Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 272 views

    Ik Ip in

    Uploaded by

    Andy Ro
    The document discusses modelling of wind generation for fault level studies. It proposes a new iterative method that combines elements of IEC60909 and G74 standards with an iterative approach. The wind turbine generator model only requires two additional parameters - a K factor and maximum current imax - to model the controlled reactive current response during faults. The iterative method uses a fast current iteration that typically converges within 5-10 iterations without re-factorizing matrices. The method has been implemented in the latest version of DIgSILENT PowerFactory software.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Ik Ip in

    Uploaded by

    Andy Ro
    272 views18 pages
    The document discusses modelling of wind generation for fault level studies. It proposes a new iterative method that combines elements of IEC60909 and G74 standards with an iterative approach. The wind turbine generator model only requires two additional parameters - a K factor and maximum current imax - to model the controlled reactive current response during faults. The iterative method uses a fast current iteration that typically converges within 5-10 iterations without re-factorizing matrices. The method has been implemented in the latest version of DIgSILENT PowerFactory software.

    Original Description:

    DIGSILENT

    Original Title

    IK_IP_IN

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses modelling of wind generation for fault level studies. It proposes a new iterative method that combines elements of IEC60909 and G74 standards with an iterative approach. The wind turbine generator model only requires two additional parameters - a K factor and maximum current imax - to model the controlled reactive current response during faults. The iterative method uses a fast current iteration that typically converges within 5-10 iterations without re-factorizing matrices. The method has been implemented in the latest version of DIgSILENT PowerFactory software.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    272 views18 pages

    Ik Ip in

    Uploaded by

    Andy Ro
    The document discusses modelling of wind generation for fault level studies. It proposes a new iterative method that combines elements of IEC60909 and G74 standards with an iterative approach. The wind turbine generator model only requires two additional parameters - a K factor and maximum current imax - to model the controlled reactive current response during faults. The iterative method uses a fast current iteration that typically converges within 5-10 iterations without re-factorizing matrices. The method has been implemented in the latest version of DIgSILENT PowerFactory software.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    Modelling of Wind Generation for Fault Level Studies

    Markus Pller/DIgSILENT GmbH

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Fault Level Studies

    Relevant indices (according to IEC60909):

    Initial AC short circuit current


    Initial peak short circuit current
    AC-break short circuit current
    Peak break current
    Equivalent thermal short circuit current

    Ik
    ip
    Ib
    ip
    Ith

    Calculation of maximum short circuit currents for bus bar and circuit
    breaker rating.

    Calculation of voltage sags due to grid faults.

    Calculation of minimum fault levels for selectivity studies.

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Methods for Short Circuit Calculation

    X,X

    U,U

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Methods for Short Circuit Calculation

    Top Envelope
    DC-Component iDC

    Bottom Envelope
    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Methods for Short Circuit Calculation

    Planning Conditions

    Operational Conditions
    Online- short circuit calculation

    Simplified method
    (IEC, ANSI, ...)
    Reduced data set

    Complete Method
    Complete data set

    Method 1:
    Equivalent voltage source
    at fault location

    Initial symmetrical (sub-transient)


    short-circuit current
    ISC (Ikss)

    ip

    Ib

    m, n
    Ith

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Method 2.1:
    Superposition
    Method

    Method 2.2:
    Solution of
    differential Eq.

    I"k, Uki

    ik(t)

    Wind Generator Response to Grid Faults

    First generation of WTGs (ASM):


    contribution to Ik and ip (Thevenin equivalent).
    Disconnection within Tb-relevant time scales.

    Second generation of WTGs (DFIG with crow bar):


    Linear contribution to Ik and ip (Thevenin equivalent).
    Contribution to Ib and ib hard to predict (crow bar protection).

    Third generation of WTGs (DFIG without crow bar, fully rated


    converter):
    Linear contribution to Ik and ip (Thevenin equivalent).
    Controlled response in Ib-relevant time scales, according to grid code
    requirements.

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Required steady state response during grid faults


    (SDLWindV/Germany)

    Additional reactive current: dIq

    Imax=1p.u.
    Reactive currents prioritized

    Voltage sag dU

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Required WTG response (according to SDLWindV/Germany)

    Voltage deviation/
    add. reactive current

    60ms
    Voltage step
    Add. Reactive current

    30ms

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Wind Generator Modelling for Fault Level Studies


    - Existing Approaches

    Thevenin equivalent, likewise synchronous machines (Equivalent


    synchronous generator model, definition of x and x)
    Can be integrated into standard short circuit analysis tools.
    Accurate representation for faults close to WTG.
    Very low accuracy for estimating remote contribution.

