Whisky or Whiskey
Whisky or Whiskey
Whisky or Whiskey
Single malt whisky is whisky from a single distillery made from a mash that uses only one
particular malted grain. Unless the whisky is described as single-cask, it contains whisky from
many casks, and different years, so the blender can achieve a taste recognisable as typical of
the distillery. In most cases, single malts bear the name of the distillery, with an age statement
and perhaps some indication of some special treatments such as maturation in a port wine cask.
Blended malt whisky is a mixture of single malt whiskies from different distilleries. If a whisky
is labelled "pure malt" or just "malt" it is almost certainly a blended malt whisky. This was
formerly called a "vatted malt" whisky.
Blended whisky is made from a mixture of different types of whisky. A blend may contain
whisky from many distilleries so that the blender can produce a flavour consistent with the
brand. The brand name may, therefore, omit the name of a distillery. Most Scotch, Irish and
Canadian whisky is sold as part of a blend, even when the spirits are the product of one
distillery, as is common in Canada.[30] American blended whisky may contain neutral spirits.
Cask strength (also known as barrel proof) whiskies are rare, and usually only the very best
whiskies are bottled in this way. They are bottled from the cask undiluted or only lightly diluted.
Single cask (also known as single barrel) whiskies are bottled from an individual cask, and
often the bottles are labelled with specific barrel and bottle numbers. The taste of these whiskies
may vary substantially from cask to cask within a brand.
Australian[edit]
Australian whiskies have won global whisky awards and medals, including the World
Whiskies Awards and Jim Murray's Whisky Bible "Liquid Gold Awards".[38]
Canadian[edit]
By Canadian law Canadian whiskies must be produced and aged in Canada, be distilled
from a fermented mash of cereal grain, be aged in wood barrels with a capacity limit of 700
litres (185 US gal; 154 imp gal) for not less than three years, and "possess the aroma, taste
and character generally attributed to Canadian whisky".[39] The terms "Canadian Whisky",
"Rye Whisky", and "Canadian Rye Whisky" are legally indistinguishable in Canada and do
not require any specific grain in their production. Canadian whiskies may
contain caramel and flavouring in addition to the distilled mash spirits, and there is no
maximum limit on the alcohol level of the distillation.[39] To be exported under one of the
"Canadian Whisky" designations, a whisky cannot contain more than 9.09% imported spirits.
[40]
Canadian whiskies are available throughout the world and are a culturally significant export.
Well known brands include Crown Royal,Canadian Club, Seagram's, and Wiser's among
others. The historic popularity of Canadian whisky in the United States is partly a result
ofrum runners illegally importing it into the country during the period of American Prohibition.
Danish[edit]
Denmark began producing whisky early in 1974. The first Danish single malt to go on sale
was Lille Gadegrd from Bornholm, in 2005.[41] Lille Gadegrd is a winery as well, and uses
its own wine casks to mature whisky.
The second Danish distilled single malt whisky for sale was Edition No.1 from the Braunstein
microbrewery and distillery. It was distilled in 2007, using water from the Greenlandic ice
sheet, and entered the market in March 2010.[42]
English[edit]
There are currently at least six distilleries producing English whisky. Though England is not
very well known for making whisky there were distillers previously operating in London,
Liverpool and Bristol until the late 19th century, after which production of English single
malt whisky ceased until 2003.[43]
Finnish[edit]
There are two working distilleries in Finland and a third one is under construction. Whisky
retail sales in Finland are controlled solely by the state alcohol monopoly Alko and
advertisement of strong alcoholic beverages is banned.[44]
German[edit]
German whisky production is a relatively recent phenomenon having only started in the last
30 years. The styles produced resemble those made in Ireland, Scotland and the United
States: single malts, blends, wheat, and bourbon-like styles. There is no standard spelling of
German whiskies with distilleries using both "whisky" and "whiskey". In 2008 there were 23
distilleries in Germany producing whisky.[45]
Indian[edit]
India consumes almost as much whisky as the rest of the world put together.[46] Distilled
alcoholic beverages that are labelled as "whisky" in India are commonly blends based
onneutral spirits that are distilled from fermented molasses with only a small portion
consisting of traditional malt whisky, usually about 10 to 12 percent. Outside India, such a
drink would more likely be labelled a rum.[47][48] According to the Scotch Whisky Association's
2013 annual report, "there is no compulsory definition of whisky in India, and the Indian
voluntary standard does not require whisky to be distilled from cereals or to be matured." [49][50]
[51]
wholly distilled from malt and other grains, is also manufactured and sold. [53] Amrut, the first
single malt whisky produced in India, was launched on 24 August 2004. [54]
Irish[edit]
Irish whiskeys are normally distilled thrice, Cooley Distillery being the exception as they also
double distill.[55] Though traditionally distilled using pot stills, the column still is now used to
produce grain whiskey for blends. By law, Irish whiskey must be produced in Ireland and
aged in wooden casks for a period of no less than three years, although in practice it is
usually three or four times that period.[56]Unpeated malt is almost always used, the main
exception being Connemara Peated Malt whiskey.
