Project Work: © Ncert Not To Be Republished
Project Work: © Ncert Not To Be Republished
Project Work: © Ncert Not To Be Republished
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TYPES
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PROJECT
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1. Observe the moon. Observe the moon at the same time everyday
for a month and note its shape, brightness and its elevation from
the earth.
2. Preparing a triboelectric series. The triboelectric effect refers to a
charge of electricity generated by friction (as by rubbing glass with
silk). Collect several materials around you. Charge them by rubbing
by taking different combinations.
3. Study of transmission of heat. Investigate parameters that can
affect the transmission of heat.
4. Explore the habitation, plantation etc. in a pond/lake in your
vicinity.
5. Survey water resources in your locality. How much water do we
consume everyday? How much water is wasted due to leakage of
taps in our homes?
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61. Collect plant saps and find their properties like, colour, density,
percentage of water content, medicinal value etc.
62. To study acids and bases used in your kitchen.
63. What are bio-molecules? Trace their composition and function.
64. Determine pH and foaming capacities of different brands of soap
available. Are these related to their cleaning powers?
65. Effect of impurities on boiling points of liquids.
66. How to identify composition of an alloy?
67. Make a crossword for elements / science terms/ scientist names.
68. Determine stoichiometry of chemical reaction.
69. Separate out transition elements from periodic table and list down
colour compounds available from them.
70. Observe volatility of different liquids.
71. Nature oriented research projects like investigations on banana
stem threads and making paper from it.
72. Idea of valency through models and charts.
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Project 1
AIM
T HEORY
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It is important to recognise that the terms like bio-degradable and nonbiodegradable materials referred herein pertain to wastes produced by
human activities. These wastes if not disposed off efficiently will cause
excessive accumulation and pollute water, land and soil. The wastes
range from human and farm excreta, industrial sewage, pesticides and
herbicides, empty cans, bottles and jars, metal and plastic cups,
polythene bags and jars, paper, discarded machinery parts etc. Wastes
also accumulate in the form of refuse from kitchen and vegetable markets,
gardens, agricultural and farm lands etc. The list is very long but for
the sake of convenience and from ecosystem point of view wastes are
categorised into bio-degradable and non bio-degradable. In an ecosystem
apart from producers and consumers there is another group of
heterotrophic organism collectively referred to as decomposers that
consist chiefly of bacteria and fungi which degrade and digest dead
plant and animal material? All such materials which are degraded and
decomposed by decomposers are called bio-degradable wastes. Such
wastes are easily manageable by a natural process or in an engineered
system (for example waste treatment plants) and can be turned into
useful resources (for example, bio-gas, plants etc). A large variety of
waste materials produced by man and industry, however, dont degrade
(polythene, plastic, glass etc) or are degraded only very slowly by
decomposers (for example DDT). Such wastes are called as non biodegradable materials. Their constant accumulation especially in highly
populated urban areas is proving to be a great health hazard and a
biggest obstacle for clean living. This study is aimed to distinguish
between the two types of materials.
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MATERIALS REQUIRED
Sample of waste materials available in the garden, kitchen, market,
cowshed etc. a spring balance, a pair of hand gloves, two plastic bags,
(10" 6"), and nylon thread.
PROCEDURE
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Weigh the two bags again and find the difference between their
initial and final masses.
12. Open the bags and transfer the contents separately on to two
sheets of paper and observe the changes in the samples that
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have occurred during the period of their burial in the pits. Record
your observations in the following table.
Initial mass
Final mass
Loss of mass
Sample A
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Sample B
OBSERVATIONS
DISCUSSION
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Project 2
AIM
T HEORY
Plants that we see around us are of different sizes and shapes. Some
plants such as the garden ornamental herbs are very small and live for
a few months only while others like coconut, mango, peepal, banyan
etc. are large and also live for several years. Majority of the terrestrial
plants, irrespective of their size, are erect and exhibit various types of
branching. Each individual plant requires a minimum land area for its
existence and this is dependent on the size of the plant and the dimension
of its canopy. Within this land area it may allow a few smaller plants to
grow but not any other plant of its dimension. This principle also applies
to smaller plants like the herbs. Plants adapt to the land area that they
have occupied to lead a normal life. However, these plants will have to
maximize their leaf area in order to harness maximum sunlight for the
process of photosynthesis. Through this project let us find out the leaf
area of some plants and see its relationship with the land area of that
plant.
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HYPOTHESIS
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MATERIALS REQUIRED
A potted herbaceous plant with broad leaves such as Petnia/Balsam/
Hibiscus/Croton/Coleus/Flox/Salvia) or any other locally available
similar plant, thread, measuring scale, and a graph paper.
PROCEDURE
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OBSERVATIONS
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Feature
Plant 1
Plant 2
Plant 3
Number of leaves
Area of one adult leaf (cm2)
Total leaf area (cm2)
Height of the plant (cm)
Number of branches in the plant
Land area of the plant y 1 y 2 (cm2)
Ratio of land area to leaf area
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DISCUSSION
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Project
RUSTING OF IRON
AIM
T HEORY
The surface of iron when comes in contact with the moist air gets rusted.
The rust so formed is hydrated iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3.xH2O). Thus rusting
is a process of oxidation of iron that takes place in presence of both air
and moisture. In this project work we shall study the factors causing
rusting of iron.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Anhydrous calcium chloride (2 g), oil, distilled water, fifteen iron nails,
three test tubes, a measuring cylinder (50 mL), a beaker, three corks,
burner, tripod stand, dropper, and a piece of sand paper.
PROCEDURE
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5. In tube B, put a few rust free clean iron nails in boiled distilled
water over which a layer of oil is present. Cork the test tube tightly.
6. In tube C, insert a few rust free iron nails in anhydrous calcium
chloride. Tightly cork the tube to make it airtight.
7. Leave the set-up of three tubes for three or four days. Note and
record your observations.
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OBSERVATIONS
Sl. No.
Test Tube
1.
2.
3.
A
B
C
RESULTS
AND
Observation
Inference
DISCUSSION
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