Int. J. Electrochem. Sci.

, 8 (2013) 5774 - 5800

International Journal of

ELECTROCHEMICAL
SCIENCE
www.electrochemsci.org

Charge Transfer Complexes of the Donor Acriflavine and the

Acceptors Quinol, Picric acid, TCNQ and DDQ: Synthesis,
Spectroscopic Characterizations and Antimicrobial Studies
Hala H. Eldaroti1,*, Suad A. Gadir1, Moamen S. Refat2,3 and Abdel Majid A. Adam2
1

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, Alzaeim Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, 888 Taif, Saudi Arabia
3
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Egypt
*
E-mail: [email protected]
2

Received: 18 February 2013 / Accepted: 13 March 2013 / Published: 1 April 2013

Four new charge-transfer (CT) complexes have been formed in the reaction of the topical antiseptic
agent acriflavine (Acf) with the acceptors quinol (QL), picric acid (PA), tetracyanoquinodimethane
(TCNQ) and dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ). The reactions have been studied
spectrophotometrically in methanol and the formed solid complexes were isolated and characterized
through elemental analysis, electronic absorption, spectrophotometric titration, IR, Raman, 1H-NMR
and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques as well as thermal analysis and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM). The reaction stoichiometries, donor: acceptor molar ratio values, were
found to be 1:2 ratio for QL and PA complexes and 1:1 ratio for TCNQ and DDQ complexes.
Accordingly the formed CT complexes could be formulated as [(Acf)(QL)2], [(Acf)(PA)2],
[(Acf)(TCNQ)] and [(Acf)(DDQ)]. Finally, the CT complexes were screened for their antibacterial
and antifungal activities against various bacterial and fungal strains, and the complex obtained
using QL acceptor exhibited good antimicrobial activities against all of the tested strains compared
with standard drugs.

Keywords: Acriflavine, Charge-transfer, XRD, SEM, thermal analysis, Biological activity.

1. INTRODUCTION
Acriflavine (Acf; 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride) (Formula I) also called
Acriflavinium chloride, is a kind of topical antiseptic agent derived from acridine, first synthesized
in 1912 by Paul Ehrlich, a German medical researcher and was used in the early 20th century,
during the First World War, as topical antibacterial and against sleeping sickness [1-4]. Acriflavine is

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widely used for photosensitizer [5], analytical reagents for sensing [6], acid-base indicator [7],
luminescence sensors [8], among many others. Acriflavine has proved an effective agent for
gonorrhea, meningitis, intestinal infections, diphtheria, pneumonia, cholera and infected wounds; in
some countries is at present formulated with urotropine as well known urinary tract antiseptic [9]. In
recent years, acriflavine has also been used in AIDS treatments. Thus, the acriflavine-AZT (azidodeoxythymidine)-ellipticine combination is reportedly the most appropriated and efficient treatment
for eradication of HIV1 infections [9].
In this paper herein, we report the formation of new CT complexes obtained in the reaction of
Acf with the electron acceptors quinol (QL), picric acid (PA), tetracyanoquinodimethane
(TCNQ) and dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) using methanol as a solvent. The newly
synthesized CT complexes have been structurally characterized via elemental analysis; infrared (IR),
Raman,1H-NMR and electronic absorption spectroscopy; powder X-ray diffraction; and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) to interpret the behavior of the interactions. The thermal behavior of
the obtained complexes and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters have also been investigated.
Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the Acf CT complexes was tested against various bacterial and
fungal strains.

8
7

2
3
H2N

10 N

NH2

CH3
Formula I. Chemical structure of Acriflavine.

2. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 Reagents
Acriflavine (Acf; 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridin-10-ium chloride, C14H14ClN3) and -acceptors
of quinol (QL), picric acid (PA), 7,7',8,8'-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) or 2,3-dichloro-5,6dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) were obtained from Merck Chemical Company and were used
without further purification. Commercially available spectroscopic grade solvents (BDH) were also
used as purchased.

2.2 Synthesis of the solid CT-complexes

The solid CT complexes of Acf with QL, PA, TCNQ or DDQ were synthesized by
mixing 1 mmol Acf with 2 mmol of each acceptor in methanol (10 ml). The mixtures were stirred

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at room temperature for 20 min, which resulted in the precipitation of the solid CT complexes. The
solid precipitates were filtered, washed several times with methanol, and then dried under vacuum
over anhydrous calcium chloride.

2.3 Photometric titration measurements

Spectrophotometric titration measurements were performed for the reactions of Acf with QL,
PA, TCNQ or DDQ against methanol as a blank, at wavelengths of 300, 400, 300 and 285 nm,
respectively. A 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.50, 2.0, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50 or 4.00 mL aliquot of a standard
solution (5.010-4 M) of the appropriate acceptor in MeOH was added to 1.00 ml of 5.010-4 M
Acf, which was also dissolved in MeOH. The total volume of the mixture was 5 mL. The
concentration of Acf (Cd) in the reaction mixture was maintained at 5.010-4 M, whereas the
concentration of the acceptors (Ca) changed over a wide range of concentrations (0.2510-4 M to
4.0010-4 M) to produce solutions with an acceptor molar ratio that varied from 4:1 to 1:4. The
stoichiometry of the molecular CT complexes was obtained from the determination of the conventional
spectrophotometric molar ratio according to known methods [10] using a plot of the absorbance of
each CT complex as a function of the Cd:Ca ratio. Modified BenesiHildebrand plots were
constructed [11, 12] to allow the calculation of the formation constant, KCT, and the absorptivity,
CT, values for each CT complex in this study.

2.4 Instrumental analyses

2.4.1 Elemental analyses
The elemental analyses of the carbon and hydrogen contents were performed by the
microanalysis facility at Cairo University, Egypt, using a Perkin-Elmer CHN 2400 (USA).

2.4.2 Electronic spectra

The electronic absorption spectra of methanolic solutions of the donor, acceptors and resulting
CT complexes were recorded over a wavelength range of 200-800 nm using a Perkin-Elmer Lambda
25 UV/Vis double-beam spectrophotometer at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. The instrument was
equipped with a quartz cell with a 1.0 cm path length.

