Adaptive Optical Transmitter and Receiver For Optical Wireless Communication System With Multiscatttering Channel
Adaptive Optical Transmitter and Receiver For Optical Wireless Communication System With Multiscatttering Channel
Adaptive Optical Transmitter and Receiver For Optical Wireless Communication System With Multiscatttering Channel
I. INTRODUCTION
The Optical Wireless Communication is the only solution to the next generation Wireless Communication due to
some of the advantages over the existing RF wireless systems are (1)large information bandwidth(THz-range),
(2)low transmitted power(mW-range),(3)high directionality(beamwidth-mrad.),(4) high speed data
transmission(Gb/s),(5)high signal security,(6)free from electromagnetic interference,(7)very less Bit Error Rate(10 12
),(8)size and weight of the optical components are very small etc..Fig(i) and (ii) represents the general block
diagram of optical wireless communication system for point to point optical link for both clear sky and heavy rain
conditions respectively.
Fig (1). Optical wireless communication system under clear sky condition.
In the optical wireless communication systems, the Laser Beam from the source is used as the
carrier wave and is transmitted through the free-space(atmosphere)directly. Because of highly directional beam, the
transmitted signal is traveling in the straight line with long distance.The transmitter and receiver should be in faceto-face,i.e.,line of sight(LOS) condition to be applied for optical wireless communication system. Even though
optical wireless communication system has great potential, there are some limitations to overcome the existing
optical wireless communication becomes highly efficient one. The major problem in the available optical wireless
communication system is multiscattering effect,i.e.,in the presence of fog, haze, rain, mist etc. in the atmosphere
causes serious signal degradation in the propagation path.[1] Under clear sky condition, the optical wireless
communication system has very less attenuation and scattering effects, but in the fog or snows form condition, the
attenuation and scattering effects are more. This effect limits the maximum system bandwidth and increases bit error
rate(BER). The use of optical wireless communication can be improved only when the environmental effects are
controlled or overcome by system performance. In the existing research papers, the impulse response function of
atmospheric clouds for optical pulses is derived and modeled the optical wireless communication system. This
system can be used only for earth to low earth orbit(LEO) satellites, geo synchronous orbit(GEO) satellites and
downwards.[2] In this paper, we propose the optical wireless communication system under worst climatic condition,
is considered as atmospheric turbulence channel, on the Earths surface between tower to tower or high building to
building. So, we have to analyze these effects by extension search of the literature survey, we propose a novel
approach to overcome these problems.
In this paper we describe an engineering model of an adaptive transmitter for optical wireless
communication through atmospheric turbulence channel with system approach and analysis of climatic effects on
atmosphere. The engineering model of an adaptive optical wireless communication system that deals with the
variation of the reflected power from the snow or rain like effects of the transmitted power and the variation of
the attenuation of the environmental conditions[4].We strongly believed that this approach of an adaptive optical
transmission system for rainy channel should improve the performance of optical wireless communication system.
Here, we explain the principles of the proposed adaptive optical wireless communication system and present the
mathematical analysis of the adaptive system.
In the Fig(3), the adaptive optical transmitter includes a laser source in which the output power can be
varied according to climatic conditions. The optical signal processor consists of delay calculation unit,
comparator, decision threshold, amplifiers etc. which process the reflected signals from the turbulence channel and
gives the instruction to the control unit. All these operations are performed in the optical domain itself by the
optical signal processor. So that we choose the operating wavelength of 1550nm which is suitable for optical
wireless communication[5] and the optical components are available in that wavelength also[6]. The control unit,
also receives the data or message electrical signal input from the source, controls the laser source power according
to the instructions coming from signal processor. Hence, the adaptiveness of the optical transmitter is maintained.
Similarly the optical receiver is designed for adaptive in nature under various climatic conditions. The front
end of adaptive optical receiver consist the optical beam forming unit and MLSD units similar to adaptive
transmitter and the functions are also same. After combining all these received signals, the combined signal is sent to
the matched filter. This matched filter plays major role in the adaptive optical receiver and the response of this filter
is varying depends upon the strength of the received signal. In order to maintain the sensitivity of the receiver above
1 m, the response of the matched filter is varying. So that the matched filter is designed by the function as,
F(f) = [(Y1-Y0) / (Z 2+2Z+1)G1 ] [{k1/(k2-j2pf)2 }+ {k3/(k4-j2pf)2 }+{k 5/(k6-j2pf)2 } + .. ..+{k n-1/(kn-j2pf)2 }]
exp(-j2pftd)
Where, F(f) is the adaptive filter transfer function, Y1 & Y0 are functions of receiver parameters and transmitter
power for receiving 1 and 0 respectively, k1,k2 k n are double gamma function constants depends upon the
visibilities, f is the frequency, and t d is the time at which signal is at the filter output,
and Z 2 = (G 0/G 1),
where G 0&G1 are the noise spectral densities of the receiver for receiving 0 and 1 respectively.
