3pi-Linefollower - Demo Code For The Pololu 3pi Robot

/*
* 3pi-linefollower - demo code for the Pololu 3pi Robot

*
* This code will follow a black line on a white background, using a
* very simple algorithm. It demonstrates auto-calibration and use of
* the 3pi IR sensors, motor control, bar graphs using custom
* characters, and music playback, making it a good starting point for
* developing your own more competitive line follower.
*
* http://www.pololu.com/docs/0J21
* http://www.pololu.com
* http://forum.pololu.com
*
*/
// The 3pi include file must be at the beginning of any program that
// uses the Pololu AVR library and 3pi.
#include <pololu/3pi.h>
// This include file allows data to be stored in program space. The
// ATmegaxx8 has 16x more program space than RAM, so large
// pieces of static data should be stored in program space.
#include <avr/pgmspace.h>
// Introductory messages. The "PROGMEM" identifier causes the data to
// go into program space.
const char welcome_line1[] PROGMEM = " Custom";
const char welcome_line2[] PROGMEM = "3\xf7 Robot";
const char demo_name_line1[] PROGMEM = "Line";
const char demo_name_line2[] PROGMEM = "follower";
// A couple of simple tunes, stored in program space.
const char welcome[] PROGMEM = ">g32>>c32";
const char go[] PROGMEM = "L16 cdegreg4";
// Data for generating the characters used in load_custom_characters
// and display_readings. By reading levels[] starting at various
// offsets, we can generate all of the 7 extra characters needed for a
// bargraph. This is also stored in program space.
const char levels[] PROGMEM = {
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b11111,
0b11111,
0b11111,
0b11111,
0b11111,
0b11111,
0b11111
};
unsigned int counterjalur=0;
unsigned int jumlahcounter=0;
char arahprint[255];
const int max = 80; // the maximum speed
// This function loads custom characters into the LCD. Up to 8

