International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.

1, February 2015

ABOUT MODELLING OF THE GRAVITATIONAL

FIELDS
Stanislav A. Podosenov
Russia 143363, Moscow

JaykovFoukzon
Israel, Tel Aviv

Elena R. Menkova,
Russia 121354, Moscow

Abstract
Within the framework of the general theory of relativity (GR) the modeling of the central symmetrical
gravitational field is considered. The mapping of the geodesic motion of the Lemetr and Tolman basis on
their motion in the Minkowski space on the world lines is determined. The expression for the field intensity
and energy where these bases move is obtained. The advantage coordinate system is found, the coordinates
and the time of the system coincide with the Galilean coordinates and the time in the Minkowski space.

Keywords:
Curvature tensor, Einstein,equations of structure,Eulerian coordinates, frames of eference, hypersurfaces,
Kristoffel,Lagrangian
coordinates,
Lemetr,metric
tensor,
Miln,Minkowski,
Riemann,
Schwarzschild,space-time,Tolman,world lines.

I. INTRODUCTION
In physical comprehending of the solutions of the Einstein equations particularly in the case of the
strong gravitational fields we inevitably have the difficulty of the solution interpretation. In the
Riemannian space the radius-vector concept is absent and the time coordinate is not a time as in the
Minkowsky space in the Galilean coordinates. Obviously for the physical interpretation of the GR
results it is useful (if it is possible) to reformulate them on the special theory of relativity language
in the plane space-time. The detail analysis of the GR difficulties is present in [1 -3]. In present
work within the framework of the Einstein theory the attempt to map the geodesic motion of the
probe particles in the Riemannian space on the motion on the world lines in the Minkowski space is
made. Similar problem scope was considered in [4 - 6], but it was not solved definitively.

II. GENERAL MODELLING STATEMENTS

Let us consider that in the Minkowski space V4 with the signature (+ ) the continuum
moves in some force field, the motion law of this continuum in the Lagrange variables has the form:

x = x ( y k , 0 ) (1)

DOI : 10.14810/ijrap.2015.4101

International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

where x are the Euler coordinates, y k are the Lagrange coordinates constant along each fixed
world line of the medium particle, 0 / is the some time parameter. The Greek indexes are
changed from zero up to three, the Latin indexes are changed from unit up to three. We consider
that the medium particles do not interact with each other and they interact only with the external
field.
Similarly to electrodynamics [7] the actions for the probe particle in the force field we specify in
the form
b

S = mc ( ds + A dx ),

e
mc 2

(2)

where for each medium particle the ds interval along the world lines is ds = V dx , V is the four
dimensional velocity.
From the action variation the motion equation follows [7]

DV
ds

= F V (3)

where the field tensor F is determined as

F = A A =

A A

(4)
x x

On the other hand one can to introduce the effective interval d~

s = ds + A dx so (2) is
represented in the form

S = mc ds% (5)
variation of (2) results in the motion of the probe particle on the geodesic line in some Riemannian
space [7]

dU %
+ , U U = 0 .(6)
ds%
Obviously, that the equations (3) and (6) have to be an equivalent.
It follows from the expression for the effective interval d~
s along the geodesic line that

ds% = (V + A )dx U dx ,

U =

U V + A ,

dx
dx ds
=
= PV ,
ds%
ds ds%

P (1 + AV ) 1 .(7)
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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

Besides the connection between covariant U and the contra variant U vectors of the 4-velocity
in the Riemannian space has the form

U = gU = V + A .(8)
Conditions (3), (4), (6), (7) and (8) will be simultaneous if the metric tensor of the Riemannian
space g will have the form:

g = + 2 A A + AV + A V ,(9)
where is the metric tensor in the Minkowski space.
Thus, one can consider the motion of the probe particle from two points of view:
1. The motion on the world line in the Minkowski space in the force field (3) with the
metric .
2. The motion in the Riemannian space on the geodesic line with the metrics g
determined in accordance with (9).
The correlations between the 4-velocities in the different spaces are determined with the formulas
(7) and (8). Herewith in the two spaces the general coordination has been selected. Unlike
electrodynamics the field tensor structure F in (4) has not been concreted, that is for F the
field equations are not specified.
Let the probe particles move in the gravitational field. Then the charge e=m, and the metric (9)
has to satisfy to the Einstein equations with the dust-like pulse energy tensor.