There are several types of whiskey common to Ireland: single malt, single grain, blended
whiskey and pure pot still whiskey.
Japanese[edit]
The model for Japanese whiskies is the single malt Scotch, although there are also
examples of Japanese blended whiskies. The base is a mash of malted barley, dried in kilns
fired with a little peat (although considerably less than in Scotland), and distilled using the
pot still method. Before 2000, Japanese whisky was primarily for the domestic market and
exports were limited. Japanese whiskies such as Suntory and Nikka won many prestigious
international awards between 2007 and 2014. Japanese whisky has earned a reputation for
quality.[57][58]
Scotch[edit]
Scotch whiskies are generally distilled twice, although some are distilled a third time and
others even up to twenty times.[59] Scotch Whisky Regulations require anything bearing the
label "Scotch" to be distilled in Scotland and matured for a minimum of three years in oak
casks, among other, more specific criteria.[60] Any age statement on the bottle, in the form of a
number, must reflect the age of the youngest Scotch whisky used to produce that product. A
whisky with an age statement is known as guaranteed age whisky.[61] Scotch whisky without
an age statement may, by law, be as young as three years old.[62]
The basic types of Scotch are malt and grain, which are combined to create blends. The
distinctive smoky flavour that can often be found in Scotch is due to the use of peat smoke to
treat the malt. Scotch malt whiskies are divided into five main
regions: Highland, Lowland,Islay, Speyside and Campbeltown.[63]
Swedish[edit]
Whisky started being produced in Sweden in 1955 by the now defunct Skeppets
whisky brand. Their last bottle was sold in 1971.[64] In 1999 Mackmyra Whisky was founded
and is today the largest producer and has won several awards including European Whisky of
the Year in Jim Murray's 2011 Whisky Bible[65] and the International Wine & Spirits
Competition (IWSC) 2012 Award for Best European Spirits Producer of 2012. [66]
Welsh[edit]
Although distillation of whisky in Wales began in Middle Ages there were no commercially
operated distilleries during the 20th century. The rise of the temperance movement saw the
decline the commercial production of liquor during the 19th century and in 1894 Welsh
whisky production ceased. Recently, however, there has been a revival of Welsh whisky.