2.4.3 Infrared and Raman spectra

The mid-infrared (IR) spectra (KBr discs) within the range of 4000-400 cm-1 for the solid CT
complexes were recorded on a Shimadzu FT-IR spectrophotometer with 30 scans at 2 cm-1
resolution. The Raman laser spectra of the samples were measured on a Bruker FT-Raman
spectrophotometer equipped with a 50 mW laser at Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

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2.4.4 1H-NMR spectra

1

H-NMR spectra were collected by the Analytical Center at King Abdul Aziz University,
Saudi Arabia, on a Bruker DRX-250 spectrometer operating at 250.13 MHz with a dual 5 mm
probe head. The measurements were performed at ambient temperature using DMSO-d6
(dimethylsulfoxide, d6) as a solvent and TMS (tetramethylsilane) as an internal reference. The
1
H-NMR data are expressed in parts per million (ppm) and are internally referenced to the residual
proton impurity in the DMSO solvent.
2.4.5 Thermal analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed under an air atmosphere between room
temperature and 800 C at a heating rate of 10 C/min using a Shimadzu TGA50H thermal
analyzer at the Central Lab at Ain Shams University, Egypt.

2.4.6 X-ray diffraction patterns

The X-ray diffraction patterns for the obtained CT complexes were collected on a
PANalytical XPert PRO X-ray powder diffractometer at the Central Lab at Ain Shams University,
Egypt. The instrument was equipped with a Ge (III) monochromator, and a Cu K1 X-ray source
with a wavelength of 0.154056 nm was used.

2.4.7 SEM and EDX detection

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were collected on a Jeol JSM-6390 instrument
at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. The instrument was operated at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV.
2.5 Biological assessment
2.5.1 Antibacterial activity
The antimicrobial activities of the newly synthesized Acf CT complexes and the pure
solvent were tested in vitro against two Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA 22)
and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051), and two Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (K 12) and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2488), using a modified BauerKirby disc diffusion method [13].
The microanalysis facility at Cairo University, Egypt performed the investigations. For these
investigations, 100 l test bacteria were grown in 10 ml fresh medium until they reached a count of
approximately 108 cells/ml for bacteria or 105 cells/ml for fungi [14]. Then, 100 l microbial
suspension was spread onto agar plates. The nutrient agar medium for the antibacterial tests
consisted of 0.5% peptone, 0.1% beef extract, 0.2% yeast extract, 0.5% NaCl and 1.5% agar-agar

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[15]. Isolated colonies of each strain were selected from the primary agar plates and tested for
susceptibility. After the plates were incubated for 48 h at 37 C, the inhibition (sterile) zone
diameters (including the disc) were measured using slipping calipers from the National Committee
for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS, 1993) [16] and are expressed in mm. The screening was
performed using 100 g/ml CT complex. An antibiotic disc of tetracycline (30 g/disc, Hi-Media) was
used as a positive control.

2.5.2 Antifungal activity

The newly synthesized complexes were also screened for their antifungal properties against
Aspergillus flavus (laboratory isolate) and Candida albicans (IQA-109) in DMSO using a modified
BauerKirby disc diffusion method [13]. The complex was dissolved in DMSO. The medium for
the antifungal tests consisted of 3% sucrose, 0.3% NaNO3, 0.1% K2HPO4, 0.05% KCl, 0.001%
FeSO4 and 2% agar- agar [15]. The disc diffusion method for the filamentous fungi was tested
using the M38-A standard method [17], whereas the disc diffusion method for yeast was tested using
the M44-P standard method [18]. Plates inoculated with filamentous fungi or yeast were incubated
for 48 h at 25 C or 30 C, respectively. The antifungal activity of the CT complexes was compared
with that of amphotericin B (30 g/disc, Hi- Media) as a standard antifungal agent. Antifungal
activity was determined by measuring the diameters of the sterile zone (mm) in triplicate.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Elemental analysis results
Table 1. Elemental analyses and physical parameters data of the Acf CT-complexes.
Complex

[(Acf)(QL)2]
[(Acf)(PA)2]
[(Acf)(TCNQ)]
[(Acf)(DDQ)]

MF

C26H26ClN3O4
C26H18ClN9O14
C26H18ClN7
C22H14Cl3N5O2

Mwt
g/mol
479.95
717.93
463.92
486.73

Elemental analyses
C%
Found
Calc.
65.19
65.01
43.07
43.46
66.89
67.25
53.91
54.24

H%
Found
5.34
2.62
3.80
2.76

Calc.
5.42
2.51
3.88
2.88

Elemental analyses (C and H) of the Acf CT complexes were performed, and the obtained
analytical data along with some of the physical properties are listed in Table 1. From this table, it
can seen that the resulting values are in good agreement with the calculated values, and the
suggested values are in agreement with the molar ratios determined from the photometric titration
curves. The stoichiometry of the complexes were found to be 1:2 ratio for QL and PA complexes

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

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and 1:1 ratio for TCNQ and DDQ complexes. All the complexes are insoluble in cold and hot
water, but easily soluble in DMF and DMSO solvents.

3.2 Determination of stoichiometry of the resulting CT complexes

The electronic absorption spectra of the formed Acf CT complexes are shown in Fig. 1. These
spectra revealed new absorption bands that are attributed to the CT interactions. These bands are
observed at 300, 400, 300 and 285 for the [(Acf)(QL)2], [(Acf)(PA)2], [(Acf)(TCNQ)] and
[(Acf)(DDQ)] complexes, respectively. These peak absorbance values that appeared in the spectra
assigned to the formed CT complexes were measured and plotted as a function of the Cd:Ca ratio
according to a known method. Spectrophotometric titration plots based on these measurements are
shown in Fig. 2. The stoichiometry ratio of the complex formation, (Acf: acceptor) was found to be
1:2 ratio for QL and PA complexes and 1:1 ratio for TCNQ and DDQ complexes. Based on
the obtained data, the formed charge-transfer complexes were formulated as [(Acf)(QL)2],
[(Acf)(PA)2], [(Acf)(TCNQ)] and [(Acf)(DDQ)]. These results are strongly supported by the
elemental analyses.
3.3 Determination of formation constant (KCT) and molar extinction coefficient (CT)
The spectrophotometric titrations of the intermolecular charge-transfer complexes formed from
the reactions of Acf with QL and PA acceptors indicated the formation of 1:2 CT complexes;
therefore, the formation constant (KCT) and the molar absorptivity () of these complexes were
calculated by applying the 1:2 modified Benesi-Hildebrand equation in Eq. (1):
(Ca)2 Cd/A = 1/K + 1/ Ca (4Cd + Ca)

