Aamc Premed Guide

Quick Answers to
Common Questions About

Getting Into Medical School
Brought to you by:
FIRST
Financial Information, Resources, Services, and Tools
Association of
American Medical Colleges
Quick Answers to Common Questions About Getting Into Medical School

is copyright 2014 by the Association of American Medical Colleges.
This e-book is brought to you by the staff of the Aspiring Docs and FIRST
programs of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC).
Aspiring Docs gives you resources to help you figure out the basics,
including how to shadow a doctor, apply to medical school, make the
most of your gap year, and more.
FIRST (Financial Information, Resources, Services, and Tools) helps you
navigate the complex issues of financial aid, student debt, and money
management.
The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), administrator
of the MCAT exam and AMCAS, provides information and services to
guide you on your medical career path. From medical school preparation
to financing your education, finding training opportunities to choosing a
specialty, AAMC is here to help you navigate your medical career.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: The Basics
Chapter 5: Paying for Med School
5
6
7
9
32 How Do I Pay for Medical School?

33 How Do I Create a Budget?
34 How Do I Build Good Credit?
35 How Can I Afford Medical School?
36 What is the Cost of Applying to Medical School?
37 What are the Financial Implications of a Post Bac
Program?
38 What Should I Consider as a Non-Traditional
Student?
39 What is the Financial Aid Application Process?
40 What are the Benefits of Federal vs. Private

Education Loans?
41 When Should I Consider a Direct Stafford Loan?
42 When Should I Consider a Direct PLUS Loan?
43 Unforeseen Emergencies and Financial Needs

What to Do?
44 What is an Award Letter?
45 How Can I Make a Smooth Transition to Medical
School?
How Do I Decide if Medicine is Right for Me?

How Do I Partner with My Advisor?
How Do I Make the Most of my Gap Year?
How Do I Transition Into Med School?
Chapter 2: Getting Experience

12 How Do I Shadow a Doctor?
13 How Do I Find Health-care Related Volunteer
Opportunities?
14 How Do I Get Lab Experience?
15 How Do I Decide if a Postbaccalaureate

Premedical Program is Right for Me?
16 Whats It Like to Do a Postbaccalaureate Program?
17 Whats It Like to Participate in Summer Medical

and Dental Education Program (SMDEP)?
19 How Do I Prepare for My Future in Medicine While

in High School?
Chapter 3: MCAT Exam
Chapter 6: What Med School is Like
21 How Do I Prepare for the MCAT Exam?

23 Whats It Like to Take the MCAT Exam?
24 How Do I Prepare for the MCAT2015 Exam?
47 Whats It Like to Participate in the White Coat

Ceremony?
48 Whats It Like to Take Anatomy Lab?
49 Whats It Like to See a Patient for the First Time?
50 Whats It Like to Go to a New* Medical School?
52 Whats It Like to Participate in a B.S./M.D.
Program?
53 Whats It Like to Be an Undergrad in a B.S./M.D.
Program?
54 Whats It Like to Do a M.D./Ph.D. Program?
55 Whats It Like to Get Married During Medical
School?
Chapter 4: Applying
26
27
28
29
30

How Do I Apply to Medical School?

How Do I Decide Where to Apply?
How Do I Apply to a M.D./Ph.D. Program?
How Do I Apply as an International Applicant?
How Do I Make Sure Social Media Doesnt
Hurt My Chances?
Association of American Medical Colleges
CHAPTER 1:
The Basics
CHAPTER 2:
Getting Experience
CHAPTER 4:
Applying
How Do I Decide if Medicine is Right for Me?
CHAPTER 3:
MCAT Exam
CHAPTER 1:
The Basics
CHAPTER 5:
Paying for Med School
CHAPTER 6:
What Med School is Like
How Do I Decide if a Career in Medicine is Right for Me?

Should I become a doctor?
How much education does it take to become

a doctor?
Think about what kind of future appeals to you. Do you

like challenges? Are you interested in science and how the
body works? Do you care deeply about other people, their
problems, and their pain? Are you a good listener? Do you
enjoy learning? Are you intrigued by the ways medicine can
be used to improve life?
If you answered Yes to most of these questions, chances
are you have the right personality for a career in medicine.
Talk to career counselor or pre-health advisor to learn more
about if this is the right choice for you.
Becoming a doctor requires a serious educational

commitment. It typically takes from 11 to 16 years to
complete your education, including four years of college
(undergraduate school), four years of medical school
and anywhere from three to eight years of training in a
specific specialty area (residency training), depending on
which specialty you choose to pursue. In order to maintain
a medical license, doctors are also required to continue
taking courses and learning about advancements in their
field throughout their career.
What is a doctors job like?
What is the lifestyle and salary like?
Physicians diagnose and care for people of all ages who

are ill or have been injured. They take medical histories,
perform physical examinations, conduct diagnostic tests,
recommend and provide treatment, and advise patients on
their overall health and well-being.
While salaries for physicians are among the highest

for all occupations, the work hours can be long and
unpredictable. Many doctors work more than 60 hours a
week. They may also have to respond to emergencies and
be on call for their patients. Work hours vary depending on
the type, size and location of practice.
While there are several different types of physicians, they

can usually be divided into three broad categories:
Salaries vary depending on where physicians live and the

type of medical specialty they practice. The graph below
will give you an idea of median starting salaries by specialty.
Primary care physicians are the doctors patients

usually visit most frequently. They treat a wide range of
illnesses and regularly provide preventive care, and they
also enjoy long-term relationships with their patients.
Pediatricians, family practitioners and general internists
are primary care physicians.
SAMPLE SPECIALTIES AND SALARIES:

Median Starting Salary: First Year Post Residency
Median Starting
Salary: First year post residency or
or Fellowship
Compendation
Surgeons perform operations to treat diseases and

repair injuries.
fellowship compensation
$K
Specialists have expertise related to specific diseases as

well as body parts, organs, and systems. Cardiologists,
Oncologists, Neurologists, and ophthalmologists
are examples of specialists. The AAMCs Careers in
Medicine website contains information and links about
various specialties in medicine.
$50K
$100K
$150K
$200K
$245K
Emergency Medicine
$244K
Anesthesiology
$220K
OB/GYN
$220K
Dermatology
MORE INFORMATION
$197K
$189K
$180K
Internal Medicine
Family Practice (w/o OB)
Careers in Medicine specialty information:

www.aamc.org/cim/specialty/list
Pediatrics
Information about financing a medical education and

repaying education debt: www.aamc.org/first
$300K
$280K
Opthalmology
Psychiatry
www.aamc.org/aspiringdocs
$250K
Surgery: General
$161K
$142K
Source: Physician Placement Starting Salary Survey: 2013 Report Based on 2012 Data.
Reprinted with permission from the Medical Group Management Association,104 Inverness Terrace East,
Englewood, Colorado 80112-5306; 303.799.1111. www.mgma.com Copyright 2012.

How do I find an advisor?
What questions should I be asking?
Carol Baffi-Dugan, Director for Health Professions Advising

at Tufts University and Director of Communications for
the NAAHP, suggests finding out who the premed or
health professions advisor is at your school. S/he may be
in the Academic Deans office, a science professor, or a
counselor in the Career Services office. Some colleges have
a separate pre-professional advising office that includes
advising services for premed students, those interested in
other health careers, and perhaps even pre-law students.
Most premed advisors also maintain websites that can help
you contact them or the advising office, so search your
schools website. Even if there is no specifically designated
premed advisor, try to meet with someone in one of the
departments mentioned above. If no one at your school is
available to help, visit the National Association of Advisors
to the Health Professions (NAAHP) website and click on
Advisor Resources, then, Find An Advisor.
Ask your advisor which courses are required for medical school
and how to best sequence them at your school. You can ask
about ways to gain health-related experiences, internships and
lab experiences. You can learn about the MCAT, discuss when
youre best prepared to take the exam, and learn if the school
offers any prep courses. Its also a good idea to ask detailed
questions about the timeline for applying to medical school.
What is my responsibility?
You should actively seek out your advisor and follow up on the
advice and suggestions s/he gives you. While your advisor may
be very supportive of your goals, s/he will also challenge you
to do your best work and objectively evaluate your objectives.
Your advisor cannot earn the good grades and participate in
the health-related experiences youll need to be a competitive
applicant. That is up to you.
What if Ive been out of school for many years?
When should I contact an advisor?
There is no age limitation on applicants or when it comes to

who will make a good doctor. Many individuals decide later
that this is the path they want to pursue. Others were not as
successful as they wanted to be in their early experience, but
with renewed motivation and effort can become competitive
applicants. Premed advisors know all this and work with
students of all ages as they prepare for medical school. You
should go back to your home institution (alma mater) to find
out what services they offer alumni. Many premed advisors will
work with their alums in planning for and applying to medical
careers.
Contact your premed advisor as soon as you think youre

interested in a medical career. Theres a lot of planning and
preparing that has to be done before youll be ready to
apply to medical school, so the earlier, the better. See if you
can make an individual appointment with your advisor, go
to drop-in hours, or attend a workshop. Be sure to register
to receive any emailed updates, or newsletters. Also check
to see if theres a Facebook page or Twitter feed you can
follow.
What can they help with?
What if I am in high school and Im looking at BS/

MD programs? Is there still a pre-health advisor that
I can work with?
Your advisor can help you learn about the medical

profession and help you ask the right questions to decide if
its the right career for you. Then, you can work together to
develop a plan to get to you where you want to go.
If you are in high school and are considering BS/MD programs

your best resources are the premed advisors at those programs.
Typically the admissions offices at those colleges and universities
provide information on the structure of the programs, the
support services, and the policies and procedures. Check out
the AAMCs Medical School Directory for basic information,
including website and contact information for numerous
combined Baccalaureate/MD programs. More detailed
information about these programs and medical schools can be
found in the MSAR Online.
FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE VISIT:

NAAHP: www.naahp.org
Medical School Directory:
https://services.aamc.org/30/msar/home
MSAR Online: www.aamc.org/msar

What kinds of experiences during a gap year
will help me become a better physician?
A gap year is the period of time between the end of your

undergraduate education and the start of medical school. In
fact, a gap year might be a year or more depending on each
persons particular circumstances. Frequently, the reasons for
a gap year center on an applicants need for more time to
participate in medically-related volunteer and lab experiences,
strengthen GPA or MCAT scores, pay down debt, work on
becoming a stronger candidate, or simply need a break.
Some applicants must take a gap year if they are not
accepted into medical school.
Look for experiences that will help you improve your areas
of weakness. Speak to the pre-health advisor at your
school, or an admissions dean or director at a medical
school to help identify areas that you need to expand or
strengthen.
Volunteer in a medically-related field. Meaningful
and sustained experiences working with patients or in
a medically-related environment is not only beneficial in
helping you to solidify your choice to pursue medicine,
it also makes you a stronger and more knowledgeable
candidate. These experiences will also help you during
the interview stage.
What should I focus on accomplishing during my

gap year?
A gap year is a good time to get your academic and financial
house in order. But dont make the mistake of trying to
pad your application. Admissions committees are easily
able to spot this and it could end up hurting, rather than
helping you.
Shadow physicians. Shadowing or following a

physician can provide you with patient experience and
a realistic view of what various specialties and working
environments are really like. It can sometimes be
difficult to arrange a shadowing experience if you dont
have a personal relationship with a physician. For tips
on how to get this type of experience, read the How
Do IShadow a Doctor? fact sheet.
Strengthen your GPA by taking extra and/or highlevel coursework. Academically, this time can be
extremely beneficial whether you already have a strong
GPA or not. There may be a course you didnt have time
to take that will prove your ability to master upper-level
science coursework.
Participate in a scholarly activity. Real and

meaningful experience in a lab or research facility
provides for more in-depth knowledge about medicine,
and helps you to have a better understanding of the
different research processes. Whether youre conducting
your own research or assisting on a project, this
sustained scholarly activity is very attractive to medical
schools. For tips on how to get this type of experience,
read the How Do IGet Lab Experience? fact
sheet.
Study for the MCAT Exam. Without a full course load

competing for your time (depending upon your work
schedule of course), youll have more time to devote
to MCAT preparation. Be sure to check out the MCAT
resources on the AAMCs website.
Pay down your existing debt as much as possible.
Even if youre fortunate enough not to have any
undergraduate debt, start saving money so that youll have
a cushion when you begin medical school. If youre able
to take out fewer loans, youll not only have less to repay,
but youll help reduce the additional stress associated with
worrying about repaying your educational debt.
Keep track of coursework requirements. Be sure

to check the premedical coursework requirements for
each school that you may be interested in applying
to. Its possible that some medical schools may make
changes to their requirements during this interim period,
requiring you to complete additional coursework.
Review the schools website, or keep track with the
Medical School Admission Requirements website.
Take time for reflection and rejuvenation. This time

can be extremely beneficial for mental recovery or personal
reflection. The road to medical school can be rigorous and
demanding; you may want to use this time to work on a
personal project, travel, rest, and get ready for the road
ahead.
continued
How Do I Make the Most of my Gap Year? continued

How should I discuss my gap year during
interviews?
If youre not postponing payments, youll need to select

a repayment plan. There are numerous options, so work
with your servicer to determine which one is best for your
situation. Selecting a repayment plan is something that
must be communicated to each servicer individually. Just
keep in mind, the options discussed above are specifically
for federal student loans, and may not be available for
private loans. Check with the private loan lenders to find
out if grace, deferment, forbearance or other repayment
options are available.
Its not uncommon to see many applicants with a gap

year between graduating college and applying to medical
school. When speaking about this period of time during
an interview, avoid phrases like time off or glide. Talk
about how you used this opportunity to strengthen your
knowledge and improve the skills that will make you a
better physician. Be honest; share what youve learned, or
how youve grown. Medical school admission deans are
looking for a candidate who has demonstrated that they
are trying to better themselves as a person and physician,
not just trying to make themselves look good to get into
medical school.
During your gap year, be sure to be proactive and stay

in touch with all of your servicers. Federal loans will
automatically go into deferment while enrolled in medical
school, but remember to contact the private loan lenders
to determine the options on these loans while you are a
medical student.
What do I do with my loans during my gap year?

During a gap year you will need to make decisions about
how to manage your student loans. First, get organized.
Compile the contact information for each of your loan
servicers. This information can be found in your federal
student loans account information from NSLDS.
MORE INFORMATION
When you finish your undergraduate program, your federal

student loans will enter into a grace period (typically 6-9
months long). During this time no payments are required.
But after the period ends during a gap year, you will
either want to continue postponing payments or select a
repayment plan. You can speak to the servicer(s) of the
loans about these options.
MCAT resources:
www.aamc.org/students/applying/mcat/
Medical School Admission Requirements:

www.aamc.org/msar
How do I Shadow a Doctor?:
If you choose to postpone payments, you will have to

obtain a deferment or a forbearance status on the loans.
A deferment is preferential because no payments are
required and the subsidized debt will not accrue interest.
But the strict eligibility requirements make them hard to get.
Alternatively, a forbearance is granted by the servicer and is
up to their discretion. Reach out to each servicer to discuss
your options seeking first deferment, then forbearance.
www.aamc.org/students/aspiring/experience/280582/
shadow-doctor.html
How do I Get Lab Experience?: www.aamc.org/

students/aspiring/experience/280610/lab-experience.html
Financial Aid Fact Sheets for Applicants:
www.aamc.org/services/first/first_factsheets/249340/
applicantsandstudents.html
NSLDS:
www.nslds.ed.gov/

Ive been accepted and Ive decided which school
I want to attend. How do I inform all the schools
of my decision?
What else should I do before orientation?

