Culinary Math
Culinary Math
Culinary Math
Fraction Basics:
A fraction is a way of showing a relation between a PART and a WHOLE
For example: If you cut a pie into 4 equal pieces
The top number represents the PART of the pie you ate
The bottom number represents how many pieces were in the WHOLE Pie
2/4
4/8
2
Reducing Fractions
To reduce a fraction to its lowest term
Find a number that will divide equally into both the top and bottom number
For example: You can see in the example above that 2/4 is the same as
( is the lowest term). To get the lowest term, divided both the top and bottom numbers
by 2
2 ( 2) = 1
4 ( 2) = 2
* How would you know what numbers to use to reduce the fraction?
Here are some tips.
If both the numbers in a fraction end with an even number
then each number can be divided by 2
If either or both the numbers in the fraction ends with a 5 or a 0
then each number can be divided by 5
5
10
( 5)
( 5)
= 1
= 2
An improper fraction is a fraction in which the top number is larger than the bottom
number
For example: 3/2
.5
So
is equal to .5
is equal to .25
is equal to .75
1/3
1/8
is equal to .33 (the indicates a repeating number (3) that never ends)
is equal to .125
or
1/3 = .3
4
If an instructor wants you to give your answer to the nearest 100th it would mean to use only 2 number
after the decimal point
= .50
or
1/3 = .33
If an instructor wants you to give your answer to the nearest 1000th it would mean to use only 1 number
after the decimal point
= .500
or
1/3 = .333
2
--- =
4
2
--8
If you have a mixed number, you must first change it to an improper fraction before you multiply
(see page 3)
Dividing Fractions
To divide fractions, take the fraction that immediately follows the division sign and turn it upside down
2
8
---
---
3
---
X
8
6
----
32
Remember, if you have a mixed number, you must first change it to an improper fraction before you
multiply
7
---
--- =
In this example 8 can be used as the common denominator because 2 goes into 8, evenly
four times
2x4=8
So
The 7/8 stays the same
BUT to change the into something over 8 we must multiply the top number by
whatever number we use to change the 2 into an 8 ( 2 x 4 = 8)
1
2
(x 4)
(x 4)
=
=
4
8
7
8
=
=
7
8
4
11
--8
--- =
8
---
Now we can add the top numbers (THE BOTTOM NUMBERS STAY THE SAME)
Sometimes a new number has to be used as a common denominator
For example:
1
2
---
--- =
5
6
Here the lower of the two denominators (4) does not divide evenly into the higher
denominator (5)
So we must find a number in which both denominators will evenly divide
To do this you can multiply the two denominators
4 x 5 = 20
20 is the common denominator because both 4 and 5 go into 20
Now we multiply the top number exactly as we did to each of the bottom numbers to get
20
1
4
(x 5)
(x 5)
=
=
5
20
2
5
(x 4)
(x 4)
=
=
8
20
5
--20
--- =
20
13
--20
Example: If 34 percent of the customers in a restaurant favor nutritious entres, a part of the whole number
of customers is being expressed. The whole is represented by 100 percent. In this example, all of the
customers that enter the restaurant represent 100 percent.
To convert any decimal to a percentage, multiply the number by 100 and add a percent sign.
A shortcut would be to simply move the decimal point two places to the right and add a percentage sign.
To convert percentages to decimal form, divide by 100 and drop the percent sign.
A shortcut would be to simply move the decimal point two places to the left and drop the percent sign.
Chefs may use percentages to calculate and apply a yield percentage or food cost percentage.
It is helpful to remember the following formulas when working with percentages:
8
Helpful Hints:
The bridge method is the "recipe" for converting from one unit of measure to another. It can be used to
convert ounces to pounds, quarts to pints, tablespoons to cups, grams to ounces, volume to weight, and so
on.
Step 4: Put in the units of measurement. The unit of measurement to be removed is written on the bottom.
The unit of measurement to be converted to is written on top. The units diagonal to each other (that are the
same) cancel each other out.
10
U.S Standard
Ounces to Pounds
Metric System
3tsp = 1 tbsp = oz
16tbsp = 1 cup = 8 oz
2 cups = 1 pint = 16 oz
2 Pint = 1 quart = 32 oz
4 quarts = 1 gallon =128 oz
8 oz = #
16 oz = 1#
32 oz = 1#
64 oz = 4#
1,000 ml = 1 L = 33.8 oz
1,000 g = 1 KG = 2.21#
28.35 g = 1 oz
Answers:
1. 20 qt
2. 19.5 quarts
3. .375 cups
4. 4 gal
5. 27 tsp
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