1
8 k
g R = 4 U U .(10)
2
c

If as a result of the solution of the equations (10) obtained g and U will provide the equalities
(8) and (9), then we can to find the field of 4-velocity V , the potentials A and the field tensor

F in the Minkowsky space, that is the mapping of the curvature field of the Riemannian space on
the force field of the plane space-time will be constructed.
Let us ascertain the connection between the congruencies of the world lines in the Minkowskispace
and the congruencies of the geodesic lines in the Riemannian space which in the general
coordination are determined with the correlation (1). Because of the correlation (9) in the
space-time two metric tensors g and have been introduced, and, consequently, two

connectivities
and
exist, the first connectivity relates to the Riemannian space, and the

second one relates to the Minkowski space. In the Minkowski space the curvature coordinates can
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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

be introduced. Thus, in the general coordination two different covariant derivatives and
arise.
From the correlation (8) we have

% U = S U + V + A ,

S = %
,(11)

where S
is the tensor of the affine connectivity deformation. Integrating (11) we find

% U = 2 V F ,(12)
2
[ ]
[ ]

For geodesic congruences without rotations the equalities take place

% U = 0;

[ ]

2[ V ] = F .(13)

Convoluting (13) with V we once again obtain the correlation (3). From the equalities (13) and
(7) we have

U =

= V + A ,(14)
x

that permits the representation of the (9) metric in the form

g = +

VV . (15)
x x

For the contra variant components we have

g = + P 2V V 1 +
x x

P V + V ,(16)
x
x

where in accordance with (7)

1

d
P = (1 + A V ) = V =
.(17)
x

ds

It follows from the equalities (9), (14) and (15)

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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

g U U = VV , (18)
that is the projection operators determining the space geometry of the hypersurfaces orthogonal to
the world lines in the Minkowski space and the hupersurfaces orthogonal to the geodesic lines in
the Riemannian space are the invariants of the correspondence [8].

III. MODELING OF THE SCHWARZSCHILDSAND LEMETR METRICS

Let us consider some particular cases of the mapping.
Let in the Minkowski space the dust continuum moves on the radius to the center. We consider
the case of the stationary motion that means time independence of the velocity field in the Euler
variables and the A potentials. In the GR language this corresponds to the constant gravitational
field.
In order to the metric tensor (15) does not obviously depend from the time and pass at the infinity
to the Galilean form it is necessary that the velocity at the infinity becomes zero. Herewith the
equalities have to fulfill

= x 0 + ( x k ),

Va = V ( r ) na = V ( r )

xa
.(19)
r

Using formulas (15) and (19) we find the expressions for three-dimensional metric tensor
~kl = g kl + g 0 k g 0l / g 00 ;
three-dimensional
vector
g1 = g 0l / g 00 = g 0l / h ;
three-dimensional antisymmetric tensor f kl = g l / x k g k / x l [7]. As a result we have

+ V0V
2

r
, f kl = 0, V0 2 V 2 = 1,
g 00 = h = 1 V , g l = nl
h
2

+V 2

r
r , % kl = g kl = kl + Tn k nl , n k = n , V 0 = V
k
0
1V 2

2V 2 + 2V0V

%kl = kl + D (r )nk nl , D

2V 2 + 2V0V

% kl %ln = nk , T =

+V 2

r
r

0
V + V r

. (20)

Einstein equations for the case of the constant gravitational field in the vacuity (we consider that the
dusty medium is strongly discharged and itself does not create the field) [7] will result to two
independent expressions

International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

2 F
r

r = 0, F h = 1 V 2 ,

r 1 + D

D+

r D 1
r F
=
,(21)
2 r (1 + D ) F r

solution of which has the form

D=

rg / r
1 rg / r

, F = g 00 = 1

rg
r

, rg

2kM
. (22)
c2

From correlations (20) and (22) we find zero and radial field components of the 4-velocity in the
Minkovsky space in the Euler variables an also function.
1/ 2

rg
rg
,
V0 = V = 1 + , V 1 = V =
r
r

V0 + V

d
=V =
= 1 . (23)
r
x
ds

Thus, / c = = s / c coincides with the own time of the basis particles in the Minkowski and
Riemann space.