Use the months leading up to medical school to take care
of the things that likely will not get a lot of attention once
school starts. According to Tara K. Cunningham, assistant
dean at The University of Arizona College of MedicinePhoenix, here are the top three things to do:
The AAMC (Association of American Medical Colleges) has

established a series of recommendations commonly known
as Traffic Rules (www.aamc.org/students/applying/
recommendations/applicants) to ensure that applicants
provide timely notification of their enrollment decision.
Once you choose your specific school or program, the
AAMC recommends that, in fairness to other applicants,
you promptly withdraw your application from any other
school or program to which you applied or were accepted.
1. Get yourself into a physicians office. This is the

time to make sure youre taking care of yourself and
getting your health care records organized. Students
at most institutions, if not all, must provide proof of
recent health immunizations and immunity to certain
diseases prior to staring medical school. Your transition
to medical school and clinical training will be smoother
if you take the time now to locate your childhood and
adolescent health care records. After all, you will be
asking your patients to do the same so this is excellent
practice and role modeling.
The AAMC recommends that you communicate directly with

medical schools in writing; email is acceptable if the school
has consistently used this method of communication.
What are the steps to accepting financial aid and

putting my loans into deferment?
2. Get your finances in order. Remember, you will be

living on a medical student budget, not a physicians
budget! Here are a few budget tips to consider. Talk
to medical students at your future school to find a
reasonably priced place to live, possibly with other
students with whom you could share the monthly
expenses. Run a credit report and take care of any
adverse credit issues that may cause problems down
the road should you need a credit-based loan. If you are
working or have some money saved up from college,
pay off any debt that is recurring (credit or department
store cards) because consumer debt will not be
considered in your standard cost of attendance (COA)
for medical school. Lastly, enhance your wardrobe with
clothing to wear during clinical rotations. It should be
professional, comfortable, and washable!
Once you complete your Free Application for Federal Student

Aid (FAFSA) form (www.fafsa.ed.gov) and schools receive
this information, you will receive an award letter from
the financial aid office at each school that offered you an
acceptance. After you read through the award letter(s), youll
need to decide if you want to accept the full financial aid
package or only a portion of it. Its best to borrow only what
you need; you always can request additional funds if you
dont accept the full award at the beginning of the year.
If you have any outstanding federal student loans from your
undergraduate education, you can defer payment on those
loans. To qualify, you must be attending medical school
on at least a half-time basis. Its important to keep in mind
that during deferment, although no monthly payments are
required, interest will continue to accrue on those loans.
Therefore, if youre able, its always best to pay the interest
on your loans. Youll need to contact each loan servicer
directly to request a deferment. To find out who services
your federal student loans, visit the National Student Loan
Data System (NSLDS) at www.nslds.ed.gov. If you have
private loans, youll need to contact the lender or servicer
of those loans as well. To determine the lender/servicer
of your private loans, check your promissory note or your
credit report.
3. Whatever you do, do not study! Medical school

will teach you what you need to know to become a
great physician over the next four years. Cracking the
book for one or two months beforehand is not going
to get you ahead! Instead, visit friends and family, or
travel to a place youve wanted to visit but never had
the time. More important, take time to reflect upon the
many reasons you are entering the medical profession.
continued
How Do I Transition Into Med School? continued

Think about the privilege bestowed upon you to care
and treat those most in need and remember, you have
worked hard to get into medical school and now its
time to work even harder for your future patients!
MORE INFORMATION:
FIRST fact sheet about the financial aid
application process:
Is there anything I can do to make a good

impression at orientation or the first week of
classes?
www.aamc.org/download/94434/data/process.pdf
National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS):

www.nslds.ed.gov
According to Assistant Dean Tara K. Cunningham, You

should walk into your first lecture excited and ready to
engage with your colleagues and faculty. Sit at the front
of the room and embrace the challenge ahead of you
by facing it head-on! Be willing to ask for help. After
all, this is your first medical school experience and as a
recent graduate said, It takes 10 years to get 10 years of
experience. Everyone at the medical school is there for
your success, so take full advantage of student services,
tutoring, and other tools designed just for the medical
school culture. Finally, be thankful for the opportunity to
learn medicine as there are thousands of others still waiting
for their first day of medical school.
Medloans Organizer and Calculator (MLOC):

www.aamc.org/FIRST
10
CHAPTER 1:
The Basics
CHAPTER 2:
Getting Experience
CHAPTER 4:
Applying
How Do I Shadow a Doctor?
CHAPTER 3:
MCAT Exam
CHAPTER 2:
Getting Experience
How Do I Find Health-care Related
Volunteer Opportunities?
How Do I Decide if a Postbaccalaureate

Premedical Program is Right for Me?
Whats It Like to Do a Postbaccalaureate Program?
Whats It Like to Participate in Summer Medical
and Dental Education Program (SMDEP)?
CHAPTER 6:
How Do I Prepare for My Future in Medicine

While in High School?
CHAPTER 5:
How Do I Get Lab Experience?
How Do I Shadow a Doctor?

Shadowing a doctor is a great way to find out if a career
in medicine might be right for you. Itll give you a better
understanding of what a doctors typical day is like, and
may give you good experience to talk about in your
applications and interviews for medical school. Its also
a great way to gain familiarity with the vast number of
different medical and research environments, as well as
specialties.
What should I wear and what should I bring?
How do I find a doctor to shadow?
The doctor is required to introduce you to each patient

and explain that you are a pre-medical student, so expect
to talk to patients. Some people may be uncomfortable
having you in the room during an examination or the entire
appointment, so you may be asked to step out. Other
patients may ask you questions about yourself, school or
your plans to become a doctor. In either case, its important
that you keep all patient information private. You may be
required to sign a HIPAA compliance document stating that
you will not disclose any patient information or details that
could lead to patient identification.
Dress professionally and comfortably: dress pants and a

tie for men, dress pants or a dress for women, and closedtoed shoes you can walk in all day. Bring a notebook. Ask
questions and take notes in between patients, not in front
of them, and prepare some questions ahead of time.
Should I talk to patients?
If you have a relationship with your own doctor, or know

any doctors, start by asking them. Likley, this will be
your strongest and best resource to find a shadowing
opportunity. You can also ask your teachers, professors,
and pre-med or academic advisors if they know any doctors
that other students have shadowed in the past. If youre
in college, leverage any relationships your school may
have with a medical school or hospital on campus. Its also
okay to contact hospitals through their volunteer office, or
search online for local doctors with specialties that interest
you. Call their office or email them at least a few weeks
before youd like to begin shadowing.
What should I do afterwards?

Write a thank you note to give the doctor on your last day
that thanks them for their time. If you think it went well,
ask for a letter of recommendation right away. Dont wait
until you need it because the experience may not be fresh
in the doctors mind by that time. Reflect on what youve
learned from your shadowing experience and write down
anything you may want to remind yourself of when youre
writing your personal statements for medical school.
How should I ask them?

Express why you want to shadow this person specifically.
Maybe someone recommended them or maybe they
practice a specialty that interests you. Briefly tell them
where you go to school, any medical or research
experiences youve had, and your goals. Be courteous and
professional. Many doctors welcome opportunities to talk
to students, so if you get turned down, ask other doctors.
How long should I shadow?

Arrange something that fits both the doctors schedule
and your level of interest. You may only want to spend one
day with them, or you may want to shadow a few hours
a week for several weeks or months. If you have the time
in the summer or over a break, you may want to shadow
full time for an entire week. Find out what the doctor is
comfortable with or what has worked well in the past.
RELATED FACT SHEETS:

How do I Get Lab Experience?
www.aamc.org/students/aspiring/experience/
280610/lab-experience.html
How do I... Find Health Care-related Volunteer
Experience?
313730/howdoifindhealthcarerelatedvolunteeropportunities.html
12
How Do I Find Health Care-related Volunteer Opportunities?

What about non-medically-related experiences?
Volunteering in a health care-related opportunity or

organization will benefit you in addition to enhancing
your medical school application. Its a chance to see if you
enjoy working in the health or medical field, network with
like-minded peers, take on increased responsibility and
leadership roles, and build your resume.
If youre interested in something not related to medicine,

dont be afraid to pursue it. Most volunteer experiences
are valuable and will provide you with well-rounded
experiences. Just make sure you have at least one solid
health care-related experience, in addition to your nonmedical volunteer work, so that your experiences speak to
your commitment to medicine.
Where can I find out about opportunities?

If you are still in school, your first step should be to talk
to your academic or pre-health advisor. Also, check to
see if there is an office of community service or student
activities on campus that maintains a website or database.
Be sure to join premed or service clubs since theyre one
of the best ways to hear about volunteer openings, make
friends, and find out about opportunities, conferences,
resources, and research positions for premeds. You can also
contact hospitals, clinics, labs, research facilities, charities,
foundations, or other organizations directly as many have
volunteer opportunities listed online.
Whats the best way to maximize my

opportunities during an experience?
One thing that I always tell students is to make the
most of the opportunity they participate in by advocating
for themselves, says Lisa Kooperman, assistant dean
of studies and director of the Office for Fellowships
and Pre-health Advising at Vassar College. If they find
themselves in a hospital for instance, pushing papers,
I tell them to befriend a nurse, a PA, a radiologist... or
other health care practitioner and ask if they can get more
involved. Their motivation is likely to be met with some
extra responsibilities that will get them more exposure and
respect. Its important to build relationships throughout the
experience as a way of learning more about the field, and it
can often lead to a strong letter of recommendation.
What types of volunteer experiences are best?

Although youll benefit from almost any type of volunteer
experience, its best to find a health care-related
opportunity. You want to search for an opportunity that
genuinely interests you so that youll enjoy the experience,
be motivated to stick with it, and learn from it. You may
need to try a few different volunteer experiences until you
discover one that will be a good long-term fit, but dont
do something just because you think it will look good.
When you talk about your experiences during medical
school interviews, it will be easier if youre passionate
and invested in the health care work in which youve
participated.
How can I document these experiences? Should I

ask for a letter post-experience?
Start maintaining a resume that documents where you
volunteer, when, and who supervised you. You can also
keep a journal about your experiences to reference when
it comes time to write your personal statements and essays
for medical school. It never hurts to ask for a letter of
recommendation if youve volunteered somewhere long
enough for the writer to get to know you and your goals.
Is it better to have one on-going experience, or

many different experiences?
Its good to have a variety of experiences, but its also
important to show youve cultivated specific interests and
are able to commit to an activity over a sustained period of
time. Youre more likely to gain significant responsibilities
or leadership roles if you volunteer with an organization
regularly. This also helps you network and develop
relationships with potential mentors and other people who
may potentially write your letters of recommendation.
RELATED FACT SHEETS:

280610/lab-experience.html
How do IShadow a Doctor?
www.aamc.org/students/aspiring/
experience/280582/shadow-doctor.html
13

Dr. Glaser stresses that professionalism is key. If youre going
to approach one of your previous instructors for a job or a
recommendation, make sure you made a good impression
during the class. For instance, youre not likely to get a
positive recommendation if you fell asleep in class, missed
several sessions or were often texting. Teachers notice. Also,
watch how you address professors when emailing or speaking
to them. Dont speak in the same manner and tone that you
use with your friends; be more formal. Use correct spelling,
grammar and punctuation in any correspondence.
Each year, the number of medical school applicants who have

significant medical or lab experience grows. Many universities
now require internships or a capstone course during the senior
year of college. Working in a lab setting will help make you a
competitive applicant and and will also help you to determine if
a career in medicine or medical research is right for you.
Where do I start?
If youre currently enrolled in college, first check the science
department bulletin boards or websites for opportunities to
assist with current faculty research projects. Also, express
your interest to your academic advisor or your or pre-health
advisor.
How should I prepare for an interview?

With any interview, its important to make a good impression.
Be sure to dress appropriately. Come prepared with a resume,
or, if you have one, a portfolio. Often times during interviews,
youll be asked about your career goals. Its helpful to be
able to speak about the steps you plan to take to meet those
goals. Talk about classes youve taken, especially upper-level
science courses. Speak about the skills and knowledge of
techniques and equipment youve acquired through your
coursework. Know what lab experiments youve done. If
youve done any sort of research even in your coursework
keep track of it. This shows you have experience. Lastly,
interviewers often ask candidates if they have any questions.
Dr. Glaser suggests asking what they think youll learn and
how this position might be able to improve your skill set.
Throughout the year, several professional organizations may

host open houses or presentations on your campus. Be sure
to attend and ask representatives about paid and volunteer
opportunities. If youre specifically looking for a paid position,
make an appointment with your schools career center. They
will let you know about job openings, and they can also offer
resume help and go over interview tips and techniques.
When is the best time to look for a position?
According to Rivka Glaser, PhD., Adjunct Professor of Biology
at Stevenson University, if youre interested in a job for
the following semester, the best time to look for positions
is during the middle of the semester, or a week or two
before midterms. There also tend to be a lot of research
opportunities in the summer, both paid and volunteer. The
career center or your pre-health advising office may have
a list. Some opportunities may be external to the school;
be sure to ask if a stipend is provided or if you will be
responsible for any travel costs. Remember, typically there
are more applicants than available spots. Get your completed
applications in early.
What do I do after the interview?

A thank you goes a long way to making a good impression. A
handwritten note or email should be sent later that day or the
next day, thanking the iterviewer for their time. Reiterate that
you believe you are a good candidate for the position and are
still very interested in the job. Again, be sure to use correct
capitalization, spelling and grammar.
Lastly, its a good idea to speak to people who have worked
in the lab or participated in the program previously. Youll
be able to gauge their impressions about the work, the
environment and other aspects of the position from a student
perspective.
Whats the best way to apply?

Dr. Glaser suggests sending an email or dropping by the
professors office. Talk about the research or project youre
interested in. Demonstrate your knowledge about the
project, and also about any relevant techniques you learned
in previous courses and labs. Even if youve never formally
worked in a lab, chances are youve taken a course with a
lab component. That counts as experience. To prepare, go
back through your notes and familiarize yourself with some of
the experiments youve conducted. Be able to communicate
your hypothesis, techniques, and findings.
This is great advice, but what if Im not in college?

If you havent started college or if youve already graduated,
focus on networking. Dont be afraid to call people you know
or a friends parent to ask if they know of any open positions
or research being done. Human resource departments at
large research hospitals and universities in your area might
be looking for lab technicians. Job opportunities are typically
posted on the career pages of their websites.
14
How Do I Decide if a Postbaccalaureate Premedical Program

is Right for Me?
What is a postbaccalaureate premedical program?
loans. If you continue directly from the program to medical

school and residency, be sure to remember that interest
from these loans will continue to accrue throughout your
education and residency and result in substantial education
debt. Speak to the financial aid officer at your school or
the institution you plan to attend to learn the full financial
implications involved.
The term postbaccalaureate describes programs that

begin after an undergraduate degree and are designed
specifically to support the transition from an undergraduate
to a professional school, such as a medical school, as well as
enhance an applicants competitiveness for admission. There
are several types of programs available designed to address
a particular need or deficiency, such as academic record
enhancement, career change, MCAT exam prep, as well as
programs for underrepresented or disadvantaged students.
How long does it take to complete a program?

There are several different types of programs. Most range
from one to three years depending on the type of degree
awarded at the end of the program.
Will a postbaccalaureate program improve my

chances of getting into medical school?
What degree will I get after I complete the

program?
It depends on the strength of the program, whether the

program has a linkage agreement with a medical school,
and most important, how successfully you complete the
program. If you do well, youll demonstrate successful
completion of premedical requirements, as well as a
continued commitment to your goal of a career in medicine.
If you have the opportunity, take upper-level course work
to show that you can handle advanced material. According
to Grace M. Hershman, director of Postbaccalaureate
Premedical Programs at Temple University, Competition
for admission to medical school is intense, so performing
extremely well in an intense premedical postbaccalaureate
program will demonstrate to medical school admissions
committees that you are able to sustain a high-level of
academic achievement.
Degrees awarded vary from program to program. Some

programs offer a certificate of completion while others
offer a masters degree. There are advantages to seeking
programs that lead to a masters degree, especially if you
decide ultimately not to pursue medical school. The AAMCs
Postbaccalaureate Premedical Programs database reports on
degree information for each program listed.
What are affiliations or linkage agreements?

When researching programs in the AAMCs
Postbaccalaureate Premedical Programs database, the
affiliations row describes any health professions
program or medical school that has a relationship with a
postbaccalaureate program. Some profiles may mention a
linkage agreement with an institution. In this case, there may
be an agreement for conditional acceptance into a medical
school based on the level of performance in the program.
How do I find the program thats best for me?

Its a good idea to talk to your pre-health advisor or the
admissions dean at the medical schools youre interested
in about whether a postbaccalaureate program would
enhance your application. If you have a specific weakness,
look for a program that specifically addresses it. There
are programs available to enhance the various types of
deficiencies many applicants face. You can search by
program type in the AAMCs free Postbaccalaureate
Premedical Programs database at https://services.aamc.
org/postbac/.
MORE INFORMATION:
FIRST fact sheet on postbaccalaureate programs:
https://www.aamc.org/services/first/first_factsheets/112310/
postbacprograms.html
Whats It Like to... Do a Postbaccalaureate

Program?:
What are the financial considerations involved

with this type of program?
https://www.aamc.org/students/aspiring/experience/358536/
postbaccprogram.html
Postbaccalaureate programs can be expensive and may

require you to finance some or all of the tuition through
15
Whats It Like to Do a Postbaccalaureate Program?