(1)

where Ca and Cd are the initial concentrations of the acceptor and the donor, respectively,
and A is the absorbance of the strongly detected CT band. When the (Ca)2 Cd/A values for the 1:2
charge-transfer complex are plotted against the corresponding Ca (4Cd + Ca) values, a straight line is
obtained with a slope of 1/ and an intercept of 1/K. The obtained KCT and values associated
with the complexes are given in Table 2. The 1:1 Benesi-Hildebrand Eq. (2), was used to calculate
the values of the formation constant and the molar absorptivity for the complexes of Acf with
TCNQ and DDQ acceptors.
(CaCd)/A = 1/K + (Ca + Cd)/

(2)

where Ca and Cd are the initial concentrations of the acceptor and the donor,
respectively, and A is the absorbance of the strongly detected CT band. When the (Ca Cd)/A values for
the 1:1 charge-transfer complex are plotted against the corresponding (Ca + Cd) values, a straight line
is obtained with a slope of 1/ and an intercept of 1/K. The values of both KCT and associated

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with the complexes are given in Table 2.

The KCT and CT values obtained throughout these calculations are given in Table 2. As
expected, 1:2 Acf complexes (QL and PA) exhibit very high values for the formation constant (KCT)
than 1:1 complexes (TCNQ and DDQ), which reflect the high stabilities of the [(Acf)(QL)2] and
[(Acf)(PA)2] complexes.
QL complex
PA complex
TCNQ complex
DDQ complex

3.0

2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
250

300

350

400

450

Wavelength (nm)

Figure 1. Electronic absorption spectra of Acf CT-complexes.

3.0

Acf-QL

2.5

Absorbance

Absorbance

2.5

2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

330 nm
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

ml added of QL

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

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3.5

5781

Acf-TCNQ

3.0

Absorbance

2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0

300 nm
0.5
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

ml added of TCNQ
3.0

Acf-PA

Absorbance

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0
0.0

400 nm
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

ml added of PA
3.0

Acf-DDQ

2.8
2.6

Absorbance

2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.0

285 nm
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

ml added of DDQ

Figure 2. Photometric titration curve for Acf-QL, Acf-PA, Acf-TCNQ and Acf-DDQ systems at the
detectable peaks.

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The data also reveal that the [(Acf)(QL)2] complex shows a higher KCT value compared
with the other complexes. This value is about twice times higher than the value of formation
constant for the [(Acf)(PA)2] complex. The value of formation constant of [(Acf)(TCNQ)] is higher
than that of [(Acf)(DDQ)] (about four times higher), and this can be understood on the basis of the
differences in the electronic structure of TCNQ and DDQ. The TCNQ acceptor has four strong
withdrawing cyano groups in conjugation with an aromatic ring which causes high delocalization
leads to a great increase in the Lewis acidity of the acceptor TCNQ, and hence the higher value of
KCT for [(Acf)(TCNQ)] complex compared with that of [(Acf)(DDQ)] complex.

3.4 Determination of the spectroscopic and physical data

The spectroscopic and physical data, such as the standard free energy (G), the oscillator
strength (f), the transition dipole moment (), the resonance energy (RN), and the ionization potential
(IP), were estimated for samples dissolved in methanol at
25 C. The calculations can be summarized as follows.

3.4.1 Determination of oscillator strength (f)

From the CT absorption spectra, the oscillator strength (f) can be estimated using the
approximate formula [19]:
f = 4.31910-9CT d

(3)

where CT d is the area under the curve of the extinction coefficient of the absorption band in
question plotted as a function of frequency. To a first approximation,
f = 4.31910-9 CT

(4)

where CT is the maximum extinction coefficient of the CT band and is the halfbandwidth in cm-1 (i.e., the bandwidth at half of the maximum extinction coefficient value).
3.4.2 Determination of transition dipole moment ()
The transition dipole moments () of the complexes have been calculated from Eq. (5) [20]:
= 0.0958 [CT/max]
(5)
The transition dipole moment can be used to determine if a particular transition is allowed;
the transition from a bonding orbital to an antibonding * orbital is allowed because the integral that
defines the transition dipole moment is nonzero.

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3.4.3 Determination of ionization potential (IP) of the donor

The ionization potentials (IP) of the Acf donor in the complexes were calculated using the
empirical equation derived by Aloisi and Pignataro represented in Eq. (6) [21]:
IP (eV) = 5.76 + 1.5310-4CT

(6)

where CT is the wavenumber in cm-1 that corresponds to the CT band formed from the
interaction between the donor and the acceptor. The electron-donating power of a donor molecule is
measured by its ionization potential, which is the energy required to remove an electron from the
highest occupied molecular orbital.

3.4.4 Determination of resonance energy (RN)

Briegleb and Czekalla [22] theoretically derived the following relationship to obtain the
resonance energy (RN):

CT = 7.710-4/ [hCT/[RN]-3.5]
(7)
Where CT is the molar absorptivity coefficient of theCT complex at the maximum of the CT
absorption, CT is the frequency of the CT peak, and RN is the resonance energy of the complex in
the ground state, which contributes to the stability constant of the complex (a ground-state property).

3.4.5 Determination of energy of the charge-transfer complex (ECT)

The energy values (ECT) of the n and interactions between the donor (Acf) and the
acceptors were calculated using the equation derived by Briegleb [23]:
*

ECT = (hCT) = (1243.667/CT)

(8)

where CT is the wavelength of the CT band.