It follows from (23), (7) and (14) that 1 + AV = P 1 = 1 , this results in the equality of the

contra variant components of 4-velocities U = V of the basis particles in the plane and curved
space-time. Covariant components U and V are connected with the correlation (14)
Integrating equation (23) for taking into account (19) we find

2 r
= c = s = x + rg + 1
3 rg
0

3/ 2

2 r 3/2
. (24)

3 rg1/ 2

Using (20), (23) and (24) we obtain the expression for the interval element of the original in the
spherical Euler coordinates and time T of the Minkowski space (model) found earlier by the
author from other considerations [8].

International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

r
2
dr 2

rg

+ 1
rg

1/ 2

rg
ds% 2 = c 2 dT 2 1
r

r
+2cdTdr 1 +
rg

1/ 2

rg

rg
r
1 +
r rg

1/ 2

1/2

r rg
2 + +
rg r

r 2 sin 2 d 2 + d 2 . (25)

Known the field of the 4-velocity in the Euler variables we find the motion law of the continuum in
the Lagrange variables (1) selecting as a time parameter 0 the propertime = / c = s / c . From

(23) we have dr / ds = V = rg / r

1/ 2

. Integrating we obtain R s = 2 / 3 r 3 / 2 / rg1/ 2 , where R is

the constant of integration.

Taking into account (24) as a result we find

r = ( R c )
2

2/3

rg 1/3 ,
3/2

2 /3
3

x 0 = cT = R rg
( R c ) + 1 ,(26)
3 2rg

that determines the sought motion law in the Lagrange variables, substitution of this law to the
expression (25) results in the Lemetr interval element [7].
Formulas (23), (26) determine the kinematics of the dust-like medium moving with the acceleration
on the radius to the center in the Minkowski space in the gravitational field of the central body. For
the field of the three-dimensional velocity v, 4-acceleration g, three-dimensional acceleration a and
the three-dimensional force N we have:

dr
r
= v = c 1 +

dT
rg

1/2

rg
1 d 2r
=g= 2,
2
2
c d
2r
2

c 2 rg rg
d 2r
a=
= 2 1 + ,
dT 2
2r
r

mrg c 2
d
mv
.(27)
N=
=

v 2 1/ 2
dT
2r 2 (1 + rg / r )1/ 2
(1 2 )
c

Movement of the Lemetr basis in the Minkowski space is described with the functions
continuous in the range 0 < r < not having the singularities at the gravitational radius.
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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

Three-dimensional velocity v and three-dimensional acceleration a are restricted at the origin of the
coordinates, v(0 ) = c, a (0 ) = c 2 / 2rg . The value of the three-dimensional force N (27)

( )

influencing on the probe mass from the side of the central body is smaller than in the Newton
gravitation theory

N =

kmM
1/ 2

2kM
r 1 + 2
c r

. (28)

It is evident the circumstance that the space components of the 4-velocity cV 1 (23) and
4-acceleration gc 2 (27) exactly coincide with the usual velocity and acceleration in the
non-relativistic Newton mechanics, when the radial fall of the dust having zero velocity at the
infinity on the force center is considered.
From the formulas (23) and (27) we find the time of the basis particles fall from the distance
r1 > r up to r 0 in accordance with the clock of the falling particle and in accordance with
the Minkowski space clock T [8].
1/2
1/2
2 r1 r1
r r
=
,(29)
3 c rg
c rg

r
2
r
r
T = (1 + 1 )3/ 2 (1 + )3/ 2 g . (30)
3
rg
rg
c

Correlation (29) coincides with the result of the Newton theory and similar formula obtained from
GR in [9].
It follows from the formulas (29), (30) that the time of the particle fall is finite for any r from the
range 0 r r1 both in accordance with the clock of the fallen particle and in accordance with the
clock of the Minkowski space.
Usually in GR the time coordinate t including in the Schwarzschildssolution is introduced as a
time of the external observer. The connection between the t coordinate and T time of the
Minkowski space is determined with the formula [8]

