Performance & Emissionanalysis of Pungamia Oil

Blends with Diesel by Using Single Cylinder Diesel

Engine
ISSN 2319-9725
Dr. S. V. Saravanan
Christ The King Engineering College, Coimbatore, India
Prof. L. Suresh
Christ The King Engineering College, Coimbatore, India
Saravana Prakash. S
Christ The King Engineering College, Coimbatore, India

Abstract: The increasing demand of fuel has become a challenge for the scientific worker today. The sources
of fossil fuels are depleting day by day. Biodiesel seems to be a solution for the future. It is a viable fuel
environment. Several researchers have made a systematic effort to use plant oils and their esters (biodiesel)
as fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines. There are various types of raw materials such as Neem ,
Gingelly , hemp, jatropha curcus , Pungamia pinnata ( Karanja ) , Moha , VOTE , Castor , Saemuruba ,
cotton seeds etc. A non-edible oil seeds and various vegetable oils includes soybean oil, palm oil, , sunflower
oil, rapeseed oil and canola oil are used to produce biodiesel fuel and lubricants . Of Pungamia can be a
source of raw materials for the availability of certain tools in the wild. Pungamia l is drought resistant, semideciduous, nitrogen- fixing legume trees. It grows to about 15-20 meters in height with a large canopy that
spreads equally wide. After transesterification of crude oil showed features very good as calorific value,
iodine number, cetane number and acid value and other details of the study aims to identify all the pros and
cons pungamia as a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production is equal to the fuel fossils such as ASTM
6751 - 9B.

Keywords: pungamia oil

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1. Introduction:
Energy crisis and environmental pollution are alarming cause concern worldwide.
Exponentially growing population, the rapid growth of industrialization and the global trend
of urbanization have completely disrupted the ecological balance and the balance of resources
on Earth. In particular, transport vehicles heavily pollute the environment by emissions such
as CO2, CO, NOx, SOx, consisting of organic compounds unburned or partially burned HC
and PM emissions. Energy is an essential and crucial for the economic activity input.
Building a strong base of energy resources is a prerequisite for sustainable economic and
social development of a country. Indiscriminate extraction and increased consumption of
fossil fuels have led to reduction in underground -based carbon resources. Other
environmental destruction caused by the burning of fossil fuels including global warming,
ozone depletion, acid precipitation etc. what gradual rise in global temperature , acidification
of lakes , rivers and ground water, damage to fish and aquatic life , damage to forests and
agricultural crops and deterioration of materials. In addition, with the rising prices of oil and
oil products on the world market and the increasing dependence on imports, countries like
India are increasingly vulnerable to the issues of energy security.
The total amount is from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates and India
imported goods worth over $ two billionth The demand for diesel by about 15 percent in
recent months increased due to the increased use of captive generators in the industry,
businesses and homes , as the country affected by power shortage . Higher consumption of
diesel, which accounts for about 60 percent of the total imports of petroleum products, will
create a new a fresh pressure on the countrys fuel imports

bill of the country in this

business. Diesel is also used in irrigation pumps and in the transport sector. To meet the
increasing demand of diesel, biodiesel can be an alternative source. The production of
oilseeds such as mustard, peanut - , linseed oil, castor oil - coconut and sesame is ~ 384 115
megatonnes / year in which Pungamia seeds are produced approximately 16,000 megatonnes
/ year. The present number is not satisfactory for the production of biodiesel from oil
Pungamia in Bangladesh. Additional Pungamia can be drawn into the massive unused lands ,
which account for about 0.32 million hectares and in this case Pungamia oil can be used as an
alternative source for biodiesel production into consideration are grown. Pungamia oil mainly
consists of triglycerides of monounsaturated oleic acid (55%), disaturated linoleic acid
(34%), palmitic acid (11.65%) and stearic acid (7.5%) consists. Due to its excellent

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antioxidant property, sesame oil has an excellent self life. In addition, there is a non- drying
oil and highly stable rarely turning rancid in hot climates.
Prepared in the present work biodiesel from sesame oil by base -catalyzed transesterification
reaction with methanol. Effect of various reaction parameters such as the molar ratio
methanol / oil and the catalyst concentration was examined, and the optimal parameters have
been found. Kinetics of transesterification reaction was studied and proposed pseudo -firstorder kinetic equation. The experimental data were fitted to this model.