The revival of Welsh whisky began in the 1990s. Initially a "Prince of Wales" malt whisky was
sold as Welsh whisky but was simply blended scotch bottled in Wales. A lawsuit by Scotch
distillers ended this enterprise.[67] In 2000, Penderyn Distillery started production of Penderyn
single malt whisky. The first bottles went on sale on 1 March 2004, Saint David's Day, and it
is now sold worldwide. Penderyn Distillery is located in the Brecon Beacons National
Park and is considered to be the smallest distillery in the world. [68]
Other[edit]
ManX Spirit from the Isle of Man is distilled elsewhere and re-distilled in the country of its
nominal "origin". The ManX distillery takes a previously matured Scotch malt whisky and redistills it.[69]
In 2010 a Czech whisky was released, the 21-year-old "Hammer Head". [70]
based Praskoveysky distillery bases its product on Irish whiskey, while in Kizlyar, Dagestan's
"Russian Whisky" announced a Scotch-inspired drink in single malt, blended and wheat
varieties.[71]
Destileras y Crianza del Whisky S.A. is a whisky distillery in Spain. Its eight-year-old Whisky
DYC is a combination of malts and spirits distilled from barley aged separately a minimum of
eight years in American oak barrels.[72]
Frysk Hynder is a Dutch single malt, distilled and bottled in the Frisian Us Heit Distillery. It is
the first single malt produced in the Netherlands.[45]
Chemistry[edit]
Overview[edit]
Whiskies and other distilled beverages, such as cognac, and rum are complex beverages
that contain a vast range of flavouring compounds, of which some 200 to 300 are easily
detected by chemical analysis. The flavouring chemicals include "carbonyl compounds,
alcohols, carboxylic acids and their esters, nitrogen- and sulphur-containing
compounds,tannins and other polyphenolic compounds, terpenes, and oxygencontaining heterocyclic compounds" and esters of fatty acids.[73] The nitrogen compounds
include pyridines,picolines and pyrazines.[74]
The flavouring of whisky is partially determined by the presence of congeners and fusel oils.
Fusel oils are higher alcohols than ethanol, are mildly toxic, and have a strong, disagreeable
smell and taste. An excess of fusel oils in whisky is considered a defect. A variety of methods
are employed in the distillation process to remove unwanted fusel oils. Traditionally,
American distillers focused on secondary filtration using charcoal, gravel, sand, or linen to
remove undesired distillates.
Acetals are rapidly formed in distillates and a great many are found in distilled beverages,
the most prominent being acetaldehyde diethyl acetal (1,1-diethoxyethane). Among whiskies
the highest levels are associated with malt whisky.[75] This acetal is a principal flavour
compound in sherry, and contributes fruitiness to the aroma.[76]
The diketone diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) has a buttery aroma and is present in almost all
distilled beverages. Whiskies and cognacs typically contain more of this than vodkas, but
significantly less than rums or brandies.[77]
Whisky that has been aged in oak barrels absorbs substances from the wood. One of these
is cis-3-methyl-4-octanolide, known as the "whisky lactone" or "quercus lactone", a
compound with a strong coconut aroma.[78][79]
Commercially charred oaks are rich in phenolic compounds. One study identified 40 different
phenolic compounds. The coumarin scopoletin is present in whisky, with the highest level
reported in Bourbon whiskey.[80]
Depending on the local regulations, additional flavourings and colouring compounds may be
added to the whisky. Canadian whisky may contain caramel and flavouring in addition to the
distilled mash spirits. Scotch whisky may contain added (E150A) caramel colouring, but no
other additives. The addition of flavourings is not allowed in American"straight" whiskey, but
is allowed in American blends.
