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    T A in B M M: Echnological Dvances Athymetric Apping Ethodologies

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    Dawie Khan
    A detailed lake survey using modern technologies like GPS and multifunction depth sounders is crucial for creating an accurate bathymetric map. Geographic information systems allow for fast contour mapping of glacial lakes, while fluvial lakes often still require manual contouring using survey data and knowledge of features. The final stage of mapping involves presentation using techniques like Adobe Illustrator to construct smooth contours and apply shading for clarity, and overlaying maps on aerial photos. Overall, technological advances have transformed bathymetric mapping methods, though understanding landforms remains important, especially for complex fluvial lakes.

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    T A in B M M: Echnological Dvances Athymetric Apping Ethodologies

    Uploaded by

    Dawie Khan
    44 views1 page
    A detailed lake survey using modern technologies like GPS and multifunction depth sounders is crucial for creating an accurate bathymetric map. Geographic information systems allow for fast contour mapping of glacial lakes, while fluvial lakes often still require manual contouring using survey data and knowledge of features. The final stage of mapping involves presentation using techniques like Adobe Illustrator to construct smooth contours and apply shading for clarity, and overlaying maps on aerial photos. Overall, technological advances have transformed bathymetric mapping methods, though understanding landforms remains important, especially for complex fluvial lakes.

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    A detailed lake survey using modern technologies like GPS and multifunction depth sounders is crucial for creating an accurate bathymetric map. Geographic information systems allow for fast contour mapping of glacial lakes, while fluvial lakes often still require manual contouring using survey data and knowledge of features. The final stage of mapping involves presentation using techniques like Adobe Illustrator to construct smooth contours and apply shading for clarity, and overlaying maps on aerial photos. Overall, technological advances have transformed bathymetric mapping methods, though understanding landforms remains important, especially for complex fluvial lakes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views1 page

    T A in B M M: Echnological Dvances Athymetric Apping Ethodologies

    Uploaded by

    Dawie Khan
    A detailed lake survey using modern technologies like GPS and multifunction depth sounders is crucial for creating an accurate bathymetric map. Geographic information systems allow for fast contour mapping of glacial lakes, while fluvial lakes often still require manual contouring using survey data and knowledge of features. The final stage of mapping involves presentation using techniques like Adobe Illustrator to construct smooth contours and apply shading for clarity, and overlaying maps on aerial photos. Overall, technological advances have transformed bathymetric mapping methods, though understanding landforms remains important, especially for complex fluvial lakes.

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    of 1

    TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN BATHYMETRIC MAPPING METHODOLOGIES

    SEAN HARTNETT GEOGRAPHER UW-EAU CLAIRE

    ABSTRACT
    Bathymetric mapping employs a diverse set of cartographic skills
    proceeding from the survey of lake depths, to the interpolation of
    depth contours, and the design and printing of maps that meet DNR
    standards. Over the past 20 years, advances in GPS, GIS and
    PostScript mapping technologies have reshaped bathymetric mapping
    methodologies. While the impact of these new technologies is evident
    in all three stages of bathymetric mapping, knowledge of glacial
    and fluvial landforms remains a critical asset for accurate mapping.

    ADVANCES
    TIME
    FRAME
    PRE 1960

    1960-1992

    1992-1996

    1997-1999

    1999-2000

    IN

    GEO-REFERENCING

    WEIGHTED
    DEPTH STRING

    50' GRID
    SURVEYED ON ICE

    LOWRANCE GRAPHING
    DEPTH SOUNDER

    LOWRANCE GRAPHING
    DEPTH SOUNDER

    FURUNO DEPTH
    SOUNDER WITH
    NMEA OUTPUT

    HUMMINBIRD WIDE3D
    DEPTH SOUNDER WITH
    SIX BEAM DISPLAY

    LOCATING TRANSECTS ON
    AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

    LOCATING TRANSECTS WITH


    TRIMBLE PATHFINDER GPS

    POSITIONAL
    ACCURACY
    2-5 METERS

    3-30 METERS

    GEO-PROCESSING

    MAP PRODUCTION

    A detailed and thorough lake survey is


    crucial for the construction of an accurate
    bathymetric map. With the advent of GPS
    technologies, free format xy-z point surveys
    have replaced transect surveys and 'Game
    Boy' data entry techniques yields a high
    number of depth points.