2. Materials And Methods:

2.1. Chemicals:
Methanol ( 99-100 % ) , ethanol ( 99-100 % ) , sodium hydroxide pellets ( 96 % ) , potassium
hydroxide particles ( > 84 % ) , phenol ( pH 9.8 to 8.2 ) , starch , ACETONE (99%), benzene
, sodiumthiosulfate (99.0%), N- hekcen ( 96 % ) , hydrochloric acid ( 37 % ) , sulfuric acid (
98 % ) , isopropanol , iodine , sodium ayotaitu , ice acetic acid , bromine , carbon tetra
chloride , phosphoric acid ( 85 % ), s-Diphenylcarbazide, potassium, etc. taikuromet . We
Merck, purchased from Germany. We're all used to the analysis of reagent grade chemicals.
2.2. Extraction Of Oil:
We Pongamia seeds collected from the local market. MECHANICAL oil extracted from the
seed. A vertical, manual roller (4.3 cm ID) mechanism to increase the pressure of the mass
media in a spiral screw simple sydd oes Hopper built, operated. Press gently and increase
pressure enough to allow continuous circulation of oil extraction. Composition and size
distribution using random sub- spindle screw. Push the ends of the oil drain located on the
face. First we smashed pungamia oil, extracted from the mass. The proses, 20 mL solvent (Nhekcen) smashed wedyn Pongamia seed oil extracted from seeds with a mixture of 50 g.
Dawn of the oil filter and the solvent extraction 60 0 C in a vacuum rotary evaporator and
then it was evaporated. Pongamia seed oil content of 35% (V / W) was found.
2.3. Synthesis Of Biodiesel By Transesterification:
Pongamia oil based biodiesel reaction catalyzed Transesterification collected. Reaction at 60
C for 90 minutes, stirring intense servant Dan Barrett esophagus out and atmospheric
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pressure. We are equipped with a reflux condenser, 50 g of the oil sample, two pair of round
bottom flask placed in 250 ml. Jar with a temperature controller and a magnetic stirrer was
engulfed in an oil bath. Sodium hydroxide pellets (1 weight % oil) was dissolved in methanol
to the desired size. 6:1 molar ratio of oil to methanol was used. Sodium - methoxide solution
to the reaction flask was drosglwyddir. After 90 minutes the reaction by adding concentrated
hydrochloric acid required stoichiometric cooled to room temperature, we stopped you wedyn
contents. After the reaction, the reaction product should not be allowed to stand for 12-14
hours in a Separatory funnel. You have three separate layers of oversight. For the top layer,
the middle layer of excess methanol methyl ester (biodiesel) and the lower layer of soap,
crude glycerin and lye catalyst was a mixture. This layer is separated from the catalyst layer
of biodiesel, methanol, triglyceride and plain soap Contained in MP It was. Pongamia oil
biodiesel.

Density (kg/m)
Kinematic Viscosity
@ 40 C (cSt)
Heating value MJ/kg)

Diesel fuel

Pungamia oil

830

912

Pungamia
ester
880

3.01

41.06

4.25

42.5

34

38.3

Pour point (C)

4
3
3
Flash point (C)
50
241
180
Fire point (C)
63
253
223
Cloud point (C)
5
7
6
Cetane number
48
40
55.84
Carbon Residue
0.02
0.64
0.05
Ash Content (%, w/w)
0.010.0
0.005
0.03
Oxygen (%, w/w)
1.19
11
Table 1: Comparison of properties of diesel, Pungamia oil and its methyl ester Properties

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3. Experimental Set Up:

Figure 1
The tests are run at 1500 rpm rated speed can be reduced. Tests, can reduce diesel fuel engine
started and allowed to stabilize for 30 minutes. After the engine has warmed less, it became
less wedyn NOME diesel blends. Universe, the three measurements to determine
repeatability an evaluation of the accuracy of the measured data and measured oes mp data
will be averaged. At the end of the test, diesel fuel became deputy again, and when the engine
kept running and shutdown to flush out the lines and the fuel injection system of diesel blends
NOME. Performance EI MP Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and brake specific energy
consumption (BSFC) pampiyucan parameters EI MP Cylinder pressure , heat release and
smoke emission EI mp parameters such as the ratio of the intensity parameter , HC , CO and
diesel emissions measured NOME oil and diesel blends . Reasonable , the test results are
analyzed and compared with diesel fuel.

4. Results And Discussion:

Transesterification of vegetable oils commonly used and important method to reduce
viscosity. The process for the non- edible oil content of the fatty acids, and glycerol ester of
sawing the presence of a catalyst to produce a mixture of the three molecules are in the wine.
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As a catalyst in the presence of all movable and fatty acids from vegetable oil removal is
called esterification. The esterified vegetable oil called bio- diesel. Biodiesel is similar to
diesel fuel. Vegetable oils, its density, viscosity, cetane number, after esterification, calorific
values and improved. So the improved characteristics of CI engine providing better
performance. Esterified vegetable oil rather than diesel fuel cetane number, because it can
also improve the physical and chemical properties of the esterified vegetable oil.

