The document discusses the key components and concepts related to measurement systems and experimental testing. It covers the stages of a measurement system including sensors, transducers, signal conditioning and outputs. It also discusses developing an experimental test plan, variables, noise vs interference, calibration procedures, and metrics for evaluating measurement systems including accuracy, precision, bias error and uncertainty.
The document discusses the key components and concepts related to measurement systems and experimental testing. It covers the stages of a measurement system including sensors, transducers, signal conditioning and outputs. It also discusses developing an experimental test plan, variables, noise vs interference, calibration procedures, and metrics for evaluating measurement systems including accuracy, precision, bias error and uncertainty.
The document discusses the key components and concepts related to measurement systems and experimental testing. It covers the stages of a measurement system including sensors, transducers, signal conditioning and outputs. It also discusses developing an experimental test plan, variables, noise vs interference, calibration procedures, and metrics for evaluating measurement systems including accuracy, precision, bias error and uncertainty.
The document discusses the key components and concepts related to measurement systems and experimental testing. It covers the stages of a measurement system including sensors, transducers, signal conditioning and outputs. It also discusses developing an experimental test plan, variables, noise vs interference, calibration procedures, and metrics for evaluating measurement systems including accuracy, precision, bias error and uncertainty.
1
Stages
of
measurement
systems
Sensor:
senses
physical
variable
being
measured
Transducer:
converts
sensor
signal
into
useful/detectable
signal
Signal
conditioning:
modifies
transducer
signal
(amplifier,
filter,etc.)
Output:
provides
indication
of
measurement
Control
(feedback):
often
feeds
information
to
a
process
to
change
input
Experimental
Test
Plan
1- Parameters:
What
question
am
I
answering,
what
needs
to
be
measured,
what
parameters
or
variables
are
involved?
2- System
and
tolerance:
What
ways
can
I
measure
this,
how
good
do
the
results
need
to
be?
3- Analysis:
How
will
I
interpret
the
results,
how
good
is
my
answer,
does
it
make
sense?
Variables
Independent:
changes
in
others
=
no
affect
Dependent:
changes
in
others
=
affect
Discrete:
can
only
take
on
finite
number
of
values
(A/D
10
bit
=>
1024
values)
Continuous:
any
value
in
a
range
Extraneous:
not
controlled
during
measurement
but
affect
output
Noise
vs.
Interference
Noise:
a
random
variable
(requires
statistical
description)
stochastic:
randomly
determined.
Interference
Interference:
produces
undesirable
deterministic
trends.
Noise
Calibration
Apply
a
known
input
(standard)
to
observe
the
system
output
Fitting
a
line,
curve,
spline,
etc.
to
calibration
data
to
determine
functional
relationship
between
input
and
output
signals.
Static:
variables
remain
constant
through
measurement
Dynamic:
variables
change
during
measurement
(determine
useful
frequency
range)
Static
Sensitivity:
slope
(K)
of
a
static
calibration
curve.
! =
!"(!! ) !"
.
Must
evaluate
the
slope
of
the
curve.
Range:
minimum
to
maximum
measureable
(input
and/or
output).
Resolution:
smallest
increment
in
the
measured
value
that
can
be
discerned.
Accuracy:
measure
of
absolute
error
=
true
value
indicated
value.
%
relative
accuracy
=>
= 1
!"#$ !"#$%
100
[this
requires
knowledge
of
true
value
i.e.,
calibration]
Precision:
measure
of
repeatability
(does
not
require
calibration)
Bias
error:
difference
between
average
and
true
value
(aka
systematic
error)
Precise
Accurate
and
Precise
Neither
Uncertainty
Combined
estimate
of
range
of
error
in
a
measurement
due
to
instruments,
random,
systematic,
calibration
etc.
Examples
of
Instrument
Error:
