Hospitals

A GUIDE TO ENERGY EFFICIENT AND COST EFFECTIVE LIGHTING

This guide provides advice on the most appropriate lighting for hospitals and information on running costs,
up to
energy efficiency and visual effectiveness of new technologies and techniques. By following the information
50%
savings provided, hospitals should be able to reduce the energy consumption of lighting systems by up to 50%, cut
maintenance costs and improve the overall lighting quality.
ENERGY EFFICIENT AND COST EFFECTIVE LIGHTING
Lighting is the largest single user of electricity, typically using When these choices are integrated with good daylighting
almost 40%, in most healthcare buildings. Lighting should be strategies, electricity costs can be dramatically reduced and the
energy efficient, effective and require minimum maintenance. lighting effect vastly improved.

LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS AND TECHNIQUES

Lighting in hospitals must be suitable for medical staff to do their work
and meet the needs of patients and their visitors. Good lighting can help
provide a comfortable recovery environment. The main criteria for energy
efficient and effective lighting in hospitals are:

A colour appearance E controls

B colour rendering F use of daylight

C light distribution G maintenance
D lamp and luminaire efficiency H lamp life
Accent and general lighting combined produces a good effect and impact.

Colour Appearance AND COLOUR RENDERING

Colour appearance (Figure 1) defines the appearance of a colour
‘white’ and is measured on the Kelvin temperature scale (K). A colour
temperature of less than 3,500 K is ‘warm’; a colour temperature of
3,500 K is mid-white; and a colour temperature of 4,000 K and above is
‘cooler’. The colour of ‘white’ which is often used in general areas is
4,000 K and for areas where people may dwell for long periods a
warmer colour of 3,000 K may be more suitable.

Colour rendering (Figure 2) is the ability of a light source to give good

colour representation of the colour it is illuminating. It is measured on a
CRI (Colour Rendering Index) scale of Ra 0-100 with Ra 100 representing
the best, which is equivalent to that provided by daylight. For diagnosis,
accurate colour rendering of skin is essential.

ƒƒ Clinical areas: Luminaires should use lamps of Ra 80 and above.

ƒƒ Examination or treatment areas: Luminaires should use lamps
with a colour rendering capability of Ra 80 to Ra 90+.
ƒƒ C
 orridors or streets: These areas can use the less expensive
and lower Ra 58 colour rendering lamps, with a colour appearance
of choice.

a b c

Fig.2 Colour rendering characteristics of 3 different light sources

(a) Daylight = Ra 100, (b) Tungsten = Ra 100, (c) Single phosphor ‘cool’ white = Ra 58 Fig.1 Colour temperature (K) of various light sources.

LIGHT DISTRIBUTION
ƒƒ Reduce lighting levels overnight with appropriate controls.
ƒƒ Even and uniform lighting in patient areas.
ƒƒ Illumination levels are measured in lux and readings can be taken
ƒƒ Avoid glare by using direct and indirect lighting techniques
with a hand-held meter. Guidelines for appropriate lux levels for
as appropriate.
hospital areas are shown overleaf.
ƒƒ Accent lighting to nurses’ stations should provide area
focal point.

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applications in hospitals
The most appropriate lamp choices for different hospital areas are shown below. More detailed guidelines on light levels for the wide
range of hospital areas are available from the National Standards Authority of Ireland guide I.S. EN 12464-1:2002 Light and lighting – lighting
of work places – Part 1: Indoor work places. This guidance should be consulted for more comprehensive data. Full details of the properties of
each of the recommended lamps are given in the Lamp Comparison Chart on page 5.

