a popular
election and a nationwide election.
2.2 Commander-in-Chief
1.8.1
Laurels position
As with many other Axis-occupied countries in the Second World War, the Philippines had at one point two presidents heading two governments. One was Quezon and
the Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington,
D.C., and the other was Manila-based Laurel heading the
Japanese-sponsored Second Republic. Notably, Laurel
was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President
Quezon. Laurel was not formally recognized as a President until the rule of Diosdado Macapagal. His inclusion
in the ocial list coincided with the transfer of the ocial
date of Independence Day from July 4 (the anniversary of
the Philippines independence from the United States) to
June 12 (the anniversary of the 1898 Declaration of Independence).
3 SELECTION PROCESS
Selection process
3.3 Inauguration
3.1
Eligibility
A person who meets the above qualications is still disqualied from holding the oce of president under any
of Oce at noon of June 30 following the Presidential
of the following conditions:
election
Under Article 7, Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution, a
Traditionally, the Vice-President takes the Oath rst, a
person who has already been elected President is autolittle before noon. This is for two reasons: rst, accordmatically ineligible for immediate reelection. No person
ing to protocol, no one follows the President (who is last
who has succeeded as President and has served as such
due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constifor more than four years is likewise forbidden from betutionally valid successor before the President-elect acing re-elected to a second term. Joseph Ejercito Estrada,
cedes. During the Quezon inauguration, however, the
who has served for two and a half years as president was
Vice-President and the Legislature were sworn in after
allowed to run for president after he was ousted; his case
the President, to symbolise a new start.
was never decided by the Supreme Court.
As soon as the President takes the Oath of Oce, a 21gun salute is red to salute the new Philippine head of
state, and the Presidential Anthem Mabuhay is played.
3.2 Election
The President delivers the Inaugural Address, and then
proceeds to Malacaang Palace to climb the Grand StairMain article: Philippine presidential election
case, a ritual which symbolises the formal possession of
the Palace. The President then inducts the newly formed
Under Article 7, Section 4 of the Constitution mandates Cabinet into oce in one of the state rooms.
that election of the President be done by direct vote every
Custom has enshrined three places as the traditional
six years from 1992 on the second Monday of May, unless venue for the Inauguration: Barasoain Church in Malolos
otherwise provided by law.
City, Bulacan; in front of the old Legislative BuildThe returns of every election for President and Vice- ing (now part of the National Museum) in Manila; or
President, duly certied by the board of canvassers of at Quirino Grandstand, where most have been held.
each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, In 2004, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo delivered her predirected to the President of the Senate. Upon receipt Inaugural address at Quirino Grandstand, took the Oath
of the certicates of canvass, the President of the Sen- of Oce in Cebu City before Chief Justice Hilario Daate shall open all the certicates in the presence of a joint vide Jr., and the next day held the rst Cabinet meetpublic session of Congress not later than 30 days after ing in Butuan City. She broke with precedent, reasoning
election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon de- that she wanted to celebrate her Inauguration in each of
termining that the polls are authenticity and were done in the three main island groups of the Philippines: Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao. Her rst Inauguration also broke
the manner provided by law.
The person with the highest number of votes is declared precedent as she was sworn in at the EDSA Shrine on Janthe winner, but in case two or more have the highest num- uary 20, 2001, during the EDSA Revolution of 2001 that
ber of votes, the President is elected by a majority of all removed Joseph Ejercito Estrada from the Palace.
members of both Houses, voting separately on each.
4.1
3.4
Oath of Oce
5
XI, Constitution of the Philippines, the House of Representatives of the Philippines has the exclusive power to
initiate all cases of impeachment against the President,
Vice President, members of the Supreme Court, members of the Constitutional Commissions (Commission on
Elections,Civil Service Commission Commission on Audit), and the Ombudsman. When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then
transmitted to the Senate of the Philippines which tries
and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment
case.[25] A main dierence from US proceedings however is that only 1/3 of House members are required to
approve the motion to impeach the President (as opposed
to 50%+1 members in their US counterpart). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives
act as the prosecutors and the Senators act as judges with
the Senate President and Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the
United States, to convict the ocial in question requires
that a minimum of 2/3 (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of the
senate vote in favour of conviction. If an impeachment
attempt is unsuccessful or the ocial is acquitted, no new
cases can be led against that impeachable ocial for at
least one full year.