    Short circuit analysis using time domain simulation and dynamic


    models.
    Complex model setup required.
    Relatively long calculation times (e.g. calculation of fault levels at all bus
    bars and terminals).
    Dynamic models not necessarily made for fault level studies. Accuracy for
    predicting subtransient time scales sometimes very poor.

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Wind Generator Modelling for Fault Level Studies


    - Proposed Approach Requirement: Simple and fast approach but sufficiently accurate for
    remote contribution

    Subtransient time scale (relevant for Ik and ip):


    Linear model representation (classical representation)
    Parameters: x (or Ik in case of solid fault)

    Transient time scale (relevant for Ib and ib)


    Nonlinear model representation modelling steady state response to grid
    faults (reactive current contribution).
    Parameters: K-factor, maximum current.

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Wind Generator Modelling for Fault Level Studies


    - Proposed Approach Iterative algorithm required for modelling controlled response

    Ik

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Method, integrated in DIgSILENT PowerFactory


    (complete method)
    Calculation of Ik using linear method (with or without load flow
    initialisation)

    Calculation of Ik using current iteration (considering reactive current


    priority when using load flow initialisation)

    Calculation of ip using Ik and IEC60909 method B or C (users


    choice) for decaying DC-component

    Calculation of Ib using Ik and Ik and assuming a transient short


    circuit time constant:

    I b = I k '+(I k ' ' I k ')e

    Tb / T ''

    Tb: CB reaction time


    T: subtransient time constant, typically two cycles (40ms)
    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Method, integrated in DIgSILENT PowerFactory


    (complete method)

    Calculation of ib (peak break current) using Ib and IEC60909 method


    B or C (users choice) for decaying DC-component (at Tb)

    Calculation of Ith using m and n factors according to IEC60909. The


    heating factor of the AC-component uses Ik instead of Ik.

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Method, integrated in DIgSILENT PowerFactory


    Discussion
    Proposed method is easy to use and fast.

    Simple current iteration method can be applied for calculating transient


    fault currents.
    No additional factorisation of the Y-matrix required
    Converges well, typically within 5 to 10 iterations -> around 5-10 times
    more time required as for a conventional IEC-type short circuit calculation

    Additional model parameters are limited to K and Imax

    Additional simplification:
    Using du=|du|=|ushc-uldf | instead of du=|ushc|-|uldf | provides conservative
    estimate of max. fault current contribution if short circuits shall be
    calculated without preceding load flow.

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    DIgSILENT

    Example Linear Method

    Externes Netz

    0,326 kA
    0,326 kA
    0,000 kA

    0,326 kA
    0,326 kA
    0,000 kA

    0,000 kA
    0,000 kA
    0,000 kA

    Synchronm..

    ~
    G

    0,802 kA
    0,213 kA
    0,261 kA

    2,460
    0,123
    -5,890

    Ikss 0,802 kA
    Iks 0,213 kA
    Ib 0,261 kA

    Cable(2)

    0,205 kA
    0,053 kA
    0,000 kA

    Ikss 5,95 kA
    Iks 1,55 kA

    0,202
    0,293
    -128,689

    G4

    DIgSILENT

    0,198 kA
    0,053 kA
    0,000 kA

    5,840 kA
    1,544 kA
    0,000 kA

    LV(2..
    5,954 kA
    1,551 kA
    0,000 kA

    Cable(1)

    0,201 kA
    0,053 kA
    0,000 kA

    5,954 kA
    1,551 kA
    0,000 kA

    LV(3..

    3,281
    0,164
    -5,756

    2,917
    0,146
    -5,827

    Cable(3)

    Cable

    0,213
    0,309
    -130,248

    3,402
    0,170
    -5,731

    Ikss=2,59
    ip=6,79
    Iks=2,01
    Ib=2,05
    ib=5,33

    0,000 kA
    0,000 kA
    0,000 kA

    0,197 kA
    0,053 kA
    0,000 kA

    Trf

    1,794 kA
    1,794 kA
    1,794 kA

    Trf(1)

    20kV Station/BB

    102,517
    0,932
    0,390

    Trf(2)

    Ikss=2,588
    ip=6,788
    Iks=2,006
    Ib=2,054
    ib=5,327

    102,517

    Trf(3)