1
r
T = t [ 1 +
c rg

1/ 2

rg
1
r

rg 2
r
t 1 +
c 3 rg

ln

3/2

rg

r
2
r
g

1/2

1/ 2

rg

](1 )

1 r
1 +
3 rg

dr =

1 (r / rg )1/2
. (31)
1 + (r / rg )1/2
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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

Substitution of the formula to the interval (25) forms the Schwarzschilds interval.
The velocity field of the Lemetr basis dr/dt in the Schwarzschildsmetric is connected with the
velocity field dr/dT=v (4.21.27)in the Minkowski space with the correlation

dr dr dT dr T T dr
=
=
+

. (32)
dt dT dt dT t r dt
Whence using (31) we find

dr T
1/2
rg rg
dr
dT
t

=
= c 1 , (33)
dt 1 dr T
r r

dT r
that coincides with the coordinate parabolic velocity of the free fall in the Schwarzschilds field
obtained from the equations for the geodesic [9]. If the coordinate velocity in the
Schwarzschildsfield goes to zero when approximation to the gravitational radius then the
velocities of the particles in the Minkowski space in the force field (28) are always smaller than the
light velocity in the vacuum and their tend to the light velocity when r 0 , and at the
gravitational radius v = c / 2 .
It follows from (33) that if the external observer uses the time Schwarzschildscoordinate as a time
of the removed observer then the approximation to the gravitational radius demands the infinite
value t [7, 9]. The later becomes clear from the form of the formula (31) when at r rg , t 0 at
any finite T.
From our view point T should be taken as the time of the removed observer, T in accordance with
the image construction is the time in the Minkowski space and interval (25) is written in the
primary coordinate system where the radial r, angle and time T coordinates have evident
metric sense and they determine the interval in the Minkowski space in the form

ds 2 = c 2 dT 2 dr 2 r 2 (sin 2 d 2 + d 2 ) . (34)
At rg / r << 1 the interval element (25) passes to the interval of the plane space-time (34).
Naturally besides interval (25) one can consider any other coordinate systems but from our view
point the coordinates entering to (25) coincide with the STR Galilean coordinates and so they are
stood out with their clarity from all other coordinate systems.
As is well known when moving the particle in the constant field its energy W0 is kept, W0 is the
time component of the covariant 4-vector of the pulse [7].
From (14), (24) we have for the basis particles

W0 = m0c 2U 0 = m0c 2 = m0c 2 (V0 + A0 ) . (35)

whence using (23), (24), (35), (19) we find

International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015
1/2

r
A0 = 1 1 + g ,
r

Ak =

rg
r
r

Vk = (1 + )1/ 2 ( )1/ 2 ( )1/ 2 nk . (36)

k
x
rg
rg
r

It follows from (36) that AV = 0 that is in agreement with (23).

Thus, the solution of the Einstein equations determined the metric g (25) in the coordinates of
the Minkowski space, field velocity V and A potentials. From (36) we find the tensor of the
constant gravitational field F in the Minkowski space

A A
F =
x
x
F0 k =

Fkl = 0,

rg nk
A0
=
. (37)
k
x
2 r 2 1 + (rg / r )

Similarly to the electrodynamics one can see that the tensor F for the case of the spherical

symmetry does not contain the analogue of the H magnetic field. The intensity of the
gravitational field Ek taking into account (28) has the form

Ek = F0 k =

N
nk =
m0

kMnk
1/ 2

2kM
r 1 + 2
cr

. (38)

Let us introduce the induction vector Dk = Ek

1/ 2

2kM
1 + 2
cr

1
,
k

Dk =

M
nk . (39)
r2

Thus, for the case of the spherically-symmetrical gravistatic field outside of the creating mass the
expressions are valid

r r
E = 0,

r r
D = 0,

r
H = 0 . (40)

Whence the energy density of the gravistatic field in analogy with the electrostatics is calculated
in accordance with the formula

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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

ED
=
8

kM 2
1/2

2kM
8 r 1 + 2
c r

. (41)

Energy density has no a singularity at the gravitational radius unlike similar expression obtained in
[10]. Field energy W outside of the sphere with the radius r0 is determined with the correlation

W = 4 r 2 dr =
r0

rg 1/2
Mc 2
(1 + ) 1 , (42)
2
r0

which passes to the Newton expression W = kM 2 / (2r0 ) at rg / r << 1 .

