Biomedical Nanotechnology

gy
BG4215

Duan Hongwei
Office: N1.3-B3-14
Office hour: Wednesday,
Wednesday 2:00-4:00 pm & by request

Keypoints:
1.WhatisBionanotechnologies?
g
2.Whynanostructuresarescientificallyimportant?
3.Examplesofnanostructuresandtheirbioapplications.
f
p
gy
4.Whatistheimpactofbionanotechnology?

What does bionanotechnology mean to you?

Nanobots are molecular scale robots
Tiny machines in your body curing cancer?

Bionanotechnology according to Hollywood

Nanotechnology
N
t h l
S
Scientist:
i ti t
Willem Dafoe in Spiderman

Created by Nanotechnology:
The Hulk

What is Nanotechnology?
Research and technology development aim to understand and control matters at

dimensions of approximately 1~100 nanometer the nanoscale

Ability to understand,
understand create,
create and use structures,
structures devices and systems that have

fundamentally new properties and functions because of their nanoscale structure

Ability to image, measure, model, and manipulate matter on the nanoscale to

exploit those properties and functions

Ability to integrate those properties and functions into systems spanning from

nano- to macro-scopic scales

Definition from The National

Nanotechnology
gy Initiative ((NNI)) in the U.S.

Why Nano? Size Does Matter

Just because somethings important
doesntt mean that it can
doesn
cantt be very
very, very
very,
very small.
- Frank to K, Men In Black

Some of these amazing views of the

future have a grain of reality in them

What You will learn?

Bionanotechnology = Hybrid science & technology of bio & nano!
Nanotechnology
N
o ec o ogy
Nanotechnology is the creation of useful/functional
materials, devices and systems through control/manipulation
of matter on the nanometer length scale and exploitation of
novel phenomena and properties which arise because of the
nanometer length scale:

Physical
Chemical
El t i l
Electrical
Mechanical
Optical
p
Magnetic

 Theres pplenty
y of room at the bottom
by Richard Feynman in 1959

Birth of
Modern
Nanotechnology

Is Nanotechnology really new?

And he [Moses] took the [golden]
calf they had made and burned it in the
fire; then he ground it to powder,
scattered it on the water and made the
I
Israelites
lit drink
d i k it.
it
Exodus 32:20
Gold nanoparticle can be suspended in
water to make a colloidal gold, used for
centuries as a medical treatment that
reportedly cleared the mind, increased
i t lli
intelligence
andd will
ill power, andd
balanced the emotions.
Is Moses Father of Nanotechnology?

Is Nanotechnology really new?

During the middle ages, the Muslims who

fought crusaders with swords of Damascus steel
had a high-tech edge - carbon nanotubes and
nanowires in their sabres. Damascus sabres were
forged from Indian steel called wootz. It is likely
that the sophisticated process of forging and
annealing the steel formed the nanotubes and the
nanowires, and could explain the amazing
mechanical properties of the swords.
Swords of Damascus steel

Damascus Steel

Damascus blade showing the Damascene surface pattern

containing a combined Mohammed ladder and rose pattern
Cementite Nanowires

5 nm

Cementite bands

Photo

SEM

TEM

Nanomaterials
Nanofabrication
Scanning Probe Microscopy
Self-Assembly

Super fast/small
f /
ll computers
Super strong materials
Super Slippery Materials
Tissue Engineering
Drug Delivery
S
Sensors

How small is 1 nanometer (nm) ?

Bigger than atoms, but smaller than you can see with a light microscope

For example
p

Hydrogen atom
0.04 nm

DNA

Proteins
P
t i
~ 1-20 nm

Diameter of human
hair ~ 10 m

The Scale of Things

Things--Nanometers and More
Things Natural

Things Manmade

What is Special about Nanoscale?

Atoms and molecules are generally less than one nm and we
study
d them
h in
i chemistry.
h i
Condensed matter physics deals with solids with infinite array
of bound atoms
atoms.
Nanoscience deals with the in-between meso-world.

Surface to volume ratio & Sizedependent properties

Percentage of Surface Atoms

Surface to volume ratio
A 3 nm iron particle has 50% atoms on surface
A 10 nm particle has 20% on surface
A 30 nm particle has only 5% on surface

Spherical iron nanocrystals

Nanoscale = High Ratio of Surface Area to Volumn

Repeat 24 times

8 Cubes Side L
Each has Surface area 6L2 1 Cube
Total Surface Area 48 L2 Length of sides 2L
S f
Surface
area 24 L2

For example,
F
l 5 cubic
bi centimeters
i
about 1.7 cm per sideof material
divided 24 times will produce 1
nanometer cubes and spread in a
single layer could cover a football field

Why nanostructures are scientifically important?