Why did you decide to do a
postbaccalaureate program?
The majority of people in my postbaccalaureate
program said they decided to pursue medicine for
the same reasons I think many applicants do
to improve the lives of others, to be continually
challenged, and more; however, they just arrived
at these conclusions later than the typical
applicant. I was a Division I athlete throughout
college and was interested in anatomy and
physiology, but I didnt have the time to take the
pre-med requirements as an undergraduate. The
option of doing a postbaccalaureate program
made pursuing medicine an obtainable goal.
completed Physics 2, Organic Chemistry 2, and

Biology 2. I also completed a verbal reasoning
MCAT course and a standard MCAT prep course as
part of the program. I took the MCAT exam in the
spring and matriculated into medical school two
months after taking the MCAT exam.
Did you get a degree or any certificates at

the end?
Name: Jared Cohen
Medical School: Temple
University School of Medicine
Expected Graduation Date:
2016
Did your program have any interaction or

integration with the medical school?
How did you find out about and choose which

programs to apply to?
The program administration office was located in the medical

school and while the classes were obviously not with medical
students, we were in the medical school multiple times
each week. There were numerous events to connect us with
former postbaccalaureate students who had matriculated,
and because we were put in constant contact with medical
students, we had a good idea of what to expect once we
began our medical education.
I searched the Internet for postbaccalaureate programs and

emailed the program directors for additional information
and program requirements. I specifically was looking
for well-established programs that did not integrate
postbaccalaureate and undergraduate students. I also tried to
find programs with a linkage program to a medical school.
How did you decide which program best met your

goals?
Did you have any shadowing or lab

opportunities?
I decided on my program for a number of reasons, the

top one being that it provided guaranteed conditional
acceptance to an excellent medical school as long as
GPA and MCAT requirements were met. Additionally,
the program was well-established and its students were
very highly thought of in both the medical school and
the undergraduate university. There was a clear sense of
camaraderie within the group. We were scheduled in the
same classes, labs, and MCAT prep course. There was a
cohesive atmosphere, which I believe was largely due to the
fact that everyone was guaranteed conditional acceptance
to the medical school. It left little reason for students to be
overly competitive or cut-throat.
There were numerous opportunities. I shadowed in the

internal medicine clinic, the pediatric clinic, and the
emergency department.
Do you have any advice for applicants looking

into doing a similar program?
Look for a program that makes you feel like they want their
postbaccalaureates to succeed in medical school. I highly
recommend searching for programs that link you directly
with a medical school, as I feel that theres an underlying
mutual commitment that drives both program success and
creates a positive student environment. It was great to
know that I had a seat in an excellent medical school upon
meeting the schools GPA and MCAT requirements. There
was no added stress of having to apply to numerous schools.
The program length is also something to consider. Through
Temples postbaccalaureate program, I entered medical
school in just one year.
How long did it take? What classes did you take?

The program lasted one year (although programs generally
vary between one and two years). I took General Chemistry
1 and 2 over the summer. Then, Physics 1, Organic
Chemistry 1, and Biology 1 during the fall. In the spring, I
No degree or certificate was awarded for

completion of the program. However, we did
receive an acceptance letter to Temples Medical
School, which to me was far better than any
certificate I could have received.
16
Whats It Like to Participate in Summer Medical and

Dental Education Program?
The Summer Medical and Dental Education Program
(SMDEP) is a FREE (full tuition, housing, and meals), sixweek summer academic enrichment program for freshman
and sophomore college students interested in careers in
medicine and dentistry.
Whats an average day like?

Natacha: An SMDEP day starts early with scheduled
lectures (Physics, Chemistry, Anatomy lab, Microbiology,
etc.) to refresh your science knowledge to prepare for the
MCAT or DAT. Theres a lunch break, then from noon until
5:00 p.m., you attend workshops on health care policies,
cultural competency, school financial planning, or you
might shadow a dentist or doctor from a nearby hospital.
After 5:00 p.m., youre given free time to explore the town
with other students.
Michael: The biggest benefits of the program are

networking and academic preparation. I had the ability to
connect with medical students, faculty, and administrators,
which opened doors to more opportunities like mentorship
and research. The science coursework made my following
semester much easier and helped with MCAT review.
Nicole: The day can be challenging, but its also engaging

and fun at the same time. While it is hard work, youre
greatly increasing your knowledge and sharing the
experience with others who have similar interests and
goals, so it makes the work more fun.
Netosha: The biggest benefit of SMDEP was the

confidence I gained from working in a rigorous academic
setting. Nothing compares to the self-efficacy the program
provided.
What was the best clinical experience you had in

the program?
How did this experience help you to prepare for

medical school?
Michael: I shadowed an attending emergency medicine

physician in a medical center where I was able to
participate on a stroke and motor vehicle trauma case.
I also had the ability to assist at a free community clinic
staffed by medical students.
Natacha: Working with cadavers in the cadaver lab for

Anatomy and Physiology definitely helped me prepare
for medical school. I had never been near a cadaver,
and attending lab weekly helped to prepare me for the
exposure Ill have in medical school.
Netosha: My most profound clinical experience took

place while making rounds with an emergency physician.
I saw the importance of the knowledge a physician must
have to make a quick, proper diagnosis in a life threatening
situation, and the responsibility they have to the well-being
of each patient. This clinical experience humbled me.
Michael: The science coursework at SMDEP made classes

at my home university much easier and gave me a leg-up
on MCAT review. Through networking, I secured a mentor
that allowed me to participate on a research project with
the medical school after the program. I also made very
good friends with whom I stay in contact regularly.
Fitz: Although I want to go to dental school, I was very

intrigued with the emergency room simulation. I also
enjoyed shadowing a fourth-year dental student, taking
impressions, and molding teeth with wax.
For you, what was the biggest benefit of SMDEP?
Erick: I believe it has helped me through giving me

inspiration. The focus on health disparities at Case really
opened my eyes to a new side of medicine. I no longer see
medicine the same; I see it for the better bigger picture.
Nicole: SMDEP gave me a greater focus on my goal.

Afterward, I knew exactly how and what I needed to do
to attend medical school, and I am willing to work harder
because I know its possible.
Fitz: SMDEP definitely helped me prepare for dental

school. The program put me on track to graduate from
undergrad on-time and get into dental school.
continued
17
Whats It Like to Participate in Summer Medical and

Dental Education Program? continued
Would you recommend SMDEP to other

pre-meds?
FOR MORE INFORMATION, INCLUDING HOW TO

APPLY, VISIT WWW.SMDEP.ORG, OR EMAIL AT
[email protected].
Natacha: I would definitely recommend SMDEP to other

pre-meds. This program gives you an inside look as to
what you are getting yourself into both educationally and
personally.
BIO INFORMATION
Name: Natacha Rivera
SMDEP Site: Houston 2011
Nicole: YES! For six weeks I lived as if I was a medical

school student. All the experiences I had combined with
the friendships I established I cant wait to go to medical
school in the future.
Name: Nicole Fossas

SMDEP Site: Houston 2011
Name: Michael Anthony McClurkin
SMDEP Site: Yale 2011
Michael: Yes. SMDEP is an invaluable experience for any

interested pre-medical student, especially for those from
underrepresented and disadvantaged backgrounds.
Name: Erick Marigi

SMDEP Site: Case Western 2011
Christian: Yes, and apply early to the program! That is

KEY.
Name: Christian Tilley

SMDEP Site: Nebraska 2011
Name: Netosha Kenneson
SMDEP Site: Duke 2011
Name: Fitz J. Brooks
SMDEP Site: Louisville 2011
18
How Do I Prepare for My Future in Medicine While

in High School?
Is there anything I can do to prepare
academically?
any service organizations, hospitals, or clinics in your area

that need help. Even if you dont have direct access to
patients, just being in a medical environment still will be
worthwhile.
Right now, the best thing you can do is work on building

a good foundation of math and science coursework and,
if available, take advanced classes. You may be able to
receive Advanced Placement (AP) credit that could allow
you to place out of basic requirements and move you
into upper-level coursework once you begin college. Also,
use this time to work on developing solid study habits,
test-taking skills, and written and verbal communication
skills.
Are there any summer programs or internships

available to high school students?
For a listing of summer enrichment programs, go to
the Aspiring Docs database and search using the high
school filter under education level at https://services.
aamc.org/summerprograms.
What should I think about when applying to

colleges?
What extracurricular opportunities should I

look for?
Most U.S. colleges will offer the required and recommended

prerequisites asked for by medical schools. You also may
wish to tour the lab facilities and science department
classrooms. Consider whether your potential colleges have
pre-health advisors, pre-health clubs, a relationship with a
local hospital, or other helpful resources on campus or in
the community that will help you sustain your motivation
and meet your goals.
Look for opportunities to volunteer in a medical setting,

shadowing a doctor, working in a lab, or in medical
research. The best opportunities are ones you can sustain
over time and in which you can build relationships, such as
volunteering at a hospital for a semester or longer, instead
of only volunteering for a one-time event. These activities
will confirm your premedical interest when you apply to
college, when you apply for related opportunities during
college, and when you ultimately apply to medical school.
Such experiences also will enable you to meet potential
mentors who can motivate you and help you develop
your skills. Jane Cary, director of science and technology
advising at Williams College, says, You may always ask
your family physician or pediatrician if you can observe
him or her. Younger students are frequently drawn to
medicine as a career by positive interaction with their own
physicians.
If youre already sure you want to be a doctor, you may

consider B.S./M.D. programs (read more on our B.S./M.D.
fact sheets), which combine undergraduate school with
medical school, giving you both your bachelor and
medical degrees. These programs last six to nine years,
and requirements vary from program to program. You
can learn more about specific programs by viewing their
profiles on the Medical School Admission Requirements
website: www.aamc.org/msar.
How do I find out about these experiences?

A good place to start is with your guidance counselor
or science teacher. They may know of programs or
opportunities for high school students. Be wary of any
program that requires you to pay a high fee to participate.
Its a good idea to speak to other participants or volunteers
to learn about the organization, the work, and how they
felt about their experience. You also can see if there are
MORE INFORMATION:
The Basics:
www.aamc.org/students/aspiring/basics
Get Experience:
www.aamc.org/students/aspiring/experience
19
CHAPTER 1:
The Basics
CHAPTER 2:
Getting Experience
CHAPTER 5:
How Do I Prepare for the MCAT2015 Exam?
CHAPTER 4:
Applying
How Do I Prepare for the MCAT Exam?
CHAPTER 3:
MCAT Exam
CHAPTER 3:
MCAT Exam
Whats It Like to Take the MCAT Exam?
CHAPTER 6:
How Do I Prepare for the MCAT Exam?

What is the MCAT exam?
Feedback on your performance that will allow you to

compare yourself to others who participated in the Trial
Section
The Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) is a

standardized multiple-choice test that has been a part of the
medical school admissions process for more than 80 years.
Each year, more than 75,000 students sit for the exam.
Nearly all medical schools in the United States and several in
Canada require MCAT scores, and many health professions
and graduate programs now accept MCAT scores in lieu of
other standardized tests.
Please note that you cannot preregister for the Trial Section.
However, you will be invited to take the Trial Section ONLY
after you complete the core scored sections of the exam,
select I wish to have my MCAT exam SCORED, and lastly,
by answering yes to the statement Please indicate below
if you would like to participate in the Trial Section.
The MCAT exam tests examinees on the skills and

knowledge that medical educators and physicians have
identified as key prerequisites for success in medical
school and practicing medicine. The content is divided into
three multiple-choice sections: Physical Sciences, Verbal
Reasoning, and Biological Sciences. In 2013, the Writing
Sample section was removed from the exam and replaced
by a voluntary, unscored Trial Section.
How are scores used?

There are many factors considered in the medical school
admissions process to gain a holistic view of an applicants
likelihood of succeeding in medical school. MCAT scores are
one of the factors considered. When admissions officers look
at MCAT scores in conjunction with undergraduate GPA,
rather than grades alone, they are better able to predict who
will be successful in medical school.
In partnership with its member U.S. medical schools, the

AAMC develops and administers the exam several times
each year from late January through early September at
hundreds of test sites throughout the U.S. and Canada, and
in select locations throughout the world.
Nearly every U.S. medical school will require you to take the
MCAT exam as part of the application process.
How important is the MCAT exam?

Taking the MCAT exam is an important step in the
application process, but the exam alone does not make
or break your chances of getting into medical school.
Admissions committees consider many other factors
when you apply, such as: academic strengths, exposure to
health care and medical research environments, personal
experiences and interests, potential contributions to the
campus and community, and personal attributes such as
maturity and drive to help others.
What is the new Trial Section?

In 2014 through January 2015, you will have the opportunity
to volunteer for the new Trial Section on test day. The
voluntary Trial Section will ask you to test out questions for
a future version of the MCAT exam. It will be the last section
of the test and will take 45 minutes to complete. Even with
the Trial Section, your test day will be shorter for you than
it was for previous examinees who took the exam with the
Writing Sample section. Instead of spending 60 minutes
writing MCAT essays, were asking you to test out 32 new
questions in biochemistry, biology, chemistry, and physics, or
in psychology, sociology, and biology.
When should I take the MCAT exam?

Take the exam when you are prepared, practiced, and
ready. Plan to take the exam after you have completed the
basic-level science courses that the exam coversbiological
sciences, physics, organic and inorganic chemistry. Read
over the MCAT exam content outlines to be sure you
covered all the topics and skills that are tested on the exam.
If you volunteer to participate, you will have an opportunity

to preview content that medical school admissions officers
want applicants to know. You also will receive the following
if you put forth a good-faith effort:
In most cases, you should take the exam in the calendar

year prior to the year in which you plan to enter medical
school. Typically, applicants take the MCAT exam in the
$30 Amazon.com Gift Card.* Claim code** emailed to

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continued
21
How Do I Prepare for the MCAT Exam? continued

What if I dont score well?
spring or summer after their junior year. Spring testing

gives admissions committees the most time to review an
applicants file. However, if you plan to take a summer
course that may help you on the MCAT exam, such as
a science class, it may be best to take the exam in the
summer or fall.
If you arent satisfied with your MCAT score, your prehealth advisor can help you decide if you should re-take the
exam. The Official Guide to the MCAT Exam also offers
some data to consider when making this decision. You can
take the MCAT exam up to three times per calendar year.
What if I cant afford the registration fee?
Is the MCAT exam changing?
If you have concerns about the cost of the MCAT exam,

consider applying for the Fee Assistance Program (FAP).
This program reduces the registration fee from $275 to
$100 for potential medical school applicants who meet
eligibility requirements, and who would be unable to take
the exam without financial assistance.
Yes. The last administration of the current exam will

be in January 2015. The new MCAT exam will begin
administration in the spring of 2015. The new exam will
have four sections:
Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems
Does the AAMC offer any resources to help me

study for the MCAT exam?
Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems

Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of
Behavior
The AAMC publishes a variety of materials including

content outlines, The Official Guide to the MCAT Exam,
a free, previously administrated practice test at www.
aamc.org/freemcatpractice, as well as additional practice
tests for purchase at www.aamc.org/mcatpracticetests,
and The Official MCAT Self-Assessment Package. Look
for these resources and more on the official MCAT site.
Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills

Details about these four sections, including the topics
covered and the scientific inquiry and reasoning skills
tested, can be found in the Preview Guide for the
MCAT2015 Exam (Second Edition). Download this free
resource, view a video, and get additional resources on the
MCAT2015 site.

Trial Section:
www.aamc.org/mcat/trialsection
Fee Assistance Program (FAP):
https://www.aamc.org/fap
The Official Guide to the MCAT Exam:
www.aamc.org/officialmcatguide
*Amazon.com is not a sponsor of this promotion. Amazon, Amazon.com,

the Amazon.com logo, Gift Codes on Demand, the Amazon Gift Card
logo, and 1-Click are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates.
The Official MCAT Self-Assessment Package:

www.aamc.org/mcatsap
**Amazon.com Gift Cards may be used only to purchase eligible goods

on Amazon.com or its affiliated Web site, Endless.com. Gift Cards
cannot be redeemed for purchases of gift certificates or cards, or for
items from some third party sellers. Purchases are deducted from the
Gift Card balance. Gift Cards cannot be reloaded, resold, transferred for
value, redeemed for cash, or applied to any other account. Amazon is
not responsible if a Gift Card is lost, stolen, destroyed, or used without
permission. See www.amazon.com/gc-legal for complete terms and
conditions. Gift Cards are issued and 2012 by ACI Gift Cards, Inc., a
Washington corporation.
MCAT site:
www.aamc.org/mcat
MCAT2015 site:
www.aamc.org/mcat2015
22
Whats it Like to Take the MCAT Exam?

What was the testing site like? How many
people were in the room?
goes over how to use all of those features as well.