From the problems considered one can to make the following conclusions:
It is possible to compare the central spherically-symmetrical gravitational field in vacuum
determined from the Einstein equations and some equivalent force field in the Minkowski space. If
the motion of the Lemetr basis in the Einstein space takes place on the geodesic lines then the
motion of the same basis in the Minkowski space occurs on the world lines. The expression for the
field strength in which this basis moves has been found and the expression for the field energy has
been obtained. Within the GR framework the primary coordinate system (25) has been found, the
coordinates and the time of this system coincide with the Galilean coordinates and the time in the
Minkowski space. The radial Schwarzschildscoordinate r is equivalent to the value of the
radius-vector in the Minkovsky space and the time Schwarzschildscoordinate t does not coincide
with the time of the Minkowski space T. The coincidence takes place only for the rg / r << 1
distances. Hereof the known paradox in GR is explained, in accordance with this paradox the
coordinate particle velocity of the Lemetr basis tends to zero when approximation to the
gravitational radius while the force effecting on the particles at r rg (from the GR standpoint)
tends to the infinity.
Calculation of known GR effects in accordance with the metrics (25) connected with the path form
results in the same result as in the Schwarzschildsfield. The difference reveals in the expressions
depending on the time and on the time derivatives.
For the light beams spreading on the radius from (25) at d~
s 2 = 0 we have:

r
dr
( )1 = c1 (r ) = c 1
dT
rg

1/2

r
r
r
(1 + )1/ 2 (( )1/ 2 1) , (43)
rg
rg
rg

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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

r
dr
( )2 = c2 (r ) = c 1 +
dT
rg

r
r
1 +
rg rg

1/2

1/2

r 1/2
( ) + 1 , (44)
rg

where (43) corresponds to the velocity of the spreading beams, and (44) corresponds to the velocity
of the converging ones
At r < rg the expressions (43), (44) are negative that is the beams spread only in one direction
inside [7].

c1 (rg ) = 0 .
So the time of the light signal spreading from r = rg up to r0 > rg tends to infinity.

c1 r > r > 0 ; c1 c sign of equality takes place at r 0 ; r .

g

c2 < 0 ; c2 c sign of equality is valid at r 0 ; r .

c2 has a maximum at the r = 3rg point.

| c2 (3rg ) |=

c (7 + 3 3)
.
11

For converging beams the time of the signal spreading between any r1 and r2 from the range

0 r < is finite.
If rg / r << 1 , then

c1 (1 0.5(rg / r )1/2 rg / r )c,

c2 (1 + 0.5(rg / r )1/2 rg / r )c.
Though in each spreading direction dr / dT differs from c on the value containing the correction
of the first order, however obtained results do not contradict to the fourth Shapiro effect since the
lag time of the radio signal T at the section there + back coincides with the Schwarzschild
t in the Shapiro experiment.
On the basis of the analysis carried out the following effect can be predicted:

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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

The light velocity emitted from the earth perpendicular to the surface should be smaller than the
velocity of light falling from the infinity normal its surface on 11.2 km/s, that corresponds to the
second space velocity.

IV. MODELING OF THE TOLMAN METRICS

Let us consider how the known Tolman solution [7] is mapped into the Minkovsky space. Using the
law of the continuum motion (1), where 0 is the some time parameter, the sense of the parameter
will be determined later, we go in the Lagrange accompanying reference frame.
For the observers moving together with the medium the square of the space distance is:

dl 2 = ( VV )

x x k l
dy dy %k ldy k dy l , (45)
y k y l

where VV = ~ is the projection operator.

V =

x
. (46)
0

V is the four velocity, scalar is determined from the normality condition V V = 1 .