After received the signal by the matched filter, it is passed through optical detector then processes it like
ordinary optical receiver
III.NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
By neglecting the optical efficiencies, detector
communication system using Beers-Lambert law is given by,
noises
Pr =Pt[Ar / (D.R)2]exp(-sR)
(1)
Where, Pr is the received power at the optical receiver in Watts, Pt is the transmitted power at the optical transmitter
in Watts, A r is the receiver aperture area in cm2 with the radius of r = 20cm, the transmit beam divergence D =
2mrad, the distance between the optical transmitter and receiver(range) R=2km and s is the atmospheric attenuation
coefficient in km-1 is given by
s = [3.91/V ] (? /550 nm)-q
where, q = the size distribution of the scattering particles
= 1.6
,for V>50km
= 1.3
,for 6km<V<50km
= 0.16V+0.34
,for 1km<V<6km
= V-0.5
,for 0.5km<V<1km
=0
,for V<0.5km
From this equation the amount of received power is directly proportional to the amount of transmitted power
and area of the collection aperture. It is inversely proportional to the square of the beam divergence and link range. It
is also inversely proportional to the exponential of the product of the atmospheric attenuation coefficient times the
link range. In the above equation t he variables P t , A r , D and R are controllable and s is uncontrollable and depends
upon climatic conditions, also independent of wavelength in heavy attenuation (worst climatic conditions). But, P r is
exponentially decreases with the product of s and R. Hence, s and R play major role in the amount of Pr, but s is not
controllable and R should be maintained at moderate level, otherwise the entire optical wireless communication
system becomes highly expensive. The equ (1) is used to calculate the Pr at the R r, under various climatic conditions.
From the datas, the receiver sensitivity should be greater than 1w and up to this minimum level the optical receiver
is able to detect the received signal. Hence the adaptiveness can be applied to this minimum received power level
under worst atmospheric conditions.
It is assumed that the atmospheric turbulence effects occurred for entire transmission path and the range R is
taken as 1m. So the received power at the atmospheric turbulence channel is calculated using the equ.
PrATC = Pt[A rATC / (D.R)2]exp(-sR)
(2)
Where, PrATC is the received power at atmospheric turbulence channel in Watts, Pt is the transmitted power at
Transmitter towards channel in Watts, ArATC is the area of the atmospheric scattering particles like fog, rain drops,
snow, hail, etc and it varies from 20m to 50 mm depends upon climatic conditions and D is the transmit beam
divergence of Laser source =2mrad.
The received power at the atmospheric turbulence channel are scattered to many directions. A portion of this
scattered signals are received at the transmitter itself. Based on the reflectivity of the atmospheric turbulence
channel, the reflected power is received in the transmitter by MaximumLikelihood Sequence Detection(MLSD)
techniques. The reflected power obtained in the transmitter is given by the equ.
(3)
Where Preflect is the reflected power and received at the transmitter in W, PrATC is the received power at atmospheric
turbulence channel and considered as the transmitted power in W, AT is the receiver aperture area of radius r=5cm
which is the transmitter itself, D is the beam divergence and highly important one, because the scattered beam is
obtained here, so that D is considered as high value of 200 mrad, R is the range =1m and s is the attenuation
coefficient under worst climatic conditions (V=0.5km).
A part of the reflected/scattered beams received in the transmitter are processed in the optical signal
processor. The optical signal processor collects the reflected beams from many directions by placing multiple optical
detectors and combines these signals by Maximum Likelihood Sequence Detection(MLSD) techniques using optical
beam former. Then compare this reflected power with original transmitted beam using the comparator. The output of
the comparator is high when the reflected power is low and vice versa. The decision threshold unit, which is
maintained at some fixed threshold level(D th), compares the output of the comparator and if it is less than fixed
threshold level, it is considered as the reflected power is very high and the control unit was asked to increase the
Laser output power till the comparator output becomes greater than fixed threshold level and vice versa.. This
process is continuous depends upon the outputs of the comparator and decision threshold (Dth)unit, hence the
adaptiveness of the optical transmitter is maintained.
(1/2)
The MLSD requires computing an n-Dimensional integral for each of 2n bit sequences, so that the complexity is
proportional to n.2 n. Even though MLSD is more complex but, in this turbulence channels we dont know anything
about this fluctuating environmental effects, the MLSD in the most effective method in this condition.
In fig(6), the results are plotted by calculating the received power in the receiver for various visibility conditions
with the distance of 2km.. From fig.(7) it is observed that the required transmitted power is increased from 0.1 W to
10W to get atleast 1W power in the receiver in the worst climatic condition .
In fig(8) the graph is plotted between transmitted power and reflected power with the visibility of
V<0.5km., and assumed the atmospheric turbulence effects occurred in the entire transmission path. It is
observed that, when transmitted power is increas ed then reflected power is decreased almost linearly and
at transmitted power becomes 10W, the reflected power approaches to 0W, i.e., there is no reflected
power and all the transmitted power are transmitted (penetrated) through the atmospheric turbulence
channel.
VI.CONCLUSION
The presence of snow or heavy rain between the optical transmitter and receiver causes heavy attenuation
and scattering of optical signals. This limits the performance of the optical wireless communication system.[9].
Simulation of optical propagation through atmospheric turbulence channels makes it possible to derive mathematical
models for optical wireless communication system. By using the derived model, the adaptive optical transmitter
system was developed which performs better on rainy days compared with clear sky conditions.[10] Also, it is
observed that when critical weather conditions,(i.e,for heavy snow or rain) ht e (V<500m) atmospheric attenuation is
independent of
wavelength(?). But, the operating wavelength plays major role when V>6km, the atmospheric
attenuation is inversely proportional to wavelength. So, that we choose wavelength is high value of 1550nm.
Similarly the optical receiver is designed for adaptive in nature by placing matched filter whose response is varying
to meet the minimum sensitivity of the receiver. These optical wireless communication links are must for the next
generation wireless communication to meet the increased availability requirements. By overcom e these atmospheric
turbulence effects, the optical wireless communication system become more popular than existing RF wireless
communication links.
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