Chill filtration[edit]
Whisky is often "chill filtered": chilled to precipitate out fatty acid esters and then filtered to
remove them. Most whiskies are bottled this way, unless specified as unchillfiltered ornon
chill filtered. This is done primarily for cosmetic reasons. Unchillfiltered whiskeys often turn
cloudy when stored at cool temperatures or when cool water is added to them, and this is
perfectly normal.[81]
American whiskey[edit]
Main article: American whiskey
Thirteen large distilleries produce over 99% of whiskey made in the US. These are the following
distilleries: Barton, Booker Noe, Brown-Forman, Buffalo Trace, Four Roses, George Dickel, Heaven
Hill, Jack Daniel's, Jim Beam, Maker's Mark, MGP Indiana, Wild Turkey, and Woodford Reserve. [citation
needed]
Bourbon[edit]
Main article: Bourbon whiskey
Kentucky bourbon[edit]
(listed alphabetically by brand ownership and name and location of distillery. The brand owner is
included if different, style notes)
Alltech brands:
Town Branch
Old Crow
Old Grand-Dad
Red Stag
Brown-Forman brands:
Early Times
Old Forester
Cabin Still
Daniel Stewart
Echo Springs
Evan Williams
Heaven Hill
Henry McKenna
Fighting Cock
J. T. S. Brown
J. W. Dant
T. W. Samuels
KBD-owned brands:
Old Bardstown
Vintage Bourbon
Luxco brands:
Bourbon Supreme
Ezra Brooks
Rebel Reserve
Yellowstone
Castle brands:
Distillery unidentified:
Jefferson's Bourbon
Black Ridge
Kentucky Gentleman
Kentucky Tavern
Ten High
Tom Moore
Ancient Age
Buffalo Trace
McAfee's Benchmark
Old Charter
Old Rip Van Winkle (an Old Rip Van Winkle / Sazerac joint venture[2] brand),
(wheated)
Pappy Van Winkle (an Old Rip Van Winkle / Sazerac joint venture[2] brand), (wheated)
W. L. Weller (wheated)
Russell's Reserve
Wild Turkey
Other brands:
Bulleit Bourbon A Diageo brand produced under contract by Kirin at the Four
Roses Distillery in Lawrenceburg.
Sam Houston
Tennessee whiskey[edit]
Main article: Tennessee whiskey
Other bourbon[edit]
Black Reserve Bourbon Whiskey (a Cleveland Whiskey brand), Cleveland, Ohio[citation needed]
Black Dirt Bourbon (Black Dirt Distillery), Warwick, New York[citation needed]
Hillrock Solera Aged Bourbon (Hillrock Estate Distillery), Ancram, New York[citation needed]
Hirsch Small Batch Reserve Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey (Anchor Distilling
Company), San Francisco, California
Cougar MGP Indiana, Lawrenceburg, Indiana (a Foster's Group brand, export only, sold
in Australia and New Zealand)
Thunderbeast Baby Buffalo Bourbon Whiskey, Mad Buffalo Distillery, Union, Missouri[7]
Corn whiskey[edit]
Main article: Corn whiskey
Hirsch Selection Special Reserve, Anchor Distilling Company, San Francisco, California[9]
Kings County Distillery Corn Whiskey, Kings County Distillery, Brooklyn, New York
Mellow Corn Kentucky Straight Corn Whiskey, Heaven Hill Distilleries, Louisville, Kentucky
Silver Sweet Corn Whiskey, The Indiana Whiskey Company, South Bend, Indiana[12]
Thunderbeast Storm Moonshine Corn Whiskey, Mad Buffalo Distillery, Union, Missouri[7]
Rye whiskey[edit]
Old Overholt
(ri)1
Pikesville Supreme
Rendezvous Rye
Double Rye
Kentucky Bourbon Distillers (KBD) brands (and brands exclusively bottled by KBD):
