173

Aquatic Ecology 35: 173-181, 2001.

(C) 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

The Pampean Diatom Index (IDP) for assessment of rivers and streams in
Argentina
Nora Gmez and Magdalena Licursi
Limnology Institute Dr. Ral A Ringuelet, C. C. 712- 1900 La Plata, Argentina (Fax: +54-011-4275-7799;
E-mail: [email protected])
Accepted 10 April 2001

Key words: biofilms, biomonitoring, diatoms, eutrophication, organic pollution

Abstract
The rivers and streams of the Pampean plain are subjected to the impact of agriculture, cattle-raising and industrial
activities. The largest urban center of Argentina is located here. The most important stresses on rivers and
streams in the Pampean plain are organic enrichments (discharge of insufficiently treated sewage), nutrients,
heavy metals, pathogenic agents, pesticides, herbicides and physical changes produced by dredging and canalisation.
The epipelic community is suitable for biomonitoring purposes because it allows for comparing similar substrates
along the rivers and streams. A total of 164 samples of epipelic diatoms were collected during 1995-1999 from
Pampean rivers and streams. The analysis of these samples resulted in the development of a specific biotic index:
the Pampean Diatom Index (IDP). The results were correlated with the main chemical water characteristics and
with other biotic indices. This study suggests that the IDP is integrating organic pollution and eutrophication and
can be applied for monitoring the biological quality of rivers and streams in the Pampean plain.
Introduction
Diatoms have been included in assessment of river
water quality since the early Kolkwitz & Marsson
(1908) studies and are known as reliable bioindicators
of organic pollution and eutrophication (Descy &
Ector, 1999). In this context, numerous studies dealing
with water quality assessment have been focussing on
the application of standardized methodologies based
on diatom assemblages (Descy & Coste, 1990;
Whitton et al., 1991; Whitton & Rott, 1996; Prygiel
et al., 1999). Most of these studies were undertaken
in the Northern Hemisphere, in particular in European
countries.
The use of diatoms as indicators of water quality
changes has few precedents in South America. Lobo
et al. (1996. 1998) applied the saprobic system to
assess the water quality of Southern-Brazil rivers, on
epilithic diatom assemblages.
The water quality assessment of the MatanzaRiachuelo river basin (Gmez, 1998, 1999), based on
epipelic diatom assemblages, represent the first prece-

dent in Argentina. Hereafter the methodology applied

in that study, including the use of both saprobity and
diversity indices and multivariate analysis. was also
considered for other Pampean lotic environments
(Tangorra et al., 1998).
The Pampean plain represents around 87% of the
total area of Buenos Aires Province. Its rivers and
smaller streams present a semi desertic type of drainage
with filtration and evaporation as predominant working
processes (Sala et al., 1983). The slope ranges between
1.15 m km-1 in the more elevated areas (10% of the total
area) and 0.25 m km-1 in the lower areas. Water input is
mostly from precipitation and underground water.
The bottom substrate is mostly composed of
slimeclay with low proportions of gravel and sand,
except at the mouth of the rivers and streams, where
sand can be dominant.
Hard stony substrates are found in streams with springs
in the Sierra de Tandil and the Sierra de la Ventana.
Limestone concretions can be found in mid or lower
sections of certain streams.

174
Table 1. Characterization of water quality classes based on
NH 4 -N, BOD 5 and PO 4 -P (mg 1 -1 )
Water quality
classes
0
I
II
III
IV

Figure 1. Study area and location of studied rivers and streams

in the Pampean plain: 1. Matanza-Riachuelo river; 2. Rodrguez
stream; 3. El Gato stream; 4. Pescado stream; 5. Buirigo stream;
6. Juan Blanco stream; 7. Samborombn river: 8. Salado river; 9.
Tandileof stream: 10. Napaleof stream; 11. Vivorat stream;
12. Tandil stream

Lotic systems traversing the Pampean plain are

affected by the activities and by-products of
a g r i c u l t u r e , c a t t l e - r a i s i n g , a n d i n d u s t r y. I n
addition, the most important urban centre in Argentina is located in this area. Water quality
deterioration is mostly caused by organic
enrichment, input of nutrients, heavy metals,
pathogenic agents, pesticides, herbicides, and
changes produced by dredging canalisations.
Numerous studies in different countries about
in-dices have been based on the analysis of
epilithic diatom assemblages (Whitton et al., 1991.
Prygiel et al., 1999; Whitton & Rott, 1996). The
problem, however is that sampling stones in
lowland lotic systems and slow flowing reaches is
often difficult or impossible because they are
simply not present.
The use of epiphytic diatom assemblages or artificial substrates is not a practical alternative
either. According to Cazaubon (1991, 1996),
monitoring of the epiphyton presents a number of
methodological problems due to differences in
composition and abundance of diatom species
colonising the macrophytes, having an
influence also on the sampled part of the
plant (leaves,stems or roots). Artificial substrates are