Overall, I think its actually more comfortable taking
the test on a computer than taking it as a written
exam, where your hand starts to cramp up from
filling in so many bubbles.
The testing site is set up in a highly regulated

manner. Theres a lobby with lockers and theres a
room with computers. Each computer is partitioned
off from the others. Although there may be up to
20 or 30 other people in the room, its completely
silent and the partitions make you feel like youre
there by yourself. To get into the computer room
where you will take your test, you have to sign in,
have your fingerprint scanned, show your picture
ID, and prove that you have nothing else on you
(other than earplugs if you choose). Every time you
leave the computer room, you have to sign out and
scan out with your fingerprint again.
How long did it take? Did you get breaks?
All morning (or afternoon)! Its surprising how

exhausting it is to be thinking so hard for so long.
Name: Colleen Kays
The test is five and a half hours long, and the
Hometown: Gainesville, FL
breaks are important to help you refresh! Youre
Medical School: Columbia
University College of
not allowed to leave the test room while youre in
Physicians and Surgeons
the middle of any section, but in between each of
the 4 sections is a 10-minute break. You have to
May 2013
make sure to time the break yourself (your next
section will start if youre gone for more than the allotted
10 minutes), but during that time you can leave and use the
What can you have with you?
restroom and have a snack. Youre not allowed to study or
Not much! When you enter the test room, youll have to
use your phone during that time.
bring your picture ID (current government-issued ID, with an
expiration date, your photo, and your signature; your drivers
Did you finish each section?
license or passport will work). You can bring earplugs in with
I did finish each section, but I also practiced a lot in advance
you too, which is a good idea even if you dont think youll
by using the materials available on the AAMC website.
use them, just in case. Beyond that, you cant bring anything
else in with you. You CANNOT bring any food or drink; that
How long until you got your scores?
stays in your locker and you can get it out during breaks.
About a month. Your score will be put online when its
You also CANNOT bring pencil or paper, but the test site
available, but dont start checking for it after just one week!
will provide you with something to write on. At my center
It really does take about 4 weeks.
we were given booklets of paper and 2 pencils; if we filled
up the booklet we could ask for a new one, but they would
Do you have any advice?
take away the used one at the same time. Some centers use
Take your studying seriously, but dont overwork yourself!
laminated paper and dry erase markers instead.
Youll definitely want to give yourself time to prepare, by
You CAN bring a jacket into the test room with you, and
studying the material and doing practice exams, but you can
wearing layers is a good idea! Some test sites are freezing,
certainly still be working or in school during that time (try to
but I also have a friend who took her MCAT at a site where
pick a lighter course schedule though if you can).
the A/C was brokenin July (and she survived and is a
medical student now)! Youll feel more comfortable if youre
prepared for any testing situation.
How was taking the test on a computer?
Fee Assistance Program: www.aamc.org/fap
Not bad at all! When youre studying, make sure to spend

some time doing at least one practice test on your computer
at home to make sure that youre used to it. Youll also want
to explore in advance how to use the functions on the test,
such as highlighting information, crossing out answers, and
marking questions. Theres a tutorial at the beginning that
The Official Guide to the MCAT Exam:

www.aamc.org/officialmcatguide
MCAT home page: www.aamc.org/mcat

MCAT2015 : www.aamc.org/mcat2015
23
How Do I Prepare for the MCAT2015 Exam?

Why is the MCAT exam changing?
campus and community, and personal attributes, such as

maturity and drive to help others.
In standardized testing, periodic reviews are considered a

best practice, especially in fields with a rapidly-changing
knowledge base like medicine. As the standardized test
required by the majority of medical schools in the United
States and Canada, the MCAT exam provides admissions
committees with important information about their
applicants readiness for success. Therefore, periodic updates
help ensure that the exam is keeping pace with changes in the
study and practice of medicine, such as new and innovative
treatments, health care system reforms, and the challenges
that come with serving an increasingly diverse population.
When should I take the MCAT exam?

In most cases, you should take the exam in the calendar
year prior to the year in which you plan to enter medical
school. That means students applying to enter medical
school directly after undergraduate studies will take the
exam during or after their junior year.
Which exam will I take?

Ask yourself two key questions before making your decision:
1) When do you want to start medical school, and 2) When
will you be ready to take the exam. If you want to start
medical school in 2014 or 2015, you will take the current
MCAT exam. If you want to start school in 2016 or 2017,
you will probably take the new MCAT2015 exam. To learn
more visit: www.aamc.org/mcat/whichexam. Please
note that current MCAT scores will continue to be reported
through the 2019 application cycle. However, please review
the Medical School Admission Requirements website
for information about individual medical schools admission
requirements.
The new MCAT exam will begin administration in the spring

of 2015.
What does the exam test?

The MCAT2015 exam is a computer-based exam that tests your
knowledge and use of concepts from the natural, social, and
behavioral sciences, plus your critical analysis and reasoning
skills. The four sections of the MCAT2015 exam, in order, will be:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems

Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills
Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems
Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of
Behavior
How do I prepare?
Whats on the MCAT2015 Exam? interactive tool is a free,
online resource designed to help you learn about the
structure and content of the MCAT2015 exam. Explore in
detail the Foundational Concepts, Content Categories, and
Scientific Inquiry and Reasoning Skills needed for the new
exam through text, video tutorials, and sample questions and
explanations. You can also download the PDFs of the section
content outlines or the complete exam content outline.
How are scores used?

There are many factors considered in the medical school
admissions process that provide a holistic view of an
applicants likelihood of succeeding in medical school.
MCAT scores are one of the factors considered. When
admissions officers look at MCAT scores in conjunction with
undergraduate GPA, rather than grades alone, they are better
able to predict who will be successful in medical school.
MORE INFORMATION
MCAT2015 Exam Site: www.aamc.org/mcat2015
How important is the MCAT exam?

www.aamc.org/msar
Taking the MCAT exam is an important step in the

application process, but the exam alone does not make
or break your chances of getting into medical school.
Admissions committees consider many other factors
when you apply, such as: academic strengths, exposure to
health care and medical research environments, personal
experiences and interests, potential contributions to the
Whats on the MCAT2015 Exam?: www.aamc.org/

mcat2015exam
The Official Guide to the MCAT Exam (MCAT2015),
Fourth Edition: www.aamc.org/officialmcatguide2015
Fee Assistance Program: www.aamc.org/fap
24
CHAPTER 1:
The Basics
CHAPTER 2:
Getting Experience
CHAPTER 4:
Applying
CHAPTER 3:
MCAT Exam
CHAPTER 4:
Applying

How Do I Make Sure Social Media Doesnt
Hurt My Chances?
CHAPTER 5:
CHAPTER 6:

How do I start the application process?
What is the timeline for applying?
To apply to most medical schools in the United States,

youll use the AAMCs centralized application service,
called the American Medical College Application
Service (AMCAS). AMCAS collects, verifies, and delivers
application information and MCAT scores to each school
you choose. AMCAS does not make admissions decisions;
each participating school is responsible for making its
own individual admissions decisions. To apply to an M.D.
program at a public medical school in Texas you will use
the Texas Medical & Dental Schools Application Service
(TMDSAS).
The AMCAS application typically opens during the first

week of May each year for the following years medical
school class. Since AMCAS submission doesnt open until
the first week of June, youll have about a month to begin
working on your application before you can submit it.
Youll begin the application process in the spring in order
to begin medical school in the fall of the following year. For
specific application dates and deadlines, visit the Medical
School Admission Requirements, the AMCAS website,
and the websites of your potential medical schools.
How do I choose the right medical school for

me?
What is a secondary application?
U.S. medical schools offer a variety of excellent educational

experiences in a variety of settings. Some schools are public
and some are private, and they vary in size, curriculum,
and character. To find out which schools might best meet
your needs and goals, begin by consulting the AAMCs
The Official Guide to Medical School Admissions and
reading How Do I... Decide Where to Apply?.
Schools often request additional information from applicants

in the form of a supplemental, secondary application. This
may include a request for letters of recommendation, an
essay, and additional forms. A secondary application will
likely have an associated application fee. Fees and required
forms vary from school to school.
How much does it cost?

For the 2015 application cycle, the AMCAS processing fee
is $160, which includes one medical school. Additional
medical schools may be added at a cost of $36 each.
AMCAS fees are subject to change.
MORE INFORMATION:
AMCAS : www.aamc.org/amcas
TMDSAS: www.utsystem.edu/tmdsas/
Applicants with financial need may apply to the Fee

Assistance Program (FAP) offered by the AAMC. FAP
awardees receive a waiver for AMCAS fees (for up to 15
medical schools), reduced registration fees for the Medical
College Admission Test (MCAT), and more. Visit the
FAP web site for application requirements and additional
benefit information.
FAP: www.aamc.org/fap
MCAT: www.aamc.org/mcat
Medical School Admission Requirements & The
Official Guide to Medical School Admissions
guidebook: www.aamc.org/msar
How Do I... Decide Where to Apply?: https://www.
aamc.org/students/aspiring/332944/wheretoapply.html
Will I need to interview?

Most medical schools require an interview, though
the process varies by school. Interviews can take place
on or off campus. They can be conducted by one
admissions committee member, by multiple members of
the committee, or by off-campus interviewers, such as
practicing physicians. Generally, the interviewers complete
evaluations that are added to the rest of your application
materials. For more information on interviewing, see the
The Official Guide to Medical School Admissions.
26

Theres an old saying, If youve seen one medical school,
youve seen one medical school. What is meant by that
is that all medical schools are unique. They vary in mission,
location, size, and countless other variables. Deciding which
medical schools to apply to is a very personal decision
based on your goals and interests, but there are resources
available to help you narrow down your options.
If youre not ready to start looking at

specific schools yet, the The Official
Guide to Medical School Admissions
might be your best first step. The
guidebook contains chapters on
deciding if a career in medicine is
right for you, how to prepare for
medical school, how to choose the
right school, and an overview of what
is learned in medical school. The Official Guide to Medical
School Admissions also provides details about the MCAT
exam and the AMCAS application, how to apply, how
admissions decisions are made, information about diversity
in medical schools, financing, applicant and matriculant
data, and more.
How many schools should I apply to, and what

will it cost?
You can apply to as many or as few schools as youd like,
but over the last several years, medical school aspirants
have sent applications to an average of 15 schools through
the American Medical College Application Service
(AMCAS). AMCAS fees are subject to change and can
be found on the AMCAS website. There will be additional
costs associated with secondary applications and traveling
to your interviews, so its a good idea to apply only to
schools you would seriously consider attending.
Who can I discuss my options with?

The most knowledgeable person you can talk to is the
pre-health advisor at your school. Be sure to schedule
an appointment to discuss your options as early as you
can. If you do not have a pre-health advisor, talk to an
academic advisor, or find an advisor through the National
Association of Advisors for Health Professionals
(NAAHP) website.
Are there any tools or resources to help me

decide where to apply?
The Medical School Admission Requirements website
is a database-driven guide that provides a comprehensive
listing of U.S. and Canadian medical schools and B.S./M.D.
programs. The medical school profiles show specific
admissions requirements along with all of the applicant
and acceptance statistics. You can use the site to perform
advanced searches, sort data, browse schools at a
glance, save favorites, compare schools, save notes, and
access more data and information available elsewhere.
The website is revised completely each year through a
collaboration of the AAMC and each medical school and
B.S./M.D. program. New LCME-accredited medical schools
are added soon after preliminary accreditation is granted.
The Medical School Admission Requirements website is the
best source for trusted, up-to-date information.
MORE INFORMATION
Medical School Admission Requirements Preview:
https://services.aamc.org/30/msar
AMCAS:
www.aamc.org/amcas
The Official Guide to Medical School Admissions
Preview:
https://www.aamc.org/students/download/180052/data/
guidebook_preview.pdf
Medical School Admission Requirments and Official
Guide website:
www.aamc.org/msar
When should I start looking into where to apply?

If youre in high school and considering a B.S./M.D.
program, you typically want to do your research during
your junior year. If youre in college, or post-college, you
will want to start researching medical schools at least
several months before you begin your AMCAS application,
which opens in early May each year for entrance into
medical school the following year.
Purchase Products:
www.aamc.org/publications
More about Advisors and the NAAHP:
http://www.naahp.org/Default.aspx?tabid=3238
27

What schools offer this type of program?
The M.D./Ph.D. dual career is busy, challenging, and

rewarding, and it offers opportunities to do good for
many people by advancing knowledge, developing new
treatments for diseases, and pushing back the boundaries
of the unknown.
Nationwide, there are more than 100 M.D./Ph.D. programs

affiliated with medical schools. The National Institute of
General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) supported Medical
Scientist Training Programs or MSTPs, currently provides
training grants that partially support 40 M.D./Ph.D.
programs at 45 degree-granting institutions. M.D./Ph.D.
degrees, in the Medical School Admission Requirements
website profiles under Combined Degrees and Special
Programs.
How do I know if a combined program is right for

me?
M.D./Ph.D programs are specifically designed for those
who want to become research physicians, also known as
physician-scientists. Graduates of M.D./Ph.D. programs
often go on to become faculty members at medical
schools, universities, and research institutes such as the
National Institutes of Health. M.D./Ph.D. candidates are
being prepared for careers in which they will spend most
of their time doing research in addition to caring for
patients. It is critical that applicants have a passion for
doing bothmost M.D./Ph.D. graduates feel strongly that
they would not be fulfilled by only pursuing medicine or
only pursuing science.
How long does it take?

Students enter an integrated curriculum that typically takes
seven to eight years to complete. During this time they
satisfy the full requirements for both the M.D. and the
Ph.D. degrees.
What kind of work can I do? How much time is

spent as an M.D.? As a researcher?
According to a recent study of M.D./Ph.D. programs,
about 75 percent of U.S. M.D./Ph.D. graduates are in
academic medicine or pharmaceutical company positions
that make use of their interests in both patient care and
research. M.D./Ph.D. physician-scientists are typically
faculty members at academic medical centers who
spend 70 percent to 80 percent of their time conducting
research, though this can vary by specialty. Their research
may be lab-based, translational, or clinical. The remaining
time is often divided between clinical service, teaching,
and administrative activities.
When and where do I apply?

Nearly all M.D./Ph.D. programs participate in the
application process via the American Medical College
Application Service (AMCAS). On the AMCAS
application, students designate themselves as M.D./
Ph.D. applicants and complete two additional essays: one
related to why they are interested in M.D./Ph.D. training,
and the other highlighting their significant research
experiences.
M.D./PH.D. APPLICATION TIMELINE
MORE INFORMATION:
AMCAS application opens: May preceding the year of

expected entry
More information about M.D./Ph.D. programs:

www.aamc.org/mdphd
Applicants interviewed: OctoberMarch
A list of M.D./Ph.D. degree programs offered in the

United States and Canada: www.aamc.org/students/
considering/exploring_medical/research/mdphd/applying_
md-phd/61570/mdphd_programs.html
Final decisions sent to applicants: DecemberMarch

Applicants revisit program(s) to decide where to
matriculate: MarchApril

www.aamc.org/msar
M.D./Ph.D. programs start: JuneAugust
28

Do U.S. medical schools ever accept international
students?
Language Proficiency
Within the AMCAS application, youll be able to indicate
the languages you speak and your proficiency in each.
The short answer is yes, but its not easy. Some medical
schools in the United States accept and matriculate a small
number of international applicants to their programs. In
2012, 77 schools indicated in the MSAR Online that they
would accept applications from international applicants.
You can research an individual medical schools admissions
policies on its website or within the Application Deadlines
and Requirements section in MSAR Online (subscription
required).
What options will I have for financial aid?

Only U.S. citizens and permanent residents are eligible for
federal aid, which includes Direct Stafford, Direct PLUS, and
Perkins Loans. In most cases, international students will need
to secure private loans or institutional loans if offered by
the medical school. In some cases, medical schools require
applicants to prove they have sufficient financial resources
to pay for all four years of medical school, or will require
applicants to have the full amount in an escrow account.
Is the application process different for

international students?
Primary Application
Where can I take the MCAT Exam?
Most medical schools in the United States use the American

Medical School Application Service (AMCAS) to facilitate
and streamline the application process. Although you will
use AMCAS to apply, the service does not accept foreign
transcripts (or translated/evaluated transcripts) and they will
not be verified. Instead, when completing your application,
you are welcome to add courses taken at foreign institutions,
knowing that these courses wont be verified and an
AMCAS G.P.A. will not be calculated. However, individual
medical schools may ask you for your transcript through their
secondary application.
Most medical schools in the United States require the Medical

College Admission Test (MCAT) for admission. The exam is
administered several times a year in numerous U.S. locations
and in some locations abroad. For a complete list of countries
and specific testing locations, see the MCAT exam website.
Please note that the exam is always administered in English
regardless of the country in which you test. The name you
use to register for and take the exam must be in English,
exactly as it appears on your government-issued I.D.
Transcripts
LINKS FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
International applicants who completed courses at

an international school should follow the instructions
provided on the AMCAS site for entering coursework and
requesting transcripts. If any of the courses were taken
at a foreign institution, but credit was granted through
an accredited U.S. or Canadian school and the courses
appear on that official transcript, then the corresponding
U.S. or Canadian transcript would be required. AMCAS
will verify and include those courses in the AMCAS G.P.A.
For instance, a course may have been taken through a
study-abroad program sponsored by an American school,
but hosted in a foreign country.
MSAR Online:
www.aamc.org/msar
AMCAS:
https://www.aamc.org/amcas
MCAT:
https://www.aamc.org/students/applying/mcat/
reserving/85524/registering_outside_of_the_united_
states.html
FIRST:
https://www.aamc.org/services/first
Citizenship/Visa Status
Be sure to clearly and accurately identify your citizenship
and visa (if applicable) status on your AMCAS and
secondary applications.
29
How Do I Make Sure Social Media Doesnt Hurt My Chances?