Red Hook
Sazerac
Thomas H. Handy
Other Brands
Fleischmann's Rye
Harrison Rye
Redemption Rye
Templeton Rye
Independent
Malt whiskey[edit]
Balcones Distilling "1" Texas Single Malt Whisky, Waco, Texas[citation needed]
Cut Spike Distillery Cut Spike Single Malt Whiskey, La Vista, Nebraska[citation needed]
Zeppelin Bend
Pearse Lyons Reserve (Lexington Brewing and Distilling Company), Lexington, Kentucky[citation
needed]
Deacon Seat
First Peated
Cedar Ridge Single Malt Whiskey, Cedar Ridge Distillery, Swisher, Iowa[citation needed]
Wheat whiskey[edit]
Blended whiskey[edit]
Calvert Extra
Kessler's
Jeremiah Weed
Heaven Hill
Gukenheimer
Kentucky Deluxe
Kentucky Beau
T. W. Samuels
Wilson
Campfire
Bourye
Son Of Bourye
Luxco brands:
D. Nicholson 1843
Davies County
Wall Street
Sazerac brands (and brands produced exclusively by Sazerac) at the Tom Moore
Distillery, Bardstown, Kentucky:
Barton Reserve
Fleishmann's Preferred
Imperial
Kentucky Gentleman
Old Thompson
Australian whisky[edit]
Main article: Australian whisky
Australia produces a number of single malt whiskies. Tasmanian whiskies in particular are
receiving global attention. Australian whiskies are winning an increasing number of global whisky
awards and medals, including for example in the World Whiskies Awards and Jim Murray's
Whisky Bible 'Liquid Gold Awards'.[22][23]
Australian whisky distilleries include:[24][25]
Belgrove Distillery
Great Southern Distilling Company (Limeburners Single Malt Whisky), Western Australia
Hoochery Distillery
Redlands Distillery
Triptych Distillery
Canadian whisky[edit]
Main article: Canadian whisky
Bottles of Canadian Club Whisky for sale at a liquor store in Iizaka, Fukushima, Japan
Alberta Premium
Brown-Forman brands:
Collingwood Whisky
Diageo brands:
Crown Royal
Seagram's VO
Canadian Club
Forty Creek
Mountain Rock
Pendleton Whisky
Pure Gold
Lot 40
Wiser's
Barton's Canadian
Canadian Host
Canadian LTD
Canadian Supreme
Canadian Hunter
Caribou Crossing
James Foxe
Northern Light
Royal Canadian
English whisky[edit]
Main article: English Whisky
3 year old.
Finnish whisky[edit]
Main article: Finnish whisky
Old Buck
Teerenpeli
German whisky[edit]
Main article: German whisky
Schlitzer Destillerie
Glen Slitisa
Bellerhof
Spinnaker 1997
Coillmr
Gruel
Schlitzer Burgen
Hhler
Rabel
Schwbischer Whisky
Reiner Msslein
Frnkischer Whiskey
Slyrs
Sonnenschein
Volker Theurer
Indian whisky[edit]
Main article: Indian whisky
2 Barrels[26]
21st Century[27]
24 Carat Whisky[28]
8 PM
After Dark
Antiquity
Aristocrat
Bachelor[29]
Bagpiper
Blacpower[29]
Black Knight[32]
Black Stallion[33]
Blenders Pride
Blue Bull[32]
Blue Patrol[34]
Board's Verdict[35]
Bonus Fine[37]
Casino Club[38]
Castle Club[29]
Capricorn[39]
Cellar 117[32]
Chevalier Whisky[40]
Classic[29]
Colonel's Special[32]
Diamond Whisky[30]
Diplomat Deluxe[32]
Director's Special
Divine Sip[41][42]
Double Dog[36]
DSP Black
Dupleix[43]
Evening Special[41][42]
Gold Class[44]
Gold Rush[46]
Golden Eagle[32]
Golden Chariot[29]
Grand Duke
GS Genius[27]
Gypsy[27]
Havaldar Whisky[36]
High Birds[35]
Hottt Silk[29]
Imperial Blue
Imperial Falcon[28]
Legend[27]
MaQintosh
Malbros[49]
McDowell's Diplomat[50][51]