Optical & Electronic
properties
Nanowires and nanotubes are the
most confining electrical conductorsputs the squeeze on electrons
Can be defect free-electrons move
ballistically
Quantum confinement-tunable optical
propetries

Thermal properites

Mechanical
properties
Small enough to be defectfree, thus exhibiting ideal
strength

Size Dependence
of Properties

Dominated by large
surface-to-volume ratio

Chemical properties

Can be designed to conduct

heat substantially better (or
much worse) than nearly
every bulk material

Optical properties
Transmission

Reflection
Suspensions of spherical gold
particles with various diameters

Lycurgus Cup
(4th century AD, now at the British Museum,London)

The colors originates

g
from metal
nanoparticles embedded in the glass. At
places, where light is transmitted through
the glass it appears red, at places where
light is scattered near the surface, the
scattered light appears greenish.

The difference in colors is

d to
due
t different
diff
t scattering
tt i andd
absorption behaviour of small
and large gold particles.

Melting Point
Start from an energy balance; assume the change in internal
energy (U) and change in entropy per unit mass during melting
are independent
i d
d off temperature
= 2To / Lr

= Deviation of melting point from the bulk value

To = Bulk melting point
= Surface tension coefficient for a liquid-solid interface
= Particle density
r = Particle radius
L = Latent heat of fusion

Melting Point Depends on particle size!

gold particles

For example:
p
The melting point of gold particles
decreases dramatically as the particle
size gets below 5 nm

Approaches to Nanostructures

OzinG.,Nanochemistry

9 topdown:engineeringfabrication
9 bottomup:molecularchemistry&selfassembly

Examples of Nanostructures and their application

Bioassays

Drug
delivery

Bioimaging

Bioenergy

Application
Metal
N
Nanostructrues
t t

Quantum
Dots

Examples
Magnetic
nanoparticles

Tissue
engineering

Nanoelectronics
Carbon
materials

Nanocatalyst

Nanomedicines

Gold Nanoparticles
Pioneer

MichaelFaraday
1857

hisgoldcolloids

35 Gold Nanoparticles and their Convex Hulls

AFM of Gold Nanoparticles

Quantum Dots
Quantum
Q
t
dots
d t are essentially
ti ll semiconductors
i
d t
that
th t have
h
an enormous
control over electrons.
Q
Quantum
dots have ppreviously
y ranged
g in
size from 2~10 nanometers in diameter. While
typically composed of several thousand atoms,
all the atoms pool their electrons to sing with
one voice,
i that
th t is,
i the
th electrons
l t
are shared
h d andd
coordinated as if there is only one atomic nucleus
at the centre. That property enables numerous
revolutionaryy schemes for electronic devices.
High resolution TEM image of two CdSe quantum dots
(left) and of a single tripod-shaped CdSe nanowire (right)

TEM image of PdSe quantum dots

Tunability of Quantum dots nanostructures

Solutions
S
l ti
off Quantum
Q t
dots
d t off varying
i size:
i
Note the variation in color of each solution illustrating the particle size
dependence of the optical absorption for each sample.
Note that the larger particles are in the red solution and that the smaller ones
are in the blue

Ordinary light excites all color quantum dots.

(Any light source bluer than the dot of interest works.)

Size-- and Material

Size
Material--Dependent Optical Properties
CdTe

CdSe

Normalize d Intensity

ZnSe

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

Emission
E
i i Wavelength
W l
h (nm)
( )
Excitation: ZnSe @ 290 nm, others 365 nm

Material band-gap
g p determines the emission range;
g ;
particle size tunes the emission within the range

Nanocrystal quantum yields are as high as 80%

Narrow,
Narrow symmetric emission spectra minimize overlap
of adjacent colors

Application of Quantum Dots

Functional
EnergyEnerg
coating
ti

efficient
electronics
Lateral flow assays

Bio
-medical

Strategy

Light
emitting
devices

Solar
cells

Organic
O
i Dye
D

Broad output spectrum

Fades qquicklyy ~ 100 pps
Unstable
One dye excited at a time

Quantum Dot
Sharper spectrum
5-40 ns
Stablee output ove
over ttimee
Stab
Multicolor imaging, multiple
dyes excited simultaneously

Application of Magnetic nanoparticles

Medical
diagnostics
and
treatments

Magnetic
immunoassay
Biomedical
imaging

Application
Waste
water
treatment

Genetic
engineering
g
g
Information
storage

Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic

Resonance Imaging
Invitroandinvivocancer
In
vitro and in vivo cancer
targetingbyHerceptin

molecularprobesbasedonmagneticnanoparticleswithstrongmagnetic
p
g
p
g
g
properties,hadconsiderablyenhancedsensitivityforcancercelldetectionand
alsomadetheinvivoimagingofsmalltumorspossible

Magnetic nanoparticlenanoparticle-based gene delivery

Schematic representation of magnetic nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery in vitro.
The vector is attached to magnetic nanoparticles, which are added to the cell
culture.
l
A hi
high-gradient,
h
di
rare-earthh magnet iis placed
l d below
b l the
h culture
l
dish
di h andd the
h
magnetic field gradient pulls the particles towards the magnetic field source,
increasing the sedimentation rate of the particle/gene complex. F mag is the force
vector exerted on the particles by the magnetic field.