    The second stage of bathymetric mapping involves using the


    lake survey to locate depth contours and calculate lake statistics.
    Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies provide fast
    and accurate coordinate based measurements of lake area
    and volume, and can accurately locate depth contours for glacial
    lakes. However, fluvial lake structures are still most accurately
    mapped manually, using survey data and knowledge of fluvial
    features to locate contours.

    The final stage of bathymetric mapping may be considered 'presentation.' The


    design and production of a bathymetric map should facilitate easy interpretation
    of lake depths and structures. PostScript map production via Adobe Illustrator
    facilitates the construction of smooth contour lines, with shading applied to clarify
    the sequencing of depths. To further aid interpretation of locational features,
    depth contour features may be placed over scanned aerial photographs or DOQ
    images to create a bathymetric PhotoMap. PostScript graphics support high-resolution
    image setter printing of lake maps and booklets, and PDF files for web display.

    Problems With
    Big Lakes

    2-10 METERS

    DEPTHS LOCATED AS
    POINTS WITH TRIMBLE
    PATHFINDER PROXR GPS

    DEPTHS ENTERED AS
    POINTS WITH TRIMBLE
    PATHFINDER PROXR GPS
    WITH DATA LOGGER

    1 METER

    1 METER

    SURVEY STRATEGY

    INNOVATION

    XY-Z POINT DATA


    COLLECTED AT
    GRID INTERSECTIONS

    PRODUCED FIRST
    GENERATION OF LAKE MAPS

    TRANSECT DATA
    PLOTTED ON
    AERIAL PHOTOS

    TRANSECT DATA
    LOCATED BY
    GPS IN A GIS

    XY-Z POINT DATA


    ORGANIZED ALONG TRANSECTS
    WITH FREE-FORM DEVIATIONS
    IN AREAS OF INTEREST

    XY-Z POINT DATA


    TRANSECTS
    WITH FREE-FORM DEVIATIONS
    IN AREAS OF INTEREST

    ORGANIZED ALONG

    http//:www.uwec.edu/hartnesg

    LAKE SURVEY

    LAKE SURVEY TECHNIQUES

    DEPTH MEASUREMENT

    [email protected]

    GEO-PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
    SURVEY
    STRATEGY

    MAPPING
    SURVEY DATA

    MAPPING
    DEPTH CONTOURS

    LOCATE GRID ON MAP OR


    AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

    GRID
    SURVEYS

    CALCULATION OF
    BATHYMETRIC STATISTICS

    MANUAL INTERPOLATION OF
    CONTOUR DEPTH POINTS
    ALONG GRID LINES

    PLOT INTERSECTION DEPTHS

    GRAPHING SOUNDER
    RECORDS ALL DEPTHS
    ALONG TRANSECTS

    GPS IMPROVES
    ACCURACY IN
    LOCATING TRANSECTS

    FREE-FORM SURVEY NOT


    RESTRICTED TO TRANSECTS
    AND AUTOMATED DATA
    COLLECTION INTERFACING
    DEPTH SOUNDER AND GPS
    HIGH-SPEED, HAND-ENTERED
    DATA COLLECTION OF 600 TO
    1,000 DATA POINTS PER HOUR

    HAND DRAW CONTOUR LINES


    CONNECTING CONTOUR
    DEPTH POINTS

    DRAW SHORELINE BASED


    ON GRID OR AERIAL PHOTO
    HUMAN TECHNOLOGY
    LOCATE TRANSECTS ON MAP
    AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

