Railway Engineering Lecture 1

Railway Engineering
Civil Engineering
Lecture 1
SUIT Semester four
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
Introduction
Definition of Railway
That part of transportation engineering involved in the planning, design,

development, operation, construction, maintenance, use, or economics
of facilities for transportation of goods and people in wheeled units of

rolling stock running on, and guided by, rails normally supported on
crossties and held to fixed alignment is known as railway engineering
A branch of engineering concerned with the design, construction,

maintenance, and operation of railways.
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
Transportation Planning
The following surveys are carried out to finalize the selection of a

proposed railway line
Reconnaissance survey. Object of reconnaissance survey.
The First engineering survey which is carried out for the purpose of
laying a new railway line in any country is reconnaissance survey.
Main Object:
I.
To acquire the general knowledge of the area as a whole.
II.
To obtain information regarding the salient features of the territory.

9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
Importance of the reconnaissance

survey
It helps in deciding a number of routes between two points
The information becomes very useful at the time of final selection of

the proposed routes.
The survey is highly rated and important and must be carried out by
an experienced engineer.
An engineer should possess good observational qualities and ability
to interpret the natural features.
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
Factors to be kept in view during

reconnaissance survey
The following factors should be kept in view during reconnaissance

survey.
1.
Area. The reconnaissance survey should be carried out for the

entire area and not only along a line.
2.
Existing roads. Alignment of the existing roads should not be
mistaken as suitable route for the survey. Road alignments are

seldom (not often) useful for the construction of a railway line.
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
Continue
1.
Assumption. The engineer should never declare his decision by

simply assuming the nature of the ground. He should personally
verify the details in the field.
2.
Starting of route. The engineer should never reject a particular

route only because its start is bad i.e. with sudden rise or fall. He
must ascertain whether the route continues bad for a long distance.
3.
Survey route. Each survey route should be surveyed independently

from either end.
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
Continue
Ocular illusion. The following ocular illusions should be prevented.
i.
Estimating wrong length.
ii.
Estimating wrong curvature.
iii.
Overlaps of hills which may appear as continuous ridge from a

distance, whereas it might have a valley at the overlap.
iv.
In flat countries, the observer may observe a lake or river due to

mirage. In fact, no such thing exist there.
v.
Revenue. The probable revenue from a new railway line 15 km on

each side should be ascertained.
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
Instrument required for

reconnaissance survey
i.
The following survey instruments are required.
An aneroid barometer to determine approximate difference in
elevation.
ii.
An abney level to obtain the gradient and angles of slope of the

ground up to 10.
iii.
A prismatic compass to obtain the magnetic bearing of the proposed

routes or lines.
iv.
A binocular to view the country.
v.
A pedometer to get the distance traversed by a surveyor.

9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
The permanent way
The combination of rails, sleepers, fittings, ballast resting on sub

grade permanently, is called permanent way.
Temporary railway lines laid for the conveyance of construction

material and earth etc are called temporary tracks.
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
10
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
11
Cross section of permanent way
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
12
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
13
Requirement of an ideal permanent

way
For high speed and better ridding qualities with nominal maintenance,
the following requirements are essential for an ideal permanent way.
1.
The gauge should be correct.
2.
The two rails in a straight track should be at the same level. On curves
the outer rail should be provided proper super elevation and there
should be proper transition at the junction of the straight and curve.
3.
There should be a minimum friction in between the wheels of rolling
stock and the rail.

4.
The design of permanent way should be such that the load of the train is
uniformly distributed.
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
14
Continue..
1.
The alignment should be free from kinks and irregularities.
2.
The gradient should be even and uniform and any change of

gradient should be smoothened with a properly designed vertical
curve.
3.
The track should possess certain amount of elasticity.
4.
The track should be strong enough to withstand side thrust on
tangent lengthy and centrifugal force on curves, and also forces due
to expansion of welded rails.
5.
The radii and superelevation should be properly designed and
maintained.
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
15
Continue
1.
Points and crossing should be properly designed and maintained.
2.
Proper precautions should be taken to prevent creep likely to occur.
3.
The various components of the track i.e. the rails, fittings, sleepers,
ballast and formation should be kept in healthy condition.

4.
Renewal and replacement of damaged components of the

permanent way should be easy.
5.
Various components of the permanent way, should possess antitheft qualities.
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
16
End of Lecture one
9/13/2011
Railway engineerg
M.Zeeshan Ahad
17

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What is the purpose of a reconnaissance survey?

What is the purpose of a reconnaissance survey?

What factors should be considered during a reconnaissance survey?

What factors should be considered during a reconnaissance survey?

Railway Engineering

That part of transportation engineering involved in the planning, design,

of facilities for transportation of goods and people in wheeled units of

crossties and held to fixed alignment is known as railway engineering

A branch of engineering concerned with the design, construction,

The following surveys are carried out to finalize the selection of a

Reconnaissance survey. Object of reconnaissance survey.

To acquire the general knowledge of the area as a whole.

To obtain information regarding the salient features of the territory.

Importance of the reconnaissance

It helps in deciding a number of routes between two points

The information becomes very useful at the time of final selection of

An engineer should possess good observational qualities and ability

to interpret the natural features.

Factors to be kept in view during

The following factors should be kept in view during reconnaissance

Area. The reconnaissance survey should be carried out for the

Existing roads. Alignment of the existing roads should not be

mistaken as suitable route for the survey. Road alignments are

Assumption. The engineer should never declare his decision by

Starting of route. The engineer should never reject a particular

Survey route. Each survey route should be surveyed independently

Ocular illusion. The following ocular illusions should be prevented.

Estimating wrong length.

Estimating wrong curvature.

Overlaps of hills which may appear as continuous ridge from a

In flat countries, the observer may observe a lake or river due to

Revenue. The probable revenue from a new railway line 15 km on

Instrument required for

The following survey instruments are required.

An aneroid barometer to determine approximate difference in

An abney level to obtain the gradient and angles of slope of the

A prismatic compass to obtain the magnetic bearing of the proposed

A binocular to view the country.

A pedometer to get the distance traversed by a surveyor.

The permanent way

The combination of rails, sleepers, fittings, ballast resting on sub

Temporary railway lines laid for the conveyance of construction

Cross section of permanent way

Requirement of an ideal permanent

The gauge should be correct.

There should be a minimum friction in between the wheels of rolling

stock and the rail.

The alignment should be free from kinks and irregularities.

The gradient should be even and uniform and any change of

The track should possess certain amount of elasticity.

The track should be strong enough to withstand side thrust on

The radii and superelevation should be properly designed and

Points and crossing should be properly designed and maintained.

Proper precautions should be taken to prevent creep likely to occur.

ballast and formation should be kept in healthy condition.

Renewal and replacement of damaged components of the

Various components of the permanent way, should possess antitheft qualities.

End of Lecture one

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