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    Sleep 02 03

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    Nelu Castravet
    This document provides a historical overview of research on the brainstem and forebrain regions that regulate sleep and wakefulness. Key findings include: - Early studies in the 1930s-1950s identified the brainstem reticular formation and ascending arousal system as important for regulating sleep-wake cycles and EEG activity. - In the 1950s, researchers discovered rapid eye movements during sleep and characterized different sleep stages. - In the 1960s, studies localized neurons generating REM sleep to the pons and identified cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons in the brainstem arousal system. - Also in the 1960s, studies of patients with brain lesions implicated the basal forebrain and hypothalamus in regulating sleep

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    Sleep 02 03

    Uploaded by

    Nelu Castravet
    137 views21 pages
    This document provides a historical overview of research on the brainstem and forebrain regions that regulate sleep and wakefulness. Key findings include: - Early studies in the 1930s-1950s identified the brainstem reticular formation and ascending arousal system as important for regulating sleep-wake cycles and EEG activity. - In the 1950s, researchers discovered rapid eye movements during sleep and characterized different sleep stages. - In the 1960s, studies localized neurons generating REM sleep to the pons and identified cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons in the brainstem arousal system. - Also in the 1960s, studies of patients with brain lesions implicated the basal forebrain and hypothalamus in regulating sleep

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    sleep.02.03

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    This document provides a historical overview of research on the brainstem and forebrain regions that regulate sleep and wakefulness. Key findings include: - Early studies in the 1930s-1950s identified the brainstem reticular formation and ascending arousal system as important for regulating sleep-wake cycles and EEG activity. - In the 1950s, researchers discovered rapid eye movements during sleep and characterized different sleep stages. - In the 1960s, studies localized neurons generating REM sleep to the pons and identified cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons in the brainstem arousal system. - Also in the 1960s, studies of patients with brain lesions implicated the basal forebrain and hypothalamus in regulating sleep

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    137 views21 pages

    Sleep 02 03

    Uploaded by

    Nelu Castravet
    This document provides a historical overview of research on the brainstem and forebrain regions that regulate sleep and wakefulness. Key findings include: - Early studies in the 1930s-1950s identified the brainstem reticular formation and ascending arousal system as important for regulating sleep-wake cycles and EEG activity. - In the 1950s, researchers discovered rapid eye movements during sleep and characterized different sleep stages. - In the 1960s, studies localized neurons generating REM sleep to the pons and identified cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons in the brainstem arousal system. - Also in the 1960s, studies of patients with brain lesions implicated the basal forebrain and hypothalamus in regulating sleep

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    of 21

    Segment

    3
    Historical Overview: Brainstem & Forebrain

    Neurobiology of Sleep and


    Wakefulness
    Learning Points & Defining Behavioral States
    Historical Overview: Brainstem & Forebrain
    Wakefulness and REM Sleep: Monoamines,
    Acetylcholine & GABA, Hypocretin/Orexin
    NREM Sleep: GABA, Adenosine
    Summary

    Brainstem Control of REM


    Sleep and Wakefulness

    Midbrain
    Pons
    Medulla

    Deafferentation Hypothesis:
    Sleep is a Passive Process

    Bremer, Bull Acad Royale Medicine Belgique 4: 6886, 1937

    Ascending Reticular Activating


    System (ARAS)
    Brain stem reticular
    formation and
    activation of the EEG

    Moruzzi and Magoun, 1949
    Electroencephalog Clin Neurophysiol 1:455-473

    Regularly
    occurring periods
    of eye motility
    and concomitant
    phenomena,
    during sleep

    First Recordings of Eye


    Movements During Sleep

    200
    100
    0

    Conjugate Rapid Eye Movements

    Time (sec)

    15

    Aserinsky and Kleitman Science 118:273-274, 1953

    20

    Cyclic Variations in EEG During Sleep


    and Their Relations to Eye Movements,
    Body Motility and Dreaming

    William C. Dement
    and Nathanial Kleitman

    Electroencephalog Clin Neurophysiol


    9:673-680, 1957

    EEG Activation During Sleep in Animals

    Dement, Electroencephalog Clin Neurophysiol 10:291-296, 1958

    REM Sleep Generating Neurons


    are Localized to the Pons
    A

    modified from Jouvet, Arch Ital Biol 100:125-206, 1962

    Anatomical Basis of the ARAS


    Putative cholinergic neurons in the brainstem
    were identified and localized (Shute and Lewis, Nature
    199:1160-1164, 1963)

    Monoamine-containing neurons in the brain


    stem were histologically identified and
    mapped (Dahlstrm and Fuxe, Acta Physiol Scand 62 (Suppl. 232):
    1-55, 1964)

    Cholinergic Components of the ARAS

    modified from Cooper et al., 1991


    Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology, Oxford, p. 208

    Human ARAS
    PET image shows activation
    of mesopontine tegmentum
    when a subject performs an
    attention-demanding task

    Kinomura et al.,
    Science 271:
    417-564, 1996

    NREM

    REM

    WAKE

    Braun et al., Brain 120:1173-1197, 1997

    REM Sleep is an Active Brain


    State that is Actively Generated
    REM Sleep

    Wakefulness
    Lydic et al., J Comp Neurol 304:517-529,1991

    Forebrain Control of NREM


    Sleep and Wakefulness

    Basal
    Forebrain
    Hypothalamus

    Basal Forebrain and Hypothalamus


    Regulate Sleep and Wakefulness
    Post mortem examination
    of brains from encephalitis
    lethargica patients
    revealed different effects
    on sleep depending on
    lesion site (von Economo,
    Journal of Nervous and Mental
    Disease 71:249-259, 1930)

    Basal Forebrain and Hypothalamus


    Regulate Sleep and Wakefulness
    Patients with insomnia had
    lesions of the preoptic area
    and anterior hypothalamus
    (von Economo, Journal of Nervous
    and Mental Disease 71:249-259,
    1930)

    Basal Forebrain and Hypothalamus


    Regulate Sleep and Wakefulness
    Patients with
    hypersomnolence had
    lesions of the posterior
    hypothalamus (von Economo,
    Journal of Nervous and Mental
    Disease 71:249-259, 1930)

    Basal Forebrain and Hypothalamus


    Regulate Sleep and Wakefulness
    Preoptic area/anterior
    hypothalamus functions as
    a sleep center, and
    posterior hypothalamus
    functions as a wakefulness
    center (von Economo, Ergebnisse
    der Physiologie 28:312-339, 1929;
    J Nerv Ment Dis 71:249-259, 1930)

    Hypothalamic Regulation of
    Sleep and Wakefulness
    Experimental lesions of the anterior hypothalamus
    cause insomnia (McGinty and Sterman, 1968; Nauta, 1946; Sallanon
    et al., 1989)

    Experimental lesions of the posterior hypothalamus


    cause hypersomnolence (Ranson, 1939; Nauta, 1946; McGinty,
    1969; Sweet and Hobson, 1968)

    Electrical stimulation of the preoptic area-anterior


    hypothalamus causes sleep (Sterman and Clemente, 1962)

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