// characters can be loaded; we use them for 7 levels of a bar graph.
void load_custom_characters()
{
lcd_load_custom_character(levels+0,0); // no offset, e.g. one bar
lcd_load_custom_character(levels+1,1); // two bars
lcd_load_custom_character(levels+2,2); // etc...
lcd_load_custom_character(levels+3,3);
clear(); // the LCD must be cleared for the characters to take effect
}
// This function displays the sensor readings using a bar graph.
void display_readings(const unsigned int *calibrated_values)
{
unsigned char i;
for(i=0;i<5;i++) {
// Initialize the array of characters that we will use for the
// graph. Using the space, an extra copy of the one-bar
// character, and character 255 (a full black box), we get 10
// characters in the array.
const char display_characters[10] = {' ',0,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,255};
// The variable c will have values from 0 to 9, since
// calibrated values are in the range of 0 to 1000, and
// 1000/101 is 9 with integer math.
char c = display_characters[calibrated_values[i]/101];
// Display the bar graph character.
print_character(c);
}
}
// Initializes the 3pi, displays a welcome message, calibrates, and
// plays the initial music.
void initialize()
{
unsigned int counter; // used as a simple timer
unsigned int sensors[5]; // an array to hold sensor values
// This must be called at the beginning of 3pi code, to set up the
// sensors. We use a value of 2000 for the timeout, which
// corresponds to 2000*0.4 us = 0.8 ms on our 20 MHz processor.
pololu_3pi_init(2000);
load_custom_characters(); // load the custom characters
// Play welcome music and display a message
print_from_program_space(welcome_line1);
lcd_goto_xy(0,1);
print_from_program_space(welcome_line2);
play_from_program_space(welcome);
delay_ms(1000);
clear();
print_from_program_space(demo_name_line1);
lcd_goto_xy(0,1);
print_from_program_space(demo_name_line2);
delay_ms(1000);
// Display battery voltage and wait for button press
while(!button_is_pressed(BUTTON_B))
{
int bat = read_battery_millivolts();
clear();
print_long(bat);
print("mV");
lcd_goto_xy(0,1);
print("Press B");
delay_ms(100);
}
// Always wait for the button to be released so that 3pi doesn't
// start moving until your hand is away from it.
wait_for_button_release(BUTTON_B);
delay_ms(1000);
// Auto-calibration: turn right and left while calibrating the
// sensors.
for(counter=0;counter<80;counter++)
{
if(counter < 20 || counter >= 60)
set_motors(40,-40);
else
set_motors(-40,40);
// This function records a set of sensor readings and keeps
// track of the minimum and maximum values encountered. The
// IR_EMITTERS_ON argument means that the IR LEDs will be
// turned on during the reading, which is usually what you
// want.
calibrate_line_sensors(IR_EMITTERS_ON);
// Since our counter runs to 80, the total delay will be
// 80*20 = 1600 ms.
delay_ms(20);
}
set_motors(0,0);
// Display calibrated values as a bar graph.
{
// Read the sensor values and get the position measurement.
unsigned int position = read_line(sensors,IR_EMITTERS_ON);
// Display the position measurement, which will go from 0
// (when the leftmost sensor is over the line) to 4000 (when
// the rightmost sensor is over the line) on the 3pi, along
// with a bar graph of the sensor readings. This allows you
// to make sure the robot is ready to go.
clear();
print_long(position);
lcd_goto_xy(0,1);
display_readings(sensors);
delay_ms(100);
}
wait_for_button_release(BUTTON_B);
clear();
print("Go!");
// Play music and wait for it to finish before we start driving.
play_from_program_space(go);
while(is_playing());
} // akhir inisialisasi
//cari arah
char cariarah(int kiri,int kanan,int lurus)
{
if(kanan) { return 'R'; }
else if(lurus) { return 'S'; }
else if(kiri) { return 'L'; }
else { return 'B'; }
}
void belok(char arah)
{
//unsigned int sensors[5];
unsigned int delay = 200;
//unsigned int position = read_line(sensors,IR_EMITTERS_ON);
//read_line(sensors,IR_EMITTERS_ON);
if(arah == 'L') {
//Belok kiri
set_motors(-max,max);
delay_ms(delay);
} else if(arah == 'R') {
// Belok kanan
set_motors(max,-max);
delay_ms(delay);
} else if(arah == 'S') {
//lurus aja
} else if(arah == 'B') {
//mbalik
set_motors(max,-max);
delay_ms(2*delay);
}
}
void susur() {
int last_proportional = 0;
long integral=0;
while(1)
{
// Normally, we will be following a line. The code below is
// similar to the 3pi-linefollower-pid example, but the maximum
// speed is turned down to 60 for reliability.
// Get the position of the line.
unsigned int sensors[5];
unsigned int position = read_line(sensors,IR_EMITTERS_ON);
// The "proportional" term should be 0 when we are on the line.
int proportional = ((int)position) - 2000;

// Compute the derivative (change) and integral (sum) of the
// position.
int derivative = proportional - last_proportional;
integral += proportional;
// Remember the last position.
last_proportional = proportional;
// Compute the difference between the two motor power settings,
// m1 - m2. If this is a positive number the robot will turn
// to the left. If it is a negative number, the robot will
// turn to the right, and the magnitude of the number determines
// the sharpness of the turn.
int power_difference = proportional/20 + integral/10000 + deriva
tive*3/2;
// Compute the actual motor settings. We never set either motor
// to a negative value.
if(power_difference > max)
power_difference = max;
if(power_difference < -max)
power_difference = -max;
if(power_difference < 0)
set_motors(max+power_difference,max);
else
set_motors(max,max-power_difference);
//
//
//
//
We use the inner three sensors (1, 2, and 3) for