3.4.6 Determination of standard free energy changes (G)
The standard free energy of complexation (G) for each complex was calculated from the
formation constants using the equation [24]:

G = -2.303RT log KCT

(9)

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where G is the free energy of the CT complexes (kJ mol -1), R is the gas constant (8.314 J
mol-1 K-1), T is the absolute temperature in K, and KCT is the formation constant of the complex (L
mol-1) at room temperature.
The calculated spectroscopic and physical values (f, , IP, RN and G) for the Acf CT
complexes using these equations are presented in Table 2. The [(Acf)(QL)2] complex exhibits
considerably higher values of both the oscillator strength (f) and the transition dipole moment ()
compared to the other complexes. These high f values indicate a strong interaction between the
donoracceptor pairs with relatively high probabilities of CT transitions [25]. Among the numerous
applications of CT complexes, one important application is the calculation of the ionization potential
(IP) of the donor. The calculated IP value for the highest filled molecular orbital that participates
in the CT interaction of the Acf donor is approximately 10.7. The ionization potential of the electron
donor has been reported to be correlated with the charge-transfer transition energy of the complex
[26]. Further evidence for the nature of the CT interactions is the calculation of the standard free
energy change (G). The obtained values of G for the [(Acf)(QL)2], [(Acf)(PA)2], [(Acf)(TCNQ)]
and [(Acf)(DDQ)] are -46, -45, -38 and -35 kJ mol-1, respectively; these values indicate that the
interaction between the Acf donor and the acceptors is spontaneous.
Table 2. Spectrophotometric data of the Acf CT-complexes.
Complex

max ECT
(nm)

[(Acf)(QL)2]
[(Acf)(PA)2]
[(Acf)(TCNQ)]
[(Acf)(DDQ)]

300
400
300
285

(eV)

4.15
3.11
4,15
4.36

max

K
(Lmol-1)

Ip

RN

10.86
9.59
10.86
11.13

0.87
0.65
1.18
1.24

-46,034
-44,528
-38,302
-35,039

(Lmol-1cm-1)
7

11.7010
6.37107
5.16104
1.39104

6.0810
6.10104
3.86104
3.07104

75.05
27.73
41.68
36.80

69.17
48.55
51.55
47.21

(kJ mol-1)

3.5 IR and Raman spectra

Table 3. Assignments of the characteristic IR and Raman spectral bands (cm-1) for Acf CT-complexes.
(NH)
IR
[(Acf)(QL)2]
3218
[(Acf)(PA)2]
3224
[(Acf)(TCNQ)] [(Acf)(DDQ)]
Complex

(NH3+)def
Raman IR
Raman
3060
1644 1620
3094
1610 1607
-

(NH3+)sym
IR
Raman
1360 1368
1320 1339
-

(NH3+)
IR
Raman
829
839
828
823
-

(CN)
IR
2221
2209

Raman
2224
2223

The donation process from Acf donor to the acceptors can occur either from the lone pair of
electron on the nitrogen atom of amino groups or from the aromatic rings. The nitrogen atoms have
been identified as the donation source in most cases studied. The IR spectroscopy have been used to
distinguish between the two possibilities. The peak assignments for the important characteristic IR

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and Raman spectral bands for the formed Acf CT complexes are shown in Table 3, whereas the full
IR spectra of the CT complexes are shown in Fig. 3.
In the IR spectra of the [(Acf)(QL)2] and [(Acf)(PA)2] complexes, the characteristic bands of
Acf observed at 3300 and 3155 cm-1, which are assigned to -NH2 asymmetric and symmetric
stretching vibrations, respectively [27], shifted and reduced in intensity after complexation. This
observation clearly indicates that the - NH2 group in the Acf donor participates in the complexation
process. IR and Raman spectra confirm the presence of the main characteristic absorption bands that
result from the stretching and bending deformation of the NH3+ group. These bands; the (NH),
def(NH3+), sym(NH3+) and (NH3+) absorptions are observed for [(Acf)(QL)2] and [(Acf)(PA)2] at
approximately 3200, 1600, 1300 and 800 cm-1, respectively (Table 3). The presence of these
bands indicated that the complexation occurs through the protonation of the NH2 group of the Acf
donor via a proton-transfer phenomenon from the acidic center of each acceptor to form NH3+
ammonium based on acid-base theory [28-34]. In the IR spectra of the [(Acf)(TCNQ)] and
[(Acf)(DDQ)] complexes, the following observations are recorded:
1- The absence of a few bands at approximately 2600-2400 cm-1 due to the hydrogen bonding
in the spectra of these complexes.
2- The band that results from the (CN) vibration of the free TCNQ and DDQ acceptors
changed in frequencies and decrease in intensities in the complexes upon CT-compexation. Free
TCNQ shows one (CN) vibration at 2220 cm-1, while in its complex, (CN) occurs at lower
wavenumber values, 2100 cm-1. In free DDQ, (CN) occurs at 2231 and 2250 cm-1, while in the
complex it moved to 2209 cm-1.
3- Generally, there are small changes in wavenumber values and intensities of the free reactants
(Acf, TCNQ and DDQ) upon complexation. These changes and shifts in positions of some of the
peaks could be understood on the basis of the expected symmetry and electronic structure
modifications in both donor and acceptor units in the formed complex compared to the free
molecules.
All these observations clearly indicate that the NH2 group in the Acf donor and the CN
group in the TCNQ or DDQ acceptors participated in the complexation process. Because TCNQ and
DDQ lacks acidic centers, the molecular complexes can be concluded to form through * and/or
n* charge migration from the HOMO of the donor to the LUMO of the acceptor. The * CT
complex is formed via the benzene ring (electron-rich group) of the Acf and the TCNQ or
DDQ reagents (electron acceptor) [35, 36]. The cyano group (CN) is an electron-withdrawing
group that exists in TCNQ and DDQ in a conjugated bonding system. The CN groups in TCNQ and
DDQ withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, and such a process will make the aromatic ring an
+
electron-accepting region. The *CN electron density appears to increase and more easily
accept a
proton from the donor because of the electron-withdrawing process and the conjugated electron
system. So, the interactions mode between Acf and the TCNQ and DDQ acceptors occur through the
migration of a H+ ion to one of the cyano groups in the acceptors to form a positive ion (CN H)
that associates with the anion to form ion pairs [34, 37, 38].

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A
B
C
D

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

-1

Wavenumbers (cm )
Figure 3. Infrared spectra of
complexes.