BOD5

NH4+-N

PO4 3 -P

<3
>3-8
>8-15
> 15-25
>25

<0.1
>O.1-0.5
>0.5-0.9
>0.9-2
>2

<0.05
>0.05-0.1
>0.1-0.5
>0.5-1
>1

used to facilitate sampling procedures and

replicability of samples, however the time to develop
a climax periphyton is a matter of colonisation and
growth velocity (quick in eutrophic, slow in
oligotrophic systems) and in general the periphyton
on artificial substrates does not reflect the complete
natural community with respect to species diversity
and/or quantitative relationships (Kann, 1978).
It is not very reliable to apply indices developed
for other latitudes, the characteristic features of the
Pampean plain need the development of suitable
indices for biological monitoring of river water
quality.
The purpose of this paper was develop an index
at the regional scale, hereafter called the Pampean
Diatom Index (IDP), directed towards the
assessment of water quality of rivers and smaller
streams of the Pampean plain. The index is based
on the sensitivity of the epipelic diatom assemblages
integrating the effect of organic enrichment and
eutrophication, two phenomena which can hardly
be separated.
Materials and methods
A total of 164 samples were collected in rivers and
smaller streams throughout the Pampean plain
(Fig-ure 1). In each river, 3-4 sampling stations
distributed along the upper, middle, and lower parts
of the river were selected and seasonally sampled
during 1997-1999. In the case of the MatanzaRiachuelo river basin, 23 stations were selected and
sampled during March, April, May, and July of
1995. In each sampling station a number of ten subsamples were collected by pipetting (Stevenson,
1984; Lowe & Laliberte, 1996) a superficial
layer of 5-10 mm of the sediment in different
places, following Descy & Costes (1990)
recommendations.

175
Table 2. Most frequently occuring diatoms in the epipelon of Pampean rivers and streams
and ecological preferences according to water quality

Taxon

Achnanthes minutissima Ktzing

Achnanthes lanceolata (Brb.) Grunow
Achnanthes hungarica (Grun.) Grunow
Achnanthes delicatula ssp. hauckiana Lange-Bertalot & Rup
Amphora coffeaeformis (Ag.) Ktzing
Amphora libyca Ehrenberg
Amphora perpusilla Grunow
Amphora veneta Ktzing
Anomoeoneis sphaerophora (Ehr.), Pfitzer
Bacillaria paradoxa Gmelin
Caloneis bacillum (Grunow) Cleve
Caloneis ventricosa Agardh
Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg
Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta (Ehr.) Grunow
Cymbella affinis Ktzing
Cymbella minuta Hilse ex Rabenhorst
Cymbella lanceolata (Ehr.) Kirchner
Cymbella silesiaca Bleisch in Rabenhorst
Denticula kuetzingii Grunow
Diatoma vulgaris Bory
Diploneis ovalis (Hilse) Cleve
Diploneis puella (Schumann)
Epithemia sorex Ktzing
Eunotia bilunaris (Ehr.) Mills
Eunotia monodon Ehrenberg
Eunotia pectinalis (Dillwyn) Rabenhorst
Fragilaria capucina Desmazieres
Fragilaria ulna (Nitzsch.) Lange-Bertalot
Gomphonema angustum Agardh
Gomphonema clavatum Ehrenberg
Gomphonema parvulum Ktzing
Gomphonema truncatum Ehrenberg
Gyrosigma acuminatum Ktz. Rabenhorst
Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehr.) Grunow
Melosira varians Agardh
Meridion circulare (Greville) Agardh
Navicula accomoda Hustedt
Navicula capitata Ehrenberg
Navicula capitatoradiata Germain
Navicula cryptocephala Ktzing
Navicula cuspidata Ktzing
Navicula gastrum (Ehr.) Ktzing
Navicula goeppertiana (Bleisch) H.L. Smith
Navicula pupula Ktzing
Navicula pygmaea Ktzing
Navicula radiosa Ktzing
Navicula subminuscula Manguin
Navicula tripunctata (O.F. Mull.) Bory
Neidium iridis (Ehrenberg) Cleve