RECEPTION & NURSING STATIONS

Appropriate lighting levels – 300 lux
Colour Appearance 4000 K – Colour Rendering Ra 80+
For ‘General Lighting’ use lamp – 8, 9 or 10
For ‘Under Cabinet Lighting’ use lamp – 8, 9 or 10
For ‘Task Lighting’ use lamp – 11
For ‘Accent Lighting’ use lamp 6 or 7

8
6 7 9 10 11

CORRIDORS & CIRCULATION AREAS

Appropriate lighting levels – 150/200 lux
Colour Appearance 4000 K – Colour Rendering Ra 58+
For ‘General Lighting’ use lamp – 8, 9 or 10
Always light the walls as this gives the appearance
8
of brightness
9 10

PATIENT WARDS
Appropriate lighting levels – 300/500 lux (1000 lux inspection)
Colour Appearance 3500 K to 4000 K – Colour Rendering Ra 80+
For ‘General Lighting’ use lamp – 8, 9 or 10
For ‘Task Lighting’ use lamp – 3, 4 or 11

8
3 4 9 10 11

OFFICE AREAS
Appropriate lighting levels – 300/500 lux
Colour Appearance 4000 K – Colour Rendering Ra 80+
For ‘General Lighting’ use lamp – 8, 9 or 10
For ‘Task Lighting’ use lamp – 11

8
9 10 11

EXAMINATION AREAS
Appropriate lighting levels – 300/500 lux (1000 lux inspection)
Colour Appearance 4000 K – Colour Rendering Ra 80+
For ‘General Lighting’ use lamp – 8 or 9
For ‘Task Lighting’ use lamp – 3, 4, 10 or 11

8
3 4 9 10 11

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LAMP EFFICIENCY
Lamps in hospitals should generally be either compact or NB – Surgical theatre lamps are sourced from specialist
tubular fluorescent using electronic high frequency control suppliers and outside the scope of this document. They must
gear, taking into consideration colour rendering, colour conform to EN 60601-2-41:2000 Particular requirements for the
appearance, lamp life and energy effectiveness. safety of surgical luminaires and luminaires for diagnosis.

LUMINAIRE EFFICIENCY
Light Output Ratio (LOR) is a measure of the proportion of the ƒƒ Choose the highest LOR to minimise the number
lamp output that emerges from the luminaire. All luminaires of fittings and lamps that are required. A minimum of
chosen should emit the maximum amount of light. Luminaires 65% is recommended.
vary considerably in LOR with some types of luminaires ranging ƒƒ Always consider the appropriate louvre/diffuser to minimise
from 24% to 80%, this information can be obtained from the glare where required.
luminaire manufacturer.

CONTROLS
Effective automatic lighting controls can detect presence
and daylight to reduce lighting requirements and minimise
running costs. Typical detection pattern

ƒƒ Zoned lighting: for corridors and larger administration areas

where lighting levels can be adjusted according to daylight
availability by either switching to ‘off’ or continuous
Range up to 7m
up/down dimming (Figure 3).
ƒƒ Presence detectors: for small areas such as toilets, Fig.3 Infra-red presence detection for ‘zoned’ areas can also provide daylight
equipment stores, medical record stores, wherever variable sensing and manual override control.
occupancy occurs. Available as infra-red (Figure 4) for
cellular areas or ultrasonic detectors (Figure 5), with ranges
between 5m and 60m depending on the application.
ƒƒ Daylight sensors: to turn lights on and off and also dim lights
when sufficient daylight is available in circulation areas and
administration areas. They can be integrated with a presence
detector. They should be used for external floodlighting.
ƒƒ Lighting to bed spaces should be on individual switches
and should be switched off if the bed is unoccupied.
ƒƒ Central lighting control systems should be of the digital Fig.4 Infra-red wall sensor – Detects Fig.5 Ultra-Sonic / Microwave
type. DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) is one of presence (in a range of 5 to 9 metres) and detectors are more sensitive
the appropriate options. daylight – This ‘No neutral’ type can directly presence detectors.
replace a standard manual switch.
ƒƒ Controls should be set to ensure that fluorescent lamps are
not switched on and off at too short an interval. Fluorescent
tubes which have ‘soft start’ i.e. electronic starters or
electronic high frequency ballast types, provide a less Further details on lighting controls are available in a separate
detrimental impact on the life cycle of lamps. document in this series.