(A) Acf/QL, (B) Acf/PA, (C) Acf/TCNQ and (D) Acf/DDQ CT

3.6 1H-NMR spectra

The 400 MHz 1H-NMR spectra of the complexes were measured in DMSO-d6 at room
temperature and are given in Fig. 4. The chemical shifts () of the different types of protons of the
CT complexes are given below. The results obtained from the elemental analyses, infrared spectra,
and photometric titrations are in agreement with the 1H-NMR spectra, which allows for an
interpretation of the mode of interaction between the donor and the acceptor. The reaction of Acf as
the donor with QL as the acceptor yielded a new charge-transfer complex, (3,6-diammonio-10methylacridinium
bis
(4-hydroxy- phenolate)) chloride, which produced signals at (Fig. 4):
= 2.50 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.57 (s, 6H, 2NH3+), 6.96 (d, 2H, J = 13.2, Ar-H, C2-H and C6-H phenol), 7.01
(d, 2H, J = 11.4, Ar-H, C3-H and C5-H phenol), 7.51 (s, 2H, Ar-H, C4-H, C5-H acridinium), 7.76 (d,
2H, J = 12.6, Ar-H, C2-H, C7-H acridinium), 7.81 (d, 2H, J = 12.0, Ar-H, C1-H, C8-H acridinium),
8.19 (s, 1H, Ar-H, C9-H acridinium), 8.68 (s, 2H, Ar-OH, phenolic OH). The 1H-NMR spectrum of
this complex indicated that the phenolic proton ( OH) signal, which is observed at approximately
8.59 ppm in the spectrum of the QL acceptor, decreased in intensity with a downfield shift for the
non-hydrogen-bonded one (8.68 ppm) in the spectrum of the CT complex. This result
indicates the involvement of one phenolic group in chelating through the deprotonation from the
QL acceptor to the Acf donor. In addition, the disappearance of the NH2 protons from Acf and
the appearance of a weak broad band at 6.57 ppm, which is attributed to the ammonium protons,
indicate the involvement of the NH2 group in the complexation process. The aromatic protons of the

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

5787

Acf which lie in the range of 7.51- 8.19 ppm showed no significant variation in the complex
indicating non participation of the aromatic rings in the complex formation Based on these data,
the structure suggested for the [(Acf)(QL)2] complex is shown in Formula II.

H 3N
HO

N + Cl
CH3

NH3
O

OH

Formula II. Suggested structure of [(Acf)(QL)2] complex.

The 1H-NMR spectrum for the CT complex formed with Acf and PA is shown in Fig. 4 and is
summarized as follows: = 2.50 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.03 (b, 6H, 2NH3+), 7.30 (s, 2H, Ar-H, C4-H, C5-H
acridinium), 7.77 (d, 2H, J = 12.6, Ar-H, C2-H, C7-H acridinium), 7.81 (d, 2H, J = 12.0, Ar-H, C1-H,
C8-H acridinium), 8.57 (s, 4H, Ar-H, picric acid proton), 8.73 (s, 1H, Ar-H, C9-H acridinium). In
the charge-transfer reaction between Acf and PA, the proton of the -OH group of PA is transferred to
the NH2 group of Acf to form an ion-paired compound named 3,6-diammonio-10- methylacridinium
chloride bis (2,4,6-trinitrobenzenolate). The data obtained from 1H- NMR spectrum of [(Acf)(PA)2]
complex are in agreement with the suggested complexation assume that the amino group and phenolic
group are mainly involved in the formation of the CT complex. The new peak observed at 4.03
ppm in the complex, which is not detected in the spectrum of the free donor, is attributed to the
formation of a hydrogen bond [39] between PA and Acf. The peak at = 11.94 ppm, which is
assigned to the OH proton of the free picric acid acceptor [40], was absent in the spectrum of this
complex, which is attributed to the formation of the CT complex. Together, these data indicate
that the amino and phenolic groups are involved in the formation of the CT complex between Acf
and PA. The characteristic signals presences within the range of 7.30-8.73 ppm were assigned to the
protons of aromatic rings. Suggested structure for the [(Acf)(PA)2] complex is illustrated in
Formula III.

NO2
H 3N
O2 N

O
NO2

O2 N
+

Cl

CH3

NH 3
O
O2 N

Formula III. Suggested structure of [(Acf)(PA)2] complex.

NO2

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

5788

The 1H-NMR spectrum for the CT complex between Acf and TCNQ is shown in Fig. 4 and is
summarized as follows: = 2.50 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.21 (s, 2H, C6-NH2), 3.61 (s, 1H, NH-), 6.37 (s, 1H,
C5-H, acridinium), 6.73 (s, 1H,
CNH+), 6.87 (d, 1H, J = 13.8 Hz, Ar-H, C7-H acridinium), 7.02
+
(d, 1H, J = 13.8 Hz, Ar-H, C8-H acridinium), 7.79 (d, 1H, J = 13.2 Hz, Ar-H, C2-H acridinium),
7.85 (d, 1H, J = 12.6, Ar-H, C1-H acridinium), 8.08 (s, 1H, Ar-H, C4-H acridinium), 8.74 (s, 1H, ArH, C9- H acridinium), 9.03 (s, 4H, Ar-H, TCNQ protons). In the charge-transfer reaction between
Acf and TCNQ, the proton of the NH2 group in Acf is transferred to a nitrogen atom of TCNQ
to form an ion-paired compound, specifically (2-cyano-2-(4- (dicyanomethylene) cyclohexa-2,5dienylidene) ethylidyne) ammonium (6-amino-10- methyl-acridinium-3-yl) amide chloride. The mode
of chelation concerning [(Acf)(TCNQ)] complex was sustained by the presence of two new signals at
6.73 and 3.61 ppm, which are assigned to the protons of (NH+) and (NH-), respectively. These signals
are not detected in the spectrum of the free donor, which indicates that the NH2 and CN groups
are primarily involved in the formation of the CT complex between Acf and TCNQ. The migration
of the H+ ion from the NH2 in the donor to one of the four cyano groups in the TCNQ acceptor
resulted in the formation of a positive ion (-CN H), which is associated with the anion NH-; this
result is also confirmed from the disappearance of the -NH2 signal in the spectrum of Acf.
According to these observations, the suggested structure of [(Acf)(TCNQ)2] complex is given in
Formula IV.

H2N

NH

CH 3

NH

NC

NC

CN

Formula IV. Suggested structure of [(Acf)(TCNQ)] complex.