Water
quality
class
0-II
I-II
II-III
II
III-IV
II-III
I-II
III-IV
III-IV
I-II
I-II
I-II
I-III
II-III
I-II
0-I
I-II
I-II
I-II
I-II
I-II
I-II
I-II
I-II
I
I
0-I
I-III
0-II
I-II
II-IV
I-II
II
I-III
I-III
0-I
III-IV
I-III
I-II
II-IV
II-IV
I-II
III-IV
II-IV
II-III
I-II
III-IV
I-III
I

Specific
index value
Iidp
1
1.5
2.5
2
3.75
2.5
1.75
3.5
3.25
1.75
1.5
1.5
2
2.25
1.75
0.75
1.25
1.75
1.5
1.5
1.25
1.25
1.75
1.25
1
1
0.5
2
1
1.25
3.25
1.25
2
2
2
0.25
3.5
2.75
1.75
3
3
1.25
3.75
3
2.75
1.25
3.75
2
1

176
Table 2. Continued

Water quality
class

Taxon

Nitzschia acicularis (Ktz) Smith

Nitzschia amphibia Grunow
Nitzschia amphiboides Hustedt
Nitzschia angustata Grunow
Nitzschia brevssima Grunow
Nitzschia constricta (Ktz) Ralfs
Nitzschia dissipata (Ktz) Grunow
Nitzschia flexa Schumann
Nitzschia filiformis (W. M. Smith) Van Heurck
Nitzschia fonticola Grunow
Nitzschia frustulum Kutzing
Nitzschia gracilis Hantzch
Nitzschia heufleriana Grunow
Nitzschia hungarica Grunow
Nitzschia linearis (Ag.) W.M. Smith
Nitzschia palea (Ktzing) W. Smith
Nitzschia recta Hantzch ex Rabenhorst
Nitzschia sigma (Ktzing) W. M. Smith
Nitzschia umbonata (Ehr.) Lange-Bertalot
Pinnularia gibba Ehrenberg
Pinnularia microstaurum (Ehr.) Cleve
Pleurosira laevis (Ehr.) Compere
Reimeria sinuata (Gregory) Kociolek & Stoermer
Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (Ag.) Lange-Bertalot
Rhopalodia musculus (Ktz.) O. Mler
Surirella angusta Kutzing
Surirella tenera Gregory

Before being acid-treated and mounted in Naphrax,

frustules were observed under the microscope for the
examination of cytoplasm and condition of the
chloroplasts. In each sample a total of 300 valves
were examined under a magnification 1250 x to
determine the relative abundance of each taxon. For
species identification, the following keys were
consulted: Husted (1930), Frenguelli (1941); Patrick
& Reimer (1966, 1975). Krammer and Lange Bertalot
(1986. 1991); Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (l987).
Temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved
oxygen were measured in situ with portable meters.
Water samples were also collected in order
to analyse the variables NH4+ -N , NO3- -N, NO2- -N,
PO 4 3- -P in 72 sampling stations, and
COD and BOD 5 in all sampling stations. Soluble
reactive phosphorus, nitrite and ammoniacal
nitrogen were determined colorimetrically,

III-IV
I-III
I-III
II-III
II
II-IV
I-II
I-II
I-III
I
I-II
I-II
I-II
II-III
II-III
II-IV
I-II
II-IV
III-IV
I-III
II-III
I-II
0-I
0-II
I-II
III-IV
I-II

Specific
index value
Iidp
3.75
2.5
2.5
2.5
2
3
1.25
1.25
2.25
1
1.75
1.5
1.25
2.75
2.5
3.75
I.75
3
3.75
1.75
2.75
1.75
0.75
1.5
1.75
2.25
1.5

nitrate was reduced to nitrite before colorimetric

lecture (Mackereth et al.. 1978). BOD 5 was
determined after 5 days incubation at 20 C and COD
by oxidation with potassium dichromate in acid
medium (APHA, 1995).
Data variation was explored through a Principal
Component Analysis based on a correlation matrix.
Significance of the variation found for particular variables was evaluated applying Pearsons correlation
(Johnson, 1998). Those variables which did not
conform to the assumption of normality were
transformed to logarithms (Johnson, 1998).
For the elaboration of the index, 210 species
were identified, quantified and categorised
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r s e n s i t i v i t y t o o rg a n i c
enrichment and eutrophication, taking into
account as the main variables BOD 5 NH 4+ and
PO 4 3- . Five classes of water quality were