DAYLIGHT
Effective use of natural lighting can greatly reduce lighting
costs and improve the ambience of all areas.

ƒƒ Ensure that daylight does not produce glare or discomfort,

particularly in ward areas or where display equipment is
being used.
ƒƒ Use independent photocells in long corridors which
have areas partially lit by daylight.
ƒƒ Investigate the use of light pipes, rooflights or other
ways of getting more daylight into the building as part
of refurbishment works.
ƒƒ Consider ‘daylight blinds’.
ƒƒ Always link daylight to electric lighting.

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DAYLIGHT BLINDS
Some areas that receive good quantities of natural light could
benefit from using ‘daylight blinds’. These blinds reduce glare
and allow daylight to enter the space in a controlled way as
shown in Figure 6, instead of the more common standard
horizontal or vertical blinds which cut out the light into the
space when they are drawn to alleviate glare or excessive
sunlight. There may be little need to use artificial lighting
during daylight hours, if daylight blinds are installed and
linked to the electric lighting. Fig.6 Daylight Blinds

MAINTENANCE AND LAMP REPLACEMENT

There are great cost advantages to upgrading existing lamps Additional lamp comparisons are shown on Page 5. When
and fittings and recommendations for the most common lamp replacing lamps, the new lamp should have comparable colour
replacements are given below, with typical expected savings. appearance and light levels to the lamp it replaces. It should be
trialled in an area before widescale lamp replacement.

Existing Lamp Type Replacement Lamp Type Benefits

Incandescent GLS CFLi (integral ballast) 75% energy saving

  40W   9W-11W Up to 12 times the lamp life of an incandescent lamp
  60W   11W-14W Use ‘warm white ‘ (2,700 K) CFLi lamps
  75W   15W-19W
  100W   20W-25W
  150W   26W-29W

Mains Voltage Halogen Dichroic CFLi (GU10 fitting) 80% energy saving
Reflector Seven times the lamp life
  35W   7W As the light distribution differs between these two lamp types
  50W   11W lower light levels may be expected

T12 (38mm) or T8 (26mm) T5 (16mm) high efficiency Between 30% and 50% energy saving
switch start luminaires. fluorescent tube. A conversion kit is required which includes the new electronic
control gear (kits can also be used for T12 to T8 conversions)
Further energy savings can be made by using fewer fluorescent
tubes when ‘clip-on’ tube reflectors are used within luminaires
with no internal reflectors

T8 (26mm) Halophosphor T8 (26mm) 10% energy saving

fluorescent tube Triphosphor Twice the lamp life achieved when used with electronic ballasts
fluorescent tube Fluorescent triphospor tubes are available with up to 60,000
hours lamp life
Note: Always use reputable suppliers and products that comply with all national and EU lighting regulations and standards. Trial newer products for their suitability before
widescale upgrades. Refer to www.sei.ie/aca for energy efficient products.

ƒƒ When positioning luminaires always consider ease of access ƒƒ Fluorescent tubes in corridors should be mounted parallel
for maintenance and cleaning, this is particularly important to corridor walls.
in hospitals. ƒƒ Choosing the longer life lamps will reduce maintenance
ƒƒ When using wall mounted luminaires they should be requirements by minimising the number of lamp changes
mounted at least 1.8m above floor level. required. Always select the appropriate colour temperature
(K) and CRI values as this will reduce lamp types used and
storage requirements

LIGHTING TECHNICAL DETAILS

Lamp codes
Treatment rooms lit with luminaires containing 36W T8 or
T5 fluorescent tubes with a colour temperature of 4000 K and a
colour rendering Ra 85 would give a ‘cool white’ light and good
colour rendering.
Lamp Code example: F36W / 840
F = Fluorescent, 36 = 36 lamp watts, 8 = Colour rendering in the 80s
(between 80 and 89), 40 = Colour appearance = 4,000 K