The reaction between Acf and DDQ afforded bis (((4,5-dichloro-2-cyano-3,6dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl) methylidyne) ammonium)((6-amino-10-methylacridinium-3-yl) amide)
chloride. 1H-NMR spectrum for this compound is shown in Fig. 4 and is summarized as follows:
= 2.50 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.39 (s, 2H, C6- NH2), 3.85 (b, 1H, NH-), 6.62 (s, 1H, C5-H, acridinium), 6.96
(s, 1H, CNH+), 7.79 (d, 1H, J = 13.8 Hz, Ar-H, C7-H acridinium), 7.84 (d, 1H, J = 13.8 Hz,, Ar-H,
C8-H acridinium), 7.96 (d, 1H, J = 13.2 Hz, Ar-H, C2-H acridinium), 8.00 (d, 1H, J = 12.6, Ar-H, C1H acridinium), 8.11 (s, 1H, Ar-H, C4-H acridinium), 8.72 (s, 1H, Ar-H, C9- H acridinium). The
formation of the complex was confirmed by the appearance of two new signals observed at 6.96 and
3.85 ppm in the spectrum of the complex; which are attributed to the protons of (NH+) and (NH-),
respectively. These peaks are not detected in the spectrum of the free donor, which indicates that

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

5789

the NH2 and CN groups are primarily involved in the formation of the CT complex. The
suggested structure of [(Acf)(DDQ)] complex is given in Formula V.

H 2N

NH

CH3

NH
C
O

CN

Cl

O
Cl

Formula V. Suggested structure of [(Acf)(DDQ)] complex.

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

5790

Figure 4. 1H-NMR spectrum of (A) Acf/QL, (B) Acf/PA, (C) Acf/TCNQ and (D) Acf/DDQ.

3.7 Thermal analysis

To examine the thermal stability of the new complexes, the thermogravimetric analysis of the
complexes were carried out over the temperature range of 25-800 C under an air atmosphere.
The TG curves were redrawn as mass loss versus temperature. Typical TG curves of the complexes
are presented in Fig. 5, and the thermoanalytical results are listed in Table 4. The TG curve of
[(Acf)(QL)2] complex exhibited mass loss in three decomposition process between 25-370, 370-460
and 460-800 C temperature range. The first decomposition step (obs. = 29.05, calc. = 29.27%)
is attributed to the liberation of HCl, 2NH3, C2H2 and CO2 molecules. The second decomposition
step (obs. = 30.10%, calc. = 29.59%) is reasonably explained by the loss of 4C2H2, NO2 and 2CO2
molecules. The third decomposition step existed within the temperature range 460-800, which is
reasonably by the loss of C2H2, CO2 and 3.5H2 molecules. The three decomposition steps which
has been assigned to the loss of HCl, 2NH3, 6C2H2, NO2, 4CO2 and 3.5H2 giving an overall mass
loss of 75.97%, with a few carbon atoms remains as a final residual.

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

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Table 4. Thermo analytical results for the Acf CT-complexes.

Complex
[(Acf)(QL)2]
C26H26ClN3O4

Stage

I
II
III
Residue
[(Acf)(PA)2]
I
C26H18ClN9O14 II
III
Residue
[(Acf)(TCNQ)] I
C26H18ClN7
II
II
Residue
[(Acf)(DDQ)]
I
C22H14Cl3N5O2
Residue

TG temp.
range (C)
25-370
370-460
460-800
25-285
285-490
490-800
25-186
186-376
376-800
25-800

Weight loss (%)

Found Calc.
29.05
29.27
30.10
29.59
16.83
16.04
24.03
25.00
27.77
27.93
25.83
25.77
34.13
34. 27
12.27
11.70
22.83
23.17
46.78
46.99
14.40
14.23
15.99
15.52
88.90
87.68

11.10

12.32

Evolved moiety
HCl+2NH3+C2H2+CO2
4C2H2+NO2+2CO2
C2H2+CO2+3.5H2
Residual carbon
HCl+2NH3+C2H2+2NO2+CO2
NH3+3C2H2+NO2+CO2
3NO2+9CO2
Residual carbon
HCl+2HCN+NH3
2HCN+5C2H2+2NO2+0.5CO2
5.5CO2
Residual carbon
HCl+2Cl2+NH3+2HCN+4C2H2
+2NO2+7CO2
Residual carbon

The thermogram of the [(Acf)(PA)2] complex shows three main degradation steps between
25-285, 285-490 and 490-800C temperature range, are associated with weight losses of 27.77,
25.83 and 34.13%, respectively, in addition to a carbon residue to 12.27%. The first decomposition
step found within the temperature range 25-285 C, corresponds to the loss of HCl, 2NH3, C2H2,
2NO2 and CO2 molecules, with a weight loss of 27.77% very close to the expected theoretical
value of 27.93%. The second decomposition step within the temperature range 285-490 C, may
be attributed to the liberation of NH3, 3C2H2, NO2 and CO2 molecules with a weight loss of 25.83%.
The final degradation step is associated with the loss of 3NO2 and 9CO2 molecules, with remaining
few carbon atoms in the final step as a final residual. The [(Acf)(TCNQ)] complex decomposes in
three definite decomposition steps within the 25-800 C temperature range. The first decomposition
step within the temperature range 25-186 C corresponding to loss of HCl, 2HCN and NH3
molecules representing a weight loss of (obs.= 22.83%, calc.= 23.17%). This step is followed by
another degradation step corresponds to the liberation of 2HCN, 5C2H2, 2NO2 and 0.5CO2 molecules
with a total weight loss of 46.78% with about 0.21% deviation from the calculated value (46.99%).
After losing of 5.5CO2 molecules in the final degradation step, a few carbon atoms are remaining as
a final residue. The thermal decomposition of the [(Acf)(DDQ)] complex is a one- step process
within the range of 200-800 C, which is attributed to the loss of [C22H14Cl3N5O2] as HCl, 2Cl2,
NH3, 2HCN, 4C2H2, 2NO2 and 7CO2 molecules. This step is associated with a total weight loss of
88.9% which is in agreement with the calculated value (87.68%).

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

5792

14

Weight loss (mg)

12

QL complex
PA complex
TCNQ complex
DDQ complex

10
8
6
4
2
0
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Temp [ C]

Figure 5. TG curves of Acf CT-complexes.