Before an interview, you probably spend a lot of time (and
money) picking out the perfect outfit. You want to look the
partpoised, confident, and professional. How people see
you when you stand before them is important, but what
about how people see you when you dont see them? When
people search for you online, read your comments, or view
your Facebook page, what are you revealing or telling them?
More than you might imagine.
of these items, in many cases, it is possible. Although it may

be tedious, you should be able to contact sites to ask them to
remove items, or adjust your privacy settings so that many of
the results no longer appear publically.
What are some things that might negatively

influence people?
Anything thats illegal, shows poor judgment, or is
controversial will hurt your image. I have heard of students
posting pictures of themselves drinking beer with friends and
acting wild and crazy. This is not a good idea as it suggests to
admissions committees that the student may be at risk for a
substance use disorder in addition to unprofessional behavior.
I have also heard of a student posting pictures of Confederate
flags, calling it an example of Southern pride, but this calls
into question that students sensitivity to the struggles of
African-Americans in this country and causes admissions
committees to question the students judgment, reports
Dr. Rodgers.
Do admissions committees and employers really

look at applicants pages and posts?
Some do search for applicants online. According to Scott M.
Rodgers, M.D., associate dean for medical student affairs at
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Every student should
assume that admissions committees DO look up applicants
online and sometimes come across information about people
that can either hurt or help a candidate. Barbara Fuller, M.P.H.,
director of admissions at The Warren Alpert Medical School
of Brown University agrees. Students on the admissions
committee are more tech savvy and actually have been
responsible for presenting information on candidatesacquired
through internet searchesthat changed an acceptance to a
rejection. As an applicant, you are responsible for the public
face that the connected world sees.
How can I protect myself without being paranoid?

Be sure to make your social networking accounts private.
Make sure you are set up to approve all tags or check-ins,
and delete anything youre not proud of, or that seems
like it could be misconstrued. Dr. Rodgers sums it up best,
If students have any doubt about posting something on
Facebook or any other social media site, then he or she
should simply not do it. It is always best to err on the side of
less rather than more.
Can information about me online be considered in

the admission or job application process?
Yes. Researching a candidate online is like an informal
background check. Its legal, and any information found can
become another factor to consider in an admissions decision.
However, according to Dr. Rodgers, An applicant should not
make the assumption that everything online is necessarily
bad and should be removed. For example, if a student led
a major service activity at his or her university, and a story
about it appeared in the online university newspaper, that is
a very good thing!
What if an interviewer or school asks for my

password?
You should never share your password with anyone, anytime.
It is not appropriate for your supervisor or anyone to ask
or require your password for a social networking site or
private email account. For more information, see the Internet
Bill of Rights at: http://www.backgroundcheck.org/socialnetworking-bill-of-rights/.
How do I find out whats out there about me?

Do web searches of your name and see what comes up.
You may be surprised or a little unnerved to see how much
of your personal information is visible. In addition to your
social media profiles, you may find links to news articles,
phone book listings of your address, petitions youve signed
electronically, and comments youve left on websites. You
may even find people with the same or similar names. Its
good to know what search results are found so that you can
speak to them in an interview. If you wish to remove some
SOCIAL MEDIA BEST PRACTICES

30
Make all accounts private

Keep pictures, statuses, and comments clean
Approve tags and check-ins from friends
Always sign out of a public or shared computer
Never share your password
CHAPTER 1:
The Basics
CHAPTER 2:
Getting Experience
How Do I Create a Budget?
CHAPTER 4:
Applying
How Do I Pay for Medical School?
CHAPTER 3:
MCAT Exam
CHAPTER 5:
How Do I Build Good Credit?
What is the Cost of Applying to Medical School?
What are the Financial Implications of a Post Bac Program?
What Should I Consider as a Non-Traditional Student?
What is the Financial Aid Application Process?
What are the Benefits of Federal vs. Private Education Loans?
When Should I Consider a Direct Stafford Loan?
CHAPTER 5:
How Can I Afford Medical School?
When Should I Consider a Direct PLUS Loan?

What is an Award Letter?
How Can I Make a Smooth Transition to Medical School?
CHAPTER 6:
Unforeseen Emergencies and Financial Needs What to Do?
How Do I Pay for Medical School?

How much does medical school cost?
How do I apply for financial aid?
In 20132014, annual tuition and fees at public medical

schools averaged approximately $31,783 for state residents
and $55,294 for non-residents. At private schools, tuition
and fees averaged $52,093 for residents and $50,476 for
non-resident students. These figures do not include health
insurance, housing, or living expenses.
Students applying for financial aid to attend medical school

fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid
(FAFSA) form to be considered for federal financial aid,
which is the largest source of assistance.
Some medical schools will require you to complete
additional forms, as well as provide documentation, such
as copies of tax returns. To be considered for all available
financial aid, it is essential that you complete all forms on
time. Be sure to talk to the financial aid advisor at each of
your potential medical schools as early as possible.
For more information about the cost of medical school and

financing a medical education, visit the FIRST for Medical
Education site or for the tuition and fees at a specific
medical school, consult the Medical School Admissions
Requirements website.
To be considered for certain sources of financial aid, your

parents may need to provide their financial information
even if you are financially independent of your parents.
The financial aid advisors at your prospective schools can
give you more information about whether your parents will
need to submit information and what forms to fill out.
How can I afford medical school?

Dont let the costs discourage you. A variety of loans,
scholarships, and grants are available. Some are needbased, some are merit based and some require a service
commitment.
Most medical students borrow at least a portion of the
money they need to finance their education. In 2013,
the median debt for graduating students was $175,000.
Thats significant debt. However, a medical education is an
investment that will eventually pay for itself. For example,
average salary in family medicine for the same year was
$161,000.
MORE INFORMATION
FIRST: www.aamc.org/FIRST
www.aamc.org/msar
Financial Aid Fact Sheets for Applicants:
www.aamc.org/services/first/first_factsheets/
Federal student loans include, but are not limited to, the
Stafford loan, the PLUS Loan, and the Perkins loan. Nonfederal alternative loan programs are also available. For
more information about these loans, read the AAMCs
Financial Information, Resources, Services and Tools (FIRST)
programs Financial Aid Fact Sheets.
FIRST Loan Repayment/Scholarship Programs:

www.aamc.org/stloan
Armed Forces Health Professions Scholarship:
www.afit.edu/cip/hpsp.cfm
National Health Service Corps: http://nhsc.hrsa.gov/
Grants and scholarships are available from the federal

government and from the individual medical schools. Some
opportunities are specifically for individuals who plan to
pursue careers in primary care or who agree to practice
in under served areas for a pre-determined amount of
time. Federal Service programs include the Armed Forces
Health Professions Scholarship and the National Health
Service Corps. Scholarships for underrepresented minority
students also are available through the National Medical
Fellowships.
National Medical Fellowships: www.nmfonline.org/

FAFSA: www.fafsa.ed.gov/
32
How Do I Create a Budget?

Where can I make changes that will save me
money?
Lets face it. Money will probably be tight during medical

school and residency. Thats why a realistic budgetone
you can stick towill be critical to your financial wellbeing during the early years. Remember, if you stick to
your budget and borrow less, you also will be paying less
when you enter repayment.
Everyones preferences and situations are different, but a

few possibilities are to:
Share housing costs with a roommate
Why should I do thiswhats in it for me?
Carpool or use public transportation
Although the word budget may conjure up negative

associations for you, in practice, it offers many positive
benefits. For example, you will find that a realistic budget
will help you to:
Buy clothes at end-of-season sales

Buy generic rather than brand names
Buy nonperishable items in bulk
Maintain better control of your spending and be less

likely to run into credit problems
Take advantage of coupons

Make your coffee and food at home
Make sure you cover your essential expenses before

making an optional purchase
Switch from a subscription music service to a free

online option
Prepare for an unexpected expense by building an

emergency fund
Accrue less loan and credit card debt
Borrow books and movies from the library instead of

buying or renting them
How do I get started?
Is there anything else to consider?
First, add up your monthly income, then write down and

total all of your monthly expenses. Next, calculate the
difference between your income and expenses to see if you
have a surplus, are breaking even, or ending the month
with a deficit.
Every medical school determines the total cost of

attendance (COA) for their institution. This figure usually
reflects most expenses. The COA will be very helpful in
formulating a budget. Request this information from
your medical schools student financial aid office if it is
not included in your award letter. It is also available in
the financial section of the Medical School Admission
Requirements website.
One helpful tip is to categorize your expenses as either

fixed (the ones that stay the same every month) or
variable (the ones that fluctuate monthly). Examples
of fixed expenses include rent, car payments, and health
insurance. Examples of variable expenses include groceries,
dining out, and clothing. Your variable expenses are where
you may have more flexibility to adjust your budget,
thereby allowing you to break even or build a surplus.
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT BUDGETING:

Financial Literacy 101:
http://aamc.financialliteracy101.org
FIRST Financial Aid Fact Sheets:
https://www.aamc.org/services/first/first_
factsheets/144348/budgeting.html
Medical School Admission Requirments:
www.aamc.org/msar
33
How Do I Build Good Credit?

What is a credit score and how can I find mine?
A credit score is a numerical calculation based on your

credit history. Virtually all lenders look at this score to
determine how responsibly youve managed your credit
obligations. The best known and most commonly used
credit score is a FICO score, which ranges from a low of
300 to a high of 850. It is determined according to:

How can I improve my score?
Payment history: number of accounts paid on time,

number of accounts past due (and for how long),
accounts in collection, charge-offs, and bankruptcies
Amounts owed: account balances in relation to the

credit limit
Length of credit history: longer is better
New credit: number of accounts recently opened,

including number of new credit inquiries
Types of credit used: Not all credit is equal. Some

types of credit on your report may be more favorable
than others in the eyes of a lender. Youll probably be
better off if you have limited and well-managed debt
like student loans, a car loan, a mortgage, and one or
two credit cards rather than having a bunch of credit
cards and no other debt.
Opportunity to take advantage of deals: better

rates are often offered only to those with good credit
Pay your credit card bills on time, every time, and try to
pay your bills in full each month
If you must keep a balance, keep a small outstanding

balance in proportion to your total credit line
Have a reasonable number of credit cards
What hurts your score?

Missing payments or failing to pay at least the

minimum amount due
Having delinquent loans
Maxing out your credit cards
Not having enough credit history
Declaring bankruptcy
Having a large number of active credit cards
How do I check my credit report?

The Fair Credit Reporting Act requires each of the
three major credit bureaus to provide you with a free
copy of your credit report once a year. Go to www.
annualcreditreport.comthe online source authorized
by the Federal Trade Commissionto request your report.
(Your credit score will not be affected.)
What are the benefits of having good credit?

Good credit is an indication that youre practicing good
financial habits. The better your score, the more likely
you are to get approval for loans. Beyond that, there are
additional benefits you may enjoy:

Cheaper loans: many lenders charge lower interest

rates for those with higher credit scores
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT CREDIT
Easier to rent an apartment: landlords perform

credit checks to make a tenant selection
Financial Literacy 101:

http://aamc.financialliteracy101.org
Better chance of getting a job offer: many

employers check credit ratings prior to offering
candidates a job
FIRST Financial Aid Fact Sheets:

www.aamc.org/firstfacts
34
How Can I Afford Medical School?

Title
If you want to be a doctor or physician scientist they are good career choices, both socially and financially.
Although medical school is expensive, there are options when it comes to financing your education. The key to
affording medical school is educating yourself about the available financial options for funding your medical
education program.
Things to Think About
with repayment assistance while practicing in a medically

underserved area, or through public or military service. For
more information about repayment options, visit the FIRST
website at: www.aamc.org/FIRST
The truth of the matter is: medical school is expensive.

There are many different ways you might choose to pay
for your education but student loans are a reality for most
students. The keys to a successful repayment are careful
planning and budgeting, learning how to effectively
manage your debt, and educating yourself on the various
repayment options.
Final Thoughts
Stay true to your passion. Explore your options. Find a
good advisor and/or mentor. If you can, enter medical
school with little or no credit card debt, and be aware of
the status of your undergraduate loans. The less debt you
bring to medical school, the less debt youll have when
you graduate from medical school. Do your best to not put
application and interviewing costs (fees, travel,hotels, etc.)
on credit cards. Most likely there will be no room in your
medical school budget to pay off that debt.
Have a Plan
One of your first stops on the road to creating a sound
financial plan should be the AAMCs FIRST for Medical
Education website. It contains extensive information on
the cost of applying to medical school, information about
various loan types, repayment information, and other
financial topics. Even with these resources, the process can
be overwhelming, so your next step is to identify a financial
aid advisor to assist you.
Remember the financial aid office staff will be essential to

you throughout your years in school. Theyre there to help
you, so take advantage of their assistance.
Get Good Advice

The importance of getting sound, accurate, and timely
advice cannot be overstated. Whether its your pre-health
advisor, a current medical student or resident, or the
admissions or financial aid officer where you are planning
to apply, there are people who can help you navigate this
often complex topic. Look at the financial aid website at
the schools youre applying to and see what information
is available. When visiting and interviewing at prospective
schools, take your financial aid questions with you and
speak with one of the financial aid administrators at the
school.
FINANCIAL FACTS
The median amount of debt for the class of 2013:
$175,000*
The median 4-year cost of attendance for the class
of 2014:

The 2013 median starting salary for Internal

Medicine (first year post residency): $180,000**
Learn About Repayment Options
Although debt and cost are high, so is the starting salary for
the average primary care physician. More information about
medical student education: debt, costs, and loan repayment
can be found on FIRSTs Debt Fact Card.
There are many ways to fund and repay your medical

school loans. If youre interested in pursuing a career
in primary care, you can generally borrow and repay
your loans with the average primary care salary. Other
opportunities for repayment may be found through
service repayment programs. These programs provide you
www.aamc.org/FIRST
$218,898* (public school)

$286,806* (private school)
* AAMC 2013 GQ data

** Physician Placement Starting Salary
Survey Report 2014 from MGMA Physician
35
What is the Cost of Applying to Medical School?

Title
Before youre even accepted to medical school, youll have some admissions-related costs to cover, the most
significant of which involve the AMCAS application service and the MCAT exam.
Application Fees
Other Expenses
FeesThe fees related to your medical school application are

likely to comprise your largest expense. Usually, these costs
will fall into the following three categories:
Keep in mind other costs associated with the application

process. Some of those expenses include:
The purchase of medical school guidebooks such as The
Official Guide to Medical School Admissions
1. Primary application fee. Most medical schools use

the AAMCs American Medical College Application
Service (AMCAS) to process applications. to process
applications. Through this service, you are able to
submit a single set of application materials and have
them sent to the schools you specify. For the 2015
entering class, the fee is $160 for the first school and
$36 for each additional school. (Please be aware that
not all schools use AMCAS, and that you may incur a
different fee in those instances.)
Travel and overnight accommodations for medical school

interviews
Costs related to MCAT preparation (AAMC preparation
products)
THE AAMCS FEE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
2. Secondary application fee. The majority of medical

schools require a secondary application. Those fees
typically range from $25 to $100. If applicants qualify
for the AAMCs Fee Assistance Program, some medical
schools will waive the secondary application fee.
The AAMCs Fee Assistance Program assists MCAT

examinees and AMCAS applicants who, without
financial assistance, would be unable to take the
MCAT exam or apply to medical schools that use the
AMCAS application.
3. College service fees. There is usually a small fee

for transmittal of your transcript from your college
registrar, and occasionally a fee for transmittal of letters
of recommendation.
The Fee Assistance Program eligibility decisions are

tied directly to the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services poverty-level guidelines. For the
complete list of eligibility guidelines and benefits, visit
www.aamc.org/fap.
The Cost of the MCAT Exam

ExamThe basic registration fee for the MCAT exam is $275,
which covers the cost of the exam, as well as distribution of
your scores. Beyond that, you will incur additional fees for
late registration, changes to your registration, and testing
at international test sites. Information regarding these fees
is available on the MCAT website.
THE IMPORTANCE OF GOOD CREDIT

It is critical that you maintain strong credit as you
begin the medical school application process. In
extreme cases, a medical school may actually defer
your admittance until you resolve any issues with your
credit history. Read Borrowing 101 and Your Credit
Score for more information on the importance of
good credit.
For details on exam content, the registration system, testday procedures, score release process, and more, read the
MCAT Essentials, on the MCAT website.
The MCAT is changing in 2015; for more information, visit
www.aamc.org/mcat2015.
www.aamc.org/FIRST
36
What are the Financial Implications of a Post Bac Program?