177

Figure 2. Representation of two first axes of the Principal Component Analysis using physical-chemical variables , performed on 72 samples

established (Table 1). The abundance of each species

identified had been assessed in relation to those wa-ter
quality classes, assigned a specific index value. In
Table 2 are listed only the most frequendy occurring
species.
The IDP was calculated by means of the following
formula:

Table 3. Ranges for physico-chemical variables in the

rivers and streams studied

I idp is the specific index value obtained for each

species ranging between 0 and 4, and the water
quality classes proposed for the IDP (0, I, II, III and
IV) are according with DellUomo (1991, 1995)
criterion for monitoring rivers in Italy. If a certain
species is found in two consecutive water quality
classes and are equally distributed in both classes,
lhe Iidp adopts values of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5. When
the frequency of occurrence is higher in one of both
classes, the value increases or decreases with 0.25.
For example, a value of Iidp = 1.75 means that the
species occurs in classes I and 11, but is more
frequent and abundant in class 11 (Table 2). A is the
relative abundance of each species.
The IDP was compared with lhe diatom indices IPS
(Index Polluosensitivity Specific) ID Index Descy and
Sladeceks index (Descy & Coste, 1990) and the
macroinvertebrate index IBPAMP (Biotic Index for
Pampean rivers) (Rodrigues Captulo et al., 2001).

Results

Average
Conductivity S cm
pH
OD mg 1 -1
BOD 5 mg 1-1
COD mg 1 -1
PO 43- mg P 1 -1
N0 3 mg N 1 -1
NO 2- mg N 1 -1
NH 4+ mg N 1-1

-1

810.4
7.9
6.53
19
57.74
0.46
1.11
0.06
0.53

Max.
19150
9.4
12.2
254
655
6.92
15.63
1.2
45.9

Min.
105
6.6
0.1
<1
3
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01

Physical and chemical characteristics of rivers

and streams

The main physical-chemical features of the rivers

and streams studied are show in Table 3. The firts
two factors PCA, carried out on water quality
variables, accounted for 62% of the total variance
(Figure 2). The first factor (46% of the variation of
the selected variables) separated the following
variables (factor loadings >.60): NH4+ -N , NO3 -N,
NO2 -N, PO 43- -P and BOD 5 on the right hand side
graph and dissolved oxygen on the left hand side.
These variables are closely related to organic
pollution and eutrophication. However, COD and
Conductivity showed a lower relationship with the
latter. Running waters can be enriched by
organic matter or minerals, by natural

178

Figure 3. Linear regression of IDP average for each sampling station versus site scores average for axe. I. Symbols: R: Rodrguez stream; G: El Gato
stream; P: Pescado stream; B: Buirigo stream; J: Juan Blanco stream; S: Samboronbn river; T: Tandileof stream; N: Napaleof stream; V:
Vivorat stream; Ta: Tandil stream.

Figure 4. Relationship between IDP and (a) ID, (b) IPS and (c) Sldeceks index.

179
Table 4: Interpretation of IDP (Pampean Diatom Index)
Water quality
class

Colour
code

IDP

Significance

blue

0-0.5

Very good: without pollution, natural

water, little nutrients and organic
enrichment

Very slight: little humaninfluente

green

>0.5-1.5

Good: slightly polluted and eutrophicated,

nutrients and organic matter levels stilllow

Slight: extensive cattle-raising and agriculture

II

yellow

> 1.5-2

Acceptable: moderately polluted and

eutrophicated: high concentrations
ofnutrients and organic matter

Moderate agricultural activity and/or

intensive ranching

III

orange

>2-3

Bad: strongly polluted and eutrophicated,

presence of partly degraded organic matter,
nitrite, ammonia and aminoacids

Strong: intensive agriculture and cattleraising, moderate industrial activities and

population densities

IV

red

>3-4

Very bad: ven, strongly polluted high

concentrations of organic matter,
predominance of reductive processes and
presence of industrial products

