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    Short Circuit Calculations

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    Bibin Joy
    This document provides formulas and equations used to analyze metal-enclosed bus systems. It includes formulas for (1) thermal effects from short circuits, (2) electrodynamic effects from fault currents, (3) the skin effect on current capacity, and (4) using saturable reactors to balance unbalanced distribution systems. It also provides formulas for reluctance of magnetic paths and calculating stresses on busbars during faults. Further reading references 5 sources for additional information on related topics.

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    Short Circuit Calculations

    Uploaded by

    Bibin Joy
    314 views1 page
    This document provides formulas and equations used to analyze metal-enclosed bus systems. It includes formulas for (1) thermal effects from short circuits, (2) electrodynamic effects from fault currents, (3) the skin effect on current capacity, and (4) using saturable reactors to balance unbalanced distribution systems. It also provides formulas for reluctance of magnetic paths and calculating stresses on busbars during faults. Further reading references 5 sources for additional information on related topics.

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    Short Circuit

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    This document provides formulas and equations used to analyze metal-enclosed bus systems. It includes formulas for (1) thermal effects from short circuits, (2) electrodynamic effects from fault currents, (3) the skin effect on current capacity, and (4) using saturable reactors to balance unbalanced distribution systems. It also provides formulas for reluctance of magnetic paths and calculating stresses on busbars during faults. Further reading references 5 sources for additional information on related topics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    314 views1 page

    Short Circuit Calculations

    Uploaded by

    Bibin Joy
    This document provides formulas and equations used to analyze metal-enclosed bus systems. It includes formulas for (1) thermal effects from short circuits, (2) electrodynamic effects from fault currents, (3) the skin effect on current capacity, and (4) using saturable reactors to balance unbalanced distribution systems. It also provides formulas for reluctance of magnetic paths and calculating stresses on busbars during faults. Further reading references 5 sources for additional information on related topics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 1

    Carrying power through metal-enclosed bus systems 28/1037

    List of formulae used

    Proximity effect in terms of busbar reactance


    Se = (Sa Sb Sc)1/3

    Short-circuit effects

    Se = effective or geometric mean spacing


    Sa, Sb, and Sc = spacing between conductors

    (1) Thermal effects


    I
    q t = k sc
    100 A

    (1 + a 20 q ) t

    (28.1)

    temperature rise in rC
    symmetrical fault current r.m.s. in Amp
    cross-sectional area of the conductor in mm2
    temperature coefficient of resistance at 20rC/rC
    operating temperature of the conductor at which
    the fault occurs in rC
    k = 1.166 for aluminium and 0.52 for copper
    t = duration of fault in seconds
    I
    or sc t = 0.0799 for aluminium for an operating
    A
    temperature at 85rC and end temperature
    at 185rC
    (28.2)
    I sc
    t = 0.12 for copper for an operating temperaA
    ture at 85rC and end temperature at

    qt =
    Isc =
    A=
    a20 =
    q=

    185rC

    (28.3)

    (2) Electrodynamic effects


    16 I sc2
    10 4 N/m
    (28.4)
    S
    maximum dynamic force that may develop on a
    fault
    r.m.s. value of the symmetrical fault current in
    Amps
    space factor
    centre spacing between two phases in mm

    Fm = k

    Fm =
    Isc =
    k=
    S=

    Skin effect
    Effect on current-carrying capacity
    Rdc
    (28.5)
    Rac
    permissible current capacity of the system
    d.c. resistance
    a.c. resistance
    d.c. current

    I ac = I dc
    Iac
    Rdc
    Rac
    Idc

    =
    =
    =
    =

    Use of saturable reactor to balance a large


    unbalanced power distribution system
    To determine size

    X p = Vph 1 1 = 2 p f L
    Iy
    Ir
    Xp = lost reactance of Y phase
    L = inductance of Xp
    Ir = current in R or B phase
    Iy = current in Y phase

    (28.8)

    Reluctance of the magnetic path


    Rl =

    2 lg
    k 2lg
    +
    mo A mo mr A

    (28.9)

    lg = length of the air gap in metres


    mo = permeability of air (free space) = 4p 107 H/m
    mr = relative permeability of the silicon steel used for
    the laminates in H/m
    A = area of cross-section of core in square metres
    k = total length of the magnetic circuit in metres

    Calculating stresses on a fault


    Bending stress on busbars at section
    xx=

    Fm l
    = kg/cm 2
    12 M N

    (28.10)

    Fm = maximum electrodynamic forces acting on each


    support in the event of a fault
    l = centre distance between two busbar supports in
    cm
    M = sectional modulus of each busbar at section
    xx
    = 1 a b 2 in cm3
    6
    N = number of busbars per phase

    Further Reading

    Conductor resistance at higher temperature


    Rdc at 85rC = Rdc20 [1 + a20(q2 q1)]

    (28.7)

    (28.6)

    a20 = temperature coefficient of resistance at


    20rC per rC
    Rdc20 = d.c. resistance at 20rC
    q2 = operating temperature = 85rC
    q1 = since the value of Rdc is available at 20rC
    therefore, q1 = 20rC

    1 ERDA, Study on feasibility of upgrading the operating


    temperature of Al busbars without plating.
    2 Golding, E.W., Electrical Measurements and Measuring
    Instruments.
    3 Lynthall, R.T., The J & P Switchgear Book. Butterworth, London.
    4 Thomas, A.G. and Rata, P.J.H., Aluminium Busbar. Hutchinson
    Scientific and Technical for Alcan Industries Ltd.
    5 Copper for Busbar, (available in FPS and MKS systems), Pub.
    No. 22, Copper Development Association, U.K.

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