Complex in suspension is
added to cells in culture

Magnetic
M
i nanoparticle/
i l /
DNA complexes

Carbon--Based Nanomaterials
Carbon
Graphene
p
as the basic building
g block off carbon allotropes
p

C60

CNT

graphite

Buckyball
Buckyball (C60) was discovered in
1985 by Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and
Richard Smalley. Using laser evaporation
off graphite,
hit th
they ffound
d Cn clusters
l t
((where
h
n>20 and even) of which the most
common were C60 and C70.
Harold Kroto

Richard Smalley

For the discovery of C60, they were awarded the 1996 Noble Prize in Chemistry.

Buckyball (C60) has a cage-like fused-ring structure (Truncated icosahedron),

which resembles a soccer ball.

Carbon Nanotube
In 1991
1991, nanoscale materials became the focus of
intense research with the discovery of the carbon
nanotubes Sumio Iijima at NEC Fundamental
Research
esea c Laboratories
abo ato es in Tsukuba,
su uba, Japa
Japan.
Iijimas high-resolution multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)
electron micrographs illustrated that the new carbon species
with rounded end caps were fullerene cousins
cousins.

MWNT

SWNT

But while MWNTs are related to fullerenes, they were not molecularly perfect. However, the
single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) discovered in 1993, simultaneously by Iijima and
Toshinari Ichihashi at NEC in Japan and Donald S
S. Beth
Bethune
ne and others at IBM Almaden
Research Center in San Jose, California, were different.

Since then, new discoveries in this field are happening almost on a daily basis...

Graphene
The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 was
awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin
N
Novoseloy
l at the
h U
University
i
i off M
Manchester
h

for groundbreaking experiments

regarding the two-dimensional
material graphene

Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov

Nobel Prize 2010-Press Conference

A lump of graphite, a graphene transistor and a tape

dispenser. Donated to the Nobel Museum in Stockholm
by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov in 2010.

Studying NANO: Right Tools

Experiment/
Manipulation
Observation

Observation

Defining
g material physicochemical
p y
properties
p p

Source: McNeil, Nanotech Characterization Lab, NCI, USA

Methods for nanomaterial characterization

Scanning Probe
Microscopy
py
(SPM)

AFM
SEM
Group D

STM
TEM

Electron
Microscopy

Raman
XRD
UV-vis
EDX

XPS

Static
Dynamic
Light
scatteringg

How do we know about nanostructure?

P
Powerful
f l Microscopes
Mi
Scanning Electron
c oscope (
(SEM)
)
Microscope

Scanning Tunneling
Microscope (STM)

Transmission Electron
o op (TEM)
(
)
Microscope

Invented in 1986 by
Bi i Quate
Binnig,
Q t and
d Gerber
G b
CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystal
Cat Flea

Atomic Force
Microscope (AFM)
30 nm

Fibroblast Cell on Pillars

hemoglobin in red
blood cell

650 nm

0 nm
Paired Helical Filament

Nano-products

Display Screens
M
Motorola
l (NTs)
(N )

Cars - Hummer

GM ((Nanocomposites)
p
)

Nano SilverSeal
Refrigerator

Samsung (nanoparticle-coated)

Tennis Rackets
Wil
Wilson
(C fibers)
fib
)

N
Nano-Care
C
ffabric
bi
wrinkle-resistant, stain-repellent
Plenitude Revitalift
Loreal

(Eddie Bauer, Lee, Old Navy, Tiger

W d Bass,
Woods,
B
Nike)
Nik )
Superhydrophobic nanoscale
coating applied to fabric

What does bionanotechnology mean to you?

Natural

NeverWet

Manmade

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=YqGkC5uJ0yM&vq=medium

Nanomaterials - UV Protection
Small =
Transparent

Advanced Powder
T h l
Technology
Pt
Pty Ltd
25 nm

Zinc
Oxide
90 nm

Zinclear
in
Wet Dreams
sunscreen

250 nm

Nanotechnologies Happen Now!

Nanotechnology for Targeted Cancer Therapy

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=RBjWwlnq3cA&vq=medium

What does Nanotechnology mean to you?

DNA Computers in a beaker that outperform our fastest supercomputers?

The DNA program is its own computer,

it own factory
its
f t
and
d its
it own programmer

640 K ought to be enough for anybody

Bill Gates, 1981

Nanotechnologies Happen Now!

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=4kHLj8la2Fo&feature=related