Title
Some college graduates consider enrolling in or completing a postbaccalaureate premedical program or
coursework to be a stronger, more qualified applicant. When researching these programs, make sure to consider
any financial implications that may impact your present and future situation.
Why Enroll in a Post- baccalaureate

Program?
Financial Aid and the Cost of Applying

If you have been out of school for awhile,
you may want to review the Financial Aid
Fact Sheet Library for general information
regarding the cost and the process of applying
to medical school.
There are many reasons to enroll in a

postbaccalaureate premedical program (often
called PostBac program for short). Some are
designed for career changers; some are geared
to students who need to complete coursework
in requisite undergraduate science courses;
and some programs focus on applicants who
would like to improve their GPAs. Other
programs are specifically designed to assist
persons from groups underrepresented
in medicine or from educationally or
economically disadvantaged backgrounds.
Mid-career applicants often face different

challenges when applying to and attending
medical school. Be sure to read the Medical
School Costs for Nontraditional Students fact
sheet for additional tips and facts.
Additionally, if you think youll need financial
assistance to help cover the cost of courses,
be sure to speak with the financial aid offices of the
PostBac programs you are interested in specifically about
whether their program is eligible for federal student aid.
Length, Degree, and Linkage Agreements

Make sure to pay close attention to the focus of the
PostBac program that will best suit your needs, and to the
length of time it will take to complete the course. While
some programs may be completed in one year, others may
require 1824 months. Some programs offer certificates
of completion, while others are graduate-level degreegranting programs. Additionally, some programs feature
linkage agreements or affiliations with medical school
programs. For specific details on various programs, degree
offerings, and length of time to complete, see the AAMCs
PostBac Database.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES AND INFORMATION

FIRST for Medical Education is the AAMCs primary
resource regarding Financial Aid. The Financial Aid
Fact Sheet Library includes one page information
sheets on a variety of financial aid topics.
The AAMC also hosts a
searchable database of
PostBac programs that
enables you to search
according to program type
and other characteristics.
Questions regarding
applying, qualifying,
or attending postbaccalaureate programs should be addressed to the
specific program in which you are interested.
www.aamc.org/FIRST
37
What Should I Consider as a Non-Traditional Student?

Title
It is possible to finance a medical school degree and repay the student loan debt that you may incur. As a nontraditional student you may have additional choices and details to consider prior to starting medical school;
however, there are resources to help you with these decisions along the way.
MetamorphosisEmployee to Student
If you currently rent, consider any costs related to breaking

your lease. If you own, consider the costs (and time!) of
selling or renting your house.
Even though you know that youll probably need to live on

less money as a medical student, the change may still be an
adjustment for you. A spending plan is helpful for everyone, but
it becomes especially critical for the non-traditional student.
Your Spouse or Partners Employment. If you need to

relocate, your spouse or partner may not be able to find a
new job immediately. Be sure to have a cash cushion to
cover the time it takes to obtain a new position.
1. Determine your monthly income.

2. Subtract your expenses from your income.
Health Insurance. You may be offered a student insurance

plan (or you may be added to your spouse/partners plan);
however, the cost of the new premium may be more than
the one from your previous employer. Be sure to explore
all options before deciding on the most suitable insurance
coverage.
3. Distribute your discretionary income to cover all your

expenses.
You may want to consider the following concepts when
evaluating how you can make adjustments to your spending
plan.
Uncover likely deficits. Compare your anticipated expenses
for applying to medical school, and during medical school,
with your projected income (or current savings) during that
same time. Knowing these expenses will help you determine
if you need to borrow, and/or how much you need to borrow
to cover these upcoming expenses.
TIPS FOR NON-TRADITIONAL STUDENTS
Identify areas where you can cut back. Start this process
by using FIRSTs interactive budget worksheet to track and
categorize your monthly spending. Your expenses are either
fixed (those which cannot be changed) or variable (those
which can be controlled). Once you know where your money
is going, you can then focus on your variable expenses to see
where you might be able to decrease spending.
Financial aid for the first year: Your financial aid

package will be based on your income from the
previous year. If you expect a significant drop in
income, consult your financial aid officer (FAO) to
inquire about using expected income. Find out what
documentation may be needed as requirements and
processes may vary from school to school.
Costs and Considerations
Providing parental Information: When determining

eligibility for grants and scholarships, regardless of
your age and marital status, many medical schools may
require parental information.
There could be transitional expenses that could impact your

budget as you move from a salaried professional to a medical
student.
INVESTIGATE FINANCIAL AID PROGRAMS
Child care. Perhaps you have a stay-at-home spouse or

partner who cares for your children. Will this person need to
return to work? If so, child care may be an additional cost.
Familiarize yourself with the various financial aid

programs that may be offered to you. These include
grants, scholarships, and loans. Review What is
an Award Letter? to learn more about financial
aid awards and visit the FIRST website for more
information about paying for medical school.
Relocation. In addition to ongoing housing costs, you may

need to relocate to a new area. Expenses beyond the move
will probably include a deposit on a new apartment or house.
www.aamc.org/FIRST
38
What is the Financial Aid Application Process?

Title
While the process of applying for financial aid varies by medical school, here are some universal steps to help you
get started. Always check with the financial aid office at your medical school for specific instructions.
Step 1: Complete the FAFSA
Step 4: Receive and Reply to Your

Award Letter
Completing the Free Application for Federal

Student Aid (FAFSA) is the first step in applying
for financial aid for medical school students.
In January, preferably after you have filed your
federal income taxes, complete the FAFSA
form, filling in both the student information
and parent information. Parent information
is typically required by medical schools for
students who wish to be considered for
institutional financial aid (aid given by the medical school)
even though an applicant is considered independent for
purposes of federal loans. Dont forget to list your medical
schools federal ID code to ensure the results of your FAFSA
are sent to your medical schools financial aid office.
Once your FAFSA results are received and

processed by your medical schools financial
aid office, you will receive an award letter
indicating the types of financial aid and
amounts for which you are eligible. Follow the
directions for accepting or declining the aid.
If you are accepting the aid, and it includes
student loans, pay particular attention to the
information about when your loan funds will be available
to you.
Step 2: Investigate Sources of Aid

Contact the financial aid office at your medical school to
investigate available sources of institutional financial aid.
Be proactive; explore additional resources for scholarships
and/or grants. If you need loans to cover additional
expenses, consider borrowing federal student loans. They
typically have some of the best terms and conditions. The
only source of federal student loans is the Department of
Educations Direct Loan program. Note: Applying for a
student loan requires a separate and different application
from the FAFSA.
STILL HAVE QUESTIONS?
Step 3: Apply Early
REMEMBER:
Paying attention to deadlines is crucial! Obtain, read,

complete, and turn in applications on time, preferably early.
Occasionally, unexpected situations might arise that could
delay your application. If you wait until the last minute to
apply, you may not qualify for a financial aid offer simply
because of a missed deadline.
You must re-apply each year for financial aid.

Check with your medical schools financial aid
office about required forms and deadlines.
In order to maintain eligibility for federal financial

aid, you must maintain Satisfactory Academic
Progress.
www.aamc.org/FIRST
If you are still uncertain about the financial aid

application process, or if you have questions related
to financial aid offered at a specific medical school,
contact the financial aid office at that school. The
financial aid office is always a source of information
for you.
39
Title
What are the Benefits of Federal vs. Private Education Loans?
More so than ever before, both federal and private loans are viable options for financing an education, but it
is important for the funding source to be one that best complements the students expected career path and
financial goals. Medical students face a unique situation with their long enrollment periods followed by additional
years of post-graduation training. For this reason, careful consideration should be given when choosing financing
options for medical school.
Research and Then Decide
Before Borrowing a Private Student Loan,

Consider the Following
Each loan type has its own advantages and disadvantages.

To fully understand the value of each loan program, you
should compare the specific features, including loan terms,
interest rates, origination fees, and conditions. Do your
homework and equip yourself with the knowledge to make
an educated decision about the loan product that is right
for you.
Private loan programs may offer variable or fixed interest

rates.
Variable rates for private loans may start out low, but
they can rise or fall as the rate indexes change.
Loan rates are based on the borrowers credit worthiness.
A co-borrower may be needed to help secure a better
interest rate. (Co-borrowers credit needs and the length
of the co-borrowers obligation should be considered
carefully before committing to the loan). Interest rate
indexes can be compared at www.bankrate.com.
Benefits of Federal Education Loans

Numerous repayment plans exist, including some based
on household income.
As the borrowers goal or situation changes, the ability to
change from one repayment plan to another is possible.
Repayment may or may not be required while in school,

residency, or fellowship. Review the terms of the
promissory note.
Loan forgiveness may be available through programs

like Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), or repayment
plans like Pay As You Earn (PAYE), or Income-Based
Repayment (IBR).
In comparison to federal loan options, repayment,

deferment, forbearance, grace, and loan forgiveness
options may be limited.
Postponement of payments during residency and

fellowship are possible through grace, deferment, or
forbearance options.
Death and/or disability loan discharge may or may not be

available. Check with the lender of the loan.
Most federal loans are eligible for consolidation through

the Direct Consolidation Loan program.
A private loan may make sense if
A student who is not in default and has not exceeded

cumulative loan limits can borrow (if eligible) a Federal
Perkins Loan and/or a Direct Stafford Loan, regardless
of credit history. (Note: A Direct PLUS Loan will require a
credit check.)
Affordable interest rates are available.
www.aamc.org/FIRST
40
The borrower is ineligible for federal student aid.
The rate of the private debt is lower than the

federal debt, and if it is expected to remain lower
for the length of repayment.
A borrowers certainty of a significant income in

the near future that will allow for an aggressive
and short repayment term of a variable rate.
When Should I Consider a Direct Stafford Loan?

Title
Federal Direct Stafford Loans are federal education loans with competitive interest rates and flexible repayment
terms. Borrowers should consider maximizing Direct Stafford Loan options before borrowing other loans with
higher interest rates and/or possibly more stringent terms and conditions than Stafford Loans.
What is a Direct Stafford Loan?
How Much Can I Borrow?
Direct Stafford Loans are loans made

available to student borrowers through
the federal government. Students who are
enrolled at least half-time may borrow a
Stafford Loan to pay for their education
expenses. Before a student can borrow a
loan, the student must apply for financial
aid and be eligible for the loan.
Students can borrow only whats needed

to meet their personal budget, or cost of
attendance, as determined by their school.
Typically, the cost of attendance includes
tuition, fees, books/supplies, and an
allowance for room and board.
What if a Stafford Loan Doesnt Cover All Your

Expenses?
How Is Eligibility Determined?
If you need additional aid, contact your financial aid office

to learn about other federal loan options or institutional aid
that may be available.
In order to apply for a Direct Stafford Loan, you must first

complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid
(FAFSA). The resulting Institutional Student Information
Report (ISIR) is sent to your school and determines your
eligibility. This sets the stage for how much you can borrow.
Whether you apply electronically, or complete a hard
copy loan application, the financial aid office must certify
your eligibility for the loan before the application can be
processed.
The financial aid administrator at your school should be

your first resource when you have questions about student
loans or other financial aid concerns.
Direct Unsubsidized Stafford Loans

While there are two types of Stafford Loans subsidized
and unsubsidized medical students and other graduate
students, are only eligible for unsubsidized loans.
Unsubsidized Stafford Loans accrue interest from the date
the loan is disbursed until the loan is paid in full.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Interest Rates
Fact Sheets:
Interest rates are set by the federal government and the law
currently dictates that loans disbursed after July 1, 2013 will
have a variable/fixed interest rate. This means that interest
rates on Stafford Loans will be adjusted annually on July 1st
and then after the loan is disbursed, the rate will change
to a fixed rate, which will remain fixed for the life of the
loan. Therefore, depending on when the loan is disbursed,
borrowers may have multiple Stafford Loans with different
interest rates. To view current and historical Stafford Loan
interest rates, visit the Federal Student Aid website.
The Financial Aid Application Process
www.aamc.org/FIRST

Direct PLUS Loans for Graduate Students
Debt Management Relies on Good Record Keeping
Tools:
Medloans Organizer and Calculator
Financial Aid Toolkit
41
When Should I Consider a Direct PLUS Loan?

Title
Direct PLUS Loans are federally guaranteed unsubsidized loans for graduate students who have additional
financial need beyond what Direct Stafford Loans cover. In most cases, borrowers are encouraged to use federal
loans before turning to private loans to fund educational costs.
What is a Direct PLUS Loan?
remember that the longer it takes to pay off your loan(s),

the more it will cost overall.
Direct PLUS Loans are federally guaranteed unsubsidized

loans for graduate and professional students.
Direct PLUS Loans are eligible for Public Service Loan

Forgiveness (PSLF), either when consolidated or in their
original format. Review the Public Service Loan Forgiveness
Fact Sheet for more information.
The same terms and conditions of the parent PLUS Loan

apply to the Direct PLUS Loan. Medical school students
may borrow up to the individual medical schools cost of
attendance, minus other estimated financial assistance. Like
Direct Stafford Loans, these loans are relatively low cost,
and are available through the federal governments Direct
Loan program.
Direct PLUS Loan rates are set by the federal government.

The law currently dictates that loans disbursed after July 1,
2013 will have a variable/fixed interest rate. This means
that interest rates on Direct PLUS Loans will be adjusted
annually on July 1st and when the loan is disbursed, the
rate will be a fixed rate. The rate will remain fixed for the
life of the loan. Depending on when the PLUS Loan is
disbursed, borrowers may have multiple PLUS Loans with
different interest rates. To view current and historical PLUS
Loan interest rates, visit the Federal Student Aid website.
How is Eligibility Determined?

To apply for a Direct PLUS Loan, you must first complete
the FAFSA and apply for the annual maximum in Direct
Stafford Loans. You must also be enrolled at least half-time
in a program leading to a professional or graduate degree.
Whether you apply electronically or complete a hard copy
of the loan application, the financial aid office must certify
your eligibility before the application can be processed.
Deferring Repayment
The Direct PLUS Loan goes into repayment after the first
disbursement is made. However, an automatic in-school
deferment is applied if the borrower is enrolled at least
half-time. Included with the in-school deferment is a sixmonth post-enrollment deferment, which can be helpful in
aligning repayment dates with a borrowers Direct Stafford
Loans.
To determine eligibility for the Direct PLUS Loan, the

financial aid office will first subtract your other estimated
financial assistance (loans, grants, scholarships, and other
aid) from the cost of attendance set by the school. The
remaining amount is what could then be covered through a
Direct PLUS Loan.
Benefits of Direct PLUS Loans

DIRECT PLUS LOAN BENEFITS
Since Direct PLUS Loans are federally guaranteed loans,

they share some of the same program regulatory
protections as those of Direct Stafford Loans. They offer
deferment and forbearance options, various repayment
plans, and in the event of death or disability, the loan is
forgiven.
The borrower has the option to consolidate the Direct PLUS
Loan into a Direct Consolidation Loan. Consolidation can
help simplify repayment by combining all federal loans into
one new loan, extending the term of the loan, and thereby
possibly lowering the monthly payment amount. However,
www.aamc.org/FIRST
42
Can fill the gap between a medical schools

financial aid cost of attendance and the
borrowers Direct Stafford Loan eligibility.
Can be included in a Direct Consolidation Loan.
Is eligible for PSLF.
Offers deferment of payment while in-school,

and an automatic six-month post-enrollment
deferment after graduation.
Unforeseen Emergencies and Financial NeedsWhat to Do?

Title
Occasionally unforeseen emergencies happen that can affect your finances, and your eligibility for financial aid.
Financial aid administrators have the authority to make adjustments to your financial aid eligibility, under certain
circumstances. If you are experiencing a financial crisis, talk with your financial aid officer to see what options
may be available.
Financial Aid Eligibility

Initial eligibility for financial aid is
determined by information you provided
on the Free Application for Federal
Student Aid (FAFSA). However, there can
be unexpected or unusual circumstances
that have a significant negative impact
on your financial stability or well-being.
Examples of these situations may
include loss of a spouses employment,
unexpected medical expenses, or a
home foreclosure, among others, and
these may be reasons to consider talking
with a financial aid administrator about
recalculating your eligibility.
Who can Make a Professional

Judgment Decision?
What is the Process to Request Professional

Judgment?
Only your schools financial aid administrators can review

your case and make a decision. Section 479A of the
Higher Education Act gives financial aid administrators the
authority to make adjustments, on the basis of adequate
documentation that is subject to verification annually, and
only on a case-by-case basis. It is important for you to
provide as much documentation as you can to illuminate
your situation for the financial aid office. For example, if you
were laid off from your job, providing notification of this
action from your former employer would be an important
piece of documentation, in addition to your final pay stub.
The financial aid office at your school should have an

established procedure in place to request a professional
judgment decision. Inquire about the procedure and
ask questions so that you understand what is expected
of you regarding appropriate documentation. Talk with
your financial aid office if you have questions about your
particular circumstances.
www.aamc.org/FIRST
Please note: Although you may believe that your situation

warrants a favorable professional judgment decision and an
adjustment to your eligibility, the decision of the financial
aid administrator is final and cannot be appealed.
43

Title
An award letter is an official letter or notification from a school where you have been accepted, and outlines your
financial aid award package.
The Process
Loans are funds, often referred to as self-help, that need

to be repaid. There are a variety of sources from which
loans can be obtained and include Federal, Institutional and
Private/Alternative.
Youve applied for financial aid and received your award

letter, but what does it really mean? Have you been offered
grants and scholarships, or will you need to borrow and
pay back loans? Are the loans offered through the federal
government or will they be paid back to the school?
Understanding your financial aid award letter can be a little
confusing, but armed with a little information, you will be
better informed and know what questions to ask.
Tuition and Fees are basic costs for your educational

program at a specific institution.
Cost of Attendance typically includes tuition and
fees, books and supplies, room and board, personal
transportation, health insurance, and other required fees
and expenses. You do not necessarily need to borrow the
full cost of attendance but only what you need to cover
your costs.
Understanding Your Award Letter

After completing the Free Application for Federal Student
Aid (FAFSA), the financial aid office at the school(s) you
listed on the FAFSA, will receive your Institutional Student
Information Report (ISIR), which contains all your financial
information that you reported on the FAFSA. From the
ISIR, and perhaps a secondary institutional application, the
financial aid officer (FAO) will determine your eligibility
for programs from the institution, federal government, or
other sources of aid and then send (or email) you an award
letter.
What Now?
Compare your award letters from the schools you are
considering. If you are receiving any other awards that are
not listed on the award letter you need to inform the FAO.
If the school requires additional action, be sure to follow
their directions. If you have any questions, do not hesitate
to call the financial aid office, they are there to help. Dont
feel overwhelmed, this is a lot to absorb and there are
numerous resources to help you navigate your financial aid
award letter.
Most schools will require that you sign the award letter to
show that you are accepting the aid offer. Just because a
school offers you an award, you do not have to accept all
that was offered; you can accept it, decline it, or decrease
the award to fit your needs.
RESOURCES TO HELP YOU:
What Should you Look for in an Award Letter?
Financial Aid Toolkit
You should look for the aid package offered and compare it
to the cost of attendance and the amount you will actually
need to meet your needs.
Medloans Organizer and Calculator
Applicant Survival Kit
Terms to Understand
Loan Repayment/Forgiveness and Scholarship

Programs
Federal Student Aid Glossary of Terms
Grants and Scholarships are typically free money, also

known as gift aid, which does not have to be paid back,
but can have some qualifying terms and conditions.
www.aamc.org/FIRST
44
How Can I Make a Smooth Transition to Medical School?