determining whether there is a line straight ahead, and the
sensors 0 and 4 for detecting lines going to the left and
right.
if(sensors[1] < 100 && sensors[2] < 100 && sensors[3] < 100)
{
// There is no line visible ahead, and we didn't see any
// intersection. Must be a dead end.
return;
}
else if(sensors[0] > 200 || sensors[4] > 200)
{
// Found an intersection.
return;
}
}
}
void sederhanakan()
{
switch(arahprint[counterjalur-2])
{
case 'L':
switch(arahprint[counterjalur])
{
case 'L':
arahprint[counterjalur] = '\0';
arahprint[counterjalur-1] = '\0';
counterjalur-=2;
arahprint[counterjalur] =
break;
case 'R':
arahprint[counterjalur-1]
counterjalur-=2;
break;
case 'S':
counterjalur-=2;
break;
}
break;
case 'R':
{
case 'L':
counterjalur-=2;
break;
case 'R':
counterjalur-=2;
break;
case 'S':
counterjalur-=2;
break;
}
break;
case 'S':
{
case 'L':
counterjalur-=2;
break;
case 'R':
counterjalur-=2;
break;
case 'S':
counterjalur-=2;
break;
'S';
'\0';
= '\0';
'B';
'\0';
= '\0';
'R';
'\0';
= '\0';
'B';
'\0';
= '\0';
'S';
'\0';
= '\0';
'L';
'\0';
= '\0';
'R';
'\0';
= '\0';
'L';
'\0';
= '\0';
'B';
}
break;
}
}
char jalurpulang(char arahprint[255]) {
for(int i=0; arahprint[i] != 0; i++) {
switch(arahprint[i]) {
case 'L' :
arahprint[i] = 'R';
break;
case 'R' :
arahprint[i] = 'L';
break;
}
}
return arahprint[255];
}
// This is the main function, where the code starts. All C programs
// must have a main() function defined somewhere.
int main()
{
// set up the 3pi
initialize();
while(1) {
unsigned int sensors[5];
unsigned int kiri=0;
unsigned int kanan=0;
unsigned int lurus=0;
left_led(0);
right_led(0);
susur();
set_motors(50,50);
delay_ms(50);
read_line(sensors,IR_EMITTERS_ON);
if(sensors[0] > 100)
{
// Belok kiri.
kiri=1;
left_led(1);
}
if(sensors[4] > 100)
{
//Belok kanan
kanan=1;
right_led(1);
}
//maju sithik
set_motors(40,40);
delay_ms(200);
read_line(sensors,IR_EMITTERS_ON);
if(sensors[0] > 100 || sensors[2] > 100 || sensors[4] > 100)

{
lurus=1;
}
if(sensors[1] > 600 && sensors[2] > 600 && sensors[3] > 600)
break;
unsigned char arah = cariarah(kiri,kanan,lurus);
clear();
arahprint[counterjalur] = arah;
arahprint[counterjalur+1] = 0;
print(arahprint);
if(counterjalur > 8)
{
lcd_goto_xy(0,1);
print(arahprint+8);
}
if(arahprint[counterjalur-1] == 'B') {
sederhanakan();
}
counterjalur++;
jumlahcounter = counterjalur;
belok(arah);
}
counterjalur = 0;
while(1) {
// Beep to show that we finished the maze.
set_motors(0,0);
play(">>a32");
// Wait for the user to press a button, while displaying
// the solution.
{
if(get_ms() % 2000 < 1000)
{
clear();
print("Jadi!");
lcd_goto_xy(0,1);
print("Press B");
}
else
clear();
arahprint[jumlahcounter+1] = 0;
print(arahprint);
if(jumlahcounter > 8)
{
lcd_goto_xy(0,1);
print(arahprint+8);
}
delay_ms(30);
}
while(button_is_pressed(BUTTON_B));
delay_ms(1000);
for(int i=0;i<jumlahcounter;i++){
susur();
set_motors(50,50);
delay_ms(50);
set_motors(40,40);
delay_ms(200);
belok(arahprint[i]);
}
susur();
}
}

3pi-Linefollower - Demo Code For The Pololu 3pi Robot

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3pi-Linefollower - Demo Code For The Pololu 3pi Robot

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3pi-Linefollower - Demo Code For The Pololu 3pi Robot

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/*

* 3pi-linefollower - demo code for the Pololu 3pi Robot

// This function loads custom characters into the LCD. Up to 8

int proportional = ((int)position) - 2000;

We use the inner three sensors (1, 2, and 3) for

if(sensors[0] > 100 || sensors[2] > 100 || sensors[4] > 100)

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