Three-dimensional curvature tensor calculated in accordance with the (45) metrics depending on
the vortex tensor and the tensor of the medium deformation velocities [11] in general case is
differed from zero.
Let in the Riemannian space the dust-like matter moves without rotations. In this case as is well
known [7] the accompanying frame of reference will be the synchronous for which the square of
the interval is

(
ds 2 = d 02 kl dy k dy l . (47)
(
In two different spaces of the model V4 and original V4 we selected the general coordinates of
the x Euler and y k , 0 Lagrange.

Our approach to the modeling depends on the answer on the question. Does such kl from (47)
satisfying to the Einstein equations and determined from the equality (48) exist?

kl = %kl = ( VV )

x x
. (48)
y k y l

In other words we demand the equality of the space distance in the model and in the original [8]
that follows form (18).
Considering the radial motion of the dust in the spherical model coordinates we have for the
interval (45)
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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015
2

x 0
r
2
2
0
2
2
2
dl = V 1
V 0
dR + r ( R, )(sin d + d ) , (49)

wherer is the radial Euler coordinate, R is the radial Lagrange coordinate. The angle and
Euler and Lagrange variables coincide.
In the original the known Tolman solution [7] will be the solution of the equations of the
central-symmetrical field in the accompanying frame of reference for the dust-like matter.
From the conditions (48) we find the equation for the modeling of the Tolman metric
1/2
2

0 2

0 0
r x 0 r
x 0
+

0 = 0 . (50)
1+ f ( R)
0 R R

In the equation (50) the function x 0 R, 0 is considered as unknown. r R, 0 is determined with

the Tolman solution, f (R ) is the arbitrary function in this solution.
Let us consider some particular solutions of the equation (50).
a) If we select the proper time = s / c in the law of motion (1) as 0 / c parameter then
0

( x ) ( r )
2

= 1 , (51)

In order to the equations (50) and (51) will be simultaneous it is necessary the satisfying the
integrability conditions

2 x0 2 x0
=
,
Rs sR
that when using the Tolman solution
2

F ( R)
r
, (52)
= f ( R) +
r
s
results in the relation

df 1 dF
+
= 0 . (53)
dR r dR

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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

Solution of the equation (53) is f = c1 = const , F = c2 = const . In particular the Lemetr metric
[7] for which f = o , F = r0 fulfills to this conditions.
Integration of the equation (50) results in the law of motion of the Lemetr basis particles in the
model V4 [8] obtained above (26).
b) Suppose in the equation (50) x 0 / R = 0 we have
2

r
x = ( ), 0 = f

0

1/2
0 , r =| f | . (54)

( )

It follows from (54) that f < 0 . In particular if f = sin 2 R , = a 0 . From the formulas
(46), (47 - 49) we find
1

1 x 0
r
0 2
2
2
2
=
0 , (V ) = cos R,
= a cos R ,

R
1+ f

ds% 2 = (d 0 )2 a 2 ( 0 ){dR 2 + sin 2 R (d 2 + sin 2 d 2 )} .(55)

Interval element (55) corresponds to the metric of the closed isotropic model [7].

( )

It is important to point out that a o = cT , where T is the time in the Minkowski space.
So in the model space the solution of the Einstein equation in the original is restricted with
the time

Tmax =

2a0 4kM 1
, (56)
=
c
3 c 2 c

Where M is the mass of the closed model, k is the gravitational constant

We obtain from (54) the velocity field of the basis particles in the model in the Euler and
Lagrange variables

r
r
= v = = c sin R c , (57)
0
x
T
dv
= 0 . (58)
dT

It is interesting to point out that in the considered case the gravitational force in the Galilean
model space is equal to zero and the speed of recessionat fixed T time is proportional to r (the
Hebble law). The similar result has been obtained from other considerations by V. Fock [1].
The connection between the model time and the original time is expressed with the
correlation

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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

a
1
T = a (t ) = 0 (1 cos ) , (59)
c
c
where following to [7] we introduced cdt = ad . Denoting