Title
The FIRST for Medical Education website can help you make a smooth, successful, and informed transition to
medical school. This is probably one of the biggest financial and personal investments of your life. Utilize the
resources available to make wise and knowledgeable decisions about your future.
Starting Off on the Right Foot
the Medloans Organizer and Calculator (MLOC), which is

designed specifically for medical students to keep track of
their loans and manage their loan repayment options.
While you are attending medical school, one of the most

important offices in your life will be your financial aid
office. Financial aid may at times seem complicated, even if
you had student loans as an undergraduate; however, the
financial aid office is available to assist you when you have
questions or concerns.
Financial Aid Fact Sheets are one page documents

that explain topics sometimes considered involved or
confusing. Fact sheets that may be of particular interest
to transitioning medical students include: The Financial
Aid Application Process, Budgeting Ideas and Tips, Direct
Stafford Loans 101, Direct PLUS Loans for Graduate/
Professional Students, and the Interactive Budget
Worksheet.
The amount you borrow in medical school may be a larger

amount than what you borrowed as an undergraduate
student, or even as a graduate student; however, dont let
loans intimidate you. Be mindful of the amount of money
you borrow to cover your education expenses so that
repayment will not be a surprise.
Talk to Your Advisors and Friends

You are not alone at this time or throughout your medical
school program; many of your classmates are in the same
financial situation. You can support each other by using
and discussing resources that are available to you now and
in the future.
Keep in mind, you dont have to borrow the entire amount

you are offered in your financial aid award letter. Instead,
consider accepting and borrowing only what you need. If
you do find that you borrow more than necessary, check
with your financial aid office to see if you can return a
portion of your loan. The less you borrow during medical
school, the less you will have to pay back when you
graduate from medical school.
IF POSSIBLE, START AT ZERO:

One of the best things you can do prior to beginning
medical school is pay down any debt you have on
credit cards and/or undergraduate loans. If you can
pay this debt off before starting medical school, thats
even better! The less debt you have when you start
medical school, the less you will have to repay when
you enter residency or practice.
Use Wise Money Management Skills

The FIRST program has valuable and practical tools to help
with financial aid and money management subjects.
Become familiar with the resources such as videos, tools,
and fact sheets. These are all available on the FIRST
website. The videos cover topics important to medical
students like The Economics of Becoming a Doctor, Loan
Forgiveness, and Loan Repayment Options.
DEBT MANAGEMENT TIP

If you cant pay off all of your loans, try to pay down
the loans with the highest interest rates first.
Available tools include the Financial Aid Toolkit, which can

help you locate helpful resources on the FIRST website, and
www.aamc.org/FIRST
45
CHAPTER 1:
The Basics
CHAPTER 2:
Getting Experience
Whats It Like to See a Patient for the First Time?

Whats It Like to Go to a New* Medical School?
Whats It Like to Participate in a B.S./M.D. Program?
CHAPTER 5:
Whats It Like to Take Anatomy Lab?
CHAPTER 4:
Applying
Whats It Like to Participate in the White Coat Ceremony?
CHAPTER 3:
MCAT Exam
CHAPTER 6:
What Med School
is Like
Whats It Like to Be an Undergrad in a B.S./M.D. Program?
Whats It Like to Get Married During Medical School?
CHAPTER 6:
Whats It Like to Do a M.D./Ph.D. Program?
Whats It Like to Participate in the White Coat Ceremony?

The White Coat Ceremony was originated by the
Arnold P. Gold Foundation specifically for entering
medical students. At the ceremony, students are
welcomed by their deans, the president of the
hospital, or other respected leaders who represent
the value system of the school and the new
profession the students are about to enter. The
white coat is placed on each students shoulders
by individuals who believe in the students ability
to carry on the noble tradition of doctoring.
teach you about healing, illness, hardship and

human emotion. Families are invited to witness
and share the special moment with you.
What happens at the ceremony?
We have a unique White Coat Ceremony in that

it serves as our first lesson in medical school. Our
lesson is on the qualities of the good doctor.
The dean of our school calls on each of us to
Name: Sarina Amin
provide one word that describes our vision of a
Hometown: Orlando, Florida
Medical School: University
good doctor, and all of the words are written on
When does the white coat ceremony take of Central Florida College of
a chalkboard. The words that each incoming class
Medicine
place?
provides are revisited throughout the four years
The White Coat Ceremony at the University of
of medical school to serve as a reminder to the
May 2013
Central Florida College of Medicine occurs on the
students of what qualities make a good doctor.
very first day of orientation and sets the tone for the rest
My White Coat Ceremony was particularly unique because
of our medical school experience. Our school holds the
I am in the charter class for my school and all students in
ceremony on the first day to emphasize that patient care
my class received full scholarships covering tuition and living
really begins from the first day of medical school.
expenses for all four years due to the generosity of the
Orlando community. Our donors gave each of us our white
What was the atmosphere like? Are families
coats, so it was definitely a special moment since we were
invited?
meeting our donors for the first time.
The atmosphere was filled with excitement and
What does the white coat symbolize to you?
anticipation. After spending hours in undergraduate years
studying to prepare for medicine and striving to get into
The white coat marks the induction into the medical
medical school, the day is finally upon you. The day not
profession and the transition to becoming a part of
only marks the beginning of a medical career, but also the
the clinical team. It symbolizes the vow to provide
vow to become a lifelong learner as a physician. From that
comprehensive and compassionate patient care; the oath
day, each patient you meet will be a new experience and
to define each patient as a person and not their illness; and
the promise to keep the patients best interest at heart.
Do you have any tips or advice about the

ceremony?
University of Central Florida
1. Remember that your photographs from the ceremony

will be your memory of your entry to medical
school, so dress appropriately! Generally, clinical
attire is recommended. Wearing a suit jacket can be
problematic when putting on the white coat.
2. Share the special day with your family and thank
them for supporting you in your journey leading up to
medical school; we often forget to thank those who
supported us through the hard times.
3. Enjoy the day and take some time to reflect on your
experience.
47
Whats It Like to Take Anatomy Lab?

When did you first begin classes in the
anatomy lab? How often are you there?
Anatomy lab takes place during the first year
of medical school. For me, it began early in
November and continued until mid-April. Our
classes are structured such that there are usually
a few weeks with anatomy lab followed by a few
weeks without it. When we do have lab, its twice
a week for about three to four hours, although
this varies from course to course.
Give us the layout. What do you hear,

see, and notice in the lab?
What kind of assignments did you get?
Name: Gordon Pelegrin

Hometown: Fairfax, Virginia
Medical School:
Georgetown University
School of Medicine
May 2016
The first thing you notice, even before you step

foot in the lab, is the smell. A lot of people expect
there to be a rancid odor, but the strongest
smell is actually the preservatives, which arent so bad. If
youve ever dissected a pig or cat in biology class, then
you probably know the smell Im talking about. For those
who havent, think cleaning solutions without the lemonyfreshness. Each lab has about 10 tables with a cadaver in a
plastic bag covered by a cloth. Between some of the tables
there are computer stations for quick referencing and the
sinks are located along the walls. The lab usually gets pretty
noisy with people quizzing each other, bone saws buzzing,
and people playing music from their iPads while dissecting.
There is no real homework due; however,

you are expected to have reviewed what cuts
you are supposed to make to reveal significant
structures ahead of time. One group member
per table leads the dissection and is expected
to be an expert on that lab material. During
each lab there is a different leader so that all the
group members have the opportunity to lead.
While your group is dissecting, teachers and TAs
will come around to ask you questions about the
structures, such as the innervation or function.
At the end of the module you are given a table
quiz. You and your group members are asked
to identify a specific structure and are given 30
seconds to find it.
How many people work together at each

station?
There are four to five people working at each station. Its
fairly rare that all five can dissect simultaneously because
it would get crowded and we would block each others
light. Often, two people are dissecting while the rest are
reviewing and quizzing each other. When the two people
dissecting get tired, we switch places.
Do you have any advice for someone nervous

about working in the lab?
Dont be afraid to make mistakes in the lab. Remember
that these people generously donated their bodies in order
for us to improve our knowledge of medicine. They knew
medical students would be working on them, and they
knew mistakes could be made. The best way to honor
their memory is to learn from everything you do in lab.
What surprised you or didnt you expect?

I was surprised by how much the internal structures varied
from cadaver to cadaver. My group once spent half an
hour looking for a major vein before we realized it just
didnt exist in our cadaver. People look as different on the
inside as they do on the outside.
48
Whats it Like to See a Patient for the First Time?

When did you first see a patient?
interact with, especially patients. Show that you truly care

for the patient as an individual by engaging them in a
conversation not an interview. Simple gestures such as
leaning in toward the patient while they are speaking and
repeating what is said in your own words show that you
care and can really go a long way.
I saw my first patient during my first semester of medical

school.
What was the hospital like?

I always felt a surge of excitement when I watched
television shows like Greys Anatomy because the hospital
environment was just so fascinating. But actually being
in the building, on a patient floor, in the intimate space
of the patients room it was surreal. The experience
was almost like being transported into Meredith Greys
shoes but without a script. Nurses shuffled in and out
of the room. A symphony of machines whirred around
me. Harsh fluorescent lighting illuminated the scene. The
only difference in this episode (and all other episodes of
seeing patients) was that the patient was the star, not the
physician.
What do you wish youd known before the first

experience?
Its completely normal to feel unprepared and unqualified
to see your first patient especially as a medical student.
But in order to be effective physicians, we constantly
need to throw ourselves into these situations to get more
experience so that someday well walk into the patients
room, extend our hand and say, Im doctor ______, what
brings you in today?
What were your responsibilities?

During my first patient encounter, my partner and I were
responsible for obtaining a history of present illness
(what brought the patient into the hospital) and the
patients vital signs (temperature, blood pressure, pulse,
respiratory rate). Although these seemed like simple
enough tasks, we discovered from our physician preceptor
that there are a lot of different ways to interview patients.
Furthermore, I was so nervous that I put the blood pressure
cuff on backwards!
BIO INFORMATION
Name: Amanda Xi
Hometown: West
Bloomfield, MI
Were you nervous?

Absolutely (see the part about blood pressure above)! I
distinctly remember the thump, thump of my heart
pumping at its full capacity as we entered the patients
room. Even after we had settled down into our places (I
was in a chair at the foot of the patients bed) and started
asking questions, I felt the adrenaline coursing through my
vessels.
Medical School: Oakland

University William
Beaumont School of
Medicine (Rochester, MI)
Expected Graduation
Date: Summer 2015
Future Plans: Im currently looking into a variety of
specialties including anesthesia, radiology, and cancer
genetics but its too soon to tell what Ill end up pursuing!
What did you learn?

The most important thing you can do as a first-year
medical student seeing a patient is to listen actively. The
moment you put on your white coat, all of your words
and actions mean so much more to those that you
Blog: http://www.amandaxi.com
49
Whats It Like to Go to a New* Medical School?

Why did you decide to apply to your
medical school?
Sara: Im from Pennsylvania, and when The
Commonwealth Medical College (TCMC) began
accepting students, the hype in our state about
the new school in Scranton spread quickly. I
was contacted by several physicians from my
hometown that encouraged me to look into
TCMC and to submit my application. When I went
online to check it out, I was excited by the values
and goals presented in the mission statement, and
I knew it was a place I wanted to apply.
Matt: I applied to Virginia Tech Carilion (VTC)
for a few different reasons. The first and most
important reason was for the small class sizes.
I felt that the intimate learning environment
would be more engaging and that students
would have more access to facilities, faculty, and
administration. So far, I have found this all to be
true at VTC and it has made my experience here
exceptional. I was also attracted to the schools
focus on research throughout the four-year
curriculum. Finally, I was hooked when I saw the
beautiful, new purpose-built facilities and the
surrounding Blue Ridge Mountains of southwest
Virginia.
that Virginia Tech is a leader in science and

technology education and that the Carilion
Clinic is a well-established health system, which
includes a teaching hospital that has been
working with medical students for many years.
What do you think are the benefits?

Risks?
Name: Sara Roper
Medical School: The
Commonwealth Medical
College
2013
Name: Matthew T. Joy

Medical School: Virginia
Tech Carillion School of
Medicine
2014
Matt: The greatest benefit, particularly as a

charter class member, is the opportunity to help
shape an organization and create new traditions.
The biggest risk Ive found is going through
medical school without anyone ahead of you in
your own institution to ask for advice.
How has it been dealing with the

growth of the incoming classes since
you were accepted?
Sara: The school has dealt with the influx

of students appropriately, hiring staff where
needed, and making sure the infrastructure is adequate to
support the additional numbers. As an upperclassman, its
exciting to see the school change and improve with each
incoming class. There is also a great opportunity to help the
classes below us as they work through the same things that
we struggled through.
Did you have concerns about attending a

new school?
Sara: Of course. I wont deny that I considered it a risk
to go to a new school, but I knew that the LCME would
not give [preliminary] accreditation to a school that wasnt
ready to produce knowledgeable physicians. As I got
through my interview day, it was clear that the faculty and
administration were dedicated to making us successful.
Matt: At first it was a bit of a shock to go from having

the entire campus to ourselves to sharing the school with
another class. However this transition went very smoothly
and I found it was actually really great to make new friends
and see more people around making use of the amazing
facilities. The fact that the school was designed specifically
for our small class sizes meant that as we grew, students
would always have plenty of space to work, relax, and play.
Matt: While I did take into consideration the fact that

VTC was a new school still seeking [full] accreditation, I
had total confidence in the resolve of the two institutions,
Virginia Tech and the Carilion Clinic, to see this process
run smoothly to completion. It helped very much to know
* Newly accredited by The Liaison Committee on Medical
Education (LCME)
Sara: Being enrolled at a new school has given

me and my classmates the opportunity and
privilege to be deeply involved in the educational
curriculum and its improvement. It is a huge
benefit to have the ears of the people above
you, knowing that our concerns and suggestions
do not go unheard as we all have our eyes set
on a common goal, which is improvement of the
school.
50
Whats It Like to Go to a New* Medical School? continued
What do you think is the most unique thing

about your school?
on that community, and be a part of making our school

exceptional.
Sara: Our school has many curricular aspects that are

unique, from our intensive problem-based learning to our
third-year longitudinal integrated curriculum. What I love
the most is that TCMC is truly a community. Our school
works hard together with its community of physicians
and hospitals to make a difference in our corner of the
world. Being part of a new school gives students a unique
chance to really start something. We have a chance to
become part of a community, to make a positive impact
Matt: I believe that the four domains (basic science,

clinical science, research, and interprofessionalism) and
patient-centered learning curriculum design is what sets
us apart from other schools. Students pursue each of the
four domains over all four years, which means that we get
exposure to research and clinical skills early and often to
help prepare us for the wards. In addition, through weekly
patient-centered, or cased-based, learning, the curriculum
emphasizes the value of critical thinking and integration of
all four domains in the clinical decision making process.
The Commonwealth Medical College
Virginia Tech Carillion School of Medicine
51
Whats it Like to Participate in a B.S./M.D. Program?