5. Benefits Of Transesterification:
i. Reduces high viscosity oil
ii. It is a transient
iii. Higher cetane number
iv. no sulfur , no aromatics
v. Excellent level of toxicity of the emissions
vi. High oxygen content ( 1 % )
vii. skating slippery
Regular vegetable oil molecular structure is shown below:

Here, R1, R2, and R3 represents a straight chain alkyl groups. Free fatty acids are also found
in vegetable oils. With high viscosity and low volatility compared to mineral diesel oil
content by the large molecular sizes. Cetane number of vegetable oils affect the rate and
location of double bonds.
Vegetable oils during engine tests on the issues related to the two major groups, ie, divided
into operational and durability problems. Potential operational problems, ignition,
combustion and performance of beginning. Formation of deposits of life issues, the injector
tip, ring sticking and carbonization of lubricating oil dilution. When using the straight
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vegetable oils for a long time, because of the high viscosity and straight vegetable oil will
tend to mix the fuel filter is blocked. High viscosity, improving the character, and very low
volatility of vegetable oils for diesel engines performance and durability problems associated
with its use of biofuels responsible. The high viscosity of vegetable oils poor fuel
atomization, the droplet size of the spray jet penetration is high. A solid stream of droplets of
the spray jet is rather small. As a result, the supply of fuel to air mixture burning in the
combustion chamber or not. This results in poor combustion with energy and economic loss.

5.1. Transesterification Reaction:

Figure 2
Transestrification set is shown in Fig. The mixture was stirred and then followed by a section
of the funnel is not allowed to settle under gravity. After settling for 24 hours to form two
layers of gravity. The upper layer and the lower layer of glycerol was esterified. Separated
from the lower layer. Easter Easter present separated and allowed to settle under gravity for
another 24 hours to remove the catalyst in some warm water (about 10 % the amount of ester)
was mixed. The catalyst was separated, dissolved in water gets. Moisture is removed from the
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ester is purified using silica gel crystals. Biodiesel blends can be used in various engine tests
conducted after Easter CI engine prepared with various concentrations of mineral diesel.
Brought about a drastic change in the density of the process transestrification Pongamia oil
Pongamia oil methyl ester mineral density of diesel is almost identical....
5.2. Effect Of Catalyst Concentration On Transesterification:
Pongamia oil to biodiesel catalyst concentration is affected by the change. Both biodiesel
conversion reaction generated in the production of biodiesel and glycerin concentration
measuring kinematic viscosity is measured. 6: 1 oil / methanol molar ratio at 60 C to 1.5
weight % of oil - sesame oil Methanolysis 0.25 NaOH was conducted with a catalyst
concentration range. Fig provided by. 3.

Figure 3
Fig. 3: converting oil to biodiesel pungamia at different catalyst concentrations [reaction
temperature . 60 C , the oil / methanol 01:06 molar ratio and reaction time 90 minutes under
reflux with vigorous sstirring.
From Fig. 3 shows the concentration that is lower catalyst, 0.25 wt% NaOH oil was
negligible when to catalyze the conversion of pungamia oil to biodiesel was measured in
terms of glycerin concentration and conversion was 87.2 % from biodiesel oil, when
measured as kinematic viscosity. However 0.87% by weight of NaOH in the reaction oil was
excellent both measurements with a conversion of 72 % in terms of the concentration of
glycerin and produced with a conversion of 98.3% in terms of kinematic viscosity at just 90
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minutes. With the increase in catalyst concentration, there was a decrease in the yield of the
methyl ester. This was in agreement with the result obtained by Gold et al. (2004). and was
due to formation of soaps in the presence of a high amount of catalyst , increasing the
viscosity of the reactants and reduced conversion. Conversion of triglycerides found by the
determination method of glycerin was lower than that determined by the viscosity method.
The lower conversion than was expected that a significant amount of glycerin was lost during
the separation of the glycerine layer and some of the glycerin remained in the

biodiesel-

layer.
5.3. Properties Of Produced Biodiesel:
Properties of biodiesel produced and compared with the standard of biodiesel and petro diesel are given in Table 1. The quality of the biodiesel was determined by measuring a
property, such as cetane number, which indicates ignition characteristics. Cetane number of
biodiesel was slightly lower than the default value of biodiesel. But the cetane number of the
mixture of pungamia petrochemical diesel oil is higher than the default value of biodiesel.
Flash point of the biodiesel produced was higher than petro -diesel that is safe for transport [
1 ] . Other properties, such as kinematic viscosity, cloud point, pour point, density, pH value,
saponification value, etc. were measured.

Figure 4: Concentration of produced glycerin-Time curve for transesterification reaction.

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6. Conclusion:
On the basis of the results of this study, the following specific conclusions oil , kinetic
viscosity and respectively 27.84 mm 2 / s and 9.6 to 0912 mm 2 / s and 0876 were drawn as
Pongamia after esterification reduced specific gravity . However , the calorific value of diesel
than Pongamia 14:42 % esterified oil and Pongamia oil.Higher Pongamia esterified oil flash
point lower than the 5.86 % higher and the safe storage and handling of diesel and hybrid ,
which was 36.12 MJ / kg, increased the oil .

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