Impeachment
5 Ocial title
Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures sim- The ocial title of the president is President of the
ilar to the United States. Under Sections 2 and 3, Article Philippines.[6] The title in Filipino is Pangulo (cognate
with Malay penghulu leader, chieftain). The honoric for the President of the Philippines is Your Excellency or His/Her Excellency, adopted from the title
of the Governor-General of the Philippines during Spanish and American occupation. The term President of
the Republic of the Philippines, used under Japanese
occupation of the Philippines distinguished the government of then-President Jos P. Laurel from the Commonwealth government in exile under President Manuel
L. Quezon.[26] The restoration of the Commonwealth in
1945 and the subsequent independence of the Philippines
title President of the Philippines sanctioned in the 1935
constitution.[27] The 1973 constitution, though generally
referring to the president as President of the Philippines
did, in Article XVII, Section 12, once used the term,
President of the Republic.[28] President Ferdinand E.
Marcos proclaimed martial law in his Proclamation No.
1081 and consistently used the term President of the
Philippines.[29]
Ferdinand E. Marcos was the only three-term Philippine President (19651969, 19691981, 19811986).
President Benigno S. Aquino III delivers his 2nd State of the Nation Address at the Batasang Pambansa
the term of the President (and Vice-President) was shortened to four years but allowed one re-election. Since
the amendment was done, only Presidents Manuel L.
Main article: State of the Nation Address (Philippines)
Quezon (1941) and Ferdinand E. Marcos (1969) were
re-elected. Presidents Sergio Osmea (1946), Elpidio
The State of the Nation Address (abbreviated SONA) Quirino (1953), Carlos P. Garcia (1961) and Diosdado
is an annual event in the Philippines, in which the Presi- Macapagal (1965) all failed in seeking a new term.
dent of the Philippines reports on the status of the nation, However, in 1973, a new Constitution was promulgated
normally to the resumption of a joint session of the and allowed then-incumbent President Ferdinand E. MarCongress (the House of Representatives and the Senate). cos to seek a new term. In 1981, Marcos was again
This is a duty of the President as stated in Article VII, elected as President against Alejo Santos making him
Section 23 of the 1987 Constitution:[6]
the only President to be elected to a third term.[31]
Today, under Article 7, Section 4 of the 1987
Constitution of the Philippines, the term of the President
shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of
7 Tenure and term limits
the same date, six years thereafter. The incumbent President shall not be eligible for any re-election. No person
The 1935 Constitution originally provided for a single who has succeeded as President and has served as such
six-year term for a president without re-election.[30] In for more than four years shall be qualied for election to
1940, however, the 1935 Constitution was amended and the same oce at any time.[32]
Vacancy
8.1
8.2
Sergio Osmea was the rst Vice President to succeed to the presidency upon the death of a chief executive who was Manuel Quezon in 1944.
9 Privileges of oce
9.1 Ocial residence
Main article: Malacaang Palace
Before the Macalanan Palace was designated as the of-
PRIVILEGES OF OFFICE
Other residences
9.4
Land transport
9.4
Land transport
10
9.5
10 POST-PRESIDENCIES
Security
10
Post-presidencies
A number of presidents held various positions in the limelight after leaving oce, almost all of whom making an
eort to remain in the public eye. Among other honors,
former Presidents and their immediate families are entitled to three soldiers as security detail.[43]
Joseph Ejercito Estrada returned to lm in November 2009, starring in Ang Tanging Pamilya: A Marry
Go Round as part of a promotional attempt to run
for a second term as president in 2010 amid much
controversy on the legality of his intent (he was
allowed to run anyway by COMELEC since the
Supreme Court never weighed in on the matter) with
many questioning why such a constitutional violation was ever allowed. His release from prison in
2007 by his successor, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo,
questionably restored his political privileges and allowed him to run again. Estrada eventually became
a member of the National Security Council under Arroyo.[48][49][50] Following his loss to Noynoy
Aquino in 2010, he geared up for a run against
Alfredo Lim for control of the City of Manila in
2013, which he won and as a result, Estrada is now
the incumbent Mayor of the of Manila, thus making
him the third head of state to run for lower oce
following his presidency.
11
Living former presidents
Fidel V. Ramos
(Lakas-NUCD)
19921998
Joseph Ejercito Estrada
(LAMP),
19982001
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
(Lakas-Kampi-CMD)
20012010
13 References
[1] Noynoys new home is Bahay Pangarap.
[2] Bahay Pangarap: Aquinos future home?".