Why did you choose a B.S./M.D.
program?
How is being a medical student

different than the undergraduate
program?
I became interested in being a pediatrician when

Being a medical student is a lot more difficult
I was about 8 years old. In high school, through
than I anticipated. Id always heard getting
both school subjects and clinical shadowing, my
into medical school was the hard part. Since
interest in medicine was fortified, and I knew
I had a fairly pain-free admissions experience,
that applying to medical school was in my future.
Im definitely biased. Still, no one ever said
I attended a high school where academic and
being here was hard, either. However, theres a
personal balance were prized, so I knew I wanted
Name: Stephanie Olbrych
comforting level of camaraderie thats present
Medical School: Case
a similarly full opportunity in college to pursue
Western Reserve University
in medical school. And unlike undergrad,
other interests before attending medical school. I
School of Medicine
everything you learn and study is really
learned about the Case Western Reserve University Expected Graduation Date:
interesting and directly applicable to your future.
B.S./M.D. programthe Pre-Professional Scholars
May 2015
Program (PPSP)during my college interview at
In addition to having an early
the university. It sounded perfecta full four years
acceptance into medical school, what are the
of undergraduate studies (or a year of freedom if you
other perks of being in a B.S./M.D. program?
finished your degree early), no required courses or major,
During my four years prior to medical school, the security
the freedom to either take the MCAT and apply elsewhere,
and freedom I had in the PPSP allowed me to major in
or forego the stress and stay at CWRU. At the same time, I
Spanish, something I was interested in and thought would
saw my brother, then a senior in college, struggle through
serve me well in my future career. The program also
the traditional medical school admissions process. I knew
gave me time to take advantage of CWRUs Integrated
right then that this program was what I wanted.
Graduate Studies (IGS) program where I earned my Master
Do you interact only with B.S./M.D. students,
of Public Health, with a concentration in global health,
or do you take classes with other medical
alongside my degree in Spanish. I consider myself very
students?
fortunate that I had the opportunity to take advantage of
the amazing programs at CWRU, and that I was able to
The university PPSP is fully integrated into both
tailor my education to my professional interest.
undergraduate and medical school experiences. During
undergrad, the PPSP students had a common advisor who
What advice do you have for others who
coordinated optional monthly meetings featuring various
are interested in doing a combined B.S./M.D.
panelists including program graduates who were currently
degree?
in our medical school, admission directors, and financial
Fully embrace whatever degree program youre enrolled in
aid directors.
to make the most out of your experiences.
MORE INFORMATION:
Learn more about B.S./M.D. programs in MSAR:
Getting Started and see individual B.S./M.D.
program profiles in the MSAR Online:
www.aamc.org/msar
52
Whats It Like to Be an Undergrad in a B.S./M.D. Program?

How did you find out about B.S./M.D.
programs?
A couple of my cousins studied in B.S./M.D.
programs, so I was aware that there were a few
out there. A lot of the information for combined
B.S./M.D. programs can be found online, but you
have to search pretty hard to find the information
you are looking for. I read college blogs and looked
deeper into the programs they mentioned.
Why did you choose to do a B.S./M.D.

program?
Do you interact only with B.S./M.D.

students, or do you take classes with other
undergrads?
I am good friends with many of the students in
my B.S./M.D. class, but we dont limit ourselves to
our small circle by any means. All our classes are
integrated with other undergraduate students.
Name: Jayson Baman
Hometown: Norristown, Pa.
Medical School: University
of Rochester/University of
Rochester School of Medicine
(Rochester, N.Y.)
2013, undergrad; 2017, med
school
When do you start medical school? In

addition to having an early acceptance into
medical school, what are the other perks of
being in a B.S./M.D. program?
I liked knowing I had the guarantee of a medical

school acceptance, especially since admissions are
so competitive these days. Because I wasnt subject
to the same pressures that many other pre-med
students were experiencing, I was able to explore
other interestsI am heavily involved in a business fraternity
on campus, Im studying for a minor in economics, and I have
completed a full-immersion Spanish study-abroad program in
Buenos Aires, Argentina.
I will start medical school right after graduating from

the undergraduate portion of the track. Some of my
friends in the B.S./M.D. program, however, are planning
to take a gap year or two to volunteer abroad, to
pursue an M.P.H., to experience living and working in
a different country, etc. Different programs offer varied levels
of flexibility before starting medical school, so I would definitely
advise that you look into that, if you have aspirations of pursuing
other interests before starting medical school.
What was it like to apply? How was it different

from applying to regular college programs?
One of the biggest advantages of being in a B.S./M.D. program

is the familiarity you develop with the medical school while still
an undergraduate. Because physicians and researchers know
that you are serious about medicine, you often find it easier
to secure internships or shadowing positions. You can start
developing a network beginning with the relationship you have
with the advisors in your program.
The applications for B.S./M.D. programs were longer than

regular college applications. In addition to the application for
the undergraduate program, there were forms and essays
for the combined programs; these are reviewed by either a
B.S./M.D. committee or by the admissions staff at the medical
school itself. Nearly all B.S./M.D. programs require interviews
on-site with undergraduate and medical faculty members
before a final decision is made.
What advice do you have for others who are

interested in doing a combined B.S./M.D. degree?
Do your research early! Each program has slightly different
expectations and requirements. All programs want to see that
you have some sort of medically relevant experience and that
you are truly passionate about medicine. Make sure that you
are diligent in preparing your application and that you choose a
program that is a good fit!
Are there any criteria you have to meet before

you start the M.D. program?
Every program requires that students complete the generally
accepted undergraduate pre-med requirements (two
semesters of general chemistry, two semesters of organic
chemistry, etc.). However, each program also has slightly
different expectations; some require you to take the MCAT
exam and reach a certain threshold score, some give you a
limited list of undergraduate majors you must choose from,
while others have a volunteering requirement. It is definitely
worthwhile to look into each programs requirements and
policies when applying.
Be careful that you are applying to the right programs! Some

schools have early assurance programs, where they allow
exceptional students to apply to medical school during the end
of their freshman or sophomore years in college. These are
not the same as B.S./M.D. programs that accept you into their
undergraduate and medical programs out of high school. Read
the fine print and double-check to ensure you dont accidentally
apply to a program you didnt intend to.
53
Whats It Like to Do a M.D./Ph.D. Program?

Why did you decide to pursue an
M.D./Ph.D. program?
What is your favorite part about being an M.D./

Ph.D. student?
My curiosity for understanding the whys

and hows underlying the biomedical
solutions designed to prevent and treat
disease led me to explore the laboratory
as an undergraduate. As I learned to ask
targeted scientific questions and design experiments to uncover
answers, I became excited by experimental investigation of
disease processes and the potential fordiscovery of therapeutic
interventions. In the clinic I witnessed how physicians make an
impact on individual patients lives, while the laboratory offers
the opportunity to have large-scale impact on treating disease. I
found that combining the immediate gratification of caring for
patients with the potential long-term implications of conducting
biomedical research satisfies my curiosity and also fulfills my
strong desire to care for people.
I love the fact that as I become trained in both medicine and

science, the opportunities that present themselves become
endless. The flexibility and freedom that come with expertise
in multiple disciplines will enable me to shape a career that
matches all of my interests. In addition, it is an absolute
privilege to be surrounded each and every day by colleagues
who are smart, curious, and passionate about what they
do. Being a physician-scientist is not just a job, its work that
excites and challenges me every day.
What do you wish youd known before you

started the program?
Its very important to keep an open mind about the kind
of research and labs to join for your doctoral work. Many
students come in thinking that they know exactly what they
want to do during their Ph.D. By casting a broad net and
considering many different opportunities, students often
surprise themselves by taking different research directions
than they had originally planned and are happy that they did
so. Take the laboratory rotation process seriously and indulge
in multiple fields and laboratory types before selecting a
Ph.D. advisor and lab.
What kinds of career options does the M.D./Ph.D.

program give you?
What I find most exciting about the M.D./Ph.D. program is
that it offers students the opportunity to train in two related
but very different fieldsscience and medicine. The most
common pursuit among graduates is a career in academic
medicine, working at a teaching hospital often affiliated with
a university and medical school. In this setting, a physicianscientist can peruse opportunities including, but not limited to,
teaching, seeing patients, investigating important biomedical
questions in the lab, and carrying out administrative roles
(department chair, etc.). The dual degree enables a physicianscientist to move fluidly between the clinical and research
realms largely found at academic teaching hospitals.
However, this more traditional route is not the only option.
Physician-scientists also pursue careers in the biotechnology
and pharmaceutical industries, consulting, administration,
advocacy, public policy, global health, education, and more.
What advice would you give a student considering

an M.D./Ph.D. program?
M.D./Ph.D. programs are not only rigorous but also very long.
Its very important to be comfortable with the time frame
required to complete the program. If the choice is made to
pursue the dual-degree program, be prepared to immerse
yourself and try not to feel overly rushed. Over the course of
seven to nine years, you will experience many highs and lows.
Remaining flexible, patient, and resilient is key to enjoying the
process.
What type of research experience did you have

before entering the program?
BIO INFORMATION:
As an undergraduate, I worked in a lab at the medical school

affiliated with my undergraduate institution. The principal
investigator I worked with was an M.D./Ph.D. who showed
me the power of clinical insight in the pursuit of biomedical
research. I spent my senior year working in the lab as I worked
toward completing my thesis. After graduating, I continued
my work in the lab while applying to M.D./Ph.D programs.
Hometown: Denver, Colo.
Name: Catherine Spina

Medical School: Boston University School of Medicine
Expected Graduation Date: 2015
Future Plans: Working at an academic institution as a
clinician and as the principal investigator for a lab, ensuring
a strong emphasis on technology transfer.
54
Whats It Like to Get Married During Medical School?

How did you meet?
can be a daunting process

if you are not prepared or
familiar with the process
prior to applying. Although
it is possible for couples to
match to programs that are
geographically far from each
other, our goal was to be
in the same city, if not the
same hospital. A complicating
factor for Alan was that he
had one year of preliminary
internal medicine prior to his
Amber and Alan Wang
neurology residency, and not
all neurology programs have
that one year built in. As a result, we found ourselves
potentially trying to match three residencies: pathology,
neurology, and preliminary internal medicine.
We started talking at a school-wide social that I had

organized. At the time, Alan was a second-year student
and I was a first year student. We had seen each other
during student government meetings (Alan was student
body president and I was social chair), but we hadnt
interacted much more than that.
When did you get married?

We got married five months before graduation, which
was the ideal time for us. The second half of fourth year
of medical school usually carries a lighter course load,
especially if you plan it that way. Traveling for residency
interviews made it a little difficult to finalize wedding
details, but Amber made sure everything was in place. Our
classmates had become some of our best friends in the last
four years, so having our wedding before everyone split up
for residency was absolutely perfect.
The most influential factors in our decision were

geographical location and program strengthit was not
easy finding cities that we both wanted to live in that had
good programs for both pathology and neurology. Also, I
was very specific about which programs I was applying to.
I mostly applied to pathology programs that incorporated
the neuropathology fellowship into residency (AP/NP
track). As a result, the number of programs I could apply
to were limited, thereby limiting the number of programs
to which Alan could apply. First, we made individual lists
of programs that interested us and then compared the lists
to find similarities. Then, as we received interview invites,
we attempted to travel together and interview in the
same cities/programs at the same time. This was especially
difficult and we found ourselves meeting and splitting up
all over the country for three months. During the interview
process, we each took notes and made our own rank lists
independently and then compared them after the final
interview was done. The deliberation process was very
difficult as there were not many locations and programs
that we both liked. The bottom line is that compromising
was key.
How did you handle stress and competing

schedules?
Our schedules actually did not compete that much. Alan
was awarded the Doris Duke Research Fellowship between
his third and fourth year of medical school, so he took
a year off while I completed my third year. This allowed
us to begin our fourth year together, and we were able
to coordinate our schedules to do away rotations at the
same location and at the same time. Our school was quite
flexible in allowing us to make last minute changes and
match certain rotations to accommodate for things such
as our honeymoon. As for stress relief, having both of us
in the medical field made it easier to understand the dayto-day pressures of working in a hospital. We both knew
what it felt like to be medical students and, depending on
the rotation, just how difficult it could be at times. It also
was easier not to have stressful rotations simultaneously,
so whichever one of us was less busy could help manage
the day-to-day stresses, such as cooking and cleaning.
How did marriage affect where you applied for

residency positions and how did you decide
where you wanted to go? Are your residencies
the same length?
After a combined 86 applications and 39 interviews, one

large bottle of wine, and one Match Day later, we ended
Marriage affected 100 percent of our decisions of how

and where we applied for residency. The couples Match
continued
55
Whats It Like to Get Married During Medical School? continued

What advice would you give other students
who are considering marriage during medical
school?
up in Philadelphia where I am now a pathology resident

at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, and Alan
is an internal medicine/neurology resident at Thomas
Jefferson University Hospitals (he found a combined
program!). As a result of my combined anatomic and
neuropathology residency, my program will be four
yearsthe same length as Alans program. This was one
of the two options we planned for. Had I not gotten
into a combined program, I would have finished in three
years, and we had decided that I would attempt to start a
fellowship away from Alan, an option we desperately did
NOT want.
While several of our friends in residency are currently

planning weddings, we couldnt imagine compounding
the already stressful experience of residency with an even
more stressful task of planning a wedding, while trying
not to be a bridezilla! Getting married during our last year
of medical school while we still had few responsibilities
was the best decision for us. We were able to relax, take
a lot of time off, and celebrate our special day in blissful
ignorance of the demands of our upcoming residencies.
Another important thing to keep in mind is the desired
location of the wedding. Regardless of where our
residency was going to be, we wanted our wedding to be
in Phoenix, our hometown. Planning a wedding from long
distance and working 80 hours a week can be particularly
difficult, but not impossible.
Do you feel youve made more sacrifices

(personal, educational, or financial) than typical
medical students?
As stated above, the couples Match process naturally
yields itself to sacrifices from both people. The decision
to enter the couples Match meant that our number one
priority for residency was to be with each other, even if
that meant not ending up in what we thought might be
the perfect program. We could not imagine starting the
stressful experience of residency without the support and
love from each other. While we did have to apply to and
interview with more programs than a typical med student,
all the sacrifices of the interview process were well worth
it. Luckily, neither of us had to sacrifice much of our career
goals for the sake of living in the same city. Living in
Philadelphia and the programs we are now a part of are
definitely what we wanted.
However, wedding and residency aside, the most

important fact is to always remember why you are
marrying that special person. Residency WILL be filled
with stress and anxiety, but it will NOT be permanent
your significant other will be permanent and will always
be there to support you. Even though we are just starting
out in residency, this is a fact that helps us through every
single day!
56
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Quick Answers to

Common Questions About

Financial Information, Resources, Services, and Tools

Quick Answers to Common Questions About Getting Into Medical School

Chapter 5: Paying for Med School

32 How Do I Pay for Medical School?

How Do I Decide if Medicine is Right for Me?

Chapter 2: Getting Experience

Chapter 3: MCAT Exam

Chapter 6: What Med School is Like

21 How Do I Prepare for the MCAT Exam?

47 Whats It Like to Participate in the White Coat

How Do I Apply to Medical School?

Association of American Medical Colleges

How Do I Decide if Medicine is Right for Me?

How Do I Transition Into Med School?

How Do I Make the Most of my Gap Year?

How Do I Decide if a Career in Medicine is Right for Me?

How much education does it take to become

Think about what kind of future appeals to you. Do you

Becoming a doctor requires a serious educational

What is a doctors job like?

What is the lifestyle and salary like?

Physicians diagnose and care for people of all ages who

While salaries for physicians are among the highest

While there are several different types of physicians, they

Salaries vary depending on where physicians live and the

Primary care physicians are the doctors patients

SAMPLE SPECIALTIES AND SALARIES:

Surgeons perform operations to treat diseases and

Specialists have expertise related to specific diseases as

Careers in Medicine specialty information:

Information about financing a medical education and

Association of American Medical Colleges

How Do I Partner with My Advisor?

What questions should I be asking?

Carol Baffi-Dugan, Director for Health Professions Advising

What if Ive been out of school for many years?

When should I contact an advisor?

There is no age limitation on applicants or when it comes to

Contact your premed advisor as soon as you think youre

What can they help with?

What if I am in high school and Im looking at BS/

Your advisor can help you learn about the medical

If you are in high school and are considering BS/MD programs

FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE VISIT:

Association of American Medical Colleges

How Do I Make the Most of my Gap Year?

A gap year is the period of time between the end of your

What should I focus on accomplishing during my

Shadow physicians. Shadowing or following a

Participate in a scholarly activity. Real and

Study for the MCAT Exam. Without a full course load

Keep track of coursework requirements. Be sure

Take time for reflection and rejuvenation. This time

Association of American Medical Colleges

How Do I Make the Most of my Gap Year? continued

If youre not postponing payments, youll need to select

Its not uncommon to see many applicants with a gap