McDowell's No.1
Milestone 100[27]
Million Dollar[53]
MMB[32]
Mougal Monarch
Mysore Lancer[31]
Officer's Choice
Old Oak[55]
Old Tavern
Original Choice
Peter Scot
President[28]
President's Pride[57]
Prestige
Pure Gold[28]
Raffles Whisky[58]
Red Caveliar[44]
Red Knight
Rowson's Reserve
Royal Arms[49]
Royal Challenge
Royal Circle
Royal Choice[29]
Royal Gold[38]
Royal Special
Royal Stag
Senate[29]
Senate Royale[29]
Signature
Seven Knights[35]
Shot Whisky[29]
Solan No.1[32]
Stud Whisky[44]
Summer Hall[32]
Top Brass[32]
White House[29]
Whytehall[61]
Amrut
Irish whiskey[edit]
Main article: Irish whiskey
Clontarf
Connemara
Erin Go Bragh
Knappogue Castle
Shanahans
Slaney Malt
Tyrconnell
Daly's of Tullamore
Dungourney 1964
Dunville's VR
Green Spot
Midleton
Old Comber
Redbreast
Avoca
Crested Ten
Hewitts
Ballygeary
Dunphys
Inishowen
Brennans
Erin's Isle
Bushmills
Cassidy's
Kilbeggan
Clontarf 1014
Golden Irish
Locke's
Coleraine
Grace
Concannon
Greenore
Japanese whisky[edit]
Main article: Japanese whisky
Chita
Fuji Gotemba
Hakushu
Hibiki
Kaku-bin
Nikka
Suntory
Yamazaki
Yoichi
Scotch whisky[edit]
Main article: Scotch whisky
Campbeltown
Glen Scotia
Hazelburn
Kilkerran
Longrow
Springbank
Aberfeldy
Balblair
Ben Nevis
Clynelish
The Dalmore
Dalwhinnie
Deanston
Edradour
Fettercairn
Glencadam
Glendronach
Glengoyne
Glen Garioch
Glenmorangie
Glen Ord
Glenturret
Glenugie
Knockdhu
Loch Lomond
The Macallan
McClelland
Millburn
North Port
Oban
Old Pulteney
Royal Brackla
Royal Lochnagar
Tomatin
Tullibardine
Arran
Highland Park
Isle of Jura
Ledaig
Scapa
Talisker
Tobermory
Ardbeg
Bowmore
Bruichladdich
Bunnahabhain
Caol Ila
Kilchoman
Lagavulin
Laphroaig
Port Askaig
Port Ellen
Port Charlotte
Ailsa Bay
Annandale
Auchentoshan
Bladnoch
Daftmill
Glenkinchie
Inverleven
Kinclaith
Ladyburn
Rosebank
St Magdalene
Aberfeldy
Braeval
Glen Deveron
Glen M
Aberlour
Brora
GlenDronach
Glenro
Allt-A-Bhainne
Caperdonich
Glendullan
Glen S
AnCnoc
Cardhu
Glen Elgin
Glenta
Ardmore
Coleburn
Glenesk
Glen T
Auchroisk
Convalmore
Glenfarclas
Glenu
Aultmore
Cragganmore
Glenfiddich
Highla
Balmenach
Craigellachie[64]
Glen Flagler
Imper
The Balvenie
Dailuaine
Glenglassaugh
Inchgo
Dallas Dhu
Glen Grant
Knock
Banff
Dufftown
The Glenlivet
Linkw
BenRiach
Fettercairn
Glenlochy
Littlem
Benrinnes
Glen Albyn
Glenlossie
Longm
Benromach
Glenallachie
Glen Mhor
Manno
Brackla
Glenburgie
Glen Keith
Milton
Cameron Brig
Girvan
North British
Starlaw Distillery
Strathclyde
Angels' Nectar[65]
Monkey Shoulder
Poit Dhubh
Sheep Dip
Dimple
Hunter's Glen
Ballantine's
Douglas XO
Bell's
Dynamic Woman
Johnnie Walker
Beneagles
J&B
Label 5
Black Bottle
Long John
Grand Macnish
Buchanan's
Chivas Regal
Grant's
Haig
Clan MacGregor
Hankey Bannister
Cutty Sark
Highland Axe
Dewar's
A. D. Rattray
Adelphi
Blackadder
Cadenhead's
Chieftains
Douglas of Drumlanrig
Duncan Taylor
Hart Brothers
MaQ Scotch[66]
Morriston Gold
James MacArthur
Liquid Sun
Master of Malt[68]
Murray McDavid
Robert Scott
Signatory
Whiskybroker.co.uk
Wild Scotsman
Knights Whisky[70]
Welsh whisky[edit]
Main article: Welsh whisky
Penderyn
Other whiskies[edit]
Zuidam Netherlands[73]
DYC Spain
Mackmyra Sweden
Smgen Sweden[75]
Box Sweden
Kavalan Taiwan