[3] Emilio Aguinaldo. Ocial Gazette of the Philippine
Government. March 22, 2011.
[4] Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005). The laws of the rst Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 18981899. Ann
Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972). Retrieved January 10, 2011.
[5] Compensation and Position Classication Act of 1989
(August 21, 1989), Chan Robles Virtual Law Library.
11
See also
12
Notes
[1] Article XVIII Section 17 of the 1987 Constitution provides that until the Congress provides otherwise the President shall receive an annual salary of three hundred thousand pesos. On August 21, 1989, Republic Act No.
6758 directed the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) to establish and administer a unied Compensation and Position Classication System along lines
specied in that Act.[5] On March 14, 2007, President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo issued Executive Order No.
611 Department of Budget and Management (DBM) is
hereby directed to implement a ten percent (10%) increase over the basic monthly salaries of civilian government personnel whose positions are covered by the Compensation and Position Classication System as of June
30, 2007, including the salaries of the President, VicePresident, Senators and members of the House of Representatives, but to take eect only after the expiration
of the respective terms of oce of the incumbent ocials pursuant to Section 10 of Article VI and Section 6
of Article VII of the 1987 Constitution.[6][7] In August
2010, after President Benigno S. Aquino III received his
rst paycheques, Philippine newspapers reported that his
salary was 95,000 per month and by 2011, the Presidents salary will reach 107,000 a month, and 120,000
by 2012.[8]
[13]
Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnacin, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramn (1996). Andrs Bonifacio and the
1896 Revolution. Sulyap Kultura (National Commission for Culture and the Arts) 1 (2): 312..
12
[14] Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2010). Bonifacio, First President of the Philippines?". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
[15] Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2007). Looking Back: Election fraud at the Tejeros Convention..
[16] Regalado, Felix B., and Quintin B. Franco (1973). History
of Panay. Jaro, Iloilo City: Central Philippine University.
[17] The U.S. Occupation of the Philippines. University
of Colorado American Studies. Retrieved February 13,
2015.
14
EXTERNAL LINKS
[19] The Manila Times Online Trusted Since 1898. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
[21] Ocial Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
[48] Amita O. Legaspi, Estrada to return to Malacaangg, January 11, 2007, GMANews.TV
[25] Chan-Robles Virtual Law Library. The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Article XI. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
[50] QTV: Erap back in Malacaangg for NSC meeting, December 1, 2010, GMANews.TV
13.1 Bibliography
14 External links
Oce of the President of the Philippines
The Presidential Museum and Library
1987 Constitution of the Philippines
'We Say Mabuhay' The Anthem of the President
of the Philippines
13
'March of the President of the Philippines (unocial title) song played when the President is given
military honors by the AFP
14
15
15
15.1
15.2
Images
File:2011_Philippine_State_of_the_Nation_Address.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/2011_
Philippine_State_of_the_Nation_Address.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors:
http://www.pcoo.gov.ph/photos-jul2011/
photo7-072511.htm Original artist: Robert Vias (Presidential Communications Operations Oce, Oce of the President)
File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Aguinaldo_and_Quezon_in_1935.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Aguinaldo_and_
Quezon_in_1935.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Downloaded from http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=
S-SCLPHILIMG-X-1857%5DPHLD040. Original artist: Unknown
File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_
Philippines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/symbols_coa.asp Original artist: Vectorized by
Zachary Harden (User:Zscout370).
File:Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Flag_of_the_
President_of_the_Philippines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Manuel Quezon IIIs compilation of previous Philippine Presidential Inaugurals Original artist: Philippine Government (Malacanang Presidential Museum)
File:Home_provinces_of_Philippine_Presidents.PNG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Home_
provinces_of_Philippine_Presidents.PNG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Howard the Duck
File:Inauguration_of_Benigno_Aquino_III.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Inauguration_of_
Benigno_Aquino_III.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Oce of the Press Secretary (original here), Oce of the President,
Republic of the Philippines Original artist: Rey S. Baniquet
File:Malacanang_palace_view.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Malacanang_palace_view.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: LordAntagonist at English Wikipedia
File:MarcosinWashington1983.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/MarcosinWashington1983.jpg
License:
Public domain Contributors:
http://www.defenseimagery.mil/imagery.html#a=search&s=Ferdinand%20Marcos&guid=
29ccd85cbfa722feab9352b7a369f0784c7f25d2 Original artist: A1C Virgil C. Zurbruegg
File:Osmena.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Osmena.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
15.3
Content license
15
15.3
Content license