    Substation/BB1

    Tr

    Substation/BB2

    5,749 kA
    1,538 kA
    0,000 kA

    LV(1..
    5,840 kA
    1,544 kA
    0,000 kA

    G3

    0,222
    0,322
    -131,363

    5,719 kA
    1,536 kA
    0,000 kA

    LV
    5,749 kA
    1,538 kA
    0,000 kA

    G2

    0,225
    0,326
    -131,712

    5,719 kA
    1,536 kA
    0,000 kA

    G1

    Wind Generation Modelling for Fault Level Analysis


    Example
    Linear Method

    PowerFactory 14.1.1

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Ikss 5,72 kA
    Iks 1,54 kA

    Projekt: Demo
    Grafik: Netz
    Datum: 16.06.2011
    Anhang
    1

    DIgSILENT

    Example Iterative Method

    Externes Netz

    0,326 kA
    0,326 kA
    0,000 kA

    0,326 kA
    0,326 kA
    0,000 kA

    0,000 kA
    0,000 kA
    0,000 kA

    Synchronm..

    ~
    G

    0,802 kA
    0,231 kA
    0,278 kA

    2,460
    0,123
    -5,890

    Ikss 0,802 kA
    Iks 0,231 kA
    Ib 0,278 kA

    Cable(2)

    0,205 kA
    0,058 kA
    0,000 kA

    Ikss 5,95 kA
    Iks 1,67 kA

    0,202
    0,293
    -128,689

    G4

    DIgSILENT

    0,198 kA
    0,058 kA
    0,000 kA

    5,840 kA
    1,673 kA
    0,000 kA

    LV(2..
    5,954 kA
    1,673 kA
    0,000 kA

    Cable(1)

    0,201 kA
    0,058 kA
    0,000 kA

    5,954 kA
    1,673 kA
    0,000 kA

    LV(3..

    3,281
    0,164
    -5,756

    2,917
    0,146
    -5,827

    Cable(3)

    Cable

    0,213
    0,309
    -130,248

    3,402
    0,170
    -5,731

    Ikss=2,59
    ip=6,79
    Iks=2,02
    Ib=2,07
    ib=5,35

    0,000 kA
    0,000 kA
    0,000 kA

    0,197 kA
    0,058 kA
    0,000 kA

    Trf

    1,794 kA
    1,794 kA
    1,794 kA

    Trf(1)

    20kV Station/BB

    102,517
    0,932
    0,390

    Trf(2)

    Ikss=2,588
    ip=6,788
    Iks=2,025
    Ib=2,071
    ib=5,351

    102,517

    Trf(3)

    Substation/BB1

    Tr

    Substation/BB2

    5,749 kA
    1,673 kA
    0,000 kA

    LV(1..
    5,840 kA
    1,673 kA
    0,000 kA

    G3

    0,222
    0,322
    -131,363

    5,719 kA
    1,673 kA
    0,000 kA

    LV
    5,749 kA
    1,673 kA
    0,000 kA

    G2

    0,225
    0,326
    -131,712

    5,719 kA
    1,673 kA
    0,000 kA

    G1

    Wind Generation Modelling for Fault Level Analysis


    Example
    Iterative Method

    PowerFactory 14.1.1
    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Ikss 5,72 kA
    Iks 1,67 kA

    Projekt: Demo
    Grafik: Netz
    Datum: 16.06.2011
    Anhang
    1

    Modelling of Wind Generation for Fault Level Studies Summary

    International short circuit standards, like IEC60909 or ANSI C37 dont


    provide any guidelines for the modelling of wind generation.

    Unlike conventional synchronous or asynchronous machines,


    converter driven generators have a controlled response within the time
    scales that are relevant for fault level studies.

    The proposed method combines elements of IEC60909 and G74 with


    an iterative approach.

    WTG model definition only requires two additional parameters, K and


    imax for modelling the reactive current response of WTGs.

    The proposed iterative method is based on a fast current iteration,


    which typically requires 5 to 10 iterations (and no re-factorisation of
    matrices during iteration)

    The proposed method is available in the new version of DIgSILENT


    PowerFactory (V14.1).

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    Thank You

    Markus Pller
    [email protected]

    DIgSILENT GmbH
    Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
    72810 Gomaringen
    www.digsilent.de

    1st Wind Integration Symposium, Frankfurt, 2011

    You might also like