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 LAMP comparison chart

Colour Colour Lighting Type Lamp

Lamp
Lamp Description Rendering Temperature Life
Image Decorative Table
(Ra) (K) General Accent (Hours)
Pendant Top
1 Tungsten Lamps, GLS
Common low efficiency light source, is hot and has short 100 2,600 ✗ ✗ 1,000
life (1,000 hours)
2 Tungsten Halogen GU10
Mains voltage Dichroic lamps provide approx. 35% of the 1,500 -
illumination of (12V) IRC versions for the same wattage and 100 3,000 ✗ ✗ 8,000
have short life (1,500 hours)
3 Mains Voltage Tungsten Halogen
These lamps save 30% energy when compared with GLS and 100 3,000 ✓ ✓ 2,000
have an expected life of 2,000 hours
4 CHLi - Low Voltage (12v) GLS
These compact halogen lamps with integral control gear save
100 3,000 ✓ ✓ ✓ 3,000
50% energy when compared with GLS and have an expected
life of 3,000 hours
5 Mains Voltage GU10 CFLi
These lamps save 80% energy but they are only available in low 80 2,700 ✓ 8,000+
wattages and therefore do not have high levels of illumination

6 Low Voltage (12v) Tungsten Halogen Infra-Red Coated (IRC)

Infra-red Coated (IRC) versions are brighter and more efficient 3,000 -
100 3,000 ✓ ✓ 5,000
than standard (12v) Tungsten Halogen Lamps and 300%
brighter than GU10 mains voltage models
7 Mains Voltage GU10 LED Lamps
35,000 -
Many models of high-efficiency LEDs are available 70 4,000 ✓ ✓ 50,000

8 T8 (26mmØ) Triphosphor Fluorescent Tubes

20,000 -
Use T8 with Electronic High Frequency (EHF) 80 2,700-6,000 ✓ 60,000
control gear
8a
T8 (26mmØ) Halophosphor Fluorescent Tube
58 2,700-4,000 ✓ 6,000+
Use with Electronic High frequency (EHF) control gear
9 T5 (16mmØ) Triphosphor Fluorescent Tubes
These tubes are available in High Efficiency (HE) and High 80 2,700-6,500 ✓ 16,000+
Output (HO) versions
10 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
Use models with electronic high frequency control gear for 85 2,700-4,000 ✓ 8,000+
higher efficiency
11 Compact Fluorescent Lamps with Integral Control Gear (CFLi)
These lamps are available from 3W to 29W equal 85 2,700-4,000 ✓ ✓ ✓ 8,000+
in lumen output as GLS from 15W to 150W

Low Efficiency Low/Medium Efficiency Medium Efficiency Medium/High Efficiency High Efficiency

Efficacy is the ratio of light emitted by a lamp to the power consumed General Lighting: Used to provide the main light source for the
by it, i.e. lumens per Watt. Lamp efficacy values are available from SEI’s space or area.
document, “A guide to energy efficient and cost effective lighting.”
Accent Lighting: Used to highlight an object or a particular feature
Lamp life is the expected operating life hours of the lamp. When lumens of the space or area.
fall to 80%, this is the rated ‘life’ and when the lamp should be replaced.
Table Lighting: Used to provide localised lighting on table-tops.
Lux is a measure of illuminance, where one lux is defined as an illumination
of one lumen per square metre. It can be determined from manufacturer’s Decorative Lighting: Typically describes lamps in fittings used for
data or measured with a handheld digital lux meter. visual effect rather than general illumination.
When selecting equipment, hardware and control systems for projects, you are encouraged to benchmark your specifications against the energy efficient
equipment specified by SEI for the Accelerated Capital Allowance (ACA) tax incentive scheme. This equipment
Accelerated Capital Allowance
meets minimum energy efficiency criteria. Lists of qualifying equipment are available at www.sei.ie/aca Eligible Products www.sei.ie/aca

Wilton Park House, Wilton Place T. +353 1 808 2100 [email protected]

Dublin 2, Ireland F. +353 1 808 2002 www.sei.ie

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