Very strong : intensive industrial activities and

high population densities

means, and/or by contamination of some rivers and

streams. In many sites the high organic matter
concentration coming from macrophyte detritus and
humic compounds can increase the COD values, e.g.,
upstream Pescado stream, Juan Blanco stream, Buirigo
stream. There are also many sites where pollution is
associated with a high natural mineral content, e.g., Matanza-Riachuelo river.
IDP vs water quality
The IDP values ranging between 0 and <4 and the
associated disturbance degree are explained in Table 4.
Correlations between the Fl scores (related to the
eutrophication and organic pollution variables) and the
mean IDP of the sampling sites show the relationships
between the index and the water quality (Figure 3). It
can be seen that the IDP values increase with an increase
in organic pollution and eutrophication. The sampling
sites on the right hand side of the graph are those located
in urban centers and exposed to waste water discharges
from industrial activities and important human
populations. The sampling sites on the left hand side of
the graph are much less submitted to disturbance from
human activities.
The analysis of the correlation between IDP values
and physical-chemical features of the rivers and

Degree of disturbance

steams showed significant values (p < 0.000) for

NH4+ -N (r = 0.70, n = 72), DO (r = -0.57, n = 72),
P043-P (r = 0.62, n = 72), BOD5 (r = 0.58, n = 164),
COD (r = 0.47, n = 164), NO2- -N (r = 0.45, n = 72),
conductivity (r = 0.56, n = 174), and NO3- -N (r =
0.61, n = 72).
IDP vs other biotic indices
The correlation between factor 1 and the diatom
indices yields indeed a better relationship of IDP (r
= 0.86, p = 0.0000) than with IPS (r = -0.76, p =
0.0000), ID (r = -0.74, p = 0000) and Sladecks index
(r = 0.44, p = 0.0001). Also the relation between IDP
with ID and IPS respectively was better than with
the saprobic index (Figure 4a-c).
The relationship between IDP and IBPAMP (Biotic
Index for PAMPean rivers), a regional index based
on macroinvertebrate data, also showed a significant
correlation (Figure 5). The IBPAMP values range
from I (unpolluted water) to V (very heavily polluted
water) and increase with decreasing IDP values,
indicating a better ecological status of the streams
and a better water quality.

180

Figure 5. Relationship between IDP and the macroinvertebrate index IBPAMP

Discussion and conclusions

It is generally accepted that stony substrates are the

most appropiate for diatom-based monitoring. Stones
are however not always present along all river
sections, and when present, they may not be the
predominant kind of substrate for colonization by
diatoms (Kelly, 1995).
Monitoring studies using epiphytic diatoms, for
comparative purposes and water quality assessment,
are difficult in lotic systems of the Pampean plain
due to the intrinsic characteristics of these systems
such as the heterogeneity in species composition of
the aquatic macrophytes and their discontinuous
distribution throughout the basin. The use of artificial substrates is not a practical alternative when the
rivers run across densely populated areas where
damage and losses of substrates are frequent, being
exposed to theft and partial or total destruction.
On the base of the results of this study and these
obtained by Gmez (1998, 1999) and Tangorra et
al. (1998), the use of the epipelon is the most
appropriate community for monitoring studies in the
lotic system of the Pampean plain.
Organic pollution is usually closely related with
enhanced nutrient concentrations. Based on the
significant correlation with nutrients and organic
pollution variables this study suggests that the IDP
is integrating the effects of enrichment of organic
pollution and eutrophication. As a consequence the
results obtained lead to the use of the IDP
for biomonitoring rivers and streams
in the Pampean plain and possibly as well

in other lotics systems with peculiar characteristics

related to a very low slope.
In comparison with other diatom indices the IDP
described better the changes in water quality than
the ID, IPS and Sladecks index. The latter was the
least sensitive of all. According to Descy (1980) the
saprobic index is ambiguous because it does not
distinguish pollution from natural eutrophication
phenomena. Also Gmez (1999) showed that
Sldeceks index was relatively weak with respect
to diagnosing changes in water quality in the Matanza-Riachuelo river.
The IDP is a good complement to the IBPAMP.
According to Descy & Ector (1999)
macroinvertebrates are more sensitive to changes in
habitat diversity and quality than to changes in water
quality, to which diatoms respond in a better way.
Also the different generational time of diatoms and
macroinvertebrates can show differences relevant for
biomonitoring. Therefore biological assessments
based on both communities are useful for describing
the ecological status of these lotic systems.
Acknowledgements

We would like to express our thanks to the editor. Niels

De Pauw and the anonymous reviewers for improvements
in this manuscript. We also thank Jean-Pierre Descy for
his suggestions during the development of the ALPHA
Project and Jorge Donadelli for his assistance with the
chemical analyses. The financial support for this study
has been provided by the Picts 01-00000-01812
FONCYT and PIP 4740 CONICET.

181

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