1
= h1 ,
T

1 da
=h,
a dt

we have
1/ 2

h1 = h tan = h
1 . (60)
2
cr

It follows form formula (60) that the age of the homogeneous closed universe model when the
density ~ cr in accordance with the clock of the Minkowski space 1 / h1 and the original
space 1 / h can noticeably differed from each other.
c) If in the law of motion (1) the parameter numbering the hypersurfaces orthogonal to the
world lines has been selected as a time parameter [11] then

x
= 0 , (61)
y k

whence it is follows that in the case of the spherical symmetry

x 0 V 1 r
=
. (62)
R V 0 R
From formula (50) we find

V 0 = 1+ f , V 1 =

f,

f > 0 . (63)

Integration (63) gives

r ( R, t ) =

f 0
x + B ( R ) = vT + B ( R ) , (64)
1+ f

where B (R ) is the arbitrary function.

As it has been shown in [11] the vectors of the first curvature g k of the world lines of the
medium particles in the Lagrange accompanying noninertial frame of reference (NRF) are
connected with the normalizing factor in (46) with the relation

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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

g k = kn

ln
. (65)
y n

In considered case g k = 0. So

= ( 0 ) . (66)
Taking into account this expression we find from (63) and (64) at B = 0

x 0 ( 0 , R) = a ( 0 ) 1 + f
r ( 0 , R ) = a ( 0 ) f ,

1
a
= 0 . (67)

In particular if f = sinh 2 R then we obtain for the interval element

ds% 2 = (d 0 ) 2 a 2 ( 0 ){dR 2 + sinh 2 R (d 2 + sin 2 d 2 )} , (68)

that coincides with the metric of the open isotropic model [7].
Proposed modeling method permits within the GR framework clear up the metric sense of
coordinates and the time expressing their viacoordinates and the time of the Minkowski space.
Since

V1 =

dr
dr
=
ds cd

Then

a ( 0 ) = c =

cT
. (69)
cosh R

( )

Thus, a 0 / c coincides with the proper time of the basis particles in the model.
Let us introduce the Hebble constant in the model h1 = 1 / T and compare it with the value

h=

1 da
0
, t=
.
a dt
c

The comparison gives

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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

1
h1 = h

cr

h2r 2

1 + 2 (1
)
c
cr

. (70)

When the density is closed to the critical density cr the Universe has significantly greater
age in accordance with the model clock then on the original clock.
As is well known the distance concept in the cosmology does not have unambiguous sense and
the correct distances are absent [12]. Proposed method permits to consider the Euclidian
distances r = a 0 sin R and r = a 0 sinh R for open and closed models accordingly as
correct.
Using known formulas [7]

( )

( )

a ( ) = a0 (1 cos ), a0 =

a3 =

2kM
3 c 2

M
, 0 = ct = a0 ( sin )
2
2

for closed model and formulas

a ( ) = a0 (cosh 1), a 3 =

3c 2 a0
, 0 = ct = a0 (sinh )
4 k

for open model one can show that from the motion laws (54) r (R, t ) = a (t )sin R and
r (R, t ) = a (t )sinh R the equality follows

2r
4 k r
=
. (71)
2
t
3
Equality (71) coincides with the Newton law. We point out that in (71) the differentiation is
realized on the proper time t of the original. The differentiation of the motion laws on the
model time forms zero acceleration in the Minkowski space. Thus, in considered cosmology
models the action of the gravitational field is revealed as the time deformations. The later statement
is clear in the case when the interval (68) taking into account (69) and the parametric formulas for
open model is presented in the form

ds% 2 =

c 2 d 2
c 2 2{dR 2 + sinh 2 R (d 2 + sin 2 d 2 )} . (72)
2a0
1+
c

When the gravitation is absent a0 = 0 and the interval element (72) coincides with the interval
in the Miln model [9] realized with the particles flying from the one point on all directions with
various velocities that is forming spherically symmetrical quasi-IRF [2] or generalized IRF [13].
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International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.4, No.1, February 2015

Thus, the using of the modeling method in the cosmology showed that the connection between
general theory of relativity (GR), special theory of relativity and the Newtons law of gravitation is
more closed than usually proposed. If one calculates the age of the Universe in accordance with the
Minkowski space clock then it follows from the formulas (60) and (70) that at the densities closed
to the critical the Universe is significantly older of its original age.

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[9]
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