3.8 Kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Kinetic studies on thermal processes are expected to provide information regarding the
Arrhenius parameters, such as the activation energy (E*), the frequency factor (A), the enthalpy of
activation (H*), the entropy of activation (S*), and the free energy of activation (G*). Two methods
were used to evaluate the kinetic thermodynamic parameters: the CoatsRedfern method [41] and the
Horowitz Metzger method [42].

3.8.1 CoatsRedfern equation

The CoatsRedfern equation (10), which is an atypical integral method, can be represented as:

d/(1-)n = (A/) T1T2 e-E*/RTdT

For convenience of integration, the lower limit T1

integration, this equation can be represented as
Ln[-ln(1-)/ T2] = - E*/RT + ln[AR/E*]

(10)
is usually taken as zero. After

(11)

where is the fraction of the sample decomposed at time t, T is the derivative peak
temperature, A is the frequency factor,R is the gas constant, E* is the activation energy, and is
the linear heating rate. A plot of the left-hand side (LHS) against 1/T was constructed. E* is the energy

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

5793

of activation in kJ mol-1 and was calculated from the slope. The A (s-1) value was calculated from the
intercept. The entropy of activation, S*, in (J K-1 mol-1) was calculated using the equation:

S* = R ln(Ah/kTs)
(12)
where k is the Boltzmann constant, h is Planck's constant, and Ts
temperature.

is the DTG peak

3.8.2 Horowitz-Metzger equation

The Horowitz-Metzger (Eg. 13) was written in the form as follows:
log [log (w/w)] = E*/2.303RTs2 - log 2.303

(13)

where = T - Ts, w = w - w, w = mass loss at the completion of the reaction; w = mass loss
up to time t. The plot of Log[log (w/w)] versus was drawn and found to be linear from the slope E*
was calculated. The pre-exponential factor, A, was calculated from the Eg. (14):
E*/RTs2 = A/ [ exp (-E*/RTs)]

(14)

From the TG curves, the activation energy, E*, entropy of activations, S*, enthalpy activations,
H*, and Gibbs free energy, G*, were calculate from;

H* = E* - RT and

G* = H* - TS*

The evaluated kinetic parameters for the first stages based on the CoatsRedfern and
HorowitzMetzger equations are listed in Table 5. The results indicate that the kinetic data obtained
from the two methods are comparable and in agreement with each other. A higher value of activation
energy suggests a higher thermal stability. The [(Acf)(PA)2] complex exhibit a higher activation
energy value, which indicates the higher thermal stability of this complex. Comparing the activation
energy values (E*) of the initial decomposition for all the complex gave the order PA TCNQ QL
DDQ for the different acceptors. The negative values of S* observed for all complexes indicate
that the reaction rate is slower than normal [43]. Satisfactory values for the correlation coefficients
from the Arrhenius plots of the thermal decomposition steps were observed to be r 1 in all cases,
which indicates a good fit with the linear function and reasonable agreement between the
experimental data and the kinetic parameters.

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

5794

Table 5. Kinetic parameters determined using the Coats-Redfern (CR) and Horowitz-Metzger (HM).
Complexes

Method

CR
HM
CR
[(Acf)(PA)2]
HM
[(Acf)(TCNQ)] CR
HM
[(Acf)(DDQ)] CR
HM

[(Acf)(QL)2]

Parameters a
E*
2.59104
3.06104
7.44104
7.74104
6.82104
8.07104
1.67104
2.50104

A
5.00
8.95101
4.33104
1.70105
6.55106
1.34109
1.1910-1
3.53

S*

H*

G*

-2.34102
-2.10102
-1.61102
-1.50102
-1.17102
-7.24101
-2.66102
-2.38102

2.27104
2.74104
6.98104
7.28104
6.50104
7.75104
1.30104
2.13104

1.12105
1.08105
1.58105
1.55105
1.10105
1.05105
1.30105
1.26105

3.9 XRD studies

To investigate the crystal structures of the obtained complexes, X-ray powder diffraction
patterns in the range of 5 2 60 for the [(Acf)(QL)2] and [(Acf)(PA)2] complexes were examined,
and the recorded patterns are shown in Fig. 10. As evident from Fig. 6, the main characteristic
scattering peak of the [(Acf)(QL)2] complex occurs at 18.504, whereas this peak occurs at 26.350
in the diffraction pattern of the [(Acf)(PA)2]. Based on these investigations, the sharp and welldefined Bragg peaks at specific 2 angles confirm the semi-crystalline nature of the investigated CT
complexes. The particle size of these two complexes were estimated from their XRD patterns based
on the highest intensity value compared with the other peaks using the well-known DebyeScherrer
formula given in Eq. 15 [44]:
D = K / cos

(15)

where D is the apparent particle size of the grains, K is a constant (0.94 for Cu grid), is the
X-ray wavelength used (1.5406 ), is half the scattering angle (the Bragg diffraction angle), and
is the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the X-ray diffraction line (additional peak
broadening) in radians. Table 6 presents the XRD spectral data for the [(Acf)(QL)2] and [(Acf)(PA)2]
complexes, including the values of the Bragg angle (2), the full-width at half- maximum (,
FWHM) of the prominent intensity peak, the interplanar spacing between atoms (d), the relative
intensity and the calculated particle size (D) in nm. The particle size of the complexes were
estimated according to the highest value of intensity compared with the other peaks and were found
to be 3.2 and 3.6 nm for the [(Acf)(QL)2] and [(Acf)(PA)2] complexes, respectively. These values
confirmed that the particle sizes are located within the nanoscale range.

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

5795

[(Acf)(QL)2] complex

Intensity (arb. units)

800

600

400
18.0

18.2

18.4

18.6

18.8

19.0

200

0
10

20

30

40

50

60

[(Acf)(PA)2] complex

1200

Intensity (arb. units)

1000
800
600
26.0

400

26.2

26.4

26.6

26.8

27.0

200
0
10

20

30

40

50

60

Figure 6. X-ray diffraction pattern for [(Acf)(QL)2] and [(Acf)(PA)2] complexes.

