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    Database Languages

    Uploaded by

    Humera Gull
    This document discusses different database languages including: - Data Definition Language (DDL) which defines the database schema using statements like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP. - Data Manipulation Language (DML) which manipulates database data using statements like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. DML includes both procedural and non-procedural languages. - Data Control Language (DCL) which controls database access and security using statements like GRANT and REVOKE. - Transaction Control Language (TCL) which manages transactions using statements like COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT. - View Definition Language (VDL) which defines the external schema.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Database Languages

    Uploaded by

    Humera Gull
    1K views3 pages
    This document discusses different database languages including: - Data Definition Language (DDL) which defines the database schema using statements like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP. - Data Manipulation Language (DML) which manipulates database data using statements like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. DML includes both procedural and non-procedural languages. - Data Control Language (DCL) which controls database access and security using statements like GRANT and REVOKE. - Transaction Control Language (TCL) which manages transactions using statements like COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT. - View Definition Language (VDL) which defines the external schema.

    Original Description:

    A detail and easy notes on database languages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    This document discusses different database languages including: - Data Definition Language (DDL) which defines the database schema using statements like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP. - Data Manipulation Language (DML) which manipulates database data using statements like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. DML includes both procedural and non-procedural languages. - Data Control Language (DCL) which controls database access and security using statements like GRANT and REVOKE. - Transaction Control Language (TCL) which manages transactions using statements like COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT. - View Definition Language (VDL) which defines the external schema.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    1K views3 pages

    Database Languages

    Uploaded by

    Humera Gull
    This document discusses different database languages including: - Data Definition Language (DDL) which defines the database schema using statements like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP. - Data Manipulation Language (DML) which manipulates database data using statements like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. DML includes both procedural and non-procedural languages. - Data Control Language (DCL) which controls database access and security using statements like GRANT and REVOKE. - Transaction Control Language (TCL) which manages transactions using statements like COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT. - View Definition Language (VDL) which defines the external schema.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    3- 112

    DATABASE LANGUAGES

    Chapter#5

    DBMS Languages
    DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)
    is used for defining the database schema.
    Used by the DBA and database designers to specify the
    conceptual schema of a database
    is used to define the conceptual and internal schemas for
    the database.
    The DDL statements are also used to specify the integrity
    rules .(constraints) in order to maintain the integrity of
    the database.
    DDL also accepts input in the form of instructions
    (statements) and generates the description of schema as
    output. The output is placed in the data dictionary,
    which is a special type of table containing metadata .The
    DBMS refers the data dictionary before reading or
    modifying the data. database users cannot update the
    data dictionary; instead it is only modified by database
    system itself
    Some examples:
    CREATE - to create objects in the database
    ALTER - alters the structure of the database
    DROP - delete objects from the database
    TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including
    all spaces allocated for the records are removed
    COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary
    RENAME - rename an object
    separate storage definition language (SDL) and view
    definition language (VDL) are used to define internal and
    external schemas.

    DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)


    .is used to manipulate the database

    data manipulation language (DML) that enables users to


    .retrieve and manipulate the data

    3 Page 1 of

    3- 112
    DATABASE LANGUAGES

    The statement which is used to retrieve the information


    .is called a query
    The part of the DML used to retrieve the information is
    called a query language
    The DML are of two types, namely, non-procedural
    .DML and procedural DML

    The non-procedural or high-level or declarative


    DML enables to specify the complex database
    operations concisely. It requires a user to
    specify whatdata is required without specifying how to
    retrieve the required data. For example, SQL
    .(Structured Query Language)
    the procedural or low-level DML requires user to
    specify what data is required and how to access that
    data by providing step-by-step procedure. For example,
    relational algebra
    Some examples:
    SELECT - Retrieve data from the a database
    INSERT - Insert data into a table
    UPDATE - Updates existing data within a table
    DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space
    for the records remain
    MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update)
    CALL - Call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
    EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data
    LOCK TABLE - control concurrency

    DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE


    data control language (DCL) is used to create user roles,
    grant permissions, and control access to database by
    securing it.

    3 Page 2 of

    3- 112
    DATABASE LANGUAGES

    Some examples:
    GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database
    REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the
    GRANT command

    TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE (TCL)


    Transaction control language is used to manage different
    transactions occurring within a database.
    Some examples:
    COMMIT - save work done
    SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which
    you can later roll back
    ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last
    COMMIT
    SET TRANSACTION - Change transaction options like
    isolation level and what rollback segment to use
    VIEW DEFINITION LANGUAGE (VDL)
    .to define the external schema

    3 Page 3 of

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