Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 232 views

    Cauchy Questions

    Uploaded by

    Parth Jaggi
    This document contains solutions to practice problems related to Cauchy sequences. Some key points: - A Cauchy subsequence of a Cauchy sequence is also Cauchy. - If a subsequence of a Cauchy sequence converges, then the full sequence converges to the same limit. - The sequence an = (n+3)/(2n+1) is directly shown to be Cauchy by choosing N such that the difference between any two terms with indices greater than N is less than a given epsilon. - The recursively defined sequence an+1 = an + (-1)n*n3 is shown not to be Cauchy, and therefore not convergent, by exhibiting a difference between terms

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Cauchy Questions

    Uploaded by

    Parth Jaggi
    232 views4 pages
    This document contains solutions to practice problems related to Cauchy sequences. Some key points: - A Cauchy subsequence of a Cauchy sequence is also Cauchy. - If a subsequence of a Cauchy sequence converges, then the full sequence converges to the same limit. - The sequence an = (n+3)/(2n+1) is directly shown to be Cauchy by choosing N such that the difference between any two terms with indices greater than N is less than a given epsilon. - The recursively defined sequence an+1 = an + (-1)n*n3 is shown not to be Cauchy, and therefore not convergent, by exhibiting a difference between terms

    Original Description:

    Questions on Cauchy

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document contains solutions to practice problems related to Cauchy sequences. Some key points: - A Cauchy subsequence of a Cauchy sequence is also Cauchy. - If a subsequence of a Cauchy sequence converges, then the full sequence converges to the same limit. - The sequence an = (n+3)/(2n+1) is directly shown to be Cauchy by choosing N such that the difference between any two terms with indices greater than N is less than a given epsilon. - The recursively defined sequence an+1 = an + (-1)n*n3 is shown not to be Cauchy, and therefore not convergent, by exhibiting a difference between terms

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    232 views4 pages

    Cauchy Questions

    Uploaded by

    Parth Jaggi
    This document contains solutions to practice problems related to Cauchy sequences. Some key points: - A Cauchy subsequence of a Cauchy sequence is also Cauchy. - If a subsequence of a Cauchy sequence converges, then the full sequence converges to the same limit. - The sequence an = (n+3)/(2n+1) is directly shown to be Cauchy by choosing N such that the difference between any two terms with indices greater than N is less than a given epsilon. - The recursively defined sequence an+1 = an + (-1)n*n3 is shown not to be Cauchy, and therefore not convergent, by exhibiting a difference between terms

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Solutions to Practice Problems

    Exercise 8.8
    2
    (a) Show that if {an }
    n=1 is Cauchy then {an }n=1 is also Cauchy.

    (b) Give an example of a Cauchy sequence {a2n }


    n=1 such that {an }n=1 is not
    Cauchy.
    Solution.
    (a) Since {an }
    n=1 is Cauchy, it is convergent. Since the product of two
    convergent sequences is convergent the sequence {a2n }
    n=1 is convergent and
    therefore is Cauchy.
    (b) Let an = (1)n for all n N. The sequence {an }
    n=1 is not Cauchy since
    2
    it is divergent. However, the sequence {an }n=1 = {1, 1, } converges to 1
    so it is Cauchy
    Exercise 8.9
    Let {an }
    n=1 be a Cauchy sequence such that an is an integer for all n N.
    Show that there is a positive integer N such that an = C for all n N,
    where C is a constant.
    Solution.
    Let  = 21 . Since {an }
    n=1 is Cauchy, there is a positive integer N such that if
    m, n N we have |am an | < 21 . But am an is an integer so we must have
    an = aN for all n N
    Exercise 8.10
    Let {an }
    n=1 be a sequence that satisfies
    |an+2 an+1 | < c2 |an+1 an | for all n N
    where 0 < c < 1.
    (a) Show that |an+1 an | < cn |a2 a1 | for all n 2.
    (b) Show that {an }
    n=1 is a Cauchy sequence.
    Solution.
    (a) See Exercise 1.10.