Table 6. XRD spectral data of [(Acf)(QL)2] and [(Acf)(PA)2] complexes.
Complex

2
()

d value
()

FWHM

Relative
intensity (%)

Particle size
(nm)

[(Acf)(QL)2]

18.504

4.787

0.46

100

3.189

[(Acf)(PA)2]

26.350

3.368

0.43

100

3.459

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

5796

3.10 SEM and EDX studies

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides general information about the microstructure,
the surface morphology, the particle size, the microscopic aspects of the physical behavior and the
chemical composition of the respective Acf charge-transfer complexes and demonstrates the
porous structures of the surface of these complexes. In addition, the chemical compositions of the
complexes were determined using energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX). SEM surface images of
the Acf CT complexes along with their EDX spectra are shown in Fig. 7. Analysis of the SEM
images of the Acf complexes shows that the sizes of the particles are quite different with different
acceptors. Furthermore, the uniformity and similarity between the particles of the synthesized Acf
complexes indicate that the morphological phases of these complexes have a homogeneous matrix.
Based on these observations, the [(Acf)(QL)2], [(Acf)(TCNQ)] and [(Acf)(DDQ) complexes particles
exhibits different shapes with a particle size of 100 m, whereas [(Acf)(PA)2] is semi-crystalline,
and some single-phase formations exhibit well-defined shapes with a particle size of 10 m. In
addition, the chemical compositions of the complexes were determined using energy-dispersive X-ray
diffraction (EDX). The chemical analysis results from the EDX analysis for the formed complexes
showed a homogeneous distribution of each acceptor. In the EDX profile, the peaks refer to all
elements that constitute the molecules of these complexes; these elements were clearly identified,
and the results confirmed the proposed structures.

3.11 Pharmacology
The antibacterial activity of the synthesized Acf CT complexes were tested in vitro against
two Gram-positive bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus subtilis, and
two Gram-negative bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.
aeruginosa). The activity was determined by measuring the inhibition zone diameter values (mm)
of the complexes against the microorganisms. Tetracycline was used as a positive control. The Acf
CT complexes were also screened for their antifungal properties against two fungal species,
Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. Amphotericin B was used as a positive control. The
screening data are reported in Table 7 and are statistically presented in Fig. 8. The results indicated
that the Acf complexes showed varying degrees of inhabitation against the all tested microorganisms.
In general, the best antibacterial and antifungal activity were displayed by [(Acf)(QL)2] complex.
Regarding the inhabitation zone diameter, [(Acf)(QL)2] complex had the highest antimicrobial activity
against the growth of the tested organisms compared to other tested complexes. It gained
approximately 58% of activity of antibacterial agent (Tetracycline) and 76% of the activity of
antifungal agent (Amphotericin B). The data also reveal that [(Acf)(QL)2] is the only complex that
showed good inhibitory activity against the growth of the tested fungal strains. [(Acf)(PA)2] display
moderately activity against Candida albicans, whereas [(Acf)(TCNQ)] and [(Acf)(DDQ)] complexes
exhibited no inhibitory activity against either fungal species. The [(Acf)(PA)2], [(Acf)(TCNQ)]
and [(Acf)(DDQ)] complexes exhibited moderate inhibitory results against all of the Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacterial species, as reported in Table 7. The marked activity of [(Acf)(QL)2]

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

5797

complex may be due to the outer membrane of all target organisms (bacteria or fungus) more
permeable for [(Acf)(QL)2] complex than other complexes. The most reasons for lethal action of
tested complexes may due to their interactions with critical intercellular sites causing the death
of cells. The variety of antimicrobial activities of tested complexes may due to a different degree
of tested complexes penetration through cell membrane structure of target organism [45].

2400

CKa

2100
1800

ClKa

Counts

1500
1200

600

ClKb

OKa

900

300
0
0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

keV

Figure 7A. SEM images and EDX spectrum of [(Acf)(QL)2] complex.

3600

CKa

4000

3200

ClKa

2800

2000

1200

ClKb

1600
OKa

Counts

2400

800
400
0
0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

keV

Figure 7B. SEM images and EDX spectrum of [(Acf)(PA)2] complex.

10.00

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

5798

CKa

4000
3600
3200

ClKa

2800

Counts

2400
2000

OKa

1200

ClKb

1600

800
400
0
0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

keV

Figure 7C. SEM images and EDX spectrum of [(Acf)(TCNQ)] complex.

1000

ClKa

800

CKa

900

700

OKa

Counts

600
500

ClKb

400
300
200
100
0
0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

keV

Figure 7D. SEM images and EDX spectrum of [(Acf)(DDQ)] complex.

Table 7. The inhibition diameter zone values (mm) for Acf CT-complexes.
Sample

Control: DMSO
Tetracycline
Amphotericin B
Acf/QL
Acf/PA
Acf/TCNQ
Acf/DDQ
a

Inhibition zone diameter (mm/mg sample)

Bacteria
Bacillus
Escherichia coli, (G-)
Pseudomonas
subtilis,
aeuroginosa, (Ga
)
(G+)
0.0
0.0
0.0
34.0
32.0
34.0
20.0
20.0
17.0
14.0
15.0
14.0
10.0
13.0
10.0
14.0
15.0
16.0

G: Gram reaction.

Staphylococcus
aureus, (G+)

Fungi
Aspergillus
flavus

Candida
albicans

0.0
30.0
22.0
16.0
0.0
16.0

0.0
18.0
12.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0
19.0
17.0
12.0
0.0
0.0

Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013

5799

10
5

QL

Ac

PA
fc
Q
om TCN
pl
DDQ
e

xe

Inhibition zone (m

15

m)

20

Ba

ia s
c te r

peci

es

B. subtilis
E. coli
P. aeuroginosa
S. aureus

10

QL

Ac

PA
fc
om TCNQ
Q
pl
e x DD
es

i sp
ung

e c ie

Inhibition zone (m

15

m)

Figure 8A. Statistical representation for antibacterial activity of Acf complexes.

s
Aspergillus flavus
Candida albicans

Figure 8B. Statistical representation for antifungal activity of Acf complexes.

References
1. J. Martnez Calatayud, R.M. Villanueva Camaas, Qum. Anal. 4 (1985) 91.
2. R.M. Acheson (Ed.), Aromatic Heterocyclic Compounds: The Acridine, Interscience, New York,
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