    TRANSECT
    SURVEYS

    HAND DRAW CONTOUR LINES


    CONNECTING CONTOUR
    DEPTH POINTS

    OR

    LOCATE CONTOUR DEPTH POINTS


    ALONG TRANSECTS
    GPS

    AND

    DRAW SHORELINE

    GIS TECHNOLOGY

    COMPUTER INTERPOLATION
    CONTOUR LINES

    USE GPS POSITIONS TO PLOT


    SHORELINE AND TRANSECTS

    X Y -Z
    POINT SURVEYS

    USE GPS POSITIONS TO PLOT


    SHORELINE AND XY-Z POINTS
    PLOT SHORELINE AND
    DEPTH POINTS OVER A DOQ

    MAP-BASED
    MEASUREMENT
    SKILLS

    MAP-BASED
    MEASUREMENT
    SKILLS

    MAPPING
    TECHNOLOGY

    LOW-END
    MAP PRODUCTION

    TRADITIONAL
    MAP PRODUCTION

    PHOTO-CHEMICAL
    MAP PRODUCTION
    SCREENING DEPTH SHADING

    HAND DRAW CONTOUR LINES


    AND OTHER MAP FEATURES

    PRODUCING COLOR

    VECTOR GRAPHICS
    GIS MAP
    PRODUCTION

    SURFACE

    3D TIN SURFACES

    GEO-REFERENCED MAP FEATURES

    RELIEF SHADING

    MAP LAYERS

    DYNAMIC 3D IMAGES

    POSTSCRIPT MAPPING

    COORDINATE-BASED
    GIS MEASUREMENT

    POSTSCRIPT
    GRAPHICS

    SEPARATIONS

    RENDERING

    COORDINATE-BASED LINEWORK

    ORGANIZED IN

    COORDINATE-BASED
    GIS MEASUREMENT

    FLUVIAL LAKES
    SYMBOLIZE DEPTH POINTS
    HAND DRAW CONTOUR LINES
    GLACIAL LAKES
    GENERATE DEM
    INTERPOLATION OF CONTOUR LINES
    CHECK FOR INTERPOLATION ERROR

    HIGH-END
    MAP PRODUCTION

    TRADITIONAL PEN & INK


    LINE ARTWORK

    OF

    CHECK FOR
    INTERPOLATION ERROR

    DIGITIZE DEPTH POINTS


    ALONG TRANSECTS

    MAP PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES

    PHOTO-MAPPING

    COMPLETE ARTISTIC CONTROL


    VIA ADOBE ILLUSTRATOR

    MAPS SUPERIMPOSED OVER


    DIGITAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

    HIGH RESOLUTION MAP PRODUCTION


    WITH IMAGE SETTER PRINTING

    HYBRID OF ADOBE ILLUSTRATOR


    AND ADOBE PHOTOSHOP SKILLS

    COMPOSITION

    CONSTRUCTION

    OF

    MULTI-MAP BOOKLETS

    OF

    LOCATIONAL MAPS

    TRIMBLE ASSET SURVEYOR DATA LOGGER

    LAKE SURVEY
    TECHNOLOGY

    The Trimble Asset Surveyor Data Logger supports two modes of XY-Z data
    collection. First, the Data Logger may be interfaced with a sounder via a
    RS232 data port. The Data Logger reads NMEA depth data from the sounder
    every 10-20 seconds, and merges depths with lat-long coordinates. The
    'Game Boy' method of hand-entered depths yields a much faster rate of
    data collection. First, a data dictionary is created that include point
    features for every one foot of lake depth (i.e. 1,2,...87). As the boat
    navigates the lake, the Data Entry Technician reads depths off the screen,
    and toggles through the data dictionary to the appropriate depth, and then
    records a GPS position named for its depth.

    COMPARISON OF MAPPING STRATEGIES


    GLACIAL AND FLUVIAL LAKES
    GLACIAL LAKES

    FOR

    FLUVIAL LAKES
    KNOWLEDGE
    OF LAKE
    STRUCTURES

    BATHYMETRIC MAPPING WORKFLOW


    1

    3 MAP CONSTRUCTION

    LAKE SURVEY
    SURVEY TECHNOLOGIES
    DEPTH SOUNDER / PLOTTERS
    DEPTH SOUNDER / PLOTTERS WITH GPS
    DEPTH SOUNDER INTERFACED WITH GPS
    SURVEY TECHNIQUES
    TRANSECT SURVEY WITH AIR PHOTOGRAPHS
    RANDOM SURVEY BASED ON LAKE STRUCTURE
    FIELD CHECKING DRAFT CONTOURS
    COLLECTING LAKE BOTTOM SAMPLES

    LAKE

    2 GEO-PROCESSING SURVEY DATA

    SURVEY
    SURVEY TRANSECTS NAVIGATED
    TO CRISS-CROSS GLACIAL
    DEPRESSIONS

    HUMMINBIRD WIDE3D DEPTH SOUNDER


    WITH SIX BEAM DISPLAY
    The HumminBird Sounder provides an accurate reading of water
    depth directly below the boat, and with a 6 beam scan, generates a
    3D plot of lake structure on either side of the boat. Bathymetric
    Data Entry Technicians read depths off the screen, and enter depths
    via the datalogger. The sounder is placed at the front of the boat,
    such that in the time it takes to enter the depth, the boat will move
    the GPS antenna over the point where the depth was recorded. The
    3D plot is a rolling display of lake structure on either side of the
    boat - and is used to locate areas of complex structure.

    SURVEY TRANSECTS NAVIGATED


    PERPENDICULAR TO
    SUBMERGED RIVER CHANNEL

    TRIMBLE PATHFINDER PROXR GPS


    The ProXR is a 12 channel GPS receiver with a radio beacon
    processing real-time Differential GPS corrections. With adequate
    satellite positions (PDOP <4), the ProXR attains sub-meter
    accuracy on the fly. The accuracy of the ProXR, combined with a
    sounder interface or 'Game Boy' data entry, facilitates a 'free
    format' survey, rather than the more restrictive transect
    navigation. Simply put, the boat can be navigated throughout the
    lake in any fashion. The goal is to collect a great number of XY-Z
    data points spatially distributed throughout the lake.

    GLACIAL LAKES ARE WELL SUITED FOR A


    GIS RENDERING OF LAKE STRUCTURE
    GENERATE DEM BASED
    XY-Z DATA POINTS

    ON

    SET INTERPOLATION PARAMETERS


    INTERPOLATION
    CHECK

    FOR

    OF

    CONTOUR LINES

    INTERPOLATION ERROR

    LOCATING
    DEPTH
    CONTOURS

    SIGNIFICANT METHOD PRODUCED ERRORS


    OCCUR WITH GIS INTERPOLATION THAT
    OFTEN GENERATES GLACIAL-LIKE
    DEPRESSION CONTOURS.
    DESPITE ALL THE AVAILABLE
    TECHNOLOGY, MANUAL INTERPOLATION,
    BASED ON A PLOT OF COLOR CODED
    DEPTH POINTS AND AN EXTENSIVE
    KNOWLEDGE OF FLUVIAL STRUCTURES,
    STILL YIELDS THE BEST RESULTS.

    EXPORTING GPS DATA TO GIS (ARCVIEW)


    MAPPING DEPTH DATA
    PLOTTING DEPTH CONTOURS
    SOFTWARE BASED INTERPOLATION
    CONTROLLING FOR INTERPOLATION ERROR
    ATTUNING CONTOURS TO LANDFORMS

    FLUVIAL

    IN

    ILLUSTRATOR

    DRAW SHORELINES AND DEPTH CONTOURS


    SYMBOLIZE DEVELOPED AND ERODED SHORELINE
    LOCATE & SYMBOLIZE BOAT LANDING AND PARKS
    LOCATE & SYMBOLIZE LAKE VEGETATION INFO
    LOCATE & SYMBOLIZE LAKE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS
    LOCATE & SYMBOLIZE FISH CRIBS AND HAZARDS
    DRAW AND LABEL ROADS AND CIVIL DIVISIONS
    SCAN, EDIT AND ADD PHOTO / IMAGES
    CONSTRUCT LAKE AREA AND LAKE VOLUME GRAPHS
    PRINT DRAFT REVIEW EDIT ARTWORK

    MAP REVIEW

    AND

    EDITING

    REVIEW BY WISCONSIN DNR


    DEPTH CONTOURS AND MAP CONTENT
    ADHERENCE TO DNR LAKE MAPPING STANDARDS
    REVIEW BY OTHER FUNDING AGENCIES
    NSP USACOE LAKE MANAGEMENT GROUPS
    MAKE CHANGES AND CORRECTIONS TO MAPS
    REPEAT REVIEW CYCLE
    DNR
    NSP
    OTHER AGENCIES
    MAKE FINAL CHANGES AND CORRECTIONS TO MAPS

    GLACIAL

    LAKE MEASUREMENT WITH GIS


    LAKE AREA
    LAKE VOLUME
    IMPACT OF DAM OR LAKE LEVEL DRAWDOWNS
    LENGTH OF SHORELINE
    DEVELOPED SHORELINE - ERODED SHORELINE

    MAP PRINTING
    DESIGN OF PRINTING FORMAT AND LAYOUT
    DIVIDE MAP INTO BOOKLET PAGES
    CONVERT MAP FILES TO PRINTER'S FORMAT
    TEST PRINT FILES ON HIGH RESOLUTION PRINTER
    FINE-TUNE GRAPHICS AND EDIT AS NEEDED
    FINAL DNR APPROVAL OF MAP
    PRINT MAP BOOKLETS

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