    (b) Let  > 0 be given. Since limn cn = 0 we can find a positive integer
    N such that if n N then |c|n < (1 c). Thus, for n > m N we have
    |an am | |am+1 am | + |am+2 am+1 | + + |an an1 |
    <cm |a2 a1 | + cm+1 |a2 a1 | + + cn1 |a2 a1 |
    <cm (1 + c + c2 + )|a2 a1 |
    cm
    =
    |a2 a1 | < 
    1c
    It follows that {an }
    n=1 is a Cauchy sequence
    Exercise 8.11
    What does it mean for a sequence {an }
    n=1 to not be Cauchy?
    Solution.
    A sequence {an }
    n=1 is not a Cauchy sequence if there is a real number  > 0
    such that for all positive integers N there exist n, m N such that n, m N
    and |an am | 
    Exercise 8.12

    Let {an }
    n=1 and {bn }n=1 be two Cauchy sequences. Define cn = |an bn |.

    Show that {cn }n=1 is a Cauchy sequence.


    Solution.
    Let  > 0 be given. There exist positive integers N1 and N2 such that if
    n, m N1 and n, m N2 we have |an am | < 2 and |bn bm | < 2 . Let
    N = N1 + N2 . If n, m N then |cn cm | = ||an bn | |am bm ||
    |(an bn ) + (am bm )| |an am | + |bn bm | < . Hence, {cn }
    n=1 is a
    Cauchy sequence
    Exercise 8.13
    Explain why the sequence defined by an = (1)n is not a Cauchy sequence.
    Solution.
    We know that every Cauchy sequence is convergent. We also know that the
    given sequence is divergent. Thus, it can not be Cauchy
    Exercise 8.14
    Show that every subsequence of a Cauchy sequence is itself a Cauchy sequence.
    2

    Solution.

    Let {an }
    n=1 be a Cauchy sequence. Let {ank }k=1 be a subsequence of {an }n=1 .

    By Exercise 8.7, the sequence {an }


    n=1 is convergent. By Exercise 7.4, {ank }k=1
    is convergent and hence Cauchy
    Exercise 8.15
    Prove that if a subsequence of a Cauchy sequence converges to L, then the
    full sequence also converges to L.
    Solution.

    Let {an }
    n=1 be a Cauchy sequence. Let {ank }k=1 be a subsequence of {an }n=1
    converging to L. By Exercise ??, the sequence {an }
    n=1 is convergent say to
    0
    0
    a limit L . By Exercise ??, we must have L = L
    Exercise 8.16
    Prove directly from the definition that the sequence
    an =

    n+3
    , nN
    2n + 1

    is a Cauchy sequence.
    Solution.
    Let  > 0 be given. Let N be a positive integer to be chosen. Suppose that
    n, m N. We have


    n+3
    |m n|
    m + 3

    =3
    |an am | =


    2n + 1 2m + 1
    (2n + 1)(2m + 1)
    (2n + 1) + (2m + 1) 2
    2m + 2n
    =

    (2n + 1)(2m + 1)
    (2n + 1)(2m + 1)
    1
    1
    2
    =
    +

    2m + 1 2n + 1 (2n + 1)(2m + 1)
    1
    1

    +
    2m + 1 2n + 1
    2

    2N + 1
    Choose N so that

    2
    2N +1

    < . That is N >

    2
    .
    2

    |an am | < 
    n+3
    for all n, m N. That is, { 2n+1
    }n=1 is Cauchy

    In this case,

    Exercise 8.17
    Consider a sequence defined recursively by a1 = 1 and an+1 = an + (1)n n3
    for all n N. Show that such a sequence is not a Cauchy sequence. Does
    this sequence converge?
    Solution.
    We will show that there is an  > 0 such that for all N N there exist m and
    n such that m, n N but |am an | . Note that |an+1 an | = n3 1. Let
     = 1. Let N N. Choose m = N + 1 and n = N. In this case, |am an | =
    N 3 1 = . Hence, the given sequence is not a Cauchy sequence. Since every
    convergent sequence must be Cauchy